PLSQL PDF

PL/SQL Material 2014
####################
# PL/SQL #
####################
Before going to start PL/SQL first we will discuss what is sql and pl/sql
SQL: It is a structured query language AND non-procedural language

PL/SQL: It is a procedural language.
we can communicate with the database directly using SQL.
In sql we have some sublanguages

DDL -> Data Definition language
|-> Create
|-> Alter
|-> Rename
|-> Drop
|-> Truncate
DML -> Data Manipulation Language
|-> Insert
|-> Update
|-> Delete
DCL -> Data Control Language
|-> Grant
|-> Revoke
TCL -> Transaction Control Language
|-> Commit
|-> Rollback
|-> Savepoint
DQL/DRL -> Data Query/Retrieval Language
|-> Select
Differences between Delete and Truncate

_________________________________________________________________
| DELETE | TRUNCATE |
|--------------------------- |---------- |
| 1. It is a DML statement |1. It is a DDL Statement |
| 2. Explicitly user has to Perform |2. It is Auto-commited statement |
| commit or rollback | |
| 3. Deletion may be partial or` |3. Whole records of table will be |
| completeset of records | deleted perminantly |
Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 1

Wilshire Software Technologies
| 4. Can be rolledback |4. Rollback is not possible |
| 5. It may fail |5. It will not fail |
| 6. Estimated time is proportional |6. Estimated time is independent of|
| to the amount of data is handling | data it is handling |
| 7. Space will not be released as |7. space will be released as the |
| there is no change in High Water | HWM will come down |
| Mark | |
|____________________________ |_____________________ ______ |
[3]. In Delete Command Partial is nothing but where deptno=10 only 3

records
will be deleted
In Truncate command all the records of the table will be removed
Perminantly
[5]. For ex: if i am delete 10000 records from the table, the before image
data
has to store in undo tablespace if the undo tablespace doesnt have
enough
space to handle the before image the txn will not complete, it will be
rolled back.
And i am trying to delete the records which are not present in my
Actual table then instead of getting error i will get a message
"No rows selected"
In this two cases we can say that the txn is fail
But in truncate there is no use of undo tablespace because
the records will deleted perminantly and no where the before image
will store.
[6]. Estimated time is dependent because the before image has to write to
undo tablespace in delete statement
But in truncate with in fraction of secons the records will removed
How to check Defragmentation?
Basha>>select avg_row_len,num_rows from dba_tables where table_name='EMP';

Basha>>alter table emp move to <othertsname>;
##########Real time Scenarios where we have to use PL/SQL only############
1. Log in and logout time of a user

2. Always we have to ensure that bal not less than 1k
3. Keep Track, who has modified the sal of emp
4. Sending mail
5. Reading from files and writing to files
6. Hiding some rows or some imp col info[VPD] (virtual private database)
7. Executing shell scripts from oracle
8. Scheduling the jobs
-> PL/SQL (Procedural language /sql) is a procedural language extension to

a non-procedural sql
-> it is a block structured language
what is a block:
A collection of executable statements is called as block
-> in procedural language we need to mention what to do and how to do
-> in non procedural language we mention only what to do not how to do.
-> PL/SQL was first released in 1992 as an optional extension to oracle
6(to enhance the capabilities of sql)
-> pl/sql allows the DML and DRL statements of sql to be included in block
structures and procedural units of code. making a pl/sql a powerful
transaction processing language.
ADVANTAGES OF PL/SQL:
1> Tight integration with sql
-> pl/sql is tightly integrated with sql. the most widely used database
manipulation language
-> pl/sql lets us use all sql DML,TCL statements and all sql functions,
operators, pseudo columns...
-> pl/sql fully supports sql datatypes
2> High Performance
-> in sql only one statement can be executed at at time
-> in pl/sql multiple statements can be executed at a time
-> each time an sql statement is executed, a call is made to the server
resources. this leads to network traffic due to this decreasing the data
processing speed especially in multiuser environment.
-> pl/sql allows us to group of sql statements together with in a single
block and to send the entire block to the server in a single call, there by
network traffic is reduced and increased the performance
3> High productivity

-> pl/sql trats the entire block as a single continuous statement &
within a short span all the statements will executed and then automaticall
the production is high
4> Exception handling

-> Note: in pl/sql an error is called as an exception, pl/sql permits
dealing with errors as required and facilitates displaying user friendly
messages when errors are encountered.
5> Portability( platform independent)
-> applications written in pl/sql are portable to any computer hardware
and operating system where ever oracle server can run, without any
modifications at all
6> Supports Subprograms:
-> pl/sql supports to share & reuse the code through subprograms using
named pl/sql blocks here procedures and functions are known as subprograms.
PL/SQL BLOCK
/ \
NAMED BLOCK UN-NAMED OR ANONYMOUS
Named:
These blocks are possible to store in the db by giving a name to
block.
--> calling the named pl/sql block is possible.
Unamed or anonymous:
Storing un-named or anonymous blocks is not possible
--> calling un-named pl/sql block is not possible
Pl/sql block contains 3 Sections:

1) Declaration Section
2) Executable Section
3) Execptional handling section
Declaration Section:
its an optional section
in this section we declare variables, cursors, exceptions, constants,..etc
Executable Section:
it is a manadatory section

IN this section we specify the(sql,plsql) statements to be executed.
Exception Handling:
is used to control the pl/sql errors.
it is an option section
we can specify executable statements in exception handling section,but
those
will be executed only when error occurs.
Syntax for PL/SQL block:
declare -->optional
variable declaration;
begin -->Mandatory
executable statements;
exception -->Optional
exception handlers;
end;
/
Note: A pl/sql block ends with 'end;'
Executing a pl/sql block:

after entering all code close the pl/sql block with 'end;'
and execute using '/'
Terminating Pl/sql Block:
place a period '.' to terminate a pl/sql block
Example Of a pl/sql block:

decalre
begin;
null;
exception when others
then null;
end;
/
VARIABLES AND DATATYPES
Variable:
a variable is a object which can hold a value
the value may change at the time of execution of a pl/sql block

