Cisco BSCN Edition 1

CCNP
STUDY GUIDE
Building Scalable
Cisco Networks (BSCN)
640-503
Edition 1
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Table of Contents
Routing Principles ........................................................................................................................... 1

Routing Metric ............................................................................................................................ 1
RIP Routing Metrics................................................................................................................ 1
IGRP Routing Metrics............................................................................................................. 1
Classful Routes........................................................................................................................ 1
Classless Routing .................................................................................................................... 1
Distance Vector Operation ...................................................................................................... 1
Convergence................................................................................................................................ 1
EIGRP Convergence ............................................................................................................... 1
OSPF Convergence ................................................................................................................. 2
IP Addresses.................................................................................................................................... 2
Current challenges in IP Addressing........................................................................................... 2
IP Addressing Solutions .............................................................................................................. 2
Hierarchical Addressing.......................................................................................................... 2
Variable Length Subnet Masks ............................................................................................... 2
Route Summarization.............................................................................................................. 2
CIDR ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Redistribution Implementation Guidelines ............................................................................. 3
NAT......................................................................................................................................... 3
Using IP Unnumbered Serial Interface ....................................................................................... 3
Server Location ........................................................................................................................... 3
OSPF ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Configuring OSPF in a Single Area............................................................................................ 3
OSPF Operation in a Broadcast Multiaccess Topology.......................................................... 4
OSPF Startup........................................................................................................................... 4
OSPF over NBMA Topology.................................................................................................. 4
NBMA Mode Neighborship.................................................................................................... 5
Point-to-Multipoint Mode Neighborship ................................................................................ 5
Interconnecting Multiple OSPF Areas ........................................................................................ 5
Multiple OSPF Areas .............................................................................................................. 5
Types of Routers ..................................................................................................................... 5
Types of Areas ........................................................................................................................ 6
Supporting Route Summarization ........................................................................................... 6
EIGRP ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Configuring EIGRP..................................................................................................................... 6
EIGRP Operation .................................................................................................................... 6
EIGRP Packets ........................................................................................................................ 6
EIGRP Reliability ................................................................................................................... 7
Topology Table ....................................................................................................................... 7
Configuring EIGRP................................................................................................................. 7
EIGRP Load Balancing........................................................................................................... 7
EIGRP and WAN Links.......................................................................................................... 7
EIGRP Link Utilization........................................................................................................... 7
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Using EIGRP in a Scalable Network ...................................................................................... 7
BGP ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Configuring Basic Border Gateway Protocol.............................................................................. 8
BGP Use.................................................................................................................................. 8
When to use BGP .................................................................................................................... 8
When not to use BGP .............................................................................................................. 8
BGP Peers or Neighbors ......................................................................................................... 8
Policy-Based Routing.............................................................................................................. 8
Well Known Attributes ........................................................................................................... 8
Optional Attributes.................................................................................................................. 9
Defined BGP Attributes .......................................................................................................... 9
BGP Synchronization.............................................................................................................. 9
BGP Message Types ............................................................................................................... 9
Implementing BGP in Scalable Networks ................................................................................ 10
Route Reflectors.................................................................................................................... 10
Policy Control and Prefix Lists ............................................................................................. 10
Optimizing Routing Update Operation ......................................................................................... 10
What is redistribution? .............................................................................................................. 10
Policy-based Routing ................................................................................................................ 10
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Key Concepts
Building Scalable Cisco Networks (BSCN)
Routing Principles
Routing is a relay process in which items are forwarded from one location to another. The
mechanism of learning and maintaining awareness of the network topology is considered to be
the routing function.
Routing Metric
In a routed network the routing process relies on the routing protocol to maintain a loop-free to-
pology and to locate the best path to every destination network.
RIP Routing Metrics

RIP is a commonly used routing protocol in small to medium sized TCP/IP networks.
IGRP Routing Metrics

Cisco’s IGRP is a commonly used routing protocol in medium to large sized TCP/IP networks.
IGRP uses a composite metric, based upon bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and maximum
transmission unit (MTU).
Classful Routes
Classful routing protocols, such as RIPv1 and IGRP, exchange routes to subnetworks within the
same major Class (A, B or C) network. Classful routing is the result of subnet masks not being
included in the routing advertisements generated by most distance vector routing protocols.
Classless Routing
Classless routing protocols can be considered second-generation protocols because they are de-
signed to deal with some of the limitations of the earlier classful protocols.
Distance Vector Operation

