Kurdish-Turkish Conflict (1978-Present) - Wikipedia

11/23/2017 KurdishTurkish conflict (1978present) - Wikipedia
KurdishTurkish conflict (1978present)

The KurdishTurkish conflict[note] is an armed conflict
between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish
KurdishTurkish conflict (1978present)
insurgent groups,[67] which have demanded separation from Part of the Kurdish rebellions
Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan,[41][68] or to have
autonomy[69][70] and greater political and cultural rights for
Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.[71] The main rebel
group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party[72] or PKK (Kurdish:
Partiya Karkern Kurdistan). Although insurgents have
carried out attacks in many regions of Turkey,[73] the
insurgency is mainly in southeastern Turkey.[74] The PKK's
presence in Iraq's Kurdistan Region, from which it has also
launched attacks, has resulted in the Turkish military Thematic map, general view over the Kurdish
carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and Turkish conflict
artillery strikes in the region.[75][76] The conflict has cost the
Date c. 27 November 1978present
economy of Turkey an estimated 300 to 450 billion dollars,
(39 years, 1 week and 2 days)
mostly military costs. It has also affected tourism in
Location Eastern and Southeastern Turkey,
Turkey.[77][78][79]
spillovers in Northern Iraq and Northern
The group was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis (near Syria
Lice) by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Status Ongoing:
calan.[80] The initial reason given by the PKK for this was
the oppression of Kurds in Turkey.[81][82] By then, the use of Peace process attempt during 2012
Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned 15[28][29][30][31]
in Kurdish-inhabited areas.[83] In an attempt to deny their
Escalation since September 2014 due
existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as
to Kobane crisis
"Mountain Turks" until 1991.[83][84][85][86] The words
Renewed warfare since July 2015
"Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned
by the Turkish government.[87][88] Following the military Belligerents
coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited
Turkey Kurdistan
in public and private life.[89] Many who spoke, published, or
Communities Union
sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.[90] The PKK Turkish Armed Forces (KCK)
was then formed, as part of a growing discontent over the
suppression of Turkey's ethnic Kurds, in an effort to Special Forces
PKK
establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Turkish National Police
ethnic Kurdish minority.[91] HPG
PH
YJA-STAR
The full-scale insurgency, however, did not begin until 15 JTEM
PJAK[10]
August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising.
Other forces:
Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 have died, most YDG-H:
of whom were Kurdish civilians.[92] The European Court of
Some Kurdish
YPS
Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of
tribes[1][2][3]
human rights abuses.[93][94] Many judgments are related to YPS-Jin
Village Guards
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present) 1/36
systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[95] torturing,[96] Grey Wolves[4] HBDH

forced displacements,[97] destroyed villages,[98][99][100] Turkish Revenge
arbitrary arrests,[101] murdered and disappeared Kurdish Brigade[5][6][7] Supported by:
journalists, activists and politicians.[102][103][104]
Kurdistan Freedom
The first insurgency lasted until 1 September 1999,[68][105] Deep state[8][9]
Hawks
when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire. The armed
Commanders and leaders
conflict was later resumed on 1 June 2004, when the PKK
declared an end to its ceasefire.[106][107] Since summer 2011, Current commanders Current commanders
the conflict has become increasingly violent with Recep Tayyip Erdoan Murat Karaylan
resumption of large-scale hostilities.[79] In 2013 the Turkish Binali Yldrm Bahoz Erdal
Government and the jailed PKK leader Abdullah calan Hulusi Akar Cemil Bayk
started talks. On 21 March 2013, calan announced the Hlya Erolu [32]
"end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace Past commanders: Mustafa Karasu
talks.[31][108] On July 25, 2015, the PKK finally cancelled Duran Kalkan
their 2013 ceasefire after a year of tension due to various Ali Haydar Kaytan
events, including the Turks bombing PKK positions in Zbeyir Aydar
Iraq,[109] in the midst of the Kurds' battle against the Haji Ahmadi[33]
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
Past commanders:
Strength
Turkish Armed Forces: PKK: 4,00032,800[37][38]
Contents 639,551:[34]
Gendarmerie: 148,700[35] PJAK: 1,000[39]3,000[40]
1 Background
Police: 225,000 TAK: A few dozen[41]
2 History Total: 5,00032,800[38]
Village Guards: 65,000[36]
2.1 Beginnings
2.2 First insurgency Total: 948,550
2.2.1 198493 (not all directly involved in the
2.2.2 19931999 conflict)
2.3 Unilateral cease-fire
Casualties and losses
2.4 Second insurgency
2.5 Solution Process 5,347 soldiers, 283 police Total: 34,116-46,242+
2.5.1 Escalation officers and 1,466 village killed and 21,698+
2.6 2015present guards killed, 95 captured captured
3 Serhildan (24 currently held)[42][43] (Turkish claim)[50][51][52]
4 Kurdish political movement Total: 7,230 killed and

5 Casualties 21,128 wounded
6 Demographic effect (Turkish claim)[44][45]
7 Human rights abuses

7.1 Abuses by the Turkish side Total: 12,522 killed and
7.2 Abuses by the PKK 33,788
8 See also wounded[46][47][48][49]
9 Notes
(PKK claim)
10 References
Total killed: 50,00055,000[53][54][55]
Background Civilian Casualties:

6,741 killed and 14,257 wounded (Turkish claim)[45]
Kurdish rebellions against the Ottoman Empire go back two 5,000 killed (until 2000; 3,438 by the Turkish
centuries, but the modern conflict dates back to the Turkish government & 1,205 by the PKK; independent research
War of Independence, which established a Turkish and NGOs)[56]
nationalist state which has consistently repressed the 18,00020,000 Kurds executed and 2,4004,000+
human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey. Major historical villages destroyed by the Turkish government
events include the Kogiri Rebellion (1920), Sheikh Said (independent human rights reports and other
rebellion (1925), Ararat rebellion (1930), and the Dersim estimates)[57][58][59][60]
Rebellion (1938).
3,000,000+ displaced[61]
The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) was founded in 1974 by Turkish Hezbollah also known as Kurdish Hezbollah
Abdullah calan. Initially a MarxistLeninist organization, or just Hizbullah in Turkey, is a mainly Sunni Islamist
it abandoned orthodox communism and adopted a program militant organization, active against the Kurdistan Workers'
of greater political rights and cultural autonomy for Kurds. Party (PKK) and the Government of Turkey.[62][63][64][65][66]
Between 1978 and 1980, the PKK engaged in limited urban
warfare with the Turkish state to these aims. The
organization restructured itself and moved the organization structure to Syria between 1980 and 1984, just after the 1980
Turkish coup d'tat.
The rural-based insurgency lasted between 1984 and 1992. The PKK shifted its activities to include urban warfare between
1993 and 1995 and between 1996 and 1999. The leader of the party was captured in Kenya in early 1999, with the support
of CIA. After a unilaterally declared peace initiative in 1999, the PKK resumed the conflict due to a Turkish military
offensive in 2004.[37] Since 1974 it had been able to evolve, adapt, and go through a metamorphosis,[110] which became the
main factor in its survival. It had gradually grown from a handful of political students to a dynamic organization.
In the aftermath of the failed 1991 uprisings in Iraq against Saddam Hussein, the UN established no-fly zones over
Kurdish areas of Iraq, giving those areas de facto independence.[111] The PKK was forced to retreat from Lebanon and
Syria as a part of an agreement between Turkey and the United States. The PKK moved their training camps to the Qandil
Mountains and as a result Turkey responded with Operation Steel (1995) and Operation Hammer (1997) in a failed
attempt to crush the PKK.[112]
In 1992 Colonel Kemal Yilmaz declared that the Special Warfare Department (the seat of the Counter-Guerrilla) was still
active in the conflict against the PKK.[113] The U.S. State Department echoed concerns of Counter-Guerrilla involvement in
its 1994 Country Report on Human Rights Practices for Turkey. The Counter-Guerrilla units were involved in serious
human rights violations.[114]
calan was captured in Kenya on 15 February 1999, allegedly involving CIA agents with Greek Embassy cooperation,
resulting in his transfer to the Turkish authorities. After a trial he was sentenced to death, but this sentence was
commuted to lifelong aggravated imprisonment when the death penalty was abolished in Turkey in August 2002.
With the invasion of Iraq in 2003, much of the arms of the Iraqi Army fell into the hands of the Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga
militias.[115] The Peshmerga became the de facto army of Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkish sources claim many of its weapons
found their way into the hands of other Kurdish groups such as the PKK and the PJAK (a PKK offshoot which operates in
Iranian Kurdistan).[116] This has been the pretext for numerous Turkish attacks on the Kurdistan region of Iraq.
In June 2007, Turkey estimated there to be over 3,000 PKK fighters in Iraqi Kurdistan.[117]
History
Beginnings
In 1973 a small group under calan's leadership released a declaration on Kurdish identity in Turkey. The group, which
called itself the Revolutionaries of Kurdistan also included Ali Haydar Kaytan, Cemil Bayik, Haki Karer and Kemal
Pir.[118] The group decided in 1974[68] to start a campaign for Kurdish rights. Cemil Bayik was sent to Urfa, Kemal Pir to
Mus, Hakki Karer to Batman, and Ali Haydar Kaytan to Tunceli. They then started student organisations which talked to
local workers and farmers about Kurdish rights.[118]
In 1977, an assembly was held to evaluate the political activities. The assembly included 100 people, from different
backgrounds and several representatives from other leftist organisations. In spring 1977, Abdullah calan travelled to
Mount Ararat, Erzurum, Tunceli, Elazig, Antep, and other cities to make the public aware of the Kurdish issue. This was
followed by a Turkish government crackdown against the organisation. On 18 March 1977, Haki Karer was assassinated in
Antep. During this period, the group was also targeted by the Turkish ultranationalist organization, the Nationalist
Movement Party's Grey Wolves. Some wealthy Kurdish landowners targeted the group as well, killing Halil avgun on 18
May 1978, which resulted in large Kurdish meetings in Erzurum, Dersim, Elazig, and Antep.[118]
The founding Congress of the PKK was held on 27 November 1978 in Fis, a village near the city of Lice. During this
congress the 25 people present decided to found the Kurdistan Workers' Party. The Turkish state, Turkish rightist groups,
and some Kurdish landowners continued their attacks on the group. In response, the PKK employed armed members to
protect itself, which got involved in the fighting between leftist and rightist groups in Turkey (19781980) at the side of
the leftists,[118] during which the right-wing Grey Wolves militia killed 109 and injured 176 Alevi Kurds in the town of
Kahramanmara on 25 December 1978 in what would become known as the Mara Massacre.[119] In Summer 1979, calan
travelled to Syria and Lebanon where he made contacts with Syrian and Palestinian leaders.[118] After the Turkish coup
d'tat on 12 September 1980 and a crackdown which was launched on all political organisations,[120] during which at least
191 people were killed[121] and half a million were imprisoned,[122][note] most of the PKK withdrew into Syria and Lebanon.
calan himself went to Syria in September 1980 with Kemal Pir, Mahsum Korkmaz, and Delil Dogan being sent to set up
an organisation in Lebanon. Some PKK fighters allegedly took part in the 1982 Lebanon War on the Syrian side.[118]
The Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the
organisation would return to Turkey to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state.
Meanwhile, they prepared guerilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war. Many PKK leaders however were arrested in
Turkey and sent to Diyarbakir Prison. The prison became the site of much political protest.[118] (See also Torture in
Turkey#Deaths in custody.)
In Diyarbakr Prison, PKK member Mazlum Doan burned himself to death on 21 March 1982 in protest at the treatment
in prison. Ferhat Kurtay, Necmi nen, Mahmut Zengin and Eref Anyk followed his example on 17 May 1982. On 14 July
1982, PKK members Kemal Pir, M. Hayri Durmu, Ali iek and Akif Ylmaz started a hunger strike in Diyarbakr
Prison.[123] Kemal Pir died on 7 September 1982, M. Hayri Durmu on 12 September 1982, Akif Ylmaz on 15 September
1982, and Ali iek on 17 September 1982. On 13 April 1984, a 75-day hunger-strike started in Istanbul. As a result, four
prisonersAbdullah Meral, Haydar Baba, Fatih ktlm, and Hasan Telcidied.[124]
First insurgency
198493
The PKK launched its armed insurgency on 15 August

1984[118][125] with armed attacks on Eruh and Semdinli. During
these attacks 1 gendarmerie soldier was killed, 7 soldiers, 2
policemen and 3 civilians were injured. It was followed by a PKK
raid on a police station in Siirt, two days later.[126]
In the early 1990s, President Turgut zal agreed to negotiations

