The Physics of
ANGELS & DEMONS
Arizona
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California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
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Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS
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PhD students in theoretical and experimental particle physics
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www.uslhc.us
KEY
Minnesota
Flip Tanedo
University of Minnesota,
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ALICE
ATLAS
CMS
LHC
LHCb
LHCf
TOTEM
Puerto Rico
Don Teo
&
South Carolina
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Duke University, Durham Tennessee
Ohio Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge
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Ohio Supercomputer Center, Columbus Texas
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University
1 /45
 The Story
The Illuminati? (Or is it?)
Antimatter is stolen from
the Large Hadron Collider
... and is used as a weapon
to threaten the Vatican
Robert Langdon and
Vittoria Vetra (CERN) save
the day

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 2 /45
 The Story

HEP: study the fundamental laws of nature

Standard Model: quantum theory that has
been remarkably successful...
... but theres still a lot we dont know.
Exciting developments in theoretical and
experimental work

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 3 /45
 Trailer

Sony Pictures has approved the use of the images and videos contained on this page in materials developed for the Angels & Demons lecture nights.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 4 /45
 Fact vs. Fiction

Prof. Csaba Cski Prof. Robert Langdon

Theoretical Particle Physicist Symbologist
Cornell University Harvard University

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 5 /45
 Fact: CERN Exists
European Organization for Nuclear Research
Conseil Europen pour la Recherche Nuclaire

Large Hadron Collider

25 km circumference
Actually five experiments:
ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM

Founded in 1954: proto-EU

20 member states
Mission: fundamental science

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 6 /45
 Fact: CERN Exists
European Organization for Nuclear Research
Conseil Europen pour la Recherche Nuclaire

Large Hadron Collider

25 km circumference
Actually five experiments:
ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM

Founded in 1954: proto-EU

20 member states
Mission: fundamental science

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 7 /45
 Fact: CERN Exists

9,000 scientists (1,000 from US universities/labs)

Worlds most powerful accelerator

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 8 /45
 Similar fermilab
labs in the US
Cornell ESR:
positrons
On campus we
collide electrons and
their antiparticles,
positrons
Takes about 10
minutes to fill the
machine with anti-
particles

ell) and Chicago

11

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 9 /45
 What kind of science?

Physics: probe fundamental interactions

Physics: photon physics, lasers

Chemistry: atomic-scale microscope

Medicine: cancer therapy

Spin-offs: microwaves, world-wide web

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 10 /45
 Why colliders?
2
E = mc
The universe is made of light particles
In order to make massive particles, need to
convert lots of energy into matter.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 11 /45
 Why colliders?
2 2 4 2 2
E =m c +p c
Mass is a kind of potential energy
Turn kinetic energy into potential energy
Speed of light is big... so a lot of kinetic
energy is required to make a little mass

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 12 /45
 Why colliders?

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 13 /45
 Energies at the LHC
Battleship cannons: 300 MJ
LHC beams at full energy: 700 MJ
LHC particle collision energy ~10-7 J
(kinetic energy of a dozen mosquitoes)

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 14 /45
 Fiction: 99% speed of light

... its actually 99.999998% of the speed of light

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 15 /45
 Fiction: lab coats

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 16 /45
 Real physicists
lab coats: fiction

Theorist!
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 17 /45
 Real Control Room

Fermilab: No windows, no lab coats, lots of post-it notes

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 18 /45
 Sony Pictures has approved the use of the images and videos contained on this page in materials developed for the Angels & Demons lecture nights.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 19 /45
 Fact: Antimatter

plush particles from particlezoo.net

Opposite of matter
Annihilates with matter to produce energy

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 20 /45
 What is antimatter?

Charge-Parity conjugation
Right-handed, +charged particle converted
into a left-handed, - charged particle
All fundamental particles have anti-partners
Can even produce anti-atoms (1995 in
CERN)... but can only store for a few sec.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 21 /45
 Since the 1930s...
1933: Dirac proposes positron
Anderson discovers soon after
Required for theoretical
consistency of quantum theory
Major role in chemistry
Now used routinely in
medicine (PET scans) Physical Review 43, 1034 (1933)

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 22 /45
 Producing antimatter
Cornell ESR:
positrons
fact: CERN exists
Cornell: produce positrons,
On campus e
we
+
collide electrons and

Collide e and e to produce D

+ - their antiparticles,
positrons
mesons Takes about 10
minutes to fill the

10 min to fill ring with e+ machine with anti-

particles
fermilab

Tevatron: 1.6 trillion

antiprotons in 8 hours
11

1 million collisions makes only

20 antiprotons (low efficiency)
fact: CERN exists.
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 23 /45
 Producing antimatter

Nature can produce antimatter, too.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 24 /45
 Producing antimatter
Potassium-40 (40K)
100 ppm of natural potassium
! ~ billion years
40K " 40Ca + e- + #e (89%)
40K + e- " 40Ar + #e (11%)
40K " 40Ar + e+ + #e (10-5%)
Contains e+
every 75 min
People contain 40K!
You produce antimatter.
http://tertiarysource.net/ts.cgi/anti-banana
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 25 /45
 Early universe

Big bang produces equal amounts of matter

and antimatter. Why do we only see matter?

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 26 /45
 Early universe

Assume theres some small asymmetry from

initial conditions or dynamics.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 27 /45
 Early universe

Matter-antimatter annihilation
CMB: the remnants of a cosmic annihilation

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 28 /45
 Cosmic Microwave
Background

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 29 /45
 Whats the matter with
antimatter?

Why is the universe made of matter but

not antimatter? (CP violation)
If the universe started with equal amounts
of matter and antimatter, how did it
generate a matter-antimatter asymmetry?
Can some particles be their own anti-
particles? (maybe neutrinos?)

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 30 /45
 Fiction: a gram of antimatter

Glowing?
Um... thats
really bad.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 31 /45
 Fiction: a gram of antimatter

Movie: 1/4 g of antimatter ~ 5 kT TNT

(Hiroshima: 15 kT TNT)
1/
4 g ~ 1023 antiprotons
1.6 trillion P+ in 8 hrs 100 million years

Movie: produced this in 3 seconds

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 32 /45
 Fiction: a gram of antimatter

CERN
No way to store anti-matter
LHC is a proton collider...
no antimatter stored

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 33 /45
 Is it useful?

Sci-fi: powers the starship Enterprise

... but not feasible in the near-term

Chemistry: $-decay

Medicine: basis of PET scans

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 34 /45
 Fact: the God particle
Its real name is the
Higgs boson
Gives [most] other
particles their mass
electroweak symmetry breaking

Exception: atomic nucleus;

mass comes from gluons
Not yet discovered... could
it be that there is an
alternative mechanism?
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 35 /45
 The Higgs Boson

Suppose particles are like a famous scientist.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 36 /45
 The Higgs Boson

The particle is slowed down by a crowd of

people (Higgs bosons) that want to chat

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 37 /45
 The Higgs Boson

The Higgs gives itself mass: imagine a rumor

that a famous scientist is coming soon.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 38 /45
 Fiction: bio-entanglement physics

! Biology
! Entanglement
! Biophysics
! Entanglement physics
" Bio-entanglement physics

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 39 /45
 Real LHC Physics
Electroweak Symmetry Breaking: what gives
particles mass? Higgs, or something exotic?
Are there new sources of CP violation
(matter/antimatter asymmetry)?
Hot and dense physics (heavy ion)
New physics scenarios... extra dimensions?
Supersymmetry?

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 40 /45
 Fiction: Illuminati

There is no secret research at CERN or in

any of the US collider facilities
All research is transparent
Visitors welcome, please do take pictures
No military research at HEP labs

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 41 /45
 Micro Black Holes

The Large Hadron Collider might

make dragons that might eat us up.
-Prof. Nima Arkani-Hamed
New York Times, 29 March 2008

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 42 /45
 Micro Black Holes
LHC black holes? Maybe
Planetary threat? Certainly not*
High energy cosmic rays bombard the
atmosphere with much higher energies than
