SPE

E 162957

Detterminatio
on of Aba
andonme
ent Reserrvoir Pres
ssure, GO
OR and B
BSW for W
Well
Perrformancee Evaluattion
Franccis Dike, Ugo
ochukwu Aboa
aja, Kayode Ogunlade,
O Am
mrasa Kefe an
nd Rotimi Osh
ho ; SPDC Nigeria
Copyrigh
ht 2012, Society of Pettroleum Engineers

per was prepared for presentation at the 2012

This pap 2 SPE Nigerian Annua
al International Confere
ence and Exhibition heeld in Abuja, Nigeria, 6--8 August 2012.

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n of the Society of Pe
etroleum Engineers, itss officers, or members s.
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nsent of the Society oof Petroleum Engineerrs is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an
a
abstract of not more than 300 words;
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ay not be copied. The abstract
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c acknowleddgment of SPE copyrig ght.

Abstrac
ct
Well perfo
formance evalu uation and preddiction via deccline A
Abandonment B BSW and oil rrate are derivedd from well
curve ana alysis (DCA) requires defin ned abandonm ment models which rrequire abandoonment reservoir pressure
m
conditionss (Abandonmeent BSW and oiil rate) to estim mate annd GOR amonng other inputs..
the develooped ultimate recovery (DU UR) of a drain nage This paper discuusses in detail the abandonm
T ment pressure
point. Abaandonment BS SW and oil ratee are derived from
fr annd GOR estim mation methodoology, resourcces and data
well mod dels which reequire abando onment reservvoir reequirements. CConsideration has been givven here to
pressure and Gas-oil-rratio (GOR) among otherss as innitially underssaturated reseervoirs with moderate-to
inputs.Goood understanding of the performance
p of
o a weak aquifer drive and saturated reserrvoirs with
w
reservoir is necessa ary for thee prediction of moderate-to weak aquifer drivve.
m
abandonm ment GOR, and this prediiction requires a
systematicc approach. The
T assumed va alue of produccing
GOR hass a direct imp pact on the magnitude
m of the D
Data Require
rement and QA/QC
hydrostattic and dynamiic pressure losss in a production A
Accurate estimaates of abandoonment pressurre and GOR
a hence it is a very imporrtant parameter in
tubular and w
will depend larggely on the quuantity and quaality of data
the vertical lift performaance of a well. Similarly, thee the avvailable. Initiaal pressure dataa from pressure surveys at
reservoir pressure at abandonment iss an indication n of thhe onset of prooduction from the reservoir ((MDT, FIT,
the enerrgy available from the reservoirr for lift Sttatic BHP e.t.cc), BHP surveyys carried out inn the course
hydrocarb bon fluid s froom the bottom of the produccing off production from the reseervoir, fluid ssample data
wells. Thiis paper illustrrates the methoodology emplo oyed (PPVT), producttion data, welll logs, correlaation panels,
for the estimation of abandon nment reservvoir flluid distributioon plots, e.t.c aare essential data required
pressure,GGOR and BSW W in support off well performa ance foor the estimatioon.
evaluationn and reservoiir managementt. Case studiess for Quality checks must be carrried out on thhe available
Q
saturatedd and undersatturated reservo oirs with weakk-to daataset to estabblish validity oof the data poiints. This is
moderate aquifers are considered.
c beecause unusaable/incomplette data mayy lead to
errroneous analyysis and concluusions.
Introdu
uction
Estimatioon of Developeed Ultimate Reecovery (DUR R) of
producing g drainage poinnts can be carrried out by any y of A
Abandonme
ent Reserv
voir Press
sure and
the followwing methods - by Declinee Curve Analy ysis G
GOR
(DCA), volumetric estimation, Material M balaance A necessary sstep in reservves determinaation is to
analysis, application of analogue techniques and coonstruct well m models to deteermine the tecchnical limit
numericall reservoir simuulation. DCA technique
t requ uires w
watercut (BSW W) and the corrresponding oil rate, which
abandonm ment conditionns (abandonmeent BSW and oil foorms one of the crucial boundary connditions for
rate) for estimation
e of DUR
D for any drrainage point. trruncating the eextrapolated deeveloped ultimaate recovery
2 SPE 162957

(DUR) off each drainag ge point in a reservoir based d on

decline curve
c analysis (DCA). To construct
c the well
w
models, current
c reservo
oir pressure (P Pr), abandonmment
reservoir pressure (Pab b), abandonmeent Gas-Oil Ratio
R
(GOR) an nd THP are req quired as inputt. The well mod dels
are matchhed to current conditions and d are then used d to
run sensiitivities for ouutflow peformmance and hen nce,
determinee the technicall terminal BSW W and gross rates
from which the abandon nment oil rate is calculated. The
terminal BSW estimated by this method are also a
compared d to actual valu
ues seen in the reservoir/field.
r .

