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porosity

[-]
Nomencl atur e viscosity [g/cmsec]
[cm]

V
equivalent diameter of duct kinematic viscosity [cm2[g/cm3]/sec]
d
diameter of separation area [cm] Pf density of fluid
diameter of aggregate particle M, [cm] Pp particle density [g/cm s]
diameter of primary particle M, [cm] a surface tension [ dyne/cm]
critical particle diameter [/4 [cm] Ob bending stress [ dyne/cm2]
FH Op
dimensionless adhesive force by water strength of aggregate particle [ d yne/cm2 ]
bridge (=H/dpla) [-] T
[d yne/cm 2]
H
shearing stress
adhesive force by water bridge [dyne]
k
coordination number [-] Literature Cited
M [dynecm]
M
moment 1) Fuchs, N. A. : "Mechanics of Aerosols", Pergamon Press,
*f
f moisture content on dry basis [wt %] New York (1964).
drag force [dyne] 2) Kanou, T. "Funtairyushi no Kyodou", p. 303, Sangyo-
u air velocity [cm/ s ec] Gijyutsu Center (1977).
u average air velocity [cm/ s ec] 3) von Karman, Th.: Proc. 3rd Intern. Congress Appl.
Y Mech., Stockholm, Part I, 85 (1931).
dimensionless distance ( =yldp)
y
distance above flat surface [cm] 4) Kousaka, Y., K. Okuyama, A. Shimizu and T. Yoshida:
y* /. Chem. Eng. Japan, 12, 152 (1979).
distance from flat surface to separated
part ofFig.2aggregate particle as shownin 5) Ridgway, K and K.J. Tarbuck: Brit. Chem. Eng., 12,
[cm] 384 (1967).
Z = section modulus [cm3] 6) Rumpf, H.: Chem. Ing. Tech., 42, 538 (1970).
7) Zimon, A. D.: "Adhesion of Dust and Powder", p. 197,
T = velocity gradient [1 /sec] Plenum Press, New York (1969).
d = thickness of laminar sub-layer [fA, [cm]

POWER CORRELATION FOR ANCHOR AND HELICAL


RIBBON IMPELLERS IN HIGHLY VISCOUS LIQUIDS
Koji TAKAHASHI, Kunio ARAI
and Shozaburo SAITO
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University,
Sendai 980

A new power correlation for both anchor and helical ribbon impellers in highly viscous Newtonian
liquids is proposed on the basis of a physical model developed from an analytical approximate
expression for the drag of a plate in viscous liquids bounded by a plane wall. The correlation,
obtained by inserting the empirical factor of geometrical variables in the above expression, shows
good agreement with experimental data of power consumption of anchor and helical ribbon agitators
obtained in this work and other literature.

power consumption in the literature9>n). However,


Introducti on the power correlations1"4>8) published previously for
Liquid agitation is one of the most commonunit close-clearance impellers, such as anchor and helical
operations in the chemical industry. For the design ribbon impellers, are relatively limited. Most of
of mixing equipment, it is necessary to predict its power them are empirical and are restricted to particular
consumption. For impellers producing high stress in a impellers. In particular, those for helical ribbon
small portion of the vessel, such as turbines and pro- impellers are not satisfactory.
pellers, there is fairly extensive information about In this work, power consumption measurements for
Received July 2, 1979. Correspondence concerning this article should be anchor and helical ribbon agitators were carried out
addressed to S. Saito. under laminar flow conditions in Newtonian liquids,
VOL. 13 NO. 2 1980 147
Table 1 Geometrical variables of anchor and helical ribbon
impellers
Geometry
No. d c/D D/s L
Anchor impellers*
AC1 ll.52 0.0500
AC2 12. 16 0.0250
AC3 12.48 0.0125
AC4 12.54 0.0100
AC5 12.67 0.0050