Syntax to declare a variable:
variable datatype(size);
Types of variables:
we have two types of variables
1. pl/sql variables
2. Non pl/sql variables
Pl/sql variables:
The variables which are declared with in a pl/sql block are called
pl/sql variables.
Non-pl/sql[host/bind]variables:
the varaibles which are declared outside of the pl/sql block called
non pl/sql or host or bind variables.
Datatypes:
-- data types are of four types
1. scalar 2.composite 3.lob 4.ref-cursor
'Scalar':
the datatype which can hold only one value is called scalar datatype
ex: char,varchar,date,number,...etc.
in scalar datatypes again we have boolean, %type datatypes.
'Composite':
its a collection of more than one datatype
here we have %rowtype
ex1: adding two number using pl/sql
declare
a number:=10;
b number:=20;
c number;
begin
c:=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end;
/
ex2: printing user defined message in output.
declare

a number:=10;
b number:=20;
c number;
begin
c:=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line('sum of two numbers is'c);
end;
/
ex3: Printing variable values in output.
declare
a number:=10;
b number:=20;
c number;
begin
c:=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line('Sum of'||a||'and'||b||'is'||c);
end;
/
ex4: Using predefined function in pl/sql block
declare
v_ename varchar2(10):='SMITH';
v_num number;
begin
v_num:=length(v_ename);
dbms_output.put_line(v_num);
end;
/
In the above example we had given the values manually.
to provide the values dynamically we can use '&' operator.
declare
v_ename varchar2(10):='&v_ename';
v_num number;
begin
v_num:=length(v_ename);
dbms_output.put_line(v_num);
end;
/

Commenting In pl/sql:
-> To Comment a single line '--' is used
-> To comment list of lines '/*....*/'
Using Select Statement in Pl/sql Block:
Select col1,col2,col3... into var1,var2,var3 from <table_name> where

<cond>;
ex1:
declare
v_ename varchar2(10);
begin
select ename into v_ename from emp where empno=7788;
dbms_output.put_line(v_ename);
end;
/
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
|l or L or ; -> to view recently executed code. |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|
ex2:
declare
ename varchar2(10);
sal number;
job varchar2(10);
hiredate date;
begin
select ename,sal,job,hiredate into ename,sal,job,hiredate from emp
where empno=7788;
dbms_output.put_line(ename||' '||sal||' '||job||' '||hiredate);
end;
/

ex3:
declare
a varchar2(3);
b number;
begin
select ename,sal into a,b from emp where empno=7566;
dbms_output.put_line(a||' '||b);
end;
/
%type:
syntax:
<tablename>.<colname>%type;
Ex1:
declare
v_ename emp.ename%type;
begin
select ename into v_ename from emp where empno=7902;
dbms_output.put_line(v_ename);
end;
/
Ex2:
declare
v_ename emp.ename%type;
v_job emp.job%type;
v_sal emp.sal%type;
v_hiredate emp.hiredate%type;
v_deptno emp.deptno%type;
begin
select ename,job,sal,hiredate,deptno
into v_ename,v_job,v_sal,v_hiredate,v_deptno from emp where
empno=7566;
dbms_output.put_line(v_ename||' '||v_job||' '||v_sal||' '||
v_hiredate||' '||v_deptno);
end;
/
Composite Datatype:
%rowtype:
Is used to hold more than one datatype.

Syntax:
<variablename> <tablename>%rowtype;
ex:
declare
i emp%rowtype;
begin
select ename,job,sal into i.ename,i.job,i.sal from emp
where empno=7566;
dbms_output.put_line(i.ename||' '||i.job||' '||i.sal);
end;
/
NOTE:
%type and %rowtype are the variable attributes.
Bind variables:
The variables declared outside the pl/sql block.
syntax to Declare a bind variable:

sql>>variable <variablename> datatype(size);
ex:
sql>>variable a number;
Loading a value to a bind variable:

sql>>exec :<bindvariable_name>:=<value>;
ex:
sql>>exec :a:=10;
printing value of a bind variable:
sql>>print <bind_variable_name>;
To list all bind variables:
sql>> var
To list multiple bind variable values:
sql>>print var1 var2 var3 .....

ex:
sql>>variable v_ename varchar2(10);
sql>>variable v_sal number;
sql>>variable v_job varchar2(10);
sql>>begin
select ename,sal,job into :v_ename,:v_sal,:v_job from emp
where empno=7566;
dbms_output.put_line(:v_ename||:v_sal||:v_job);
end;
/
Note:
without using dbms_output we print the bind variable values directly
sql>>print v_ename v_sal v_job
Using DML statements in pl/sql block:

sql>>begin
insert into emp select *From emp;
end;
/
sql>>begin
insert into dept select *from dept;
delete from dept where deptno=20;
update dept set deptno=50 where deptno=10;
end;
/
Using DDL and DCL in pl/sql block:

Using DDL and DDL in pl/sql block is not possible directly.
we should use 'execute immediate' option to have DDL or DCL in a
block
ex:
begin
execute immediate 'create table sample(sno number)';
execute immediate 'grant select on emp to ora002';
end;
/

CONTROL STRUCTURES
Devided into two types
1. Conditional 2. Iterative Control Structures or loops
Conditional Control Structures:

Using a particular condition controling the number of executions is
possible
using conditional control structures.
1). Simple If:

syntax:
if<condition> then
sequence of statements;
end if;
ex:
declare
n number:=&n;
begin
if n>=1 then
dbms_output.put_line('positive');
end if;
end;
/
2). If-Else.
Syntax:
if <condition> then
sequence of stmts1;
else
sequence of stmts2;
end if;
/
ex:
declare
n number:=&n;
begin

if n>=1 then
else
dbms_output.put_line('negative');
end if;
end;
/
3). If-Else-If
syntax:
if <condition> then
stmt1;
elsif <condition> then
stmt2;
else
stmt3;
end if;
ex:
declare
n number:=&n;
begin
if n>=1 then
elsif n=0 then
dbms_output.put_line('zero');
else
dbms_output.put_line('negative');
end if;
end;
/
ex2:
declare
a number:=&a;
begin
if (a is null) then
dbms_output.put_line('value is null');
else
if(a=0) then
dbms_output.put_line('value is zero');
else

if(a>0) then
dbms_output.put_line('value is positive');
else
if(a<0) then
dbms_output.put_line('value is negative');
end if;
end if;
end if;
end if;
end;
/
Question:
Increase the employees salary who sal is less than 3000
declare
v_empno number:=&v_empno;
v_sal number;
begin
select sal into v_sal from emp where empno=v_empno;
dbms_output.put_line('old salary is'||v_sal);
if v_sal<3000 then
update emp set sal=sal+200 where empno=v_empno;
commit;
select sal into v_sal from emp where empno=v_empno;
dbms_output.put_line('new salary is'||v_sal);
else
dbms_output.put_line('no updations');
end if;
end;
/
Local Variables & Global Variables:
declare
a number:=10;
begin
dbms_output.put_line(a);

declare
b number:=20;
begin
dbms_output.put_line(b);
end;
end;
/
Labled Blocks:
<<b1>>
declare
a number:=10;
begin
<<b2>>
declare
a number:=20;
begin
dbms_output.put_line(b1.a);
end b2;
end;
/
Nested Block:
declare
a number:=10;
begin
declare
b number:=20;
begin
dbms_output.put_line(b);
end;
end;
/

ITERATIVE CONTROL STRUCTURES
iterative control structures are also called as loops.

Loops are used to execute a single statement for 'N' number of times.
There are 3 types of loops:
1. Simple/ Basic loop

2. While loop
3. For loop or Numeric loop.
Simple Loop:
Syntax:
loop
exit when <condition>
sequence of stmts;
end loop;
Ex:
Print 1 to 5 numbers using simple loop
declare
n number:=1;
begin
loop
exit when n>5
dbms_output.put_line(n);
n:=n+1;
end loop;
end;
/
While Loop:
Syntax:
while <condition>
loop
sequence of stmts;
end loop;

ex: Generate Odd numbers upto a given number.

declare
a number:=1;
begin
while a<10
loop
a:=a+2;
end loop;
end;
/
For Loop:
For loop also called as numeric loop.
Syntax:
for loopcounter in lowerbound..upperbound
loop
sequence of stmt;
end loop;
ex:
Print numbers from 1 to 7
begin
for i in 1..7
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
end loop;
end;
/
Print number from 1 to 7 in reverse
begin
for i in reverse 1..7
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);

end loop;
end;
/
Using Function in for Loop:
declare
name varchar2(20):='helloeveryone';
v number:=length(name);
begin
for j in 1..v
loop
dbms_output.put_line(substr(name,1,j));
end loop;
end;
Ex:
Print as below given
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
declare
n varchar2(20);
begin
for i in 1..5
loop for j in 1..i
loop
n:=n||'*';
end loop;

n:=null;
end loop;
for i in reverse 1..5
loop
for j in 2..i
loop
n:=n||'*';
end loop;
n:=null;
end loop;
end;
/
Ex:
Print the output as
---*
--***
-*****
*******
declare
v varchar2(100):='*';
n number:=1;
j number:=3;
a char(200);
spac varchar2(100);
spac_1 number;
begin
loop
exit when n>5;
for k in 1..j
loop
spac:=spac||'-';
end loop;

a:=spac||v;
v:=v||'*'||'*';
n:=n+1;
j:=j-1;
spac:=null;
end loop;
end;
/
CURSORS
Cursor->: A cursor is a memory where oracle opens automatically

to parse and execute the sql statements.
Cursor Types:
1. implicit cursors -> Managed by oracle
2. Explicit Cursors -> Managed by user
1. Implicit cursors:
Declared for all pl/sql DML, pl/sql select statements.
ex:(for dml)
begin
update emp set sal=sal+200;
delete from emp where deptno=10;
end;
ex: (for select)
declare
n number;
begin
select ename into n from emp where empno=7900;
end;
/
ex1:
begin
delete from emp;

end;
/
ex2:
begin
delete from emp;
if sql%rowcount>0
then
dbms_output.put_line('The no of rows deleted are -->'||sql%rowcount);
else
dbms_output.put_line('Zero rows deleted');
end if;
end;
/
********SQL CURSOR ATTRIBUTES***************
Using sql cursor attributes we can test the outcome of sqlstatement.
Types of cursor Attributes:
sql%rowcount :- Number of rows affected by the most recent sql statement

(numeric only)
sql%found :- Boolean attribute that evaluates to true if the most sql

statement
affects one or more rows.
sql%notfound :- Boolean attribute that evaluates to true if the most recent

sql
statement does not effect any rows.
sql%isopen:- Always evaluates to false because pl/sql closes the implicit

cursor immediately after execution.
Note: implicit cursors always stores the attributes of the recently

executed sql statement.
Ex1:
begin
delete from emp;

if sql%rowcount>0
then
dbms_output.put_line('the no.of rows selected are '||sql%rowcount);
else
dbms_output.put_line('Zero rows deleted');
end if;
if sql%found then
dbms_output.put_line('sql found is true');
else
dbms_output.put_line('sql found not true');
end if;
end;
/
Ex2:
begin
delete from emp;
if sql%rowcount>0
then
dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount);
else
dbms_output.put_line('no data');
end if;
if sql%found
then
dbms_output.put_line('found');
else
dbms_output.put_line('not found');
end if;
if sql%notfound then
dbms_output.put_line('not found1');
else
dbms_output.put_line('found1');
end if;
if sql%isopen then
dbms_output.put_line('open');
else
dbms_output.put_line('not open');
end if;
end;
/

