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SUPPLEMENTARY CONTENT
H2O/FA
LA/FA
LA/FA LA/FA
H2SO4
H2SO4 SBP GVL/SBP CO2 C4H8/CO2 C4H8/CO2 [C4H8]n(n=2,3,4,5)/CO2
Biomass H2 O
H2 O CO2 GVL H2 O
C6-sugars LA/FA
Lignin H2SO4 GVL
H2SO4 H2 O SBP
H2SO4/H2O
H2 O Lignin
H2SO4/H2O
Humins
C5-sugars
(Turbogenerator) Lignin
Humins H2 O Oligomers
(Turbogenerator) SBP Recycle
H2SO4/H2O Recycle SBP
Figure S1. Initial design for strategy C. Formic acid (FA) and water are evaporated prior to extraction
and fed to the catalytic reactor where levulinic acid (LA) is reduced to -valerolactone. FA is a source of
hydrogen
Taken from Sen et al. (Sen et al., 2012a) (10% of the catalyst is refurbished every 3
months)
Assumptions(Kazi et al., 2010): (1) Contingency factor is 20% of total project investment;
(2) capital investment is spread over 3 years at a rate of 8%, 60%, and 32% in the first,
second, and third years, respectively; (3) working capital is 15% of fixed capital investment.
References
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simultaneous catalytic conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass to
liquid transportation fuels. Green Chemistry, 16(2): 653-661.
Kazi, F.K. et al., 2010. Techno-economic comparison of process technologies for biochemical ethanol
production from corn stover. Fuel, 89, Supplement 1(0): S20-S28.
Kim, J., Johnson, T.A., Miller, J.E., Stechel, E.B. and Maravelias, C.T., 2012. Fuel production from co2
using solar-thermal energy: System level analysis. Energy & Environmental Science, 5(9): 8417-
8429.
McAloon, A., Taylor, F., Yee, W., Ibsen, K. and Wooley, R., 2000. Determining the cost of producing
ethanol from corn starch and lignocellulosic feedstocks. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Report.
Sen, S.M. et al., 2012a. A sulfuric acid management strategy for the production of liquid hydrocarbon
fuels via catalytic conversion of biomass-derived levulinic acid. Energy & Environmental Science,
5(12): 9690-9697.
Turton, R., Bailie, R.C., Whiting, W.B. and Shaeiwitz, J.A., 2008. Analysis, synthesis and design of
chemical processes. Pearson Education.