Minifrac (DFIT)AnalysisforUnconventional

ReservoirsusingF.A.S.T.WellTest

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CourseOutline
Introduction
WhatisaMinifrac Test?
WhyPerformaMinifrac Test?

MinifracTestOverview
Analysis
PreClosureAnalysis
LeakoffTypes
NolteAfterClosureAnalysis
Soliman/CraigAfterClosureAnalysis
ACAModeling

RadialFlowExample

LinearFlowExample

MinifracTestDesign
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 2
WhatisaMinifrac Test?

Aminifractestisaninjection/falloffdiagnostictest
performedwithoutproppantbeforeamainfracture
stimulationtreatment

Theintentistobreakdowntheformationtocreatea
shortfractureduringtheinjectionperiod,andthen
toobserveclosureofthefracturesystemduringthe
ensuingfalloffperiod.

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 3
WhatisaMinifrac Test?

The created fracture can cut through nearwellbore damage, and provide better
communication between the wellbore and true formation.

A minifrac test is capable of providing better results than a closed chamber test performed
on a formation where fluid inflow is severely restricted by formation damage.
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 4
WhyPerformaMinifrac Test?
Determineinitialformationpressure(Pi)&effective
permeability(k)to:
Assistproduction/pressuredataanalysis
Provideinitialinputsforreservoirmodels
Assessstimulationeffectiveness
Helpquantifyreserves

Estimatefracturedesignparameterssuchas:
Fracturegradient
Closurepressure(minimumhorizontalstress)
Leakoffcoefficients

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 5
WhyPerformaMinifrac Test?
ForShale/TightFormations:

EffectivePermeability(k)isverylow
Matrixpermeabilityofafewnanodarciestoafewmicrodarcies(when
naturalfracturesexist)renderconventionaltestsimpracticalbefore
stimulation

HorizontalMultiFracWells
Massivehydraulicfracturetreatments
Multiplefracturestages
Multipleperforationclustersperfracturestage
Numerousfracturenetworkscreated
Difficulttoquantifyeffectiveformationpermeabilityandpressureafter
stimulation
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 6
WhyPerformaMinifrac Test?

ShutinTimeRequiredtoEstimatePi &k(AfterPerforating)
BasedonHaynesvilleShaleProperties

Simulated Pressure Buildup After Perforating

11500

11000

10500

10000

9500 100 Nanodarcies

5 Months
1000 Nanodarcies
Pressure (psi(a))

9000

2 Weeks
8500 10 Nanodarcies
4 Years!
8000

7500

7000

6500 Skin = +2
6000

5500

5000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Time (h)

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 7
WhyPerformaMinifrac Test?

ShutinTimeRequiredtoEstimatePi &k(AfterPerforating)
BasedonHaynesvilleShaleProperties

Simulated PITA Derivative After Perforating

107

4
Skin = +2
((106 psi2/cP) hr)

106

105
Impulse Derivative (ta)2 d/d(ta)

104

103

2 100 Nanodarcies 10 Nanodarcies

1000 Nanodarcies
102
5 Months 4 Years!
4
2 Weeks
2

101

1.0
10-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 102 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 103 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 104 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 105

Pseudo-Time (h)

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 8
WhyPerformaMinifrac Test?

ShutinTimeRequiredtoEstimatePi &K(AfterMinifrac)
BasedonHaynesvilleShaleProperties

Simulated Pressure Falloff After Minifrac

16000

15500

15000
Skin = 2.5
14500

14000
Pressure (psi(a))

13500
1000 Nanodarcies
10 Nanodarcies
1 Day
13000 5 Months

12500
100 Nanodarcies
2 Weeks
12000

11500

11000

10500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Time (h)

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 9
WhyPerformaMinifrac Test?

ShutinTimeRequiredtoEstimatePi&K(AfterMinifrac)
BasedonHaynesvilleShaleProperties

Simulated PITA Derivative After Minifrac

107

4
((106 psi2/cP) hr)

106
Skin = 2.5
4

105
Impulse Derivative (ta)2 d/d(ta)

104

103

102 1000 Nanodarcies 100 Nanodarcies 10 Nanodarcies

4 1 Day 2 Weeks 5 Months
2

101

1.0
10-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 102 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 103 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 104 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 105

Pseudo-Time (h)

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Minifrac TestOverview

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Minifrac Analysis

Minifrac TestAnalysisisconductedintwosteps:

PreClosureAnalysis(PCA)
Usesspecialderivativesandtimefunctions(GFunc on,t)
Indentifyleakoffbehaviourandclosurepressure