Explicit Cursors
Declared and named by the programmer and used for select
statements.
Explicit cursors are always defined only on 'select' queries and the select
query may refere any no.of tables.
_________
| |-- ->|--- ---|
|101 abc | |_______|
|102 bcd | |_______|--> Active Set
| | |_______|
| | |_______|
| |
| |--> Actual table
|___________|
Note: The explicit Cursor always points to first record of the o/p.
******* DECLARING THE CURSOR *********

Declaration:
cursor <cursor_name> is <select stmt>;
opening Cursor:
open <cursor_name>;
Fetching:
Fetch <cursor_name> into [(var1,var2,....)/record name];
Closing:
close <cursor_name>;
******** Cursor States *******

|-------------------------|
|Implicit | Explicit |
|-----------|-------------|
| - | Declare |
|-----------|-------------|
| Open | Open |
|-----------|-------------|
| Fetch | Fetch |
|-----------|-------------|
| Close | Close |
|-------------------------|
*********** Explicit Cursor Attributes *****
cur_name%isopen: Evaluates to true if the cursor is open

cur_name%notfound: Evaluates to true if the most recent fetch doesnt return
a row
cur_name%found: Evaluates to true if the most recent fetch returns a row.
cur_name%rocount: Returns the Numeric value of fetched Records
Ex1:
declare
n number;
cursor c1 is select sal from emp where empno=7788;
begin
open c1;
fetch c1 into n;
close c1;
end;
/
Ex2:
declare
v_sal number;

cursor c1 is select ename,sal from emp where empno=7900;
begin
open c1;
fetch c1 into v_ename,v_sal;
dbms_output.put_line('name is-->'||v_ename||' sal is-->'||v_sal);
close c1;
open c1;
dbms_output.put_line('name is-->'||v_ename||' sal is-->'||v_sal);
close c1;
end;
/
Ex3a:
declare
n number;
begin
select sal into n from emp where deptno=10;
end;
/
Ex3b:
declare
v_sal varchar2(10);
cursor c1 is select sal from emp where deptno=10;
begin
open c1;
fetch c1 into v_sal;
dbms_output.put_line(v_sal);
close c1;
end;
/
Ex4:
Cursor With Variables
declare
cursor c1 is select empno,ename from emp;

a emp.empno%type;
b emp.ename%type;
begin
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into a,b;
dbms_output.put_line(a||b);
exit when c1%notfound;
end loop;
close c1;
end;
/
Ex5:
declare
cursor c1 is select *from emp;
rec c1%rowtype;
begin
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into rec;
dbms_output.put_line(rec.empno||'-'||rec.ename||'-'||rec.job||'-
'||rec.sal);
end loop;
close c1;
end;
/
Ex6:
declare
rec c1%rowtype;
begin
if c1%isopen then
dbms_output.put_line('cursor is opne');
else
dbms_output.put_line('cursor is not open');
open c1;
end if;
loop

fetch c1 into rec;
dbms_output.put_line(c1%rowcount);
end loop;
close c1;
end;
/
CURSOR SIMPLE LOOP
declare
cursor c1 is select ename,sal from emp where deptno=10;
v_sal number;
begin
open c1;
loop
dbms_output.put_line(v_ename||' '||v_sal);
end loop;
end;
/
CURSOR FOR LOOP
declare
begin
for rec in c1
loop
dbms_output.put_line(rec.empno||' '||rec.ename);
end loop;
end;
/
CURSOR WHILE LOOP
declare
cursor c1 is select ename,sal from emp;

v_sal number;
begin
open c1;
while c1%found
loop
dbms_output.put_line(v_ename||' '||v_sal);
end loop;
close c1;
end;
/
CURSOR WITH PARAMETERS
declare
cnt number;
xyz number;
cursor countcur(dno number) is select count(*)from emp where
deptno=dno;
begin
open countcur(10);
fetch countcur into xyz;
dbms_output.put_line(xyz);
close countcur;
open countcur(20);
close countcur;
open countcur(30);
close countcur;
end;
/
CURSOR FOR LOOP WITH PARAMETERS
declare
cnt number;

cursor deptcur is select distinct deptno from emp;
cursor countcur(dno number) is select count(*) cnt from emp where
deptno=dno;
begin
for deptrec in deptcur loop
for cntrec in countcur(deptrec.deptno) loop
dbms_output.put_line(cntrec.cnt);
end loop;
end loop;
end;
/
INLINE CURSOR
Using select statement in for loop is called as Inline cursor.
ex:
begin
for i in(select *from emp)
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.ename||' '||i.job);
end loop;
end;
/
ex2:
Print emp records without cursors.
begin
for i in(select *From emp)
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.empno||i.ename||i.sal);
end loop;
end;
/

FOR UPDATE CLAUSE:
declare
cursor c1 is select *From emp for update;
begin
for rec in c1 loop
dbms_output.put_line(rec.empno||rec.ename);
end loop;
end;
/
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT CURSORS
|--------------------------- |--------------------------------------
| Implicit Cursors | Explicit Cursors
|--------------------------- |-------------------------------------
|1. controlled by oracle |1. Controlled by user
|2. Defined on DML,Select |2. Only on select queries
| queries |
|3. If the query retrieves 0 |3. Exception is not raised when the
| rows then no_data_found | query retrieves 0 rows
| exception is raised. |
|4. Performance is better than|4. Poor Performance compared to
| explicit cursors | implicit cursors
|5. %rowcount give the no.of |5. %rowcount give the no.of rows
| rows processed by the user| processed by the cursor so far
| ex: 10 | ex: 1,2,3,4......
|6. sql%open always false |6. If the cursor is opened the
| | then it is true other wise it
| | will be false.
|_________________________ |______________________________________
EXCEPTIONS
-- An exception is an identifier in pl/sql that is raised during execution
When ever an exception raised in pl/sql block all the uncommited

transactions
will be rolled back.