The periodic routine routing updates generated by most distance vector routing protocols go only
to directly connected routing devices.
Convergence
In a routed network, the routing process in each router must maintain a loop-free single path to
each possible destination logical network. When all the routing tables are synchronized and each
contains a usable route to each destination network, the network is converged.
EIGRP Convergence
A router running EIGRP uses reliable multicast messages when it sends queries and updates to
other routers.
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OSPF Convergence
A router running OSPF uses a multicast address to propagate LSAs. LSA is state information
about a link or a network.
IP Addresses
Current challenges in IP Addressing
An IP address consists of a 32-bit number with two components: a network address and a node.
The incredible growth of the Internet has resulted in following challenges:
• IP address exhaustion
• Routing table growth and manageability
IP Addressing Solutions
Solutions have been developed to slow the depletion of IP addresses and to reduce the number of
Internet route table entries by enabling more hierarchical layers in an IP address. These solutions
include the following:
• Subnet masking
• Address allocation for private internets
• Network Address Translation (NAT)
• Hierarchical addressing
• Variable-length subnet masks (VLSMs)
• Route summarization
• Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Hierarchical Addressing
The benefits of hierarchical addressing are:
• Reduced number of routing table entries

• Efficient allocation of addresses
Variable Length Subnet Masks

The VLSMs are commonly used to maximize the number of possible addresses available for a
network. The benefits if VLSMs are:
• Even more efficient use of IP addresses

• Greater capability to use route summarization
Route Summarization
Route summarization can reduce the number of routes that a router must maintain because it is a
method of representing a series of network numbers in a single summary address.
Cisco routers manage route summarization in two ways:
• Sending route summaries

• Selecting routes from route summaries
CIDR
CIDR is a mechanism developed to help alleviate the problem of exhaustion of IP addresses and
growth of routing tables.
Redistribution Implementation Guidelines
• Be familiar with your network and your network traffic

• Do not overlap routing protocols
• One-way redistribution
• Two-way redistribution
NAT
Network Address Translation can be used to merge two large networks without having to re-
address the whole network. Another function of NAT is overloading inside global addresses.
This process allows several inside addresses to use a single IP address. NAT can also use a pool
of addresses or multiple interfaces.
Using IP Unnumbered Serial Interface

To enable IP processing on a serial interface without assigning an explicit IP address to the inter-
face, use the ip numbered type number interface configuration command. In the command type
number indicates the type and number of another interface on which the router has an assigned
IP address.
Server Location
The server location is located in several ways:
• A single server on a single remote medium

• Multiple servers on a single remote medium, sometimes called a server farm
• Multiple servers on multiple remote media
OSPF
Configuring OSPF in a Single Area
OSPF is a link-state technology, as opposed to a distance vector technology such as Routing In-
formation Protocol (RIP). The OSPF protocol performs the two primary functions of every rout-
ing protocol algorithm: path selection and path switching.
The OSPF addresses the following issues:
• Speed of convergence
• Support for variable-length subnet masks (VLSMs)
• Network Reachability
• Use of bandwidth
• Method for path selection
Topologies found in OSPF are:
• Broadcast multicast topologies

• Point-to-point topologies
• Nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) topologies
OSPF Operation in a Broadcast Multiaccess Topology

Because OSPF topology is dependent on the status of a link between two routers, neighbor
routers must recognize each other on the network before they can share information. This proc-
ess is done using the Hello Protocol. The information contained in a Hello Packet is as follows:
• Router ID
• Hello and dead intervals
• Neighbors
• Area-ID
• Router priority
• DR and BDR IP address
• Authentication password
• Stub area flag
The DR and BDR add value to the network in the following ways:
• Reducing routing update traffic

• Managing link-state synchronization
OSPF Startup
The steps involved when routers running OSPF come up on a network.
1. Exchange Process
2. Discovering Routes
OSPF over NBMA Topology

OSPF runs in two official modes in NBMA topologies:
• Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA)

• Point-to-Multipoint
NBMA Mode Neighborship
Consider the following before using this mode:
• Full mesh and direct communication

• Stability of the network
Point-to-Multipoint Mode Neighborship

This mode has the following properties.
• Does not require a fully meshed network

• Does not require static neighbor configuration
• Uses on IP subnet
• Duplicate LSA packets
Configuring OSPF over NBMA Topology
• RFC –compliant Modes
NBMA Node
Point-to-multipoint Mode
• Cisco-defined Modes
Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast mode

Broadcast mode
Point-to-point mode
Interconnecting Multiple OSPF Areas
Multiple OSPF Areas