AfterClosureAnalysis(ACA)
Similarworkflowtotraditionalpressuretransientanalysis
Usesimpulsesolutiontoestablishformationpermeability(k)
andpressure(Pi)

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 12
PCA:Parameters
ThefollowingparametersaredeterminedfromthePreClosureAnalysis(PCA):

FractureClosurePressure(pc)
pc =MinimumHorizontalStress

InstantaneousShutInPressure(ISIP)/PropagationPressure
ISIP=FinalBo omholeInjec onPressureFric onComponent

FractureGradient
FractureGradient=ISIP/FormationDepth

NetFracturePressure(pnet)
pnet =ISIP ClosurePressure

FluidEfficiency:theratioofthestoredvolumewithinthefractureto
thetotalfluidinjected

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 13
PCA:GFunction
The Gfunction is a dimensionless time function relating shutin time (t) to total
pumping time (tp) at an assumed constant rate and are based on the following
equations:

TwolimitingcasesfortheGfunctionareshownhere:

=1.0isforlowleakoff
=0.5isforhighleakoff
Thevalueofg0 isthecomputedvalueofgatshutin.
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 14
PCA:GFunctionAnalysis
G-Function
1000 8000 120
Inj. Volume 3.99 bbl
Fracture Closure
ISIP 7930.1 psi(a)
Gc 21.014 7900 110
Ddatum 9650.000 ft
900 t c 159.76 min Frac grad 0.822 psi/ft
pc 7308.4 psi(a) 7800
100
800 7700
Semilog Derivative
Semilog Derivative G dp/dG (psi(a))

pdata
90
Fracture Closure 7600

First Derivative dp/dG (psi(a))

700 First Derivative
Gc 21.014 80
t c 159.76 min 7500
600 pc 7308.4 psi(a)
7400 70

p (psi(a))
500 7300 60

7200 50
400
7100
40
300
7000
30
6900
200
20
Fracture Closure 6800
100 Gc 21.014
6700 10
t c 159.76 min
pc 7308.4 psi(a)
0 6600 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52
G-function time

FractureclosureisidentifiedasthepointwheretheGFunctionderivativestartsto
deviatedownwardfromthestraightline
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 15
PCA:LeakOffTypes
NormalLeakoff:occurswhenthefractureareaisconstantduringshutinandtheleakoff
occursthroughahomogeneousrockmatrix

Thecharacteristicsignaturesofnormalleakoffare:
1. Aconstantpressurederivative(dP/dG)duringfractureclosure.
2. TheGFunctionderivative(GdP/dG)liesonastraightlinethatpassesthroughthe
origin
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 16
NormalLeakoff

Normal Leakoff

G Function Derivative (G dp/dG)

GFunction (G Time)
PCA:LeakOffTypes
TransverseFractureStorage/FractureHeightRecession isindicatedwhentheGFunctionderivativeG
dP/dG fallsbelowastraightlinethatextrapolatesthroughthenormalleakoffdata,andexhibitsaconcave
uptrend
Transverse Fracture Storage/Fracture Height
Recession

TwocharacteristicsarevisibleontheGfunctioncurve:
1. TheGFunctionderivativeGdP/dG liesbelowastraightlineextrapolatedthroughthenormal
leakoffdata.
2. TheGFunctionderivativeGdP/dG exhibitsaconcaveuptrend.
3. TheFirstDerivative dP/dG alsoexhibitsaconcaveuptrend.
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 18
FractureHeightRecession
Fracturepenetratesimpermeablezone
FractureHeightRecession
Fracturepenetratesimpermeablezone
TransverseStorage
EarlyTime Secondaryfracturesopen
TransverseStorage
LateTime Secondaryfracturesclose
PCA:LeakOffTypes
PressureDependentLeakoff(PDL):indicatestheexistenceofsecondaryfracturesintersectingthemain
fracture,andisidentifiedbyacharacteristichumpintheG Functionderivativethatliesabovethe
straightlinefitthroughthenormalleakoffdata.

Thecharacteristicsignaturesofpressuredependentleakoffare:
1. AcharacteristiclargehumpintheGFunctionderivativeGdP/dG liesabovethestraight
linethatpassesthroughtheorigin..
2. Subsequenttothehump,thepressuredeclineexhibitsnormalleakoff.
3. Theportionofthenormalleakoffliesonastraightlinepassingthroughtheorigin.
4. Theendofthehumpisidentifiedasfissureopeningpressure.
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 23
PressureDependantLeakoff
EarlyTime Extraleakofffrommicrofractures athigh
pressure/earlytime
PressureDependantLeakoff
LateTime Microfractures close,normalleakoffresumes
PCA:LeakOffTypes
FractureTipExtension occurswhenafracturecontinuestogrowevenafterinjectionisstoppedandthe
wellisshutin.Itisaphenomenonthatoccursinverylowpermeabilityreservoirs,astheenergywhich
normallywouldbereleasedthroughleakoffistransferredtotheendsofthefracture.