Abando
onment Pres
ssure F
Figure 1a: Resservoir pressuure match
There aree several methoods for estimatting abandonm ment
pressure (Pab)
( and thesee are listed below in the ordeer of Inn order to usee the calibrateed MBAL moodel to run
preference: prrediction for abandonmennt pressure, innputs of the
voolume to be developed ass per business plan and
IPSMM - Integrated Production
P Sysstem Model wh here coorresponding rrates are requirred. This introoduces some
available. The mo odel, if prop perly construccted, itterations sincee the volumee is what w we want to
shoulld have the su ubsurface and d surface netw work deetermine throuugh DCA.
with the nodes welll represented and constraintts in Prredictions in M
MBAL can be ccarried out:
the network includeed.
Reserrvoir Simulation Model - Fully calibraated (a) Using P
Production schhedules.
dynam mic reservoiir simulation n model wh here (b) Using w
well models.
available.
MBA AL models - Th he material balance techniqu ue is a)) Prediction using producction schedulees involves
a poppularly supportted approach in ncorporating most
m coonstraining tthe MBAL model withh expected
of the reservoir dyn t account for the
namic effects to prroduction proffiles from the eexisting wells aand planned
overaall pressure chaanges in the reeservoir leadingg to deevelopment inn the reservoir. This enables tthe program
the abandonment
a conditions.
c Material balancee is too simulate the tank and aquifer behavior inn relation to
one of the basicc tools for interpreting and thhe voidage proffile created by the expected pproduction.
prediicting reserv voir performaance. Historrical b)) Prediction uusing well moodels involves the use of
perfoormance (Presssure and produ uction) data, fluid
f m
manifold pressuure schedules aand well definiitions (IPRs,
and rock
r propertiees, and hydroccarbon initiallyy in T
TPCs) to evaluuate the perfoormance of eaach well for
placee are the prim mary input data
d for Mateerial anny given resservoir and m manifold presssures. The
balannce calculation ns. A match of the historrical prrogram iteratees on the mannifold pressurees until the
presssures is first obtained by varying some orr all tootal productionn matches the sschedule providded.
the unknown
u aqu
uifer propertiees within a pre- p
Inn the reservoirr MBAL modeel example shhown below,
definned range of uncertainty. FigureF 1a beelow
thhe pressure preediction was caarried out usingg production
showws a reservoir pressure
p match and from this plot
p
scchedules. Figuure 1b shows the historicall, simulated
it can
n be observed that a good maatch was achieeved
annd predicted ppressure profile due to the production
usingg the aquifer properties ou utlined below the
scchedule that waas used in consstraining the m
model.
plot. Thereafter, prressure predicttion is carried out
in ordder to estimate the terminal pressure.
p
SPE 16295
57 3

prroduction tubuular and hencce it is a veryy important

paarameter in thee vertical lift peerformance of a well.
The value of thhe GOR at abbandonment is one of the
T
innput parameters in well moodeling for abbandonment
coondition estim
mation and hennce a systemattic approach
w
was followed foor its predictionn.