Helical ribbon impellers**


DH1 12.00 0.031 1.02 39.72
DH2 ll.24 0.061 1.02 37.46
DH3 10.28 0.098 1.02 34.63
DH4 ll.29 0.059 1.54 54.65
Fig. 1 Geometrical configurations of anchor and DH5 ll.38 0.055 2.05 72.59
helical ribbon impellers
* D=H=12.80 h=L=U.50 w/D=0A02 </,//)=0.094
** D=H=\2M h=\2.50 w/D-0.102 ds/D=0.094

with a flat bottom and a flat lid. Most measurements


were carried out in a vessel without a free surface. A
vessel with a free surface was also used to account for
the influence of the lid wall on power. The geometri-
cal configurations of anchor and helical ribbon impel-
lers used are shown in Fig. 1 and the geometrical vari-
ables of these impellers are summarized in Table 1.
The impellers were rotated in a clockwise direction
and pumped upwards at the blade in each run. New-
tonian aqueous solutions of corn syrup were used,
having viscosities in the range of 10-300 poise. Agita-
tion power was measured by a rotating torque meter
and viscosities of the liquid were obtained from a
coaxial cylinder viscometer.
Fig. 2 Power consumption for anchor impellers
2. Results and Discussion
The results of power consumptionmeasurements are
presented in the form of relationship of power number
(NP) to Reynolds number (Re). The relations for
anchor and helical ribbon agitators are shown in
Figs. 2 and 3 respectively. From these figures, it
follows that the relations can be written as NP-Re=
const, in the laminar flow region.
To correlate the power consumption with geometri-
cal variables, it may be useful to adopt a physical model
which can represent the system approximately. Based
on an analytical approximate expression, we discuss
power correlation used for both anchor and helical
ribbon impellers.
2. 1 Power correlation for anchor impellers
Fluid flow around an anchor blade in an agitated
Fig. 3 Power consumption for helical ribbon
vessel is similar to that around a flat plate moving at a
low speed in viscous liquid bounded by a plate as
impellers
shown in Fig. 4 (a). On the basis ofOseen's linearized
and on the basis of a physical model we propose a equations of motion, Takaishi10) derived analytical
power correlation for both types of impeller. approximate expressions for the drag coefficient of an
1. Experimental
elliptical cylinder in viscous liquids bounded by a plane
wall and carried out numerical calculations of the drag
The vessels were transparent acrylic resin cylinders for various thickness ratios of the major-axis length to
148 JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN
the minor-axis length. The drag Dr applied by the
liquid to the plate per unit length can be represented
by the following equation as a special case of the
thickness ratio 7=0.
r~g, D~
gc '21n(4+8c/w)-l UJ

If the curvature of the vessel wall is negligible, Eq.


(1) is applicable to power correlation for anchor
impellers. The torque TMproduced by the rotation of
the impeller is defined as follows :
TM=Dr-L-j-n,

For anchor agitators having np=2: Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of blade motion
Snfi
1m~gc
UdL
'21n(4+8c/w)-l
1 - K)

Consequently, we obtain the power P.


P=a>TM=2xN 2 1n (4+8c/M;)_1 (3)
The velocity U is equal to that of the blade tip xdN.
Equation (3) can be rewritten as follows:
^"^21n(4+8^)-ri <4>
This equation is a theoretical power correlation for
anchor impellers.
As shown in Fig. 5, this correlation agrees approxi-
mately with the experimental data at large c/D. But
the discrepancy between Eq. (4) and the experimental Fig. 5 Comparison between theoretical power
results increases with a decrease in clearance between correlation and experiment for anchor impellers
the blade and the wall. Therefore, an empirical factor
of the clearance was introduced in Eq. (4) with the help
of the experimental data. The result is given by Table 2 Power consumption for helical ribbon impellers
with and without a free surface