Thecharacteristic signaturesoffracturetipextensionare:
1. TheGFunctionderivativeGdP/dG initiallyexhibitsalargepositiveslopethatcontinuesto
decreasewithshutintime,yieldingaconcavedowncurvature.
2. AnystraightlinefitthroughtheGFunctionderivativeGdP/dG intersectstheyaxisabovethe
origin. CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 26
FractureTipExtension
FractureTipExtensionProvidesExtraLeakOff
AfterClosureAnalysis(ACA)
ACAisperformedonfalloffdatacollectedafterfractureclosure
Similarworkflowtotraditionalpressuretransientanalysis

TraditionalPTAfoundedontheconstantratesolution
MainACAtechniquesarefoundedontheimpulsesolution
TheconstantratesolutionhingesontheflowratepriortoSI
Theimpulsesolutionhingesonadefinedvolume
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 28
AfterClosure LinearFlow

Plan View
AfterClosure RadialFlow
RadialFlowinHorizontalPlane
Iflinearflowisobservedbeforeradialflow,canuse
fracturemodel

3D Plan View Vertical Model

with Fracture
AfterClosure
RadialFlowinHorizontalPlane
Ifonlyradialflowisobserved,canbemodelledasvertical
withnegativeskin
Conceptual Model Vertical Model

Plan View
AfterClosureAnalysis(ACA)
AfterClosureAnalysis(ACA)isperformedonfalloffdatacollectedafter
fractureclosure.
Similarworkflowtotraditionalpressuretransientanalysis.
TraditionalPTAfoundedontheconstantratesolution;MiniFracACA
techniquesarefoundedontheimpulsesolution.
Theconstantratesolutionhingesontheflowratepriortotheanalyzed
shutinperiodwhereastheimpulsesolutionhingesonadefinedvolume.
Impulsesolutionsareusedbecauseoftheshortinjectionperiodandassume
theentireinjectedvolumeisinjectedinstantaneously.
TherearetwoACAtechniquesavailableinF.A.S.T.WellTest(Nolteand
Soliman/Craig).

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 32
NolteACA
ThisafterclosureanalysismethodisbasedontheworkofK.G.Nolte8,
andexpandedonbyR.D.Barree4.
Basedonthesolutionofaconstantpressureinjectionfollowedbya
falloff.
Theimpulseequationsareobtainedbyapproximatingtheinjection
durationasverysmall.
Usesinjectedvolumeastheimpulsevolumeandthefalloffbeginsat
fractureclosure.
Characteristicslopesofthesemilogderivativewhenplottedonthelog
logderivativeplotdifferfromtraditionalPTA:
ImpulseLinearflowhasaslopeof1/2.
ImpulseRadialflowhasaslopeof1.

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 33
NolteACA
Derivative
104

5
p, Semilog Derivative (FL2 2)dp/d(FL2 2) (psi(a))

3
2

103
t 15.08 h
p 6750.9 psi(a)
5

3 t 38.73 h
2 p 6652.6 psi(a)

Impulse Linear -1/2

102

3
Impulse Radial -1
2
pdata k 0.0165 md
Derivativedata

101
1.0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 -1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10-2
FL2 2

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 34
Soliman/CraigACA
ThisafterclosureanalysismethodisbasedonthecombinedworksofM.Y.
SolimanandD.Craig1.
Solimanssolutionisbasedonaconstantrateinjectionfollowedbyalong
falloff2.
SolimanappliedsuperpositioninLaplacespacetoobtainasingleequation
andthentookthelatetimeapproximationtoobtainimpulseequations(for
bilinear,linearandradialflow).
D.Craigdevelopedananalyticalmodelwhichaccountsforfracturegrowth,
leakoff,closureandafterclosure3.
ThelatetimeapproximationofCraigsmodelproducedimpulseequations
thatareconsistentwithSoliman'ssolutions.
Usesinjectedvolumeastheimpulsevolume.
Characteristicslopesoftheimpulsederivativewhenplottedontheloglog
derivativeplotareidenticaltothoseoftraditionalPTA.
Soliman/Craig'ssolutionsfacilitatetheuseofanalyticalmodelsinF.A.S.T.
WellTest. CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 35
Soliman/CraigACA
Derivative
t 12.98 h t 38.13 h
10 4
p 6777.5 psi(a) p 6653.5 psi(a)