Ex1:
declare
n number;
begin
delete from emp;
select sal into n from emp where empno=&empno;
end;
/
Ex2:
begin
update emp set sal=2000;
insert into test values(101);
end;
/
Exception Syntax:
when excp1 [or excp 2 ...] then
stmt1;
stmt2;
when excp3 [or excp4 ..] then
stmt3;
stmt4;
when others then
stmt5;
stmt6;
Ex3:
declare
n number;
begin
exception
when others then
commit;
end;
/

Types Of exceptions:
Predefined:
The exception which are already derived by oracle
the predefined exceptions will have error message and error number.
******* PREDEFINED EXCEPTIONS *************
Exception Oracle Error SQLCODE Value
ACCESS_INTO_NULL ORA-06530 -6530
CASE_NOT_FOUND ORA-06592 -6592
COLLECTION_IS_NULL ORA-06531 -6531
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN ORA-06511 -6511
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX ORA-00001 -1
INVALID_CURSOR ORA-01001 -1001
INVALID_NUMBER ORA-01722 -1722
LOGIN_DENIED ORA-01017 -1017
NO_DATA_FOUND ORA-01403 +100
NOT_LOGGED_ON ORA-01012 -1012
PROGRAM_ERROR ORA-06501 -6501
ROWTYPE_MISMATCH ORA-06504 -6504
SELF_IS_NULL ORA-30625 -30625
STORAGE_ERROR ORA-06500 -6500
SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNT ORA-06533 -6533
SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMIT ORA-06532 -6532
SYS_INVALID_ROWID ORA-01410 -1410
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE ORA-00051 -51
TOO_MANY_ROWS ORA-01422 -1422
VALUE_ERROR ORA-06502 -6502
ZERO_DIVIDE ORA-01476 -1476
Brief descriptions of the predefined exceptions follow:

Exception Raised when ...
ACCESS_INTO_NULL Your program attempts to assign values to the

attributes of an uninitialized (atomically null)
object.
CASE_NOT_FOUND None of the choices in the WHEN clauses of

a CASE statement is selected, and there is
no ELSE clause.
COLLECTION_IS_NULL Your program attempts to apply collection methods

other than EXISTS to an uninitialized (atomically
null) nested table or varray, or the program
attempts to assign values to the elements of an
uninitialized nested table or varray.
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN Your program attempts to open an already open

cursor. A cursor must be closed before it can be
reopened. A cursor FOR loop automatically opens the
cursor to which it refers. So, your program cannot
open that cursor inside the loop.
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX Your program attempts to store duplicate values in

a database column that is constrained by a unique
index.
INVALID_CURSOR Your program attempts an illegal cursor operation

such as closing an unopened cursor.
INVALID_NUMBER In a SQL statement, the conversion of a character

string into a number fails because the string does
not represent a valid number. (In procedural
statements, VALUE_ERROR is raised.) This exception
is also raised when the LIMIT-clause expression in
a bulkFETCH statement does not evaluate to a
positive number.
LOGIN_DENIED Your program attempts to log on to Oracle with an

invalid username and/or password.
NO_DATA_FOUND A SELECT INTO statement returns no rows, or your

program references a deleted element in a nested
table or an uninitialized element in an index-by
table. SQL aggregate functions such as AVG and SUM
always return a value or a null. So, a SELECT INTO

statement that calls an aggregate function never

raises NO_DATA_FOUND. The FETCH statement is
expected to return no rows eventually, so when that
happens, no exception is raised.
NOT_LOGGED_ON Your program issues a database call without being

connected to Oracle.
PROGRAM_ERROR PL/SQL has an internal problem.
ROWTYPE_MISMATCH The host cursor variable and PL/SQL cursor variable

involved in an assignment have incompatible return
types. For example, when an open host cursor
variable is passed to a stored subprogram, the
return types of the actual and formal parameters
must be compatible.
SELF_IS_NULL Your program attempts to call a MEMBER method on a

null instance. That is, the built-in parameter SELF
(which is always the first parameter passed to a
MEMBER method) is null.
STORAGE_ERROR PL/SQL runs out of memory or memory has been

corrupted.
SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNT Your program references a nested table or varray

element using an index number larger than the
number of elements in the collection.
SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMIT Your program references a nested table or varray

element using an index number (-1 for example) that
is outside the legal range.
SYS_INVALID_ROWID The conversion of a character string into a

universal rowid fails because the character string
does not represent a valid rowid.
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE A time-out occurs while Oracle is waiting for a

resource.
TOO_MANY_ROWS A SELECT INTO statement returns more than one row.
VALUE_ERROR An arithmetic, conversion, truncation, or size-

constraint error occurs. For example, when your
program selects a column value into a character

variable, if the value is longer than the declared

length of the variable, PL/SQL aborts the
assignment and raises VALUE_ERROR. In procedural
statements, VALUE_ERROR is raised if the conversion
of a character string into a number fails. (In SQL
statements, INVALID_NUMBER is raised.)
ZERO_DIVIDE Your program attempts to divide a number by zero.
Managing Predefined Exceptions:

declare
n number;
begin
delete from emp;
exception
when no_data_found
then
dbms_output.put_line('no records found with empno');
commit;
end;
/
Semi Predefined Exceptions:
In this semi predefined exceptions oracle will have the error code
but error message will not be there.
the user has to provide error message for error code.
Ex1:
declare
e_notnull exception;
pragma exception_init(e_notnull,-1400);
begin
insert into emp(empno,ename) values(null,'&ename');
commit;
exception
when e_notnull then
dbms_output.put_line('you can not leave a field blank at empno');
end;