The following areas need to be addresses.
Frequent calculations of the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm

Large routing table
Large link-state table
The hierarchical topology of OSPF has the following advantages.
Reduced frequency of SPF calculations

Smaller routing tables
Reduced link-state update (LSU) overhead
Types of Routers
1. Internal Router
2. Backbone Router
3. Area Border Router
4. Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR)
Types of Areas
The characteristics that you assign an area control the type of route information that it receives.
The possible area types include the following.
Standard area
Backbone area
Stub area
Totally stubby area
Not-so-stubby area
Supporting Route Summarization

Summarization is the consolidation of multiple routes into a single advertisement. With summa-
rization, only summarized routes will propagate into the backbone. Two types of summarization
exist, as follows:
1. Interarea route summarization

2. External route summarization
EIGRP
Configuring EIGRP
EIGRP is a Cisco owned protocol that combines the advantages of link-state and distance vector
routing protocols. This hybrid protocol has the following features:
Rapid convergence
Reduced bandwidth usage
Multiple network layer support
EIGRP Operation
Elements of EIGRP operation are:
EIGRP Packets
EIGRP neighbor relationship
EIGRP Packets
EIGRP uses the following five types of packets:
Hello
Update
Queries
Replies
ACK
EIGRP Reliability
EIGRPs reliability mechanism ensures delivery of critical route information to neighboring
routers. This information is required to allow EIGRP to maintain a loop-free topology. All pack-
ets carrying routing information are sent reliably.
Topology Table
When the router dynamically discovers a new neighbor, it sends an update about the routes that it
knows to its new neighbor and receives the same from the new neighbor. These updates populate
what is known as the Topology Table.
Configuring EIGRP
Perform the following steps to configure EIGRP for IP.
1. Enable EIGRP and define the autonomous system.

2. Indicate which networks are parts of the EIGRP autonomous system.
3. If using serial links especially for the frame relay or SMD define the bandwidth of a link
for the purpose of sending routing update traffic on the link.
EIGRP Load Balancing

Load balancing is the capability of a router to distribute the traffic over all its network ports that
are the same distance from the destination address.
EIGRP and WAN Links

EIGRP is scalable on both point-to-point links and NBMA multipoint and point-to-point links. A
solid understanding of EIGRP operation coupled with knowledge of link speeds can yield an ef-
ficient, reliable and scalable router configuration.
EIGRP Link Utilization

By default EIGRP will use up to 50 percent of the bandwidth declared on an interface or subin-
terface. This percentage can be adjusted.
Using EIGRP in a Scalable Network

The following are some of the many variables that impact network scalability.
The amount of information exchanged between neighbors

A topology change
The depth of topology
The number of alternative paths through the network
BGP
Configuring Basic Border Gateway Protocol
BGP is an interdomain routing protocol also known as an EGP.
Two types of routing protocols are as follows:
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
BGP Use
BGP is used between autonomous systems. The main goal of BGP is to provide an interdomain
routing system that guarantees the loop-free exchange of routing information between two
autonomous systems. BGP routers exchange information about paths to destination network.
When to use BGP

Use when one of the following conditions exists.
The AS allows packets to transit through it to reach other autonomous systems.

The AS has multiple connections to other autonomous systems.
The flow of traffic entering and leaving the AS must be manipulated.
When not to use BGP

Do not use BGP when one or more of the following conditions exist.
A single connection to the Internet or another AS.

No concern for routing policy and route selection.
Lack of memory or processor power on routers to handle constant BGP updates.
A limited understanding of route filtering and BGP path selection process.
Low bandwidth between autonomous systems.
BGP Peers or Neighbors

Any two routers that have found a TCP connection to exchange BGP routing information are
called peers or neighbors.
Policy-Based Routing
BGP allows policy decisions at the AS level to be enforced. This setting of policies or rules for
routing is known as policy-based routing.
Well Known Attributes

A well-known attribute is one that all BGP implementations must recognize. These attributes are
propagated to BGP neighbors.
Optional Attributes
An optional attribute need not be supported by all BGP implementations; it could be a private
attribute.
Defined BGP Attributes

The attribute defined by BGP includes the following.
Well-known, Mandatory Attributes:

• AS-path
• Next-hop
• Origin
Well-known, Discretionary Attributes:

• Local preference
• Atomic Aggregate
Optional, Transitive Attribute;

• Aggregator
• Community
Optional, Nontransitive Attribute;

• Multi-exit-discriminator (MED)
BGP Synchronization
The BGP synchronization rule states that a BGP router should not use or advertise to an external
neighbor a route learned by IBGP, unless that route is local or is learned from the IGP.
BGP Message Types

BGP defines the following message types:
• Open
• Keepalive
• Update
• Notification
An open message includes the following information:
• Version
• My autonomous system
• Hold time
• BGP identifier (router ID)
• Optional parameters
An update message may include the following fields.