4
Impulse Derivative t (tp + t) dp/dt (psi hr)

10 3

5 Linear 1/2 Radial 0

3 Xf(sqrt(k)) 1.24 md1/2ft k 0.0165 md
2 k 0.0165 md
Xf 9.676 ft
10 2 s Xf -2.780

10 1
6
4

2
Derivativedata
1.0
10 -3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 -2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 -1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 2

t (h)

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 36
ACA Modelling
Oncetheinitialreservoirpressure(Pi)andpermeability(k)areestimated,amodelis
generated(Soliman/Craig)toconfirmtheseestimates. Notethattheexistingmodel
doesnotaccountforthechangeinstoragethatoccurswhiletheinducedfractureis
closing,andtheanalysisisfocusedontheafterclosuredata.
Derivative
Impulse Derivative (t)2 dp/d(t) (psi hr)

104
kh 0.6138 md.ft s' -2.731 pi (syn) 6592.0 psi(a)
3 h 40.000 ft sXf -2.738
103 k 0.0153 md Xf 9.273 ft
3
102
3
101
3
1.0
3
Derivative data
10-1
Derivative model
3 Ext. Derivative model
10-2
10-3 2 3 4 56 10-2 2 3 4 56 10-1 2 3 4 56 1.0 2 3 4 56 101 2 3 4 56 102 2 3 4 56 103

t (h)

Thisisespeciallycriticalwhenreservoirdominated(radial)flowisnotachievedwithina
testperiod,orwhendatascatteraggravatestheanalysis.
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 37
Minifrac ObservationsfromRealData

AnexampleofaMinifractestconductedonaverticalwellataformation
depthof10,000ftanalyzedusingF.A.S.T.WellTestisdepictedinthe
followingslides.
History
11500 Stop Injection 0
Formation Breakdown
11000 t 0.31 h
pdata 10942.7 psi(a) pdata 9557.0 psi(a) -200
10500 qw -1440.00 bbl/d
10000 -400
9500

Liquid Rate (bbl/d)

-600
Pressure (psi(a))

9000
Inj . Volume 16.35 bbl
8500 -800
ISIP 9444.2 psi(a)
8000 Ddatum 10100.000 ft Estimated ISIP
Frac grad 0.935 psi/ft -1000
7500 pdata 9444.2 psi(a)
-1200
7000
6500 -1400
6000
Start Injection qwater -1600
5500 pdata
5000 -1800
1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58
Time (h)

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 38
MinifracObservationsfromRealData

Thepreclosureanalysisusingthesemilogandfirstderivativecorresponding
toGfunctiontimeisshownbelow:
Fracture Closure G-Function
2200 1000
Gc 6.233 Analysis 1 Inj . Volume 16.35 bbl 9500
2000 tc 166.76 min ISIP 9444.2 psi(a)
900
pc 7217.0 psi(a) Ddatum 10100.000 ft 9000
Semilog Derivative G dp/dG (psi(a))

1800 Frac grad 0.935 psi/ft

First Derivative dp/dG (psi(a))

800
Fracture Closure 8500
1600
Gc 6.233 700
Semilog Deriv ativ e
1400 tc 166.76 min pdata 8000
pc 7217.0 psi(a) 600

p (psi(a))
First Deriv ativ e
1200
7500
500
1000
7000 400
800
6500 300
600

400 Fracture Closure 6000 200

Gc 6.233
200 100
tc 166.76 min 5500
pc 7217.0 psi(a)
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
G-function time

Fromthisplot,fractureclosureisidentifiedwithintheinitial3hoursofthe
falloffperiod
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 39
MinifracObservationsfromRealData
TheNolteACAloglogdiagnosticplotisshownbelow:
Derivative
, Semilog Derivative (FL2 2)d/d(FL2 2) (106psi2/cP)

104

3
2
t 5.64 h
103 p 6322.9 psi(a)
7
5 t 23.07 h
p 5604.5 psi(a)
3
rinv 21.976 ft
2

102 Impulse Radial -1

7
k 1.8577e-03 md
5

3
2 data
Derivative data
101
1.0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10-1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10-2

FL2 2

Thesemilogderivative,calculatedwithrespecttoclosuretime,exhibitsaslopeof1
after5.64hours,suggestingthatradialflowhasdeveloped.
Thefluctuationsinthederivativeslopecanbeattributedtogasentrythatisnot
accountedforwiththebottomholepressurecalculations.
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 40
MinifracObservationsfromRealData

ThefalloffdataplottedwiththeNolteACAradialtimefunctionFR2isshownbelow:

Minifrac Radial (Nolte)

