IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES ISSN NO: 2394-8442

Comparison of Microwave Characteristics of Zn+Nb2O5 with 2% DopedV2O5

ZnO+Nb2O5 in Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna

Amit Singh1, Shekhar Yadav2

1Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, UCEM, Allahabad, U.P., India1
2Department of Electrical Engineering, M. M. M. University of Technology, Gorakhpur, U.P., India2
amit.833@gmail.com, syee@mmmut.ac.in

Abstract

In the paper the microwave characteristics of cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) with material
properties lies in S/C bands. The sintered density characteristics of ZN and ZNV are indomitable by differential thermal
analysis (DTA). The graph between input impedance versus frequency, return loss versus frequency and radiation pattern
of ZN and ZNV at resonant frequency of 4.234 and 4.134 respectively are calculated. The measured values of
ZN and ZNV for return loss and resonant frequency are compared with the theoretical perspectives.

Keywords: ZN: Zn3Nb2O8; ZNV: Zn3Nb2O8 +V2O5; Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna;

[1] INTRODUCTION
The demand for microwave antennas, microwave filters and other has grown for wireless mobile communication and radar
system. In the last few years, dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has play important part for wireless applications. DRA has
some attractive features like low osmic loss, small in size, wide bandwidth as compared to the micro strip antenna [1].

At high frequency microwaves are able to carry to information. Cell phones and satellite communications are possible in this
system. The application of wireless communications in dielectric resonators is for coupling, selecting and filtering
microwaves. For making dielectric resonator antenna three important factors are responsible: high dielectric constant, low
dielectric loss, and temperature stability [2].

DRA has almost low radiation and low dissipation losses Q-factor. The radiation efficiency is calculated from the measured
Q factors in the radiation case and the non-radiating case .Dielectric resonator antenna is not suited to linear polarization.
DRA is designed for either single or circular polarisation. From above advantage the DRA is a better antenna for Radar
Technology. Wide frequency bandwidth starts for better resolution for image process [3].

Due to the improved quality of microwave dielectric resonators, the wireless technologies such as cellular phones and global
positioning systems have been making rapid progress. For DRA high dielectric constant, a low dielectric loss and a non-zero
temperature coefficient are required for stable circuits [4].

In this paper, experimental measurement on cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna made of ZnO+Nb2O5 and
ZnO+Nb2O5+V2O5 is carried out. The sintering characteristics are performed by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The
dielectric properties in C band is also measured. The input impedance and return loss versus frequency characteristics and
field patterns of ZnO+Nb2O5 and ZnO+Nb2O5+V2O5 of CDRA at resonant frequency are measured and compared with
theoretical ones.

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[2] SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIAL

2.1 Preparation of samples

In the present study the microwave ceramic Zn3Nb2O8 sample was prepared using solid state ceramic preparation route.
High purity of Zn and Nb2O5 were mixed and mixture was firstly milled for 10h. Then the milled powders were dried. The
powders are pressed in the form of pellets or rod using cylindrical mould of 12 mm diameter and a hydraulic press. The
powdered form is pressed at 75 KN. Then the pellets were sintered at 8500C & 11000C for 2 hrs. In a covered alumina
crucible within air inside an electrically heated furnace with temperature rate of 50C/min.

Another compound ZNV was prepared with the same methodology likewise ZN. High purity ZnO, Nb2O5 and V2O5 are
mixed and mixtures of ZnO, Nb2O5 and V2O5 are initially ball-milled for 10 hrs. Then the milled powders are dried. These
powders were pressed in the form of pellets or rod using cylindrical mould of 13 mm diameter and a hydraulic pressure is
applied. The rated pressure is applied at 75 KN. The pellets then sintered at 850oC & 1100oC for 2 hrs within air inside
electrically heated furnace with a heating rate of 5oC/min to the sintering temperature.

2.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

Differential thermal analysis was performed on the powdered samples at heating rate of 10oC/min. The DTA curve traces
recorded for ZN (Zn3Nb2O8) and ZNV (Zn3Nb1.98V.02O8) are shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1 DTA pattern of ZN (Zn3Nb2O8) and ZNV (Zn3Nb1.98V.02O8)

2.3 Density Measurement

For density measurement firstly ceramic materials were heated at heating rate of 5oC/min to desired temperature and holding
them 3 hrs. After that samples were cooled upto room temperature at a cooling rate of 5oC/min. The average density of
sample Zn3Nb2O8 with different sintering from temperature 850oC to 1100oC is 4.465gm/cc and 4.51 gm/cc respectively.
When sintered the sample from room temperature to 850oC and 1100oC, the density increases from the range of 4.465
gm/cc to 4.795 gm/cc. by adding V2O5. It shows that sintered density of Sample ZNV (Zn3Nb1.98V.02O8) is greater than
sample ZN (Zn3Nb2O8).

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2.4 X-Ray diffraction

XRD patterns of ZN are shown in Figure 2(a). From XRD patterns all the peaks were matched with JCPDS files. The phases
Nb11.3Zn0.6734O29, ZnNb2O6 and Zn3Nb2O8 which are presented in the sample ZN. The phases ZnNb2O6, Zn3Nb2O8 and
Nb3Zn3O0.4 which are presented in the sample ZNV shown in Figure 2(b) shows the XRD of the ceramic sample V2O5
doped Zn3Nb2O8 at 11000C sintering temperature.