with the PKK, the events of the 1991 Gulf War having changed
some of the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from zal, OHAL regiondefining areas in Turkey under a
himself half-Kurdish, few Turkish politicians were interested in a state of emergencyin red with neighbouring
peace process, nor was more than a part of the PKK itself.[127] In provinces in orange, 19872002
1993 zal was working on the peace plans with the former
finance minister Adnan Kahveci and the General Commander of
the Turkish Gendarmerie, Eref Bitlis.[128] Negotiations led to a cease-fire declaration by the PKK on 20 March 1993. With
the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, zal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next
meeting of the National Security Council. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and
the plans were never presented.[129] A month later a PKK ambush on 24 May 1993 ensured the end of the peace process.
The former PKK commander emdin Sakk maintains the attack was part of the Dou alma Grubu's coup plans.[130]
Under the new Presidency of Sleyman Demirel and Premiership of Tansu iller, the Castle Plan (to use any and all means
to solve the Kurdish question using violence), which zal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process
abandoned.[131] Some journalists and politicians maintain that zal's death (allegedly by poison) along with the
assassination of a number of political and military figures supporting his peace efforts, was part of a covert military coup
in 1993 aimed at stopping the peace plans.
19931999
To counter the growing force of the PKK the Turkish military started new counter-insurgency strategies between 1992 and
1995. To deprive the rebels of a logistical base of operations and allegedly punishing local people supporting the PKK the
military carried out de-forestation of the countryside and destroyed over 3,000 Kurdish villages, causing at least 2 million
refugees. Most of these villages were evacuated, but other villages were burned, bombed, or shelled by government forces,
and several entire villages were obliterated from the air. While some villages were destroyed or evacuated, many villages
were brought to the side of the Turkish government, which offered salaries to local farmers and shepherds to join the
Village Guards, which would prevent the PKK from operating in these villages, while villages which refused were
evacuated by the military. These tactics managed to drive the rebels from the cities and villages into the mountains,
although they still often launched reprisals on pro-government villages, which included attacks on civilians.[132]
However, the turning point in the conflict[133] came in 1998, when, after political pressure and military threats[134] from
Turkey, the PKK's leader, Abdullah calan, was forced to leave Syria, where he had been in exile since September 1980.
He first went to Russia, then to Italy and Greece. He was eventually brought to the Greek embassy in Nairobi, Kenya,
where he was arrested on 15 February 1999 at the airport in a joint MT-CIA operation and brought to Turkey,[135] which
resulted in major protests by Kurds worldwide.[134] Three Kurdish protestors were shot dead when trying to enter the
Israeli consulate in Berlin to protest alleged Israeli involvement in the capture of Abdullah calan.[136] Although the
capture of calan ended a third cease-fire which calan had declared on 1 August 1998, on 1 September 1999[105] the PKK
declared a unilateral cease-fire which would last until 2004.[68]
Unilateral cease-fire
After the unilateral cease-fire the PKK declared in September 1999, their forces fully
withdrew from the Republic of Turkey and set up new bases in the Qandil Mountains of
Iraq[126] and in February 2000 they declared the formal end of the war.[134] After this,
the PKK said it would switch its strategy to using peaceful methods to achieve their
objectives. In April 2002 the PKK changed its name to KADEK (Kurdistan Freedom
and Democracy Congress), claiming the PKK had fulfilled its mission and would now
move on as purely political organisation.[107] In October 2003 the KADEK announced KADEK flag
its dissolution and declared the creation of a new organisation: KONGRA-GEL
(Kurdistan Peoples Congress).[137]
Offers by the PKK for negotiations were ignored by the Turkish government,[107]
which claimed, the KONGRA-GEL continued to carry out armed attacks in the 1999
2004 period, although not on the same scale as before September 1999. They also
blame the KONGRA-GEL for Kurdish riots which happened during the period.[126]
The PKK argues that they only defended themselves as they claim the Turkish military
launched some 700 raids against their bases militants, including in Northern KONGRA-GEL flag
Iraq.[125] Also, despite the KONGRA-GEL cease-fire, other groups continued their
armed activities, the PK for instance, tried to use the cease-fire to attract PKK
fighters to join their organisation.[138] The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) were formed during this period by radical
KONGRA-GEL commanders, dissatisfied with the cease-fire.[139] The period after the capture of calan was used by the
Turkish government to launch major crackdown operations against the Turkish Hezbollah (Kurdish Hezbollah), arresting
3,300 Hizbullah members in 2000, compared to 130 in 1998, and killing the group's leader Hseyin Veliolu on 13
January 2000.[140][141][142] During this phase of the war at least 145 people were killed during fighting between the PKK
and security forces.[143]
After AK Party came to power in 2002, the Turkish state started to ease restrictions on the Kurdish language and
culture.[144]
From 2003 to 2004 there was a power struggle inside the KONGRA-GEL between a reformist wing which wanted the
organisation to disarm completely and a traditionalist wing which wanted the organisation to resume its armed insurgency
once again.[126][145] The conservative wing of the organisation won this power struggle[126] forcing reformist leaders such
as Kani Yilmaz, Nizamettin Tas and Abdullah calan's younger brother Osman calan to leave the organisation.[145] The
three major traditionalist leaders, Murat Karayilan, Cemil Bayik and Fehman Huseyin formed the new leadership
committee of the organisation.[146] The new administration decided to restart the insurgency, because they claimed that
without guerillas the PKK's political activities would remain unsuccessful.[107][126] This came as the pro-Kurdish People's
Democracy Party (HADEP) was banned by the Turkish Supreme Court on 13 March 2003[147] and its leader Murat Bolzak
was imprisoned.[148]
In April 2005, KONGRA-GEL reverted its name back to PKK.[137] Because not all of the KONGRA-GEL's elements
reverted, the organisation has also been referred to as the New PKK.[149] The KONGRA-GEL has since become the
Legislative Assembly of the Koma Civakn Kurdistan, an umbrella organisation which includes the PKK and is used as the
group's urban and political wing. Ex-DEP member Zbeyir Aydar is the President of the KONGRA-GEL.[150]
Through the cease-fire years 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003, some 711 people were killed according to the Turkish
government.[151] The Uppsala Conflict Data Program put casualties during these years at 368 to 467 killed.[152]
Second insurgency
On 1 June 2004, the PKK resumed its armed activities because they
claimed Turkish government was ignoring their calls for negotiations and
was still attacking their forces.[107][126] The government claimed that in
that same month some 2,000 Kurdish guerrillas entered Turkey via Iraqi
Kurdistan.[68] The PKK, lacking a state sponsor or the kind of manpower
Kurdistan Workers Party supporters in
they had in the 90s, was however forced to take up new tactics. As result,
London, April 2003
the PKK reduced the size of its field units from 1520 militants to 68
militants. It also avoided direct confrontations and relied more on the use
of mines, snipers and small ambushes, using hit and run tactics.[153]
Another change in PKK-tactics was that the organisation no longer
attempted to control any territory, not even after dark.[154] Nonetheless,
violence increased throughout both 2004 and 2005[68] during which the
PKK was said to be responsible for dozens of bombings in Western Turkey
throughout 2005.[37] Most notably the 2005 Kuadas minibus bombing,
which killed 5 and injured 14 people,[155] although the PKK denied A demonstration against the PKK in
responsibility.[156] Kadky, stanbul on 22 October 2007
In March 2006 heavy fighting broke out around Diyarbakir between the
PKK and Turkish security forces, as well as large riots by PKK supporters, as result the army had to temporary close the
roads to Diyarbakr Airport and many schools and businesses had to be shut down.[68] In August, the Kurdistan Freedom
Hawks (TAK), which vowed to "turn Turkey into hell",[157] launched a major bombing campaign. On 25 August two
coordinated low-level blasts targeted a bank in Adana, on 27 August a school in Istanbul was targeted by a bombing, on 28
August there were three coordinated attacks in Marmaris and one in Antalya targeting the tourist industry[68] and on 30
August there was a TAK bombing in Mersin.[158] These bombings were condemned by the PKK,[41] which declared its fifth
cease-fire on 1 October 2006,[105] which slowed down the intensity of the conflict. Minor clashes, however, continued in
the South East due to Turkish counter-insurgency operations. In total, the conflict claimed over 500 lives in 2006.[68]
2006 also saw the PKK assassinate one of their former commanders, Kani Yilmaz, in February, in Iraq.[126]
In May 2007, there was a bombing in Ankara that killed 6[159][160][161][162] and injured 121 people.[159] The Turkish
government alleged the PKK was responsible for the bombing.[163] On 4 June, a PKK suicide bombing in Tunceli killed
seven soldiers and wounded six at a military base.[164] Tensions across the Iraqi border also started playing up as Turkish
forces entered Iraq several times in pursuit of PKK fighting and In June, as 4 soldiers were killed by landmines, large areas
of Iraqi Kurdistan were shelled which damaged 9 villages and forced residents to flee.[165] On 7 October 2007, 4050 PKK
fighters[153] ambushed an 18-man Turkish commando unit in the Gabar mountains, killing 15 commandos and injuring
three,[166] which made it the deadliest PKK attack since the 1990s.[153] In response a law was passed allowing the Turkish
military to take action inside Iraqi territory.[167] Than on 21 October 2007, 150200 militants attacked an outpost, in
Dalca, Yksekova, manned by a 50-strong infantry battalion. The outpost was overrun and the PKK killed 12, wounded
17 and captured 8 Turkish soldiers. They then withdrew into Iraqi Kurdistan, taking the 8 captive soldiers with them. The
Turkish military claimed to have killed 32 PKK fighters in hot pursuit operations, after the attack, however this was denied
by the PKK and no corpses of PKK militants were produced by the Turkish military.[153] The Turkish military responded
by bombing PKK bases on 24 October[168] and started preparing for a major cross-border military operation.[166]
This major cross-border offensive, dubbed Operation Sun, started on 21 February 2008[169] and was preceded by an aerial
offensive against PKK camps in northern Iraq, which began on 16 December 2007.[170][171] Between 3,000 and 10,000
Turkish forces took part in the offensive.[169] According to the Turkish military around 230 PKK fighters were killed in the
ground offensive, while 27 Turkish forces were killed. According to the PKK, over 125 Turkish forces were killed, while
PKK casualties were in the tens.[172] Smaller scale Turkish operations against PKK bases in Iraqi Kurdistan continued
afterwards.[173] On 27 July 2008, Turkey blamed the PKK for an Istanbul double-bombing which killed 17 and injured 154
people. The PKK however denied any involvement.[174] On 4 October, the most violent clashes since the October 2007
clashes in Hakkari erupted as the PKK attacked the Aktutun border post in emdinli in the Hakkri Province, at night. 15
Turkish soldiers were killed and 20 were injured, meanwhile 23 PKK fighters were said to be killed during the fighting.[175]
On 10 November, the Iranian Kurdish insurgent group PJAK declared it would be halting operations inside Iran to start
fighting the Turkish military.[176] Turkey counts cost of conflict as Kurdish militant battle rages on[177]
At the start of 2009 Turkey opened its first Kurdish-language TV-channel, TRT 6,[178] and on 19 March 2009 local
elections were held in Turkey in which the pro-Kurdish Democratic Society Party (DTP) won majority of the vote in the
South East. Soon after, on 13 April 2009, the PKK declared its sixth ceasefire, after Abdullah calan called on them to end
military operations and prepare for peace.[105] In September Turkey's Erdoan-government launched the Kurdish