/
Ex2:
declare
unique_ex exception;
pragma exception_init(unique_ex,-00001);
begin
insert into test values(&sno);
exception
when unique_ex then
dbms_output.put_line('Value is presented');
end;
/
Userdefined Exception:
In this user defined exception the user has to define the exception
name
and the error code also.
The error code range is -20000 to -20999
Ex1:
declare
v_empno emp.empno%type;
begin
select empno into v_empno from emp where
empno=100;
exception
when
no_data_found
then
raise_application_error(-20112,'no records found with matching
empno');
end;
/
Ex2:
declare
i emp%rowtype;
begin
select ename,sal,empno into i.ename,i.sal,i.empno
from emp where empno=&empno;

if(i.sal>2000) then
raise_application_error(-20418,'no updations');
else
update emp set sal=sal+200 where empno=i.empno;
end if;
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('no such emp is exist');
when others
then
dbms_output.put_line('some other exception');
end;
/
Error Traping:
declare
msg varchar2(100);
code varchar2(100);
begin
exception
when others then
msg:=substr(sqlerrm,1,100);
code:=sqlcode;
insert into error_msg_log values(code,msg,systimestamp);
commit;
end;
/
*********** SUB PROGRAMS ***************
Sub programs are devided in to two types:

1. Procedures
2. Functions

PROCEDURES:
Storing a pl/sql block in the database is called stored procedure.
--> procedures will not occupy any space.
Ex:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greetings
AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Hello World!');
END;
/
executing the procedure:
exec procedure_name
exec greetings;
Using procedure in pl/sql block:

BEGIN
greetings;
END;
/
Syntax:
create or replace procedure <proc_name>
(parameter1 <mode> datatype,
parameter2 <mode> datatype,
.
.
.
)
is/as
procedure body;
end procedure_name;
Ex2:
create or replace procedure proc_si(p in number,n in number,r in number)
is
si number;

begin
si:=(p*n*r)/100;
dbms_output.put_line('Simple Interest is:'||si);
end proc_si;
/
sql>> exec proc_si(20,34,23);
sql>>
declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
c number:=&c;
begin
proc_si(a,b,c);
end;
/
--IN:
-- If the parameter is in mode then a user can pass a value to
procedure.
--OUT: If the parameter is OUT mode then a user gets a value from the
--- procedure.
--IN OUT:if the parameter is in out mode then a user can pass a value to
the
--- procedure and from the same we can use the parameter to send a
value
to the user.
NOTE: Do not specify any size to datatype.
IS/AS: used to start the pl/sql block.
Using In mode parameter:

create or replace procedure inmode(a number,b number)
as
s number;
begin
s:=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line(s);

end;
/
declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
begin
inmode(a,b);
end;
/
Executing Standalone procedure:
exec inmode(23,2);
Using Bind Variable in Procedure:

sql>> variable a number;
sql>> variable b number;
sql>> exec :a:=10;
sql>> exec :b:=20;
sql>> exec inmode(:a,:b);
Ex2:
create or replace procedure proc4(pdeptno in number) as
v_dname varchar2(10);
v_loc varchar2(10);
begin
select dname,loc into v_dname,v_loc from dept where deptno=pdeptno;
dbms_output.put_line(v_dname||' '||v_loc);
end;
/
sql>>exec proc4(10);
sql>>
declare
v_num number:=&v_num;
begin
proc4(v_num);
end;
/
Using OUT mode parameter:
create or replace procedure outmode(a number,b number,c out number)

as
begin
c:=a+b;
end;
/
declare
abc number;
begin
outmode(10,3,abc);
dbms_output.put_line(abc);
end;
/
ex2:
create or replace procedure proc3(vdeptno in number,pdname out
varchar2,ploc out varchar2)
as
begin
select dname,loc into pdname,ploc from dept where
deptno=vdeptno;
end;
/
declare
a varchar2(10);
b varchar2(20);
begin
proc3(10,a,b);
dbms_output.put_line(a || b);
end;
/
USING BIND VARIABLES:

SQL>>
variable x varchar2(10);
variable y varchar2(10);
sql>> exec proc3(10,:x,:y);

sql>> print x y

USING IN OUT PARAMETER:
Ex:
SQL>>create or replace procedure inout(a in number,b in out number)
as
begin
b:=a+b;
end;
/
declare
abc number:=&abc;
begin
inout(200,abc);
dbms_output.put_line(abc);
end;
/
Ex2:
create or replace procedure square(a in out number)
is
begin
a:=a*a;
end square;
/
declare
b number:=&b;
begin
square(b);
end;
/
Create A procedure to add bonus to the employees:
create or replace procedure proc_bonus

as
cursor b1 is
select empno,ename,job,sal+nvl(comm,0) netsal from emp;
bonus number;
i b1%rowtype;

begin
open b1;
loop
fetch b1 into i;
exit when b1%notfound;
if i.job='CLERK' then
bonus:=i.netsal*0.25;
elsif i.job='SALESMAN' then
bonus:=i.netsal*0.15;
else bonus:=i.netsal*0.35;
end if;
update emp set sal=sal+bonus where empno=i.empno;
dbms_output.put_line(i.ename||' '||i.job
||' '||bonus||' '||i.netsal);
end loop;
close b1;
end proc_bonus;
/
********* METHODS FOR PARSING **********
ex:
create or replace demo_sum(a number, b number,c number)
as
begin
dbms_output.put_line(a+b+c);
end;
/
positional:
ex:
exec demo_sum(10,20,30);
named:
ex:
exec demo_sum(a=>10,b=>20,c=>30);
combined:
ex:
exec demo_sum(10,20,c=>30);
NOTE: while passing the parameters using combined always the named
parameters should write at last.