• Withdrawn routes
• Path attributes
• Network layer reachability information
Implementing BGP in Scalable Networks
Route Reflectors
Route reflectors modify the BGP split horizon rule by allowing the router configured as the route
reflector to propagate routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers. The route reflector will have
a partial IBGP peering with other routers, which are called clients.
Policy Control and Prefix Lists

The advantages of using prefix lists are as follows:
• A significant performance improvement over access list in loading and route lookup of
large lists.
• Support for incremental modifications.
Optimizing Routing Update Operation

What is redistribution?
Cisco routers allow internetworks using different routing protocols to exchange routing informa-
tion though a feature called route distribution.
Redistribution Considerations:
• Routing feedback (loops)

• Incompatible routing information
• Inconsistent convergence time
Policy-based Routing
The benefits that can be achieved by implementing policy based routing in networks include the
following.
• Source-based transit provider selection

• Quality of service
• Cost savings
• Load sharing
Key Points to Remember
1. Remember when configuring serial 0 for OSPF in a point-to-point mode using subinter-
faces, the first command will always be very similar to this:
interface serial 0.1.-2-.
2. You will use the show ip ospf neighbor command to verify that OSPF interfaces are
configured in the proper area and to display neighbor adjacencies?
3. OSPF is always better than RIPv.1 in a large network because OSPF has virtually no
limitations on reach and it supports variable length subnet masks.
4. When configuring OSPF Ethernet, you will always enter the commands in the following
order:
interface Ethernet 0
IP address <network number> <subnet mask>
!
interface Ethernet 1
IP address <network number> <subnet mask>
!
router ospf <number>
network <number> area <number>
network <number> area <number>
5. Once the OSPF routing process is enabled the following command will select only the
router’s network interfaces to participate in an OSPF area:
Network <number> <wildcard mask> area <number>
6. Remember that OSPF can support variable length subnet mask (VLSM) because OSPF
carries subnet mask confirmation in the link advertisements.
7. You can use the trace route command to view routing tables and determine if a router is
using the best path to forward packets on a specific network?
8. Route summarization uses hierarchical routing to allow one route update to represent
many downstream networks.
9. Know the following about BGP:
Periodic keepalives are sent to verify TCP connectivity.
Reliability comes from using TCP port 179 as its transport.
Topology awareness is kept current by routine periodic update.
BGP based routing allows policy decisions at the AS level to be enforced.
BGP allows an AS to send traffic to a neighboring AS intending that the traffic
take a different route than from the traffic originating in the neighboring AS.
10. Know that VLSM allows a way of controlling the number of reliable hosts on the net-
work by manipulating the mask in an attempt to efficiently allocate IP addresses.
11. Know that by default, the next hop attribute advertised by EBGP is carried into IBGP.
12. Know that the “default-information originate always” command is required whenever
you want to propagate a default route into an OSPF autonomous system.
13. Know that BGP communities allow routers to filter incoming or outgoing updates and
that they are indicators used by routers to allow other routers to make decisions based
upon these indicators.
14. Know that an autonomous system is a set of routers under a single technical administra-
tion and that it uses IGPs to route packets to other autonomous systems and EGPs to
route packets within the autonomous system.
15. Know that routers running EBGP are usually directly connected and they need to be able
to reach each other.
16. Know that an EIGRP router determines when a neighbor is unavailable when the hold
time is exceeded.
17. Know that routers run EBGP in order to exchange BGP information with routers in other
autonomous systems.
18. There are three basic elements that are required for a router to be able to forward a
packet:
1. The best route