initiative, which included plans to rename Kurdish villages that had been given Turkish names, expand the scope of the
freedom of expression, restore Turkish citizenship to Kurdish refugees, strengthen local governments, and extend a partial
amnesty for PK fighters.[179] The plans for the Kurdish initiative where however heavily hurt after the DTP was banned by
the Turkish constitutional court[180] on 11 December 2009 and its leaders were subsequently put on trial for terrorism.[181]
A total of 1,400 DTP members were arrested and 900 detained in the government crackdown against the party.[182] This
caused major riots by Kurds all over Turkey and resulted in violent clashes between pro-Kurdish and security forces as
well as pro-Turkish demonstrators, which resulted in several injuries and fatalities.[180] On 7 December the PKK launched
an ambush in Readiye which killed seven and injured three Turkish soldiers, which became the deadliest PKK attack in
that region since the 1990s.[183][184]
On 1 May 2010 the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire,[185] launching an attack in Tunceli that killed four and injured
seven soldiers.[186] On 31 May, Abdullah calan declared an end to his attempts at re-approachment and establishing
dialogue with the Turkish government, leaving PKK top commanders in charge of the conflict. The PKK then stepped up
its armed activities,[187] starting with a missile attack on a navy base in skenderun, killing 7 and wounding 6 soldiers.[188]
On 18 and 19 June, heavy fighting broke out that resulted in the death of 12 PKK fighters, 12 Turkish soldiers and injury of
17 Turkish soldiers, as the PKK launched three separate attacks in Hakkari and Elazig provinces.[189][190]
Another major attack in Hakkari occurred on 20 July 2010, killing six and wounding seventeen Turkish soldiers, with one
PKK fighter being killed.[191] The next day, Murat Karayilan, the leader of the PKK, announced that the PKK would lay
down its arms if the Kurdish issue would be resolved through dialogue and threatened to declare independence if this
demand was not met.[192][193] Turkish authorities claimed they had killed 187 and captured 160 PKK fighters by 14
July.[194] By 27 July, Turkish news sources reported the deaths of over 100 security forces, which exceeded the entire 2009
toll.[195] On 12 August, however, a ramadan cease-fire was declared by the PKK. In November the cease-fire was extended
until the Turkish general election on 12 June 2011, despite alleging that Turkey had launched over 80 military operations
against them during this period.[105] Despite the truce, the PKK responded to these military operations by launching
retaliatory attacks in Siirt and Hakkari provinces, killing 12 Turkish soldiers.[196]
The cease-fire was however revoked early, on 28 February 2011.[197] Soon afterwards three PKK fighters were killed while
trying to get into Turkey through northern Iraq.[198] In May, counter-insurgency operations left 12 PKK fighters and 5
soldiers dead. This then resulted in major Kurdish protests across Turkey as part of a civil disobedience campaign
launched by the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP),[199] during these protests 2 people were killed, 308
injured and 2,506 arrested by Turkish authorities.[200] The 12 June elections saw a historical performance for the pro-
Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) which won 36 seats in the South-East, which was more than the ruling Justice
and Development Party (AKP), which won only 30 seats in Kurdish areas.[201] However, six of the 36 elected BDP deputies
remain in Turkish jails as of June 2011.[202] One of the six jailed deputies, Hatip Dicle, was then stripped of his elected
position by the constitutional court, after which the 30 free MPs declared a boycott of Turkish parliament.[203] The PKK
intensified its campaign again, in July killing 20 Turkish soldiers in two weeks, during which at least 10 PKK fighters were
killed.[204] On 17 August 2011, the Turkish Armed Forces launched multiple raids against Kurdish rebels, striking 132
targets.[205] Turkish military bombed PKK targets in northern Iraq in six days of air raids, according to General Staff,
where 90100 PKK Soldiers were killed, and at least 80 injured.[206] From July to September Iran carried out an offensive
against the PJAK in Northern Iraq, which resulted in a cease-fire on 29 September. After the cease-fire the PJAK withdrew
its forces from Iran and joined with the PKK to fight Turkey. Turkish counter-terrorism operations reported a sharp
increase of Iranian citizens among the insurgents killed in October and November, such as the six PJAK fighters killed in
ukurca on 28 October.[207] On 19 October, twenty-six Turkish soldiers were killed[208] and 18 injured[209] in 8
simultaneous PKK attacks in Cukurca and Yuksekova, in Hakkari provieen 10,000 and 15,000 full-time, which is the
highest it has ever been.[210]
In summer 2012, the conflict with the PKK took a violent curve, in parallel with the Syrian civil war[211] as President
Bashar al-Assad ceded control of several Kurdish cities in Syria to the PYD, the Syrian affiliate of the PKK, and Turkey
armed ISIS and other Islamic groups against Kurds.[212] Turkish foreign minister Ahmet Davutoglu accused the Assad
government of arming the group.[213] In June and August there were heavy clashes in Hakkari province, described as the
most violent in years.[214] as the PKK attempted to seize control of emdinli and engage the Turkish army in a "frontal
battle" by blocking the roads leading to the town from Iran and Iraq and setting up DShK heavy machine guns and rocket
launchers on high ground to ambush Turkish motorized units that would be sent to re-take the town. However the Turkish
army avoided the trap by destroying the heavy weapons from the air and using long range artillery to root out the PKK.
The Turkish military declared operation was ended successfully on 11 August, claiming to have killed 115 guerrillas and
lost only six soldiers and two village guards.[215] On 20 August, eight people were killed and 66 wounded by a deadly
bombing in Gaziantep.[216] According to the KCK 400 incidents of shelling, air bombardment and armed clashes occurred
in August.[79] On 24 September, Turkish General Necdet zel claimed that 110 Turkish soldiers and 475 PKK militants had
been killed since the start of 2012.[217]
Solution Process
On the eve of the 2012 year (28 December), in a television interview upon a question of whether the government had a
project to solve the issue, Erdoan said that the government was conducting negotiations with jailed rebel leader
calan.[218] Negotiations initially named as Solution Process (zm Sreci) in public. While negotiations were going on,
there were numerous events that were regarded as sabotage to derail the talks: Assassination of three Kurdish PKK
administrators in Paris (one of them is Sakine Cansz),[219] revealing calan's talks with Kurdish party to public via the
Milliyet newspaper[220] and finally, the bombings of the Justice Ministry of Turkey and Erdoan's office at the Ak Party
headquarters in Ankara.[221] However, both parties vehemently condemned all three events as they occurred and stated
that they were determined anyway. Finally on 21 March 2013, after months of negotiations with the Turkish Government,
Abdullah Ocalan's letter to people was read both in Turkish and Kurdish during Nowruz celebrations in Diyarbakr. The
letter called a cease-fire that included disarmament and withdrawal from Turkish soil and calling an end to armed
struggle. PKK announced that they would obey, stating that the year of 2013 is the year of solution either through war or
through peace. Erdoan welcomed the letter stating that concrete steps will follow PKK's withdrawal.[108]
On 25 April 2013, PKK announced that it would be withdrawing all its forces within Turkey to Northern Iraq.[222]
According to government[223] and to The Kurds[224] and to the most of the press,[225] this move marks the end of 30-year-
old conflict. Second phase which includes constitutional and legal changes towards the recognition of human rights of the
Kurds starts simultaneously with withdrawal.
Escalation
On 6 and 7 October 2014, riots erupted in various cities in Turkey for protesting
the Siege of Kobane. The Kurds accused the Turkish government of supporting
ISIS and not letting people send support for Kobane Kurds. Protesters were met
with tear gas and water cannons. 37 people were killed in protests.[226] During
these protests, there were deadly clashes between PKK and Hizbullah
sympathizers.[227] 3 soldiers were killed by PKK in January 2015,[228] as a sign of
rising tensions in the country.
2015present
In June 2015, the main Syrian Kurdish militia, YPG, and the Turkey's main pro-
Kurdish party, HDP, accused Turkey of allowing Islamic State (ISIL) soldiers to Kurdish PKK guerilla at the
cross its border and attack the Kurdish city of Koban in Syria.[229] The conflict Newroz celebration in Qandil, 23
between Turkey and PKK escalated following the 2015 Suru bombing attack on March 2014
progressive activists, which was blamed on a Turkish ISIL-affiliated group. During
the Operation Martyr Yaln, Turkey bombed alleged PKK bases in Iraq and PYD
bases in Syria's Kurdish region Rojava, effectively ending the cease-fire (after many months of increasing tensions) and
the killing of two policeman in the town of Ceylanpnar (which the PKK denied carrying out).[230][231][232] Turkish
warplanes also bombed YPG bases in Syria.[233]
Violence soon spread throughout Turkey. Many Kurdish businesses were destroyed by mobs.[234] The headquarters and
branches of the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) were also attacked.[235] There are reports of civilians being
killed in several Kurdish-populated towns and villages.[236] The Council of Europe raised their concerns over the attacks
on civilians and the blockade of Cizre.[237] The number of casualties since July 23 was claimed by Turkish government to
be 150 Turkish officers and over 2,000 Kurdish rebels killed (by September).[238] In December 2015, Turkish military
operations in the Kurdish regions of southeastern Turkey had killed hundreds of civilians, displaced hundreds of
thousands and caused massive destruction in residential areas.[239] According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW) report,
"Local human rights groups have recorded well over 100 civilian deaths and multiple injuries."[240]
The spring of 2016 saw the seasonal uptick in combat activity. In May, a Turkish Bell AH-1 SuperCobra helicopter was
documented shot down by a PKK-fired Russian made MANPADS.[241]
Serhildan
The Serhildan, or people's uprising,[242] started on 14 March 1990, Nusaybin during the funeral of[243] 20-year-old PKK
fighter Kamuran Dundar, who along with 13 other fighters was killed by the Turkish military after crossing into Turkey via
Syria several days earlier. Dundar came from a Kurdish nationalist family which claimed his body and held a funeral for
him in Nusaybin in which he was brought to the city's main mosque and 5000 people which held a march. On the way
back the march turned violent and protesters clashed with the police, during which both sides fired upon each other and
many people were injured. A curfew was then placed in Nusaybin, tanks and special forces were brought in and[242] some
700 people were arrested.[243] Riots spread to nearby towns[242] and in Cizre over 15,000 people, constituting about half
the town's population took part in riots in which five people were killed, 80 injured and 155 arrested.[243] Widespread riots
took place throughout the Southeast on Nowruz, the Kurdish new-year celebrations, which at the time were banned.[243]
Protests slowed down over the next two weeks as many started to stay home and Turkish forces were ordered not to
intervene unless absolutely necessarily[242] but factory sit-ins, go-slows, work boycotts and "unauthorized" strikes were
still held although in protest of the state.[243]
Protests are often held on 21 March, or Nowruz.[244] Most notably in 1992, when thousands of protesters clashed with
security forces all over the country and where the army allegedly disobeyed an order from President Suleyman Demirel not
to attack the protest.[243] In the heavy violence that ensued during that year's Nowroz protest some 55[243] people were
killed, mainly in rnak (26 killed), Cirze (29 killed) and Nusaybin (14 killed) and it included a police officer and a soldier.
Over 200 people were injured[245] and another 200 were arrested.[243] According to Governor of rnak, Mustafa Malay,
the violence was caused by 500 to 1,500 armed rebels which he alleged, entered the town during the festival. However, he
conceded that "the security forces did not establish their targets properly and caused great damage to civilian houses."[246]
Since Abdullah calan's capture on 15 February 1998, protests are also held every year on that date.[244]
Kurdish political movement