1..1. Reservoir pphysics

The mechanics of fluid flow
T w in the reservvoir and the
sttructural positiion of the welll are major ddeterminants
off the value oof the abandonnment GOR tthat will be
obbserved in a w well. The sectioon below brieffly discusses
Figure 1b
b: Historical an
nd predicted preessure profile thhe assessment of the behavvior of GOR trend under
diifferent reservooir drive mechhanisms.
Perfoormance diagn nostic plots/trrending and quit
wellss data. This technique is a pragmatic and 1..1a. Depletion or Solution gaas drive reservooirs
accepptable approach h to derive thee Pab. Howeveer, it T
These reservoirrs are characteerized by conttinuous and
requiires the reserv
voir engineer to t understand the raapid decline inn reservoir presssure. The prinncipal source
past and present reservoir
r perfo
ormance and howh off energy is as a result of gass liberation from the crude
future developmentt will impact the t pressure trrend oiil and the subssequent expanssion of the soluution gas as
devellopment. Availlable data on quit
q wells can also
a thhe reservoir prressure is reducced. It is charaacterized by
servee as good anaalogue materiaals. Reviewing g all raapidly increasiing GOR from m all wells, reegardless of
available BHP an nd THP data prior to a well w thheir structural pposition. Afterr the reservoir ppressure has
quittiing to understaand the root cause and posssible beeen reduced beelow the bubblle-point, gas evvolves from
back--pressure from
m the surface neetwork is stronngly soolution througghout the reeservoir. Wheen the gas
recommmended. Figu ure 1c below shows
s an exam
mple saaturation exceeeds the criticaal gas saturatioon, free gas
of thee Performance diagnostic plo ot. beegins to flow w towards tthe wellbore and GOR
inncreases. The ggas will also bbegin a verticaal movement
duue to the graviitational forcess, which may rresult in the
foormation of secondary gas cap in aan initially
unndersaturated reservoir. Veertical permeabbility is an
immportant factoor in the form mation of a seccondary gas
caap.

1..1b. Gas cap drrive reservoirs

Figure 1c: Performance diagnostic plo
ot
Abando
onment GOR
R off up-structure wells, the GOOR from the aff
1. Theoreetical backgrou und
GOR is the surface ratio of gas rate to the oil
productioon rate. It is oftten measured during
d routine well
w 1..1c. Water drivve reservoirs
testing. Itt is the instantaaneous or produ
ucing GOR wh hich
could be equal, greaterr or even less than the soluttion
gas oil raatio (Rsi) depen nding on saturation status off the
reservoir, the reservoir drive mechaniism and deplettion
status of a reservoir. It has an impact on the magnittude
of the hydrostatic
h andd dynamic prressure loss in n a
G
Gas cap drivee reservoirs can be identiffied by the
prresence of a laarge gas cap wiith little or no water drive.
D
Due to the ability of the ggas cap to exxpand, these
reeservoirs are ccharacterized by slower deccline in the
reeservoir pressuure compared too the depletionn or solution
gaas drive reserrvoirs. The naatural energy aavailable to
prroduce the cruude oil comes ffrom expansionn of the gas
caap and the solution gas as it is libeerated. The
prroducing GOR R rises continuuously in crestaal wells. As
thhe expanding ggas cap reachees the producing intervals
ffected wells
w
will increase to high values.
F or strong aquuifers, the reseervoir pressuree decline is
ussually very grradual or evenn constant becaause the oil
annd gas withdrrawals from thhe reservoir aare replaced
allmost volume for volume bby water encrooaching into
thhe oil zone. Thhere is normallyy little or no chhange in the
prroducing GOR during thee life of thee reservoir.
4 SPE 162957
Pressure will be maintained as a result of water
encroachment and therefore there will be relatively
little or no gas released from solution inside the
reservoir. In general, the GOR trend is a function of the
size and strength of the aquifer and the presence or
absence of a gas cap.
1.1d. Gravity drainage reservoirs
The mechanism of gravity drainage occurs in petroleum
reservoirs as a result of differences in densities of the
reservoir fluids. This is characterized by rapid pressure
decline. Low gas-oil ratio will be experienced in
structurally low wells. This is caused by migration of
the evolved gas upstructure due to gravitational
segregation of the fluids. On the other hand, the
structurally high wells will experience an increasing
producing gas-oil ratio as a result of the upstructure
migration of the gas released from the crude oil.
2. Abandonment GOR estimation methodology
Application of GOR Trending is the preferred
methodology. This involves the prediction of the GOR
value at abandonment by considering the physics of the
reservoir under review as discussed in section 1.1.
2.1. Resources and data requirement
In all the cases, the resources used and considerations
are as follows:
Reservoir and well performance plots: These were
used to analyze the reservoir and well performance
trend viz-a-viz the producing GOR trend. It is
pertinent to state that there are issues with GOR
measurement.
Reservoir saturation status: This was assessed by
comparison of the initial reservoir pressure and the
current reservoir pressure with the bubble point
pressure. This was crosschecked with log data.
Reservoir Drive mechanism: Indication of this was
assessed with the aid of historical pressure and
liquid withdrawal rates with time.
Hydrocarbon Fluid Distribution Plots (HDP) - This
was used in assessing the 2-D structural positions
of the wells i.e the position of the perforations in
the structure relative to the gas-oil-contact/crest of
the structure.
Top structural maps: Used to assess the structural
configuration of the reservoir and were used in
conjunction with the HDPs for the structural
positions of the wells.
2.2. Scenarios and guidelines
This section discusses the various scenarios
encountered and the guidelines used in arriving at the
abandonment GOR. It is important to state here that for
all cases in dicussion, the maximum abandonment GOR
is not allowed to exceed 3*Rsi or 5000scf/bbl,
whichever is lower except where there is a strategic
reason for the well being on stream (e.g for wells whose
HP gas is needed for gaslifting and in cases where
surface facilities exist for gas processing as sales gas
but for which production at high GOR is not likely to
affect the hydrocarbon recovervry in any significant
way.
- Undersaturated reservoirs with strong water drive:
Pressure assumed to remain constantly above bubble
point and hence,
Abandonment GOR = Solution GOR (Rsi) for all wells.
- Saturated reservoirs with strong water drive:
Gas cap assumed not to expand and hence,
Abandonment GOR = Rsi for all wells. (provided that
the perforations are well below the GOC)
Note that historical performance must confirm these
assumptions.
- Saturated reservoirs with moderate-to-weak
aquifer or with appreciable pressure depletion:
Gas cap will expand and the abandonment GORs are
often higher than Rsi. The resultant value is a function
of the historical producing GOR trend and the structural
position of the well. Structurally higher wells (i.e.
perforations very close to the GOC) will have
abandonment GOR of 3*Rsi.
- Initially undersaturated reservoirs with moderate-
to-weak aquifer or with appreciable pressure
depletion:
It is assumed that the reservoir pressure will eventually
drop below bubble point pressure.As stated above the
abandonment GOR is a function of the historical
producing GOR trend and the structural position of the
well. Structurally higher wells will have abandonment
GOR of 2* Rsi or 3*Rsi while structurally lower wells
could have abandonment GOR of Rsi or 1.5 -2*Rsi
Abandonment Base Sediments & Water
(BS&W)
The Base Sediments and Water commonly referred to
as the water cut of a producing interval is the ratio of
SPE 16295
57 5