********* FUNCTIONS ***********
--> A function is a named pl/sql block that returns a value

--> A function will store in the database as a schema object for repeated
executions
syntax:
create or replace function <fun_name>
[parameter1 <mode> datatype,
parameter2 <mode> datatype,
.
.
.
]
return datatype
is/as
pl/sql block;
Note:
The pl/sql block should have atleast one return statement.
ex:
create or replace function sunfun(a number, b number)
return number
as
begin
return(a+b);
end;
/
Using the function:

sql>> select sumfun(10,40) from dual;
Function with bind variables:

sql>>variable a number;
sql>>exec :a:=sumfun(10,40)
sql>>print a
o/p: 50
Using function in a block:

sql>>declare

s number;
begin
s:=sumfun(20,40);
dbms_output.put_line(s);
end;
/
using column names:
--select empno,ename,sum(empno,deptno) from emp;
--
-- it throughs error
select sumfun(empno,deptno) from emp;
Ex:
Create function to print day of given date:
create or replace function fun1(f_date in date)

return varchar2
is
v_day varchar2(20);
begin
select to_char(f_date,'Dy') into v_day from dual;
return v_day;
end;
/
Ex:
declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
begin
if sumfun(a,b)>100 then
dbms_output.put_line('value is >100');
else
dbms_output.put_line('value is <100');
end if;
end;
/

Write a function to find tax depending on sal:
create or replace function tax_cal(p_value in number)

return number
is
begin
return(case when p_value between 2000 and 5000 then p_value*0.1
when p_value between 100 and 1999 then p_value*0.04
else p_value
end );
end tax_cal;
/
Differences b/w procedures and functions:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| PROCEDURE | FUNCTION
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------
|1. Executes as a pl/sql stmt |1. Invokes as a part of an expression|
|2. No return clause in the header |2. Must contain a header clause in |
| | the header |
|3. can return one or more or none | |
| values |3. Must Return a single value |
|4. can contain a return stmt |4. Must contain at least one return |
| | stmt. |
|______________________________________________________________________ |
######### PACKAGES #############
--> A package is a collection of stored procedures and functions

--> Inter-related procedures should be given in a package
A package contains package specification and package body.
Package specification:
In package specification specifiy only the procedures and functions
along with parameters without any executable sections.

Package body:
Specify the executable section in the package body for the procedures
which are specified in the package specification
Note:
With out creating a package specification creating package body is not
possible
Syntax to create package specification:
create or replace package <package_name>

is/as
procedure 1 <procedure_name>(parameters <mode> datatype,....);
procedure 2 <procedure_name>(parameters <mode> datatype,....);
.
.
.
function <function_name>(parameter <mode> datatype)
return datatype;
end package;
/
Syntax to create package body:
create or replace package body <package_name>

is/as
procedure <procedure_name>(parameter <mode> datatype,...);
is/as
begin
executable section;
end <procedure_name>;
.
.
.
function <fun_name>(parameter <mode> datatype,....)
return datatype;
is/as
begin

executable section;
exceptional handling section;
end <fun_name>;
end <package_name>;
/
--> The package name at package body should be the same name which provided
at the time of package specification.
Note:
While creating the package body write the executable sections in the
same sequence mentioned at the time package specification.
if not it throughs error.
Using the package elements:

syntax:
sql>>exec package_name.element_name;
ex1_specification:
create or replace package new_pack
as
procedure p1(a in number,b in number,c out number);
end;
/
ex1_body:
create or replace package body new_pack
as
procedure p1(a in number,b in number,c out number)
as
begin
c:=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end p1;
end new_pack;
/
sql>> declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;

c number;
begin
new_pack.p1(a,b,c);
end;
/
ex2_Creating package specification:

BASHA>>create or replace package cust_sal
as
procedure find_sal(c_id customers.id%type);
end cust_sal;
/
ex2_Creating package body:

BASHA>>create or replace package body cust_sal
as
procedure find_sal(c_id customers.id%type)
is
c_sal customers.salary%type;
begin
select salary into c_sal
from customers where id=c_id;
dbms_output.put_line('salary is'||c_sal);
end find_sal;
end cust_sal;
/
sql>>
declare
code customers.id%type:=&id;
begin
cust_sal.find_sal(code);
end;
/
sql>>exec cust_sal.find_sal(2);
sql>>exec cust_sal.find_sal(1);
create or replace package e_package as

--add a customer
procedure addcustomer(c_id customers.id%type,
c_name customers.name%type,
c_address customers.address%type,
c_sal customers.salary%type);
--remove customer
procedure delcustomer(c_id customers.id%type);
end e_package;
/
ex1_pack_body:
create or replace package body c_package

as
procedure addcustomer(c_id customers.id%type,
c_name customers.name%type,
c_address customers.address%type,
c_sal customers.salary%type)
is
begin
insert into customers(id,name,address,salary)
values(c_id,c_name,c_address,c_sal);
end addcustomer;
procedure delcustomer(c_id customers.id%type)
is
begin
delete from customers where id=c_id;
end delcustomer;
end e_package;
/
Adding Customer using package:
declare
id number:=&id;
c_name varchar2(10):='&c_name';
c_address varchar2(10):='&c_address';
c_sal number:=&c_sal;
begin
e_package.addcustomer(id,c_name,c_address,c_sal);
end;
/
Deleting Customer Using Package:

declare
a number:=&a;
begin
e_package.delcustomer(a);
end;
/
sql>>create or replace package body emp_sal

as
procedure find_sal(empno emp.empno%type)
is
e_sal emp.sal%type;
begin
select sal into e_sal from emp where empno=empno;
dbms_output.put_line('sal is '||e_sal);
end find_sal;
end emp_sal;
/
*********** AUTONOMOUS TRANSACTIONS **************
--> When we call a procedure with in a procedure