On 7 June 1990, seven members of the Grand National Assembly of
Name Short Leader Active
Turkey who were expelled from the Social Democratic People's Party
(SHP), together formed the People's Labor Party (HEP) and were led People's HEP Ahmet 1990
by Ahmet Fehmi Iklar. The Party was banned in July 1993 by the Labor Fehmi 1993
Constitutional Court of Turkey for promoting separatism.[247] The Party Iklar
party was succeeded by the Democracy Party, which was founded in Democracy DEP Yaar Kaya 1993
May 1993. The Democracy Party, was however banned on 16 June 1994 Party 1994
for promoting Kurdish nationalism[247] and four of the party's People's HADEP Murat 1994
members: Leyla Zana, Hatip Dicle, Orhan Doan and Selim Sadak were Democracy Bozlak 2003
sentenced to 14 years in prison. Zana was the first Kurdish woman to Party
be elected into parliament,.[248] However, she sparked a major
Democratic DEHAP Tuncer 1997
controversy by saying "I take this oath for the brotherhood between the
People's Bakrhan 2005
Turkish people and the Kurdish people," during her inauguration into
Party
parliament. In June 2004, after spending 10 years in jail, a Turkish
court ordered the release of all four prisoners[249] In May 1994, Kurdish
Democratic DTH Leyla Zana 2005
lawyer Murat Bozlak formed the People's Democracy Party
Society
(HADEP),[247] which won 1,171,623 votes, or 4.17% of the national vote
Movement
during the general elections on 24 December 1995[250] and 1,482,196 Democratic DTP Ahmet Trk 2005
votes or 4.75% in the elections on 18 April 1999, however it failed to Society 2009
win any seats due to the 10% threshold.[251] During local elections in Party
1999 they won control over 37 municipalities and gained Peace and BDP Gltan 2008
representation in 47 cities and hundreds of districts. In 2002 the party Democracy Kanak, 2014
became a member of Socialist International. After surviving a closure Party Selahattin
case in 1999, HADEP was finally banned on 13 March 2003 on the Demirta
grounds that it had become a "centre of illegal activities which included
Democratic DBP Emine 2014
aiding and abetting the PKK." The European Court of Human Rights
Regions Ayna, present
ruled in 2010 that the ban violated article 11 of the European
Party Kamran
Convention on Human Rights which guarantees freedom of
Yksek
association.[252] The Democratic People's Party (DEHAP) was formed
Peoples' HDP Figen 2012
on 24 October 1997 and succeeded HADEP.[253] DEHAP won 1,955,298
Democratic Yksekda, present
votes or 6,23% during the November 3, 2002 general election,.[254]
Party Selahattin
However, it performed disappointingly during the March 28, 2004
Demirta
local elections, where their coalition with the SHP and the Freedom
and Solidarity Party (DP) only managed to win 5.1% of the vote, only
winning in Batman, Hakkri, Diyarbakr and rnak Provinces, the majority of Kurdish voters voting for the AKP.[255]
After being released in 2004 Leyla Zana formed the Democratic Society Movement (DTH), which merged with the DEHAP
into the Democratic Society Party (DTP) in 2005[242] under the leadership of Ahmet Trk.[256]
The Democratic Society Party decided to run their candidates as independent