water in a barrel of gross producced fluid. Crrude tyypifies the prodduction rate off the drainage ppoint, string,
productio
on from wells iss usually attend
ded by producttion innterval or well.. This is illustraated in Figure 3.1F
of gas, water and saand. The maain focus of oil
S ensitivities aree carried out on models caalibrated for
productio
on is usually hoow to ensure thhat the most off the
cuurrent perform mance (as deriived from vallidated well
economicc product i.e. th
he oil or in som
me cases the gaas is
teest results) to estimate the terminal BS& &W and oil
produced while the floww to surface of the non-econo omic
raates for the inddividual drainaage points at w
which lift die
product, usually
u water iss minimised.
ouut is predictedd to occur. See Figure 3.1G aand 3.1G for
Unmanag ged, the prod duction of water
w results in illlustrations of charts describbing terminal BS&W and
suboptimaal recovery an nd poses challeenges to produ uced oiil cut respectivvely.
water dissposal. Waterr influx impaacts fluid den nsity
T
The flow diiagram below w describes the well
which in n turn exhibitts a deleteriou us effect on the
peerformance moodeling processs followed in determining
flowing bottom
b hole preessure. The relationship betwween
thhe abandonmennt watercut or llimit of naturall production
flowing bottom
b hole preessure and the factors
f affectin
ng it
uttilised in trunccating the reserve estimate made for a
is expresssed as the Verttical Lift Perfo
ormance (VLP P) or
drrainage point.
Intake Pressure Curve (IPC)
( expression. Other facctors
that affeect the VLP includes waax content, sand s
productioon and adversee gas oil ratio o. These servee to
compound d the effect thhat increasing BS&W or waterw
cut has on
n the productioon performancee of a well.
Pwf = f (W
Water cut, GOR
R, Tubing Sizee, Bean Size, etc)
Well perfformance modeelling using PR ROSPER softw ware
enables thhe simulation of the variouss combinationss of
these facttors which affeect vertical liftt performance and
t prediction of the limitiing value for the
enables the Estimates for
Estimate for
watercut of a producing g interval i.e. thhe limit of natuural abandonment GOR
and Abadonment U
Update Model
minimum
abandonment tubing
Reservoir Pressure
productio
on or the poin nt at which the t intervals lift head pressure

energy dies out.

