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Vol. 3(2), pp. 112-117, November, 2017. www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 3254-1213x
Conference Paper
Designing a controller for pulse width modulation (PWM) power converters is a real challenge
owing to nonlinear and time-variant nature of switching power converters. PID con- trollers based
on classical control theory is the simplest controller design approach. Nevertheless, the
approach is valid only for linear system and hence the converter has to be linearized. The trial
and error method of tuning the controller parameters may not give satisfactory results for
advanced converters. Hence a systematic software aided controller design is required. This paper
presents a systematic approach for controller design of a dc-dc converter using MATLAB. A
simple converter like boost converter is taken as an example to illustrate the approach. Small
signal modeling of a boost converter is derived theoretically. This is compared with MATLAB
generated small signal model and resultant converter transfer functions. The controller design of
the linearised converter is done using MATLAB. Finally, the performance of the controller is
verified for line and load variations.
INTRODUCTION
Designing a controller for switching power converters industrial area due to its feasibility and easy
poses an important challenge to power electronics implementation in real application. However finding the
engineers. The reason being switching converters are optimal control parameters is a difficult task many a
non-linear and time variant circuits. Classical control times. The trial and error method of tuning the
theory is applicable only for linear time invariant systems controller parameters may not give satisfactory results
which can be represented by transfer functions. The time- for advanced converters. Hence a systematic software
varying nonlinear power converter must be transformed aided controller design is required. This paper presents a
into linear time invariant before we can analyze it by systematic approach for controller design of a dc-dc
using classical control theory. converter using MATLAB. A simple converter like boost
A linear time invariant small signal modeling and analysis converter is taken as an example to illustrate the
approach of switching DC-DC converter, called state approach. However, the approach is equally valid for any
space average approach, was proposed (Middlebrook general switching power converter.
R.D and Cuks, 1976) and widely used for simplifying
the analysis and design of switching DC-DC converter. Section-II presents the small signal modeling of a
The linear controller design can then be carried out for the boost converter. First the small-signal model is derived
linear model. theoretically and then using MATLAB.
PID control is a traditional linear control method commonly *Corresponding author: Divya KS, School of Electrical
used in many applications. The PID controller is and Electronics Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore,
considered as a popular control feedback used in India. Email: divya@revainstitution.org
Small Signal Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using MATLAB
Divya and Ajit 113
Next the converter transfer functions are generated A. Averaged Large signal modeling
using MATLAB. Section-III presents the controller
design of the linearized converter using MATLAB. Assumptions:
Finally the performance of the controller is verified for
line and load variations. 1) Natural frequencies are much lower than switching
frequency.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING 2) Duty ratio variation is negligible within one
switching time period.
Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram of a boost converter. The switching ripples in the inductor current and
capacitor voltage waveforms are removed by averaging
over one switching period (R. W. Erickson, D.
Maksimovic, 2001). The resultant average circuit model
is shown in Fig 2.
L=120H C=50F The resultant averaged state space model for a boost
R=40 +/- Load fluctuations converter is
Input Voltage=12V +/- Line voltage fluctuations Regulated
Output Voltage= 24V
Nominal duty ratio:0.5 Switching frequency=100kHz
Assumptions:
1) Components are ideal and lossless 2) Continuous where vc and iL are averaged capacitor voltage and
conduction mode inductor current over one switching time period [3].
3) Small Ripple approximation The equation (1) results in a non linear model since duty
ratio, which is the control input, is multiplied by a state
State equations for each interval of operation: variable in averaged model output.
1) Switch S is ON:
LdiL
dt = v in
CdvC
dt = v c
R
2) Switch S is OFF:
LdiL
dt = vin vc
CdvC = iL v c
dt = R Fig. 3. Boost converter Output: Actual Circuit Vs
Averaged model
The steady state values of capacitor voltage and
inductor current are found to be: A comparison of average model output with actual
converter output is shown in Fig 3. The waveforms look
Vin exactly similar except for the fact that switching ripple is
VC = 1 D = 24V completely absent
Vin
I L = R(1 D)2 = 1.2A
Small Signal Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using MATLAB
Int. Res. J. Power Energy Engin. 114
B. SMALL SIGNAL-LINEARISED AVERAGE MODEL Substituting this in the average model yields
Small Signal Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using MATLAB
Divya and Ajit 115
Small Signal Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using MATLAB
Int. Res. J. Power Energy Engin. 116
using PID tuner and the resultant bode plots and step
response are shown in Fig 9 and Fig 10. It is clear that
the corresponding closed loop system is stable with
positive gain margin and phase margin.
A. Verification of controller performance Fig. 12. Output voltage regulated to 24V against input
voltage variations
The designed controller has to be verified for variations
in input voltage and load current. The range of 2) Variation in Load current: The nominal load current
variations the controller can handle also needs to be is 0.6A. Due to load fluctuations, the load current is
examined. The simulation model for controller varied in the range 1.2 A to 0.1A. The output is
verification against line and load variations is shown in regulated to 24 V irrespective of the varitions in load
Fig 11. (Fig 12). The regulation action is reasonably fast with
1) Variation in input voltage: The typical input voltage minimum oscillations.
is +12 V. Due to input fluctuations, the voltage is varied
in the range 18 V to 6V. The output is regulated to 24 V
irrespective of the varitions in inputs (Fig 12). The
regulation action is reasonably fast with minimum
oscillations.
CONCLUSION
Small Signal Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using MATLAB
Divya and Ajit 117
REFERENCES
Accepted 23 October, 2017
Erickson R. W., Maksimovic D. (2001). Fundamentals of
Power Electronics, Norwell, MA, USA. Citation: Divya KS and Ajit TN (2017). Small Signal
Kislovski A. and Redl R. (1991). Dynamic Analysis of Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using
Switching Mode DC-DC Converters, Van Nostrand MATLAB. International Research Journal of Power and
Reinhold, New York. Energy Engineering, 3(2): 112-117.
Maksimovic D. (2001). Modeling and simulation of power
electronic converters, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.
89, pp. 898 912.
MATLAB Control System Toolbox Users guide: MATLAB
2015a, MathWorks, 2017 Copyright: 2017. Divya and Ajit. This is an open-access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Michal V., Cottin D., Arno P. (2016). Boost DC/DC
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
Converter Nonlinearity and RHP-Zero: Survey of the
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
Control-to-Output Transfer Function Lin- earization
provided the original author and source are cited.
Methods. Invited paper in proc. of 21st IEEE int
conference Applied Electronics.
Middlebrook R.D and Cuks (1976). A general unified
approach to modelling switching converter power
stages. Proc. Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, pp. 18-34.
Small Signal Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using MATLAB