candidates during the June 22, 2007 general elections, to get around the 10%
threshold rule. Independents won 1,822,253 votes or 5.2% during the elections,
resulting in a total of 27 seats, 23 of which went to the DTP.[257] The party
performed well during the March 29, 2009 local elections, however, winning
2,116,684 votes or 5.41% an doubling the number of governors from four to
eight and increasing the number of mayors from 32 to 51.[258] For the first time
they won a majority in the southeast and, aside from the Batman, Hakkri,
Diyarbakr and rnak provinces which DEHAP had won in 2004, the DTP
HDP supporters celebrating their
managed to win Van, Siirt and Idr Provinces from the AKP.[259] On 11
election result in stanbul, 8 June
December 2009, the Constitutional Court of Turkey voted to ban the DTP, 2015
ruling that the party had links to the PKK just like in case of previous closed
Kurdish parties[260] and authorities claimed that it is seen as guilty of
spreading "terrorist propaganda."[261] Chairman Ahmet Trk and legislator Aysel Tuluk were expelled from Parliament,
and they and 35 other party members were banned from joining any political party for five years.[262] The European Union
released a statement, expressing concern over the court's ruling and urging Turkey to change its policies towards political
parties.[263] Major protests erupted throughout Kurdish communities in Turkey, in response to the ban.[260] The DTP was
succeeded by the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), under the leadership of Selahattin Demirta. The BDP called on its
supporters to boycott the Turkish constitutional referendum on 12 September 2010 because the constitutional change did
not meet minority demands. Gltan Kanak, the BDP co-chair, released a statement saying that "we will not vote against
the amendment and prolong the life of the current fascist constitution. Nor will we vote in favour of the amendments and
support a new fascist constitution."[264] Due to the boycott Hakkri (9.05%), rnak (22.5%), Diyarbakr (34.8%), Batman
(40.62%), Mardin (43.0%), Van (43.61), Siirt (50.88%), Idr (51.09%), Mu (54.09%), Ar (56.42%), Tunceli (67.22%),
anlurfa (68.43%), Kars (68.55%) and Bitlis Province (70.01%) had the lowest turnouts in the country, compared to a
73.71% national average. Tunceli, however was the only Kurdish majority province where a majority of the population
voted "no" during the referendum.[265] During the June 12, 2011 national elections the BDP nominated 61 independent
candidates, winning 2,819,917 votes or 6.57% and increasing its number of seats from 20 to 36. The BDP won the most
support in rnak (72.87%), Hakkri (70.87%), Diyarbakr (62.08%) and Mardin (62.08%) Provinces.[261]
Casualties
According to figures released by the Anadolu Agency, citing a Turkish security source, from 1984 to August 2015, there
were 36,345 deaths in the conflict. This included 6,741 civilians, 7,230 security forces (5,347 soldiers, 1,466 village guards
and 283 policemen) and 22,374 PKK fighters by August 2015.[44][45][266][267] Among the civilian casualties, till 2012, were
157 teachers.[268] From August 1984 to June 2007, a total of 13,327 soldiers and 7,620 civilians were said to have been
wounded.[60] About 2,500 people were said to have been killed between 1984 and 1991, while over 17,500 were killed
between 1991 and 1995.[269] The number of murders committed by Village Guards from 1985 to 1996 is put at 296 by
official estimates.[270]
Contrary to the newest estimate, earlier figures by the Turkish military put the number of PKK casualties much higher,
with 26,128 PKK dead by June 2007,[60] and 29,704 by March 2009. Between the start of the second insurgency in 2004,
and March 2009, 2,462 PKK militants were claimed killed.[151] However, later figures provided by the military for the
19842012 period, revised down the number of killed PKK members to 21,800.[271]
Both the PKK and Turkish military have accused each other of civilian deaths. Since the 1970s, the European Court of
Human Rights has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people.[93][94] The
judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[95] torturing,[96] forced displacements,[272] thousands
of destroyed villages,[98][99][100] arbitrary arrests,[273] murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, politicians and
activists.[102] Turkey has been also condemned for killing Kurdish civilians and blaming the PKK in the ECHR (Kuskonar
massacre).[95]
According to human rights organisations since the beginning of the uprising 4,000 villages have been destroyed,[274] in
which between 380,000 and 1,000,000 Kurdish villagers have been forcibly evacuated from their homes, mainly by the
Turkish military.[275] Some 5,000 Turks and 35,000 Kurds,[274] have been killed, 17,000 Kurds have disappeared and
119,000 Kurds have been imprisoned by Turkish authorities.[57][274] According to the Humanitarian Law Project, 2,400
Kurdish villages were destroyed and 18,000 Kurds were executed, by the Turkish government.[275] In total up to
3,000,000 people (mainly Kurds) have been displaced by the conflict,[61] an estimated 1,000,000 of which are still
internally displaced as of 2009.[276] The Assyrian Minority was heavily affected as well, as now most (50
60 thousand/70,000) of its population is in refuge in Europe.
Sebahat Tuncel, an elected MP from the BDP, put the PKK's casualties at 18,000 as of July 2011.[277]
The Uppsala Conflict Data Program recorded 25,82530,639 casualties to date, 22,72925,984 of which having died
during the first insurgency, 368467 during the cease-fire and 2,7284,188 during the second insurgency. Casualties from
1989 to 2011, according to the UCDP are as following:[152]
Year Low Estimate High Estimate