The procedure which is calling will be treated as called procedure
and the procedure called by the procedure is called as calling procedure.
if the calling procedure contains TCL(commit,rollback) those will be

affected
to the called procedure also.
in order to overcome this we have autonomous transaction option
PRAGMA autonomous_transaction;
is used to have autonomous transactions
ex:
create or replace procedure add_emp
as
pragma autonomous_transaction;
begin
insert into emp(empno,ename) values(101,50);

commit;
end add_emp;
/
************ TRIGGER **************
-> A trigger is a pl/sql block or a pl/sql procedure associated with a
table
or view,schema,or the database.
-> Executes implicitly when ever a particular event takes place
-> Can be either
Uses OF triggers:
-> Triggers can be used for security issues
-> Used as a backup of a table
-> To restrict a user
-> To audit the user
-> Restrict the user on a particular table
Triggers are of two types:

Application trigger
Database trigger
Application Triggers:
Application trigger will raise when ever an even occurs with

particular application
Database Triggers:
Fires when ever a data event (such as DML) or system event(such as
logon or shutdown) occurs on a schema or database.
Application trigger will be of oracle forms related.
GUIDLINES FOR DESIGNING TRIGGERS
--> Design triggers to

-> To perform related actions
-> Centralized global operation
CREATING DML TRIGGERS
A triggering statement contains:

*. Trigger Timing
-> For table (Before, After)
-> For view (Instead of)
*. Triggering Event
-> Insert, Update, Delete
*. Object Name:
-> On table, view
*. Trigger Type:
-> Row or statement
*. When Clause:
-> Restricting condition
*. Trigger Body
-> Pl/sql Block
Ex: /row level -> 14 times = 14 rows modified

update emp set sal=sal+200;
\Statement Level -> only once for stmt
Syntax To create a trigger:

create or replace trigger <trigger_name>
timing
event1[or event2 or event3]
on <tablename>
trigger_body
Ex:
create or replace trigger intrig before insert on emp
for each row
begin
dbms_output.put_line('While inserting before');
end intrig;
/
create or replace trigger deltrig before delete on emp

for each row
begin
dbms_output.put_line('While deleting before');
end deltrig;

/
create or replace trigger intrig1 after insert on emp

begin
dbms_output.put_line('while insert after');
end intrig1;
/
Creating a Single Trigger On multiple Events:
create or replace trigger trig12 before insert or delete or

update on emp
begin
if deleting then
dbms_output.put_line('While Deleting');
elsif inserting then
dbms_output.put_line('While Inserting');
elsif updating then
dbms_output.put_line('While updating');
end if;
end;
/
Creating DML row trigger:

create or replace trigger <trig_name>
timing
event1 [or event2 or event3]
on table
[refrencing old as old/new as new
for each row
when condition]
trigger body
Column Qualifiers:
OLD: It captures the old value of a datafield.
NEW: It records the new values of a datafield.

Syntax:
:new.<colname>
_____________________________________
| EVENT | OLD | NEW |
|---------- |---------- |---- |
|INSERT | NO | YES |
|UPDATE | YES | YES |
|DELETE | YES | NO |
|--------- |--------- |------ |
Trigger with column qualifiers:

ex1:
---- create table empbkp(empno number);
>> create or replace trigger trig1

before insert on emp for each row
begin
insert into empbkp values(:new.empno);
end;
/
>> select *From empbkp;


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PL/SQL Material 2014

SQL: It is a structured query language AND non-procedural language

In sql we have some sublanguages

Differences between Delete and Truncate

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 1

[3]. In Delete Command Partial is nothing but where deptno=10 only 3

How to check Defragmentation?

Basha>>select avg_row_len,num_rows from dba_tables where table_name='EMP';

##########Real time Scenarios where we have to use PL/SQL only############

1. Log in and logout time of a user

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 2

-> PL/SQL (Procedural language /sql) is a procedural language extension to

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 3

4> Exception handling

Pl/sql block contains 3 Sections:

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 4

Syntax for PL/SQL block:

Executing a pl/sql block:

Example Of a pl/sql block:

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 5

ex1: adding two number using pl/sql

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 6

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 7

Using Select Statement in Pl/sql Block:

Select col1,col2,col3... into var1,var2,var3 from <table_name> where

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 8

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 9

syntax to Declare a bind variable:

Loading a value to a bind variable:

printing value of a bind variable:

To list all bind variables:

To list multiple bind variable values:

sql>>print var1 var2 var3 .....

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 10

sql>>print v_ename v_sal v_job

Using DML statements in pl/sql block:

Using DDL and DCL in pl/sql block:

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 11

Conditional Control Structures:

1). Simple If:

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 12

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 13

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 14

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 15

iterative control structures are also called as loops.

There are 3 types of loops:

1. Simple/ Basic loop

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 16

ex: Generate Odd numbers upto a given number.

Print number from 1 to 7 in reverse

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 17

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 18

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 19

Cursor->: A cursor is a memory where oracle opens automatically

Faculty: Mr. Basha Page 20

********SQL CURSOR ATTRIBUTES***************

Using sql cursor attributes we can test the outcome of sqlstatement.

Types of cursor Attributes:

sql%rowcount :- Number of rows affected by the most recent sql statement

sql%found :- Boolean attribute that evaluates to true if the most sql

sql%notfound :- Boolean attribute that evaluates to true if the most recent

sql%isopen:- Always evaluates to false because pl/sql closes the implicit

Note: implicit cursors always stores the attributes of the recently

SQL CURSOR ATTRIBUTES*******

* DECLARING THE CURSOR ***

** Cursor States *

******* Explicit Cursor Attributes *

* PREDEFINED EXCEPTIONS *******