2500
Analysis 1 7600

2400 kh 0.1115 md.ft 7400

h 60.000 ft
2300 k 1.8577e-03 md 7200
p* 5363.9 psi(a)
2200 7000

6800
2100
(106psi 2/cP)

6600
2000

p (psi(a))
6400
t 23.07 h
1900
p 5604.5 psi(a) 6200
1800 rinv 21.976 ft
6000

1700 5800

1600 5600

5400
1500
data 5200
1400
0.64 0.60 0.56 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.00

FR1

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 41
MinifracObservationsfromRealData
TheloglogplotofthederivativeusedintheSoliman/Craigimpulsesolutionshowsthematch
obtainedwiththemodel:
Derivative
Impulse Derivative ta (tp + ta) d/dta ((106psi2/cP) hr)

104
kh 0.1978 md.ft Xf 1.572 ft
h 60.000 ft sXf -0.963
4 k 3.2968e-03 md pi 5461.7 psi(a)

103 Approaching
Radial Flow

4 t 23.07 h
Radial Flow
2 t = 50.0 h

102

4
Derivative data
2 Derivative model
Ext. Derivative model
101
10-3 2 3 4 5 6 7 10-2 2 3 4 5 6 7 10-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 101 2 3 4 5 6 7 102
ta (h)

Themodelsuggestsradialflowwasnotquiteachievedduringthetestperiod,andwouldlikely
developafter~50hoursofshutin.
Inthiscase,thetransitiontoradialflowissufficientlydevelopedtoyieldreliableestimatesof
formationpressureandpermeability.
CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 42
MiniFracTestDesign

Shortdurationinjectionperiod,followedbyextendedfalloffperiod.
Watercommonlyusedforinjection.
Optimuminjectionrate/duration:
1 2bpm(1500 3000bbld)
2 3minuteinjection(afterwellborefillup)
sufficienttobreakdownformation,whileminimizingfracture
growthandclosuretime
Falloffdurationcontrolledbypermeability(k)androckproperties:
minimum2daysfork>0.001md (1000Nanodarcies)
minimum2weeksfork<0.001md (1000Nanodarcies)

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 43
References
1. "NewMethodforDeterminationofFormationPermeability,ReservoirPressure,andFracturePropertiesfromaMinifrac Test",
Soliman,M.Y.,CraigD.,Barko,K.,RahimZ.,Ansah J.,andAdamsD.,PaperARMA/USRMS05658,2005
2. AnalysisofBuildup TestsWithShortProducingTimes,M.Y.Soliman,SPE,HalliburtonServicesResearchCenter,PaperSPE
11083August1986.
3. ApplicationofaNewFractureInjection/FalloffModelAccountingforPropagating,Dilated,andClosingHydraulicFractures,D.P.
Craig,Haliburton,andT.A.Blasingame,TexasA&MUniversity,PaperSPE100578,2006.
4. HolisticFractureDiagnostics,R.D.Barree,SPE,andV.L.Barree,Barree &Associates,andCraig,SPE,Halliburton,PaperSPE
107877,PresentedattheRockyMountainOil&GasTechnologySymposiumheldinDenver,Colorado,USA,1618April2007.
5. After ClosureAnalysisofFractureCalibrationTests,Nolte,K.G.,Maniere,J.L.,andOwens,K.A.,PaperSPE38676,Presentedat
the1997SPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibition,SanAntonio,Texas,58October,1997.
6. "BackgroundforAfterClosureAnalysisofFractureCalibrationTests",Nolte,K.G.,PaperSPE39407,Unsolicitedcompanion
papertoSPE38676July,1997.
7. ModifiedFracturePressureDeclineAnalysisIncludingPressureDependentLeakoff,Castillo,J.L.,PaperSPE16417,presented
attheSPE/DOELowPermeabilityReservoirsJointSymposium,Denver,CO,May1819,1987.
8. DeterminationofFractureParametersfromFracturingPressureDecline",Nolte,K.G.,PaperSPE8341,PresentedattheAnnual
TechnicalConferenceandExhibition,LasVegas,NV,Sept.2326,1979.
9. "UseofPITAforEstimatingKeyReservoirParameters",N.M.Anisur Rahman,Mehran PooladiDarvish,MartinS.Santoand
LouisMattar,PaperCIPC2006 172,presentedat7thCanadianInternationalPetroleumConference,Calgary,AB,June13 15,
2006.
10."DevelopmentofEquationsandProcedureforPerforationInflowTestAnalysis(PITA)",N.M.Anisur Rahman,Mehran Pooladi
Darvish andLouisMattar,PaperSPE95510,presentedat80thAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibitionoftheSPE,Dallas,
TX,October9 12,2005.

CopyrightFeketeAssociatesInc. 44