1989 227 234
1990 245 303
1991 304 310
1992 1,518 1,598
1993 2,099 2,394
1994 4,000 4,488
1995 3,076 3,951
1996 3,533 3,578
1997 4,247 5,483
1998 1,952 2,039
1999 1,403 1,481
2000 173 189
2001 81 96
2002 35 100
2003 79 82
2004 180 322
2005 324 611
2006 210 274
2007 458 509
2008 501 1,068
2009 128 149
2010 328 433
2011 599 822
Total: 25,825 30,639
The conflict's casualties between 1984 and March 2009 according to the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey, Turkish
Gendarmerie, General Directorate of Security and since then until June 2010 according to Milliyet's analysis of the data of
the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Gendarmerie were as following:[151]
Year Security Forces Civilians Insurgents Total

1984 26 43 28 97
1985 58 141 201 400
1986 51 133 74 258
1987 71 237 95 403
1988 54 109 123 286
1989 153 178 179 510
1990 161 204 368 733
1991 244 233 376 853
1992 629 832 1,129 2,590
1993 715 1,479 3,050 5,244
1994 1,145 992 2,510 4,647
1995 772 313 4,163 5,248
1996 608 170 3,789 4,567
1997 518 158 7,558 8,234
1998 383 85 2,556 3,024
1999 236 83 1,458 1,787
2000 29 17 319 365
2001 20 8 104 132
2002 7 7 19 33
2003 31 63 87 181
2004 75 28 122 225
2005 105 30 188 323
2006 111 38 132 281
2007 146 37 315 498
2008 171 51 696 918
2009 62 18 65 145
2010 72 - - -
Total: 6,653 5,687 29,704 42,044
Demographic effect
The Turkification of predominantly Kurdish areas in country's East and South-East were also bound in the early ideas and
policies of the modern Turkish nationalism, going back to as early as 1918 (the manifesto of Turkish nationalist Ziya
Gokalp "Turkification, Islamization and Modernization").[278] The evolving Young Turk conscience adopted a specific
interpretation of progressism, a trend of though which emphasizes the human ability to make, improve and reshape
human society, relying of science, technology and experimentation.[279] This notion of social evolution was used to support
and justify policies of population control not unlike European colonialism.[279] The paradigm of Kemalism rationalized
the deportation-and-settlement program, reinforced with opinions of senior Young Turks that "In this country only the
Turkish nation has the right to claim ethnic and racial rights. Nobody else has such a right".[279] The Kurdish rebellions
provided a comfortable pretext for Turkish Kemalists to implement such ideas, and in 1926 the Settlement Law was
issued. It created a complex pattern of interaction between state of society, in which the regime favored its people in a
distant geography, populated by locals marked as hostile (in this regard, according to Prof. Caroline Elkins, the policy of
governing a distant land to send settlers in order to reshape demographics there to resemble homeland is named 'settler
colonialism').[279]
During the 1990s, a predominantly Kurdish-dominated Eastern and South-Eastern Turkey (Kurdistan) was depopulated
due to the Turkey-PKK conflict.[278] Turkey depopulated and destroyed rural settlements on a large scale, resulting in
massive resettlement of a rural Kurdish population in urban areas and leading to development and re-design of population
settlement schemes across the countryside.[278] According to Dr. Joost Jongerden, Turkish settlement and re-settlement
policies during the 1990s period were influenced by two different forces the desire to expand administration to rural
areas and an alternative view of urbanization, allegedly producing "Turkishness".[278]
Human rights abuses

Both Turkey and the PKK have committed numerous human rights abuses during the conflict. Former French ambassador
to Turkey Eric Rouleau states:[280]
According to the Ministry of Justice, in addition to the 35,000 people killed in military campaigns, 17,500
were assassinated between 1984, when the conflict began, and 1998. An additional 1,000 people were
reportedly assassinated in the first nine months of 1999. According to the Turkish press, the authors of
these crimes, none of whom have been arrested, belong to groups of mercenaries working either directly
or indirectly for the security agencies.
Abuses by the Turkish side

Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses
against Kurdish people.[93][94] The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[95] forced
recruitments,[95] torturing,[96] forced displacements,[281] thousands of destroyed villages,[282] arbitrary arrests,[283]
murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists.[284] The latest judgments are from 2014.[95]
The Turkish government is held responsible by Turkish human rights organizations for 3,438 civilian deaths in the conflict
between 1987 and 2000.[56]
In 1993, Mehmet Ogut, his pregnant wife and 7 children were burned to death by Turkish special forces soldiers. The
Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and refused to investigate it. After 20 years, the investigations were started and they
eventually came to an end in late 2014 with sentences of life imprisonment for three gendarme officers, a member of the
special forces and nine soldiers.[285]
On 26 March 1994 the Turkish military planes (F-16's) and a helicopter circled two villages and bombed them, killing 38
Kurdish civilians.[95] The Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and took pictures of the dead children and spread in the
press. The European Court of Human rights condemned Turkey to pay 2,3 million euros to the families of victims.[95] The
event is known as the Kukonar massacre.
In 1995, Human Rights Watch reported that it was common practice for Turkish soldiers to kill Kurdish civilians and take
pictures of their corpses with the weapons, they carried only for staging the events. Killed civilians were shown to press as
PKK "terrorists".[286]
In 1995, The European newspaper published in its front page pictures of Turkish soldiers who posed for camera with the
decapitated heads of the Kurdish PKK fighters. Kurdish fighters were beheaded by Turkish special forces soldiers.[287][288]
In 1997, Amnesty International (AI) reported that, "'Disappearances' and extrajudicial executions have emerged as new
and disturbing patterns of human rights violations" by the Turkish state.[289]
In 2006 it was stated by the former ambassador Rouleau that the continuing human rights abuses of ethnic Kurds is one
of the main obstacles to Turkish membership of the E.U.[290]
In August 2015, Amnesty International reported that the Turkish government airstrikes killed eight residents and injured
at least eight others including a child in a flagrantly unlawful attack on the village of Zergele, in the Kandil Mountains
in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.[291]
Human Rights Watch notes that:
As Human Rights Watch has often reported and condemned, Turkish government forces have, during the conflict with
the PKK, also committed serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including torture,
extrajudicial killings, and indiscriminate fire. We continue to demand that the Turkish government investigate and hold
accountable those members of its security forces responsible for these violations. Nonetheless, under international
law, the government abuses cannot under any circumstances be seen to justify or excuse those committed by
Ocalan's PKK.[292]
The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK), a separatist group that espouses the use of violence for political ends, continues to
wage guerrilla warfare in the southeast, frequently in violation of international humanitarian law, or the laws of war.
Instead of attempting to capture, question and indict people suspected of illegal activity, Turkish security forces killed
suspects in house raids, thus acting as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. Police routinely asserted that such
deaths occurred in shoot-outs between police and "terrorists." In many cases, eyewitnesses reported that no firing
came from the attacked house or apartment. Reliable reports indicated that while the occupants of raided premises
were shot and killed, no police were killed or wounded during the raids. This discrepancy suggests that the killings
were summary, extrajudicial executions, in violation of international human rights and humanitarian law.[293]
TurkishKurdish human right activists in Germany accused Turkey of Using Chemical Weapons against PKK. Hans
Baumann, a German expert on photo forgeries investigated the authenticity of the photos and claimed that the photos
were authentic. A forensics report released by the Hamburg University Hospital has backed the allegations. Claudia Roth
from Germany's Green Party demanded an explanation from the Turkish government.[294] The Turkish Foreign Ministry
spokesman Seluk nal commented on the issue. He said that he did not need to emphasize that the accusations were
groundless. He added that Turkey signed to the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997, and Turkey did not possess
chemical weapons.[295] Turkey has been a signatory to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production,
Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction since 1997, and has passed all inspections required by
such convention.[296]
In response to the activities of the PKK, the Turkish government placed Southeastern Anatolia, where citizens of Kurdish
descent are in the majority, under military rule. The Turkish Army and the Kurdish village guards loyal to it have abused
Kurdish civilians, resulting in mass migrations to cities.[297] The Government claimed that the displacement policy aimed
to remove the shelter and support of the local population and consequently, the population of cities such as Diyarbakr
and Cizre more than doubled.[298] However martial law and military rule was lifted in the last provinces in 2002.
Abuses by the PKK

