RESULT AND CALCULATION

a. Area of geometry measured by digital planimeter (2 )

Shape

Measurement
Attempt

1 22.1 26.0 18.9

2 22.1 26.1 18.4

3 22.3 26.1 18.5

4 22.2 25.9 18.5

5 22.3 26.0 18.6

AVERAGE 22.2 26 18.6

Sample calculation for area geometry:
For area of:

Result measured by using digital planimeter:

Sum of area = 22.1 + 22.1 + 22.3 + 22.2 + 22.3 = 111.0 cm2
111.0
Average = = 22.2 cm2
5
Result measured by using ruler:
22.0 cm2
Calculating the error:
22.222.0
= = 0.9% error
22.2
For area of:

Result measured by using digital planimeter:

Sum of area = 26.0 + 26.1 + 26.1 + 25.9 + 26.0 = 130.1 cm2
130.1
Average = = 26.0 cm2
5
Result measured by using ruler:
8.41 + 17.98 = 26.4 cm2
Calculating the error:
26.4 26.0
= = 1.5% error
26.0
For area of:

Result measured by using digital planimeter:

Sum of area = 18.9 + 18.4 + 18.5 + 18.5 + 18.6 = 92.9 cm2
92.9
Average = = 18.6 cm2
5
Result measured by using ruler:
3
24.62 = 18.5 cm2
4
Calculating the error:
18.6 18.5
= = 0.5% error
18.5

Table of measured area of geometry and its error:

shape

Average area
measured by 22.2 26.0 18.6
using planimeter
(cm)
Area measured by
using ruler (cm) 22.0 26.4 17.8

Percentage of
error (%) 0.9 1.5 0.5
 b. Area under graph of surface roughness graph cm2 .

The value of Ra from computerized result is 3.38m.

For manual calculation, we must calculate the CLA and the percentage error.

CLA=A / ( L x Mv )

where:

A = sum of the area above and below the center line

L = sample length

Mv = vertical magnification

The value of L = 10.5 cm and Mv = 1900.

Percentage error = x 100%

Measurement attempt Reading (cm2 )

1 6.3
2 6.7
3 6.8
Average 6.6

Sum of area = 6.3 + 6.7 + 6.8 = 19.8 cm2

19.8
Average = = 6.6 cm2 = 6.6 x104 2
3

CLA = A / (L x Mv)

= (6.6 x104 )/ (10.5 x 102 x 1900)

= 3.308m

3.383.308
Percentage error = x 100% = 2.13%
3.38
DISCUSSION

From the result, we find that taking a measurement using the planimeter meter isnt that hard.
Before we begin to measure the surface roughness, we are told to do a measurement on 3
different shapes. The measurement by using the digital planimeter and using a ruler for reference
are taken and the percentage of errors of each shape are calculated. The measurements taken
recorded errors are from only 0.5% to 1.5%. Since the value of errors is small, it seems that we
are doing pretty good while taking the measurement. All we need are only consistency and high
level of patience while taking the measurement.

From the result, the roughness value that we get using Center Line Average(CLA) method is
3.308m and the percentage of error is 2.13%. There are some errors that occur during the
experiment which caused the slight percentage of error value equal to 2.13% which is the
inconsistent of hand movement. When the hand movement is not consistent, the result will be
affected. The inconsistent of the hand movement cannot be controlled since it is normal for each
people. In our opinion, we believe that the value of Ra is depends on the peak value and how
often the peak is occurred. If the peak occurs in many time and high, it will affect the value of
area and directly affect the value of roughness that we get from manual calculation. Since the
value of Ra is get from a computer, we know that it will give the most accurate value compare to
the manual result. The manual result will give us more error since it can be affected by
environment factor.

One of the causes of incorrect measurement is the selection of the wrong cutoff wavelength.
Selecting the incorrect cutoff length could make the values appear larger or smaller than the
desired values. The cutoff wavelength must be at the center wave or close to the center of wave.
The tracing speed of the person who is conducting this experiment is also not the same. In this
experiment, we use three different people to measure the profile of the surface roughness. So, the
speed between the three of us is not the same. It may differ according to the method of our group
members. If the trace speed is too high, it will affect the measurement data because it will cause
the data recorded is not exactly as the exact value. It also will cause the distortion to occur when
the tracing speed is too high.

The environment condition also will influence the reading of the result. During the measurement
process, if the table or papers are move during measurement, the error will occur. The digital
planimeter is the sensitive instrument, so it must be carefully handle to avoid the error from
occur. Finally, the error may occur if the surface to put the graph paper has dirt. If there any dirt
appeared, the accuracy of measurement for area above and below centerline will decrease. This
is because of the sensitivity of the digital planimeter.

There are several precautions that should be taken and considered to ensure accurate data and
result is obtained. Firstly, students should ensure that the profile graph paper is clean from any
dirt and positioned correctly and neatly on the table. Other than that, students should handle
the digital planimeter carefully and not to touch the screw at the back of the planimeter. This is
because it will affect our reading. To obtain accurate result, we considered to take at least 3
measurements. And make sure the hand is consistent while taking the measurement.

CONCLUSION

From this experiment, we found that the value of the roughness of the specimen by using CLA
method is greater than the Roughness Average (Ra) method. To overcome this error, we should
do the experiment carefully by considered the precaution in this experiment. Other than that, in
order to get the result that is close to the Ra method, we must take at least three times reading.
The more reading that we take, the more accurate value we will achieved. Besides, we also must
know the error that might occur in this experiment to prevent the mistake occur in the next time.
As a conclusion, the objective of this experiment is successfully achieved since we had got the
value of roughness by using CLA method or Ra method. We also have
succeeded to determine the error and the method to overcome the error in this experiment.
RECOMMENDATION

Students should take measurements using the digital planimeter at least three
times and calculate its average. This is to ensure accurate data and result is obtained. It
is also recommended that the students should pick the suitable place on the table to put
the roughness profile graph so that the person who is going to use the digital planimeter
is comfortable when measuring. Students should handle the equipment with care
especially the digital planimeter as it is a very sensitive equipment. The screw below the
digital planimeter should not be disturbed to ensure exact and accurate measurements
were taken. It is recommended that the same student who measures the area of the
graph using the digital planimeter should also calculate the area of the graph
themselves.

REFERENCES

1. Metrology of Engineers; J.F.W.Galver & C.r shotbolt.

2. Industrial Metrology: Surfaces and Roundness. G.T. Smith. Springer-Verlag, 2002.

3. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology: Serope Kalpakjian.

4. Metrology and Properties of Engineering Surfaces : Evaristus Mainsah, Jim A.

Greenwood, Derek G. Chetwynd - Technology & Engineering - Kluwer Academic
Publishers (1998