2. Destination address
3. Summarized routes entry
19. Know that RIPv.1 routing updates do not support VLSM because they do not contain the
subnet mask.
20. Know that in a routing entry table that the time value represents an incrementing router
indicating how long the router has been in the table since the last update.
21. Know that all learned router entries are kept in EIGRP routing table.
22. Know that when configuring EIGRP for NBMA operation that is the purpose of IP
bandwidth-percentage EIGRP command is to adjust the % of bandwidths that EIGRP
packets can use on an individual router interface.
23. Know that a router running BGP with all the default settings will not use a route learned
by IBGP unless that route is learned from IGP, and it will not advertise a route learned by
IBGP to an external neighbor unless that route is learned from IGP.
24. Know that the redistributing dynamic routes into the BGP method of sending route in-
formation into BGP routing protocol is not recommended?
25. Know that the neighbor IP addr/peer name weight <weight-value> command is used
to change the BGP wait attribute of updates coming from a neighbor router.
26. Know that when a full event mesh of BGP sessions is configured within an autonomous
system that this may result in many BGP sessions being created, and that it may result in
using a significant amount of bandwidth on slow WAN links.
27. An autonomous system connected via BGP to more than one ISP is referred to as Multi-
homed.
28. Know that the following three IP protocols support variable length subnet masks
(VLSM):
1. RIPv.2
2. OSPF
3. EIGRP
29. Know that in an OSPF area that once you configure an ABR as a stub and the area is a
transit area for virtual links, it will no longer exchange information with other routers in
the area.
30. A metric is a routing table entry, which is used to indicate the best route to reach a desti-
nation network?
31. The show controller command will allow you to determine whether a serial interface is
connected to a DTE or DCE cable.
32. Know that link state routing determines path by bandwidth-based values, and it sends up-
dates rather than complete routing tables when a network change occurs.
33. Know that a variable length subnet masks have a greater capability to use route summari-
zation, and VLSMs allow for more hierarchical levels within an attesting plan.
34. In a multiarea OSPF network all areas that incorporate NBMA topology must be full
mesh, but cannot be configured as stub areas.
35. Know that variable length subnet masking supports hierarchical addressing and is spe-
cifically used in the IP environment.
36. Know that in a multipoint WAN topology using EIGRP on a serial interface that you
should configure the bandwidth to be the product of a number of circuits multiplied by
CIRs provisioned for each circuit in the topology.
37. Know that the show ip eigrp route command displays only the current EIGRP entries in
the routing table.
38. Know that when using routes with EIGRP route selection, the cost between the local
router and the destination is a feasible distance.
39. Know that an EIGRP router discovers its neighbors when it receives acknowledgements
for the transmitted hello packets.
40. Know that the no auto summary command is used to turn off automatic summarization
for EIGRP routes.
41. Know that the route summarization feature in EIGRP enables it to reduce the size of the
routing table.
42. Know that when a neighboring router has failed to respond to a query about the route
within three minutes, the route is set to be stuck inactive.
43. Know that excess SLSA traffic and frequent routing table recalculations occur when a
large number of routers operate in a single OSPF area.
44. Know that with OSPF support of VLSM a multiple design ensures that addresses are al-
located in an efficient manner, and summarization can be performed with different prefix
lengths throughout the network.
45. Know that for purpose of participating in an OSPF DR/BDR election that the default
router priority is 1.
46. Know that logical interfaces are more reliable than physical interfaces, and that when a
subinterface’s state changes to down, the physical interface remains up when using sub-
interfaces in an NBMA topology.
47. Know that the show ip ospf virtual-link command is used to verify the status of an
OSPF virtual link.
48. Know that the hierarchical nature of OSPF allows you to separate a single large area into
smaller areas.
49. Know that you should use BGP in the following three instances:
1. When there are multiple connections to the Internet.

2. When the flow of traffic entering and leaving and autonomous system
must be manipulated.
3. When an autonomous system allows packets to transit through it to reach
other autonomous systems.
50. Know that you should NOT use BGP in the following three instances:
1. When there is a single connection to the Internet.

2. When there is a low bandwidth connection between autonomous systems.
3. When a route selection to routes outside of your autonomous system is not
a concern.
51. Know that multiple OSPF areas are connected via an OSPF ABR.
52. Know that when all of the frame relay interfaces belong to area 0 in a multiarea OSPF
network that summary LAN’s will be flooded throughout the area and all area 0 routers
will recalculate their routing tables in response to a topology changes in area 0.
53. Know that when an autonomous system is connected via BGP to more than one ISP that
low memory and low CPU usage will result when the ISPs send only default routes to the
autonomous system.
54. Know that OSPF router can only route when they are in full state.
55. Know that by using a passive interface you can prevent all RIP routing updates from be-
ing sent through selected RIP interfaces without using access lists.
56. Know that with Cisco IOS release 11.2 or later, by default, FAST switching mode will
allow the router to forward packets that match the established policy.
57. Know that when boundary routers receive route information form both IGRP and OSPF
networks that they will select the IGRP information because of the better administrative
distance.
58. Know that the following routing protocols support multiple link network layer routed
protocols:
1. OSPF
2. EIGRP
3. RIPv.2
59. Know that a router running BGP has one table that contains BGP information received
from and sent to other routers and another table that contains IP routing information.
60. Know that BGP peers also known as neighbors.
61. Know that you would use the clear ip bgp command to reset all BGP sessions on a
router.
62. Know that you can perform route summarization on an EIGRP network manually at any
interface within the network.
63. Know that you would use the permanent IP route command parameter if you are config-
uring the static route on a router and you want to configure it so that if the interface asso-
ciated with route goes down it will still remain in the routing table.
64. Know the following three characteristics of distance vector routing:
1. It is utilized by RIP and IGRP.