Geometry with sa urface


free ^'^withoutsurface
a free
where DH1 347.1 351.1
f(D/c) = 1 +0.00735(i)/c)0 - 832 DH2 285.6 290.6
DH3 271. 1 275.3
2. 2 Power correlation for anchor and helical ribbon
impellers
An anchor impeller is considered as a variety of
helical ribbon impeller which has its blades at a right ^"^= 2 1n (4+t3/w)-l-f^C)-(sin^-50
angle to the direction of motion. The power correla- (6)
tion for helical ribbon impellers is related to that for where
anchor impellers by the blade angle. We consider
sin dB =s/V(7rd)2+s2
that a plate with an arbitrary angle is moving at a low
speed in viscous liquid as shown in Fig. 4 (b). This The authors carried out power consumption measure-
motion is similar to that of the helical ribbon impeller. ments also for agitators with a free surface, but the
In this case, the drag experienced by the plate will be differences between the agitators with and without a
mostly dependent on the force normal to the plate. free surface were hardly noticeable. The results are
Therefore, power correlation for helical ribbon impel- summarized in Table 2. The effects of the lid wall on
lers was obtained by modifying Eq. (5) in terms of power seem to be negligible.
blade angle 6B on the basis of the experimental data. Equation (6) is compared with the experimental
The correlation is given by data obtained in this work and other literature5"8jl2)
VOL. 13 NO, 2 1980 149
d = impeller diameter [cm]
ds = shaft diameter [cm]
gc = gravitational constant [g " cm/G " sec2]
H = height of vessel [cm]
h = height of blade [cm]
L = length of blade (=/r/sin 0B) [cm]
TV = rotational speed of the impeller [sec"1]
NP = power number (=P-gclp-Nz-db) [-]
np = number of blades [-]
p = power consumption [G " cm/sec]
Re = Reynolds number (=d2-N'pl/j) [-]
s = impeller pitch [cm]
TM = torque acting on impeller [G "cm]
t = thickness ratio of major-axis length to the
minor-axis length of an ellipitical cylinder [-]
U = velocity of uniform flow [cm/sec]
w = blade width [cm]

6B = blade angle [rad]


Fig. 6 Power correlation for both anchor and
fi = viscosity [g/cm - sec]
helical ribbon impellers p = density [g/cm3]
a) = angular velocity of impeller [rad/sec]
in Fig. 6. In this figure, Eq. (6) is shown to be quite
satisfactory for predicting power consumption of Literature Cited
anchor and helical ribbon impellers. 1) Beckner, J. L. and J. M. Smith: Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs.,
44, T224 (1966).
Conclusion 2) Bourne, J. R. and H. Butler: ibid., 47, T263 (1969).
3) Chavan, V.V. and J. Ulbrecht: Chem. Eng. J., 3, 308
On the basis of a physical model, a new power cor- (1972).
relation is proposed which takes into consideration 4) idem.: Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., 12, 472(1973).
geometrical variables such as the clearance between 5) Gray, J. B.: Chem. Eng. Progr., 59, 55 (1963).
the blade and the wall, the blade angle, the blade length, 6) Hoogendoorn, C.J. and A.P. den Hartog: Chem. Eng.
Set, 22, 1689 (1967).
the blade width and the impeller diameter. The in-
fluence on power of the distance of the impeller from 7) Johnson, R.T.: Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., 6,
340 (1967).
the lid is proved to be negligible. This correlation
8) Nagata, S., M. Nishikawa, S. Gotoh and M. Nakajima:
can be used for anchor as well as helical ribbon impel- Kagaku Kogaku, 34, 1115 (1970).
lers and shows good agreement with experimental 9) Rushton, J. H., E.W. Costich and H.J. Everett: Chem.
data. Eng. Progr., 46, 467 (1950).

10) Takaishi, Y.: /. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 13, 496 (1958).


Nomenclature ll) Uhl, V. W. and J. M. Gray: "Mixing-Theory and Prac-
CD = drag coefficient [-] tice", Vol. 1, Academic Press Inc. Ltd., New York and
c = clearance between impeller and vessel wall [cm] London (1966).
D =vesseldiameter [cm] 12) Zlokarnik, M. : Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 39, 539 (1967).
Dr = drag [G/cm]

150 JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN

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