Fig. 2(a) X-ray diffraction pattern for Sample ZN

Fig. 2(b) X-ray diffraction pattern for Sample ZNV

2.5 Dielectric Constant measurement of ZN and ZNV

Microwave dielectric properties in frequency range of 4-8GHz were measured by network analyser (Agilent 8722ES). A
network analyser is an instrument for measuring network parameters of electrical networks. By this we measure like z-
parameter, y-parameters and h-parameters. The r was obtained from the HEM11 resonance mode of the end shorted sample
placed between two conducting plates, using the method of Hakki and Coleman [6] and modified by Courtney (Figure
3(a)).The Q-factor was measured by reflection method. In reflection method the sample was placed at the centre of a
cylindrical resonant cavity having dimensions three times greater than the sample dimensions (Figure3 (b)).The obtained
dielectric constant of ZN and ZNV are 22.8 and 22.4 respectively.

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IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES ISSN NO: 2394-8442

(a)

(b)
Figure 3(a) and Fig. 3 (b) Setup for dielectric constant and Q-factor measurement

2.6. Mathematical formula for Calculating Resonance Frequency, Quality Factor, and Return Loss Bandwidth

Each isolated cylindrical DRA is excited in HEM11 mode, whose resonant frequency, radiation quality factor and bandwidth
can be written as:

.
f= 0.27 + 0.36 + 0.02 , (1)

.
Q=0.01007 r1.3 1 + 100 , (2)

BW = = , (3)

Where,
a= radius in cm.
h=height in cm
= relative dielectric constant
S= standing wave ratio
[3] RESULT AND DISSCUSIONS
3.1 Return loss Characteristics

By using CST Microwave studio software return loss versus frequency of two CDRAs are measured. The graph of return
loss for ZN and ZNV CDRAs are shown in Figure 4(a) and 4(b) respectively. The data extracted from the Figures 4(a) and
4(b) is given in Table 1. From Figures 4(a) and 4(b) and Table 1 it can be observed that measured resonant frequencies and
percentage bandwidth for the two resonators are nearly same with the respective theoretical ones.

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Figure 4(a): Return loss of CDRA-ZN

Fig. 4(b) Return loss of CDRA-ZNV

Table1: Comparison of theoretical and experimental return loss performance of ZN and ZNV
Parameters ZN ZNV
Theoretical Simulation Theoretical Simulation
Resonance frequency in 4.3097 4.234 4.2470 4.134
GHz (HEM11 mode )
Return loss Bandwidth in 3.1936 3.49 3.2650 3.53
%

3.2 Input impedance Performance

The input impedance versus frequency curves for the two DRAs are calculated using CST Microwave studio software. The
simulated input impedance performance for ZN and ZNV CDRAs are shown in Figure 5 (a) and 5(b) respectively. From
Figures 5(a) and 5(b) we observed that the real part of input impedance of CDRA- ZN and ZNV are 50.41184 and
47.3601 respectively. The simulated input impedance values of the both CDRAs are nearly close to 50 .

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Fig. 5(a) Input impedance of CDRA-ZN

Fig. 5(b) Input impedance of CDRA-ZNV

3.3 Far field pattern

Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show the simulated radiation patterns of the ZN and ZNV CDRAs at their resonant frequencies
respectively by using CST Microwave studio software. The radiation parameters are extracted from these figures and are
given in Table 2.

Fig. 6(a) Far field pattern of CDRA-ZN

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Fig. 6(b) Far field pattern of CDRA-ZNV

From Figures 6 (a) and 6(b) and Table 2 we can observed that the ZNV CDRA provides higher gain, better directivity,
higher 3 dB beam-width and lower efficiency with lower Main lobe magnitude as compared with ZN CDRA.

Table 2: Comparison of field pattern results of both the CDRAs

Parameters CDRA-ZN CDRA-ZNV

Directivity 5.401 dBi 5.493 dBi
Gain 5.271 dB 5.342 dB
Total efficiency 96.91% 96.59%
3 dB beam-width 85 deg 86.8 deg
Main lobe magnitude 5.1 dBi 3.03 dBi

[4] CONCLUSION
On adding V2O5 in sample ZN, the sintering temperature goes down and temperature is around 850oC-1000oC. On adding
V2O5 in sample ZN, there is densification in the sample. From the XRD, the phases ZnNb2O6, Zn3Nb2O8 and
Nb11.3Zn0.6734O29 in the sample of ZN are obtained and the phases ZnNb2O6, Zn3Nb2O8 and Nb3Zn3O0.4 in the sample of
ZNV are obtained.

The Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) simulation studies were done using CST MICROWAVE STUDIO simulation
software (Computer Simulation Technology). On the basis of standard result of sample ZN and ZNV, we design and
simulate the cylindrical DRA. From the table 2 we find that microwave characteristics of CDRA-ZNV are better than
CDRA-ZN. It means that CDRA-ZNV is used for in making of WLAN. The future work is to improve the performance
of the DRA using meta-heuristic approach [8-13].

REFERENCES

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