The PKK was responsible for a number of civilian deaths, even though this number is lower than those perpetrated by the
government. The number of total civilian deaths perpetrated by the PKK between 1989 and 1999 was determined as 1,205
by the independent Uppsala One-Sided Violence Dataset.[56] This violence targeted members of the families of village
guards. In the Pnarck massacre of 1987, claimed by the PKK in its publication Serxwebn, 30 villagers were
killed.[56][299][300][301] PKK attacks on civilians persisted until the organization realised that these were damaging their
international prestige.[301]
In 1993, Human Rights Watch stated the following about the tactics of the PKK when it was Marxist-Leninist organization
(PKK changed its ideology in 2001):
Consequently, all economic, political, military, security institutions, formations and nationalist organizationsand
those who serve in themhave become targets. PKK has attacked Turkish authorities outside of Kurdish areas.
The PKK is against Turkish political parties, cultural and educational institutions, legislative and representative bodies,
and "all local collaborators and agents working for the Republic of Turkey."[292]
Many who died were unarmed civilians, caught in the middle between the PKK and security forces, targeted for
attacks by both sides.[293]
In the early 1990s, the PKK executed bakers that delivered bread to army bases, burnt down and killed the owners of fuel
stations that served the authorities in the areas they were active in. They forbid the distribution of Turkish newspapers
and the watching of Turkish television channels, forcing the inhabitants to remove their antennae. The inhabitants were
banned from joining any Turkish political party and were forced to get the approval of the PKK if they were to run for local
offices. The PKK attacked schools as they were seen as "emblems of Turkish imperialism" that belonged to the "colonial
assimilation system"; 47 teachers were killed in 1993 alone. A justification for the killing of teachers was that they taught
Turkish to Kurdish children.[302] According to Amnesty International reports in 1997, the PKK has killed and tortured
Kurdish peasants and its own members that were against them in the 1980s. Dozens of Kurdish civilians have been
abducted and killed because they were suspected of being collaborators or informers.[303] According to a 1996 report by
Amnesty International, "in January 1996 the [Turkish] government announced that the PKK had massacred 11 men near
the remote village of Glkonak. Seven of the victims were members of the local village guard forces".[304]
See also
IraqiKurdish conflict
IranianKurdish conflict
Timeline of the KurdishTurkish conflict
List of Turkish Armed Forces operations in Northern Iraq
Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War
TurkeyISIL conflict
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
Notes
^note The TurkeyPKK conflict is also known as the Kurdish conflict,[305][306][307][308][309][310] the Kurdish
question,[311] the Kurdish insurgency,[312][313][314][315][316][317] the Kurdish rebellion,[318][319][320][321][322] the
KurdishTurkish conflict,[323] or PKK-terrorism[68][324][325] as well as the latest Kurdish uprising[297] or as a civil
war.[326][327][328][329][330]
^note According to official figures, in the period during and after the coup, military agencies collected files on over
2 million people, 650,000 of which were detained, 230,000 of which were put on trial under martial law. Prosecutors
demanded the death penalty against over 7 thousand of them, of which 517 were sentenced to death and fifty were
actually hanged. Some 400,000 people were denied passports and 30,000 lost their jobs after the new regime
classified them as dangerous. 14,000 people were stripped of their Turkish citizenship and 30,000 fled the country as
asylum seekers after the coup. Aside from the fifty people that were hanged, some 366 people died under suspicious
circumstances (classified as accidents at the time), 171 were tortured to death in prison, 43 were claimed to have
committed suicide in prison and 16 were shot for attempting to escape.[331]
^note According to an article published in Defence and Peace Economics by Mete Feridun of University of
Greenwich titled "Fighting terrorism: Are military measures effective? Empirical evidence from Turkey", military anti-
terrorism measures alone are not sufficient to prevent PKK terrorism in Turkey.[332]
^note A recent article published in Applied Research in Quality of Life by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich
investigates the impact of education and poverty on terrorism in Turkey using econometric techniques.[333]
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KurdishTurkish conflict (1978present)

systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[95] torturing,[96] Grey Wolves[4] HBDH

4 Kurdish political movement Total: 7,230 killed and

7 Human rights abuses

Background Civilian Casualties:

The PKK launched its armed insurgency on 15 August

In the early 1990s, President Turgut zal agreed to negotiations

Kurdish political movement

The Democratic Society Party decided to run their candidates as independent

Year Low Estimate High Estimate

Year Security Forces Civilians Insurgents Total

Human rights abuses

Abuses by the Turkish side

Human Rights Watch notes that:

Abuses by the PKK

34. "NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151105231107/http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin

52. [14] (http://www.aksam.com.tr/amp/guncel/icisleri-bakani-soylu-son-9-ayda-bin-68-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/haber-6

146. "New PKK Leadership Takes Over Insurgency" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123957/http://www.menewslin

166. Jamestown TURKEY PREPARES FOR CROSS-BORDER MILITARY OPERATION (http://www.jamestown.org/singl

186. "4 Turkish soldiers killed by Kurdish rebels" (http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/6970412.html).

204. "Kurdish rebels kill 3 Turkish soldiers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110901193421/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/

224. "Kandil'in Kararna Meclis'ten lk Tepkiler" (http://www.haber3.com/kandilin-kararina-meclisten-ilk-tepkiler-haberi-1927

244. "Protesting as a Terrorist Offens" (http://www.ifex.org/turkey/2010/11/01/protesting_as_a_terrorist_offense.pdf) (PDF).

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