Abandonment
BS&W
The abaandonment Gas Oil Ratio o, Abandonm ment
Reservoirr Pressure men ntioned previouusly in this paaper
are criticaal inputs to thee well model. Also
A the minim mum
tubing heead pressure in nput gives an indication of the 3
3.0. CASE S
STUDIES
back presssure effects im mposed upon th he performancee of
the interrval by the surface faciliity configurattion. 3..1. RESERVO
OIR BLOCK E
Increased d back pressu ure has the overall
o effect of This reservoir bblock, with twoo completions (Fig. 3.1C),
T
increasing g the required d bottom hole pressure and this was initially uunder-saturatedd (Fig. 3.1A
w A) and has
ultimately y affects the watercut
w estim
mate at the endd of exxperienced apppreciable presssure depletion ((Fig.3.1B)
life of thee interval as weell.
FTHPmin
n = P sep opt + DPman-sep + DP flowline
Where FT THPmin is miinimum tubing g head pressuree, P
sep opt isi the separatoor pressure, DPman-sep
D is the
differentiaal in pressurre of the seeparator and the
manifold while DP flowline
f is th
he differentiall in
pressure of
o the flowline and the maniffold.
Well mod dels typically feature
fe entry off data such as PVT
P
data, flow
wing bottom hole
h pressure data,
d Productivvity
index (deerived from application of th he Pwf data in the
Vogel Infflow Performaance Relationsh hip or some otther
IPR), welll hardware datta, production and pressure data;
d
completioon and fluid contact informatiion.
The interssection of the Vertical
V Lift Peerformance (V
VLP)
Curve and the Inflow Performance
P Relationship
R (IPR)
6 SPE 162957

FIGURE 3.1A: Block E Top Structuree Map F IGURE 3.1D W

Well 10 Perforrmance Plot

FIGURE 3.1B: Block E Pressure and Liquid Rate

R F IGURE 3.1E: W
Well 15 Perforrmance Plot
versus tim
me plot.

F IGURE 3.1F S
Sample Inflow--outflow modeel (Well 10)
FIGURE 3.1C: Block E Fluid Distribu ution Plot
Abandonm ment GOR waas estimated forr the two drain
nage
points: Well
W 10 and Weell 15. The resu ulting GORs were
w
arrived att by considerin
ng and analyzin
ng the informattion
in Figuress: 3.1A, 3.1B, 3.1C
3 and 3.1D
D-E
SPE 16295
57 7

FIGURE 3.1G Sample BS&W

B Limit Plot
P (Well 10)

FIGURE 3.1H Sample Oil

O Cut Limit Plot
P (Well 10) F IGURE 3.2A: Block C1.0 Toop Structure M
Map

The tablee below showss the result off the prediction

n of
the abanddonment GOR for the two drainage
d pointss on
Block E.

3.2. BLOCK C1.0 RESE

ERVOIR

This reserrvoir block, wiith four compleetions (Fig. 3.2

2B), F IGURE 3.2B: Block C1.0 P
Pressure and L
Liquid Rate
was inittially under-saturated (Fig g.3.2A) and has veersus time plott.
experiencced appreciablee pressure deplletion as shown n in
figures beelow:
8 SPE 162957

FIGURE 3.2C: C1000X

X Fluid Distribu
ution Plot

Abandonm ment GOR wasw estimated for two drain nage

points: Well w arrived at by
W 6 and Welll 13 and these were
considerin
ng and analyzzing the inform
mation in Figu
ures:
3.2A, 3.2B
B, 3.2C, 3.2D and 3.2E.
SPE 16295
57 9

FIGURE 3.2D: Well 6 Performance

P Plot F IGURE 3.3A: F7.0 Top Structure Map

FIGURE 3.2E: Well 13P

Performance Plot
P
F IGURE 3.3B: F7.0 Pressuree and Liquid Rate versus
The tablee below showss the result off the prediction
n of me plot.
tim
the abanddonment GOR for the two drainage
d pointss on
Block C1.0.