2. It is a simplest routing protocol to configure.
3. It sends periodic updates even when no network change has occurred.
65. Know that when you have an autonomous system that is connected via BGP to more than
one ISP that the ISP will send only default routes into the autonomous system and the
path leading to the router with the lowest BGP router ID will be used by non BGP routers
as the best path to any external address?
66. Know that you would use the router eigrp <autonomous system-number> command if
you want to enable EIGRP and define the autonomous system.
67. Know that a router on the Ethernet will update it routing table and forwards the updated
table to all other routers in the internet work when it learns of a link state change
68. Know the router ospf <process ID> <network address> <wildcard mask> <area ID>
command is mandatory to configure OSPF.
69. Know that no ip forward-protocol udp 49 command is configured on a router to prevent

TACACS UDP port 49 requests from being forwarded by the router.
70. Know that when you are configuring redistribution between dissimilar routing protocols
when there is more than one traffic path connecting the domains that this approach can
confuse the router in the network and should be avoided. Also, changing the default ad-
ministrative distance and establishing large default matrix can establish a large path
through the internetwork.
71. When configuring redistribution to advertise RIP routes into EIGRP on a boundary router
you need to specify a speed metric with the default-metric command. This format of the
Metric being specified should be bandwidth delay reliability load.
72. Know that during route filtering, routes to be filtered are selected using the standard ac-
cess list.
73. Know that you would use the show ip route command to verify that redistribution is op-
erating correctly on a network where you have configured redistribution between RIP and
OSPF.
74. Know that when route distribution is required for two routing domains with dissimilar
metric structures to have complete topology awareness, that in good network design the
routing domains only interconnect at the routers where the distribution is configured, and
that routes from one domain are assigned a speed metric to indicate their reachability
prior to being injected into the other domain.
75. Know that a Classful routing protocol does not carry the subnet mask within routing up-
dates. However, Classless routing protocols use the subnet mask for each network in their
routing updates.
76. Know that route maps can be defined either by name or by number, and once a match
condition occurs, and the corresponding set of condition has been applied, execution of
the route map is terminated.
77. Know that when a router can learn the network topology using both RIP and IGRP, that
the IGRP routes will be placed in the routing table because they have smaller administra-
tive distance.
Building Scalable Cisco Networks (BSCN)
Practice Questions
1. You are configuring redistribution to advertise EIGRP routes into OSPF on a
boundary router. Given the following configuration, what is the function of the “20”
parameter in the redistribute command?
Router OSPF 76
Redistribute EIGRP 300 metric 20 subnets.
A: It places a metric limit of 20 subnets to be included in each OSPF route advertise-

ment.
2. Given the following router R3 configuration command, which three statements are
true?
Router OSPF 110

Network 192.168.32.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
Network 192.168.33.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Area 2 stub no-summary
Area 2 default-cost 10
A: Area 2 is a totally stubby area.

R3 adds 10 to the internal cost when it gets the default route in to the stub area.
Router 2 non-ABR routes will contain only intra-area routing information and a de-
fault route.
3. Router R1 uses a subnet mask 255.255.255.0 and sits on the boundary of area 0 and
area 1. Given the following router configuration, which three statements are true?
router OSPF 76
network 172.12.32.0 0.0.15.255 area 1
network 172.12.96.0 0.0.15.255 area 0
Area 0 range 172.12.96.0 255.255.224.0
Area 1 range 172.12.32.0 255.255.224.0
A: An interface on this router with IP address 172.12.32.124 is in area 1.

All networks within the range of 172.12.32.0 to 172.12.63.0 will be summarized
from area 1 into area 0.
Area 0 can act as a stub or transit area for routes including networks in the range
172.12.96.0 to 255.255.224.0.
4. Given the following router configuration, which three statements are true?
Router OSPF 76
Network 172.22.23.34 0.0.0.0 area 1
Network 172.18.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
A: This is an area border router.

This area connects area 1 to backbone.
Any router interface with an address of 172.18.x.x is in area 0.
5. Given the route summarization entry 192.168.16.0/20, how many class C addresses
can be summarized?
A: 8
6. Given the following configuration, which two statements are true?
interface Ethernet 0.
ip address 172.16.80.77 255.255.255.0
ip helper-address 172.16.90.255
A: BOOTP request on the interface Ethernet 0 will be forwarded to network

172.16.90.0.
NetBIOS broadcasts from 172.16.80.0 will be sent as directed broadcasts to net-
work 172.16.90.0.
7. Given the following configuration commands, which two statements are true?
router EIGRP 110.

network 172.16.0.0.
network 3.0.0.0.
A: Line 1 defines EIGRP as an IP routing process.

Line 2 causes all interfaces connected to network 172.16.0.0 to send EIGRP up-
dates to other EIGRP routers.
8. When configuring serial 1 for OSPF in NBMA mode, what is the correct combina-
tion of commands?
A: Interface serial 0
IP OSPF network non broadcast
Router OSPF process ID <network number> <wildcard mask> <area number>
<neighbor address>
9. You have configured policy based routing on serial interface 0. Given the following
configuration, which statement about a package arriving on serial 0 is most correct?
Interface serial 0
IP policy route-map demo
Route-map demo permit 10
Mach IP address 4
Set interface serial 2 serial 3
Access list 4 permit 10.3.3.2 0.0.0.0
A: If the packet was sourced from 10.3.3.2 it will be routed out interface serial 2 and
interface serial 3 in a load sharing fashion.
10. Which command must be redistributed for Ethernet 1 if you want the route 10.1.1.0
advertised?
A: ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 interface e1
11. Given the following router A configuration, what are two effects of the configura-
tion on router A?
Router BGP 65000

Network 10.0.0.0
Neighbor 172.17.1.1 remote-AS 65000
A: Line three identifies a peer router to router A.

The 65000 in line one identifies the AS that router A is in.
12. Which two addresses can be summarized by the address 172.30.16.0/20?
A: 172.30.17.0/24
172.30.31.0/24
13. The 172.20.0.0 had an 8-bit subnet mask extension applied to create all of its sub-
nets. One unused subnet is being used to create several additional subnets in sup-
port of a WAN deployment effort. Which subnet mask should be used to support
two host addresses on WAN segment?
A: 255.255.255.252
14. You want to configure router A as a BGP route detector and router B as its client.
Which three commands are necessary on router A?
AS 65500
A
AS 65000
B
C
A: Router BGP 65000

Route/reflector client 172.16.12.1
Neighbor 172.16.12.1 remote-AS 65000.
15. Given the following partial information from the output of a BGP command on
router A, what next HOP address will router A use when it sends data to network
172.20.0.0?
Network Next HOP Metric Locprf Weight Patch

172.20.0.0 10.10.10.2 100 65250 65000 I
10.10.20.2 0 120 65200 65000 I
10.10.30.2 0 130 65000 I
10.10.40.2 0 140 65000 I
10.10.50.2 0 150 65300 65000 I
A: 10.10.50.2
Index
advertisements....................................... 1, 11 maximum transmission unit ........................ 1

Area Border Router ..................................... 6 meshed network........................................... 5
ASBR .......................................................... 6 metric....................................... 1, 13, 17, 1, 4
autonomous system ..... 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16 multicast .............................................. 1, 2, 4
Autonomous System Boundary Router....... 6 multipoint ...................................... 4, 5, 7, 14
Backbone area ............................................. 6 NAT......................................................... 2, 3
Backbone Router ......................................... 6 NBMA................................. 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 2
bandwidth ............ 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17 network address..................................... 2, 16
BDR....................................................... 4, 14 Network Address Translation.................. 2, 3
BGP ............. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 3, 4 nonbroadcast................................................ 5
Border Gateway Protocol ............................ 8 Nonbroadcast multiaccess ........................... 4
Broadcast................................................. 4, 5 Nontransitive Attribute................................ 9
CIDR ....................................................... 2, 3 Not-so-stubby area ...................................... 6
Classful routing ..................................... 1, 17 OSPF 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 1,
Classless Interdomain Routing.................... 2 2
Classless routing.................................... 1, 17 OSPF Areas ................................................. 5
convergence............................... 1, 2, 4, 6, 10 point-to-point................................. 4, 5, 7, 11
Discretionary Attributes .............................. 9 policy based routing .............................. 10, 2
distance vector............................... 1, 3, 6, 16 policy-based routing.................................... 8
DR ......................................................... 4, 14 prefix lists.................................................. 10
EGP ............................................................. 8 protocol.......................... 1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 16, 17
EIGRP ........... 1, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 1, 2 redistribution ......................... 3, 10, 16, 17, 1
Exterior Gateway Protocol .......................... 8 RFC ............................................................. 5
frame relay............................................. 7, 15 RIP......................................... 1, 3, 15, 16, 17
global addresses........................................... 3 RIPv1........................................................... 1
Hello Packet ................................................ 4 route distribution................................. 10, 17
hierarchical addressing.......................... 2, 14 route filtering......................................... 8, 17
IBGP.......................................... 9, 10, 12, 13 Route reflectors ......................................... 10
IGP .................................................... 8, 9, 13 route summarization...... 2, 3, 6, 11, 14, 16, 2
IGRP.......................................... 1, 15, 16, 17 Route Summarization.............................. 2, 6
interface......... 3, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 1, 2, 3 Routing Information Protocol ..................... 3
Interior Gateway Protocol ........................... 8 routing policy .............................................. 8
Internal Router............................................. 6 Routing table ............................................... 2
Internet .............................................. 2, 8, 15 Server farm.................................................. 3
IP address .............................. 2, 3, 4, 11, 1, 3 shortest path first ......................................... 5
ip numbered ............................................... 3 SPF .............................................................. 5
link-state .......................................... 3, 4, 5, 6 split horizon............................................... 10
Load balancing ............................................ 7 Standard area ............................................... 6
Load sharing.............................................. 10 Stub.............................................................. 4
LSA ......................................................... 2, 5 Stub area...................................................... 6
Mandatory Attributes .................................. 9 subinterface ................................................. 7
subnet masks ..................... 1, 2, 4, 11, 13, 14 Transitive Attribute ..................................... 9
synchronization ....................................... 4, 9 Unnumbered ................................................ 3
TCP/IP......................................................... 1 Variable Length Subnet Masks ................... 2
topologies .................................................... 4 VLSMs .............................................. 2, 4, 14
topology......................... 1, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 17 WAN ........................................... 7, 13, 14, 3
Topology Table ........................................... 7 well-known attribute ................................... 8
Totally stubby area ...................................... 6

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Routing Principles ........................................................................................................................... 1

RIP Routing Metrics

IGRP Routing Metrics

Distance Vector Operation

• Reduced number of routing table entries

Variable Length Subnet Masks

• Even more efficient use of IP addresses

• Sending route summaries

Redistribution Implementation Guidelines

• Be familiar with your network and your network traffic

Using IP Unnumbered Serial Interface

• A single server on a single remote medium

The OSPF addresses the following issues:

Topologies found in OSPF are:

• Broadcast multicast topologies

OSPF Operation in a Broadcast Multiaccess Topology

• Reducing routing update traffic

OSPF over NBMA Topology

• Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA)

• Full mesh and direct communication

Point-to-Multipoint Mode Neighborship

• Does not require a fully meshed network

Configuring OSPF over NBMA Topology

• RFC –compliant Modes

Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast mode

Interconnecting Multiple OSPF Areas

Multiple OSPF Areas

Frequent calculations of the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm

The hierarchical topology of OSPF has the following advantages.

Reduced frequency of SPF calculations

Supporting Route Summarization

1. Interarea route summarization

1. Enable EIGRP and define the autonomous system.

EIGRP Load Balancing

EIGRP and WAN Links

EIGRP Link Utilization

Using EIGRP in a Scalable Network

The amount of information exchanged between neighbors

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)

When to use BGP

The AS allows packets to transit through it to reach other autonomous systems.

When not to use BGP

A single connection to the Internet or another AS.

BGP Peers or Neighbors

Well Known Attributes

Defined BGP Attributes

Well-known, Mandatory Attributes:

Well-known, Discretionary Attributes:

Optional, Transitive Attribute;

Optional, Nontransitive Attribute;

BGP Message Types

An open message includes the following information:

An update message may include the following fields.

Implementing BGP in Scalable Networks

Policy Control and Prefix Lists

Optimizing Routing Update Operation

• Routing feedback (loops)

• Source-based transit provider selection

interface serial 0.1.-2-.

Network <number> <wildcard mask> area <number>