3.3. F7.0 RESERVOIR BLOCK

This reseervoir block, with seven completions
c (F
Fig.
3.3C), iss a saturated reservoir (Fiig.3.3A) and has
experiencced appreciablee pressure depletion (Fig.3.3B
B). F IGURE 3.3C: F7000M Fluidd Distribution P
Plot

A
Abandonment G GOR was esttimated for onne drainage
pooint Well 44. The resultingg abandonmentt GOR was
arrrived at by coonsidering and analyzing the information
inn Figures: 3.3A
A, 3.3B, 3.3C aand 3.3D.
10 SPE 162957

F IGURE 3.4B: D8.0 Pressure and Liquid Rate versus

FIGURE 3.3D: Well 44
4 Performance Plot
P me plot.
tim

The tablee below showss the analysis and result of the

prediction
n of the aband
donment GOR R for Well 44 4 on
F7.0.

3.4. D8.0 RESRVOIR BLOCK

B
This reseervoir block, with seven completions
c (FFig.
3.4C), is an initially saaturated (Fig. 3.4A)
3 with strrong
water driv
ve (Fig.3.4B).
F IGURE 3.4C: D8.0 Fluid Disstribution Plot

A
Abandonment G GOR was esttimated for foour drainage
pooints: Well 322, Well 37, Well 48 and Weell 131. The
reesulting abanddonment GO OR were arrived at by
coonsidering andd analyzing thhe information in Figures:
C, 3.1D, 3.1E, 3.1F and 3.1G
3..1A, 3.1B, 3.1C G.

FIGURE 3.4A: D8.0 To

op Structural Map
M
SPE 16295
57 11

FIGURE 3.4D: Well 32

2 Performance Plot
P
F IGURE 3.4G: Well 131 Perfformance Plot
Cumulative Oil Produced ( Mbbl ) Well3
37Performanceplot
F O R C 037L :D 8000K (BlockD8.0)
100 7500 3750 3750 1 .2 5

Liquid Rate ( bblc/d )

T
The table below
w shows the rresult of the pprediction of
Water Cut ( % )

80 6000 3000 3000 1 .0 0

GOR (Mscf/bbl )
Oil Ratepdsw( bbl/d )
60 4500 2250 2250 0 .7 5
thhe abandonmennt GOR for theefour drainage points.
40 3000 1500 1500 0 .5 0

20 1500 750 750 0 .2 5

0 0 0 0 0 .0 0
1 9 7 17 3 7 5 7 7 7 9 8 1 8 3 8 5 8 7 8 9 9 1 9 3 9 5 9 7 9 9 0 1 0 3 0 5 0 7
T im e (Ye a r)

8 2500 3 7 .5 96 750
88
2000 3 0 .0 80 600
Liq Cum ( MMbbl )

6 72
BHP (psi)

Sand (ppt)

64

Bean (Inch)
1500 2 2 .5 450

THP (psi)
56
4
48
1000 1 5 .0 300
40
2 32
500 7 .5 24 150
16
0 0 0 .0 8 0
1 9 7 17 3 7 5 7 7 7 9 8 1 8 3 8 5 8 7 8 9 9 1 9 3 9 5 9 7 9 9 0 1 0 3 0 5 0 7
T im e ( Y e a r )

FIGURE 3.4E: Well 37 Performance Plot

P

4
4.0 CONCLU
USION

D
Determination oof abandonmeents conditionss are key in
thhe estimation of future recoovery of prodducing wells
annd reservoir w
when performaance based meethodologies
arre use..

Reasonable esstimates of abandonment conditions

R
(ppressure, GOR R, BS&W annd terminal ooil cut) are
laargely dependeent on quality ddata availabilityy.
FIGURE 3.4F: Well 48 Performance Plot
P
A good undersstanding of reservoir, well and surface
neetwork behaviior, as well as the changes thhat occur in
thhese during couurse of producttion is key.

Adoption of a systematic approach bassed on the

A
appplication of suitable mathhematical moddeling tools
ennsures consisstent and reeliable estimaates which
ulltimately yieldd more realisticc reserves estim
mates.

5
5.0 References
1)) Ahmed, T., P
Paul D. McKinnney, 2005.Advvanced

Reservoir Enngineering, Gullf Professional Publishing.

2)) Guidelines foor Reservoir Abbandonment Pressure

Deterrminatioon for DCA woork (SPDC Noote-for-File).

3)) Uzoho, Foorster. Workfllow / Methoodology for

Prroduction Techhnology in the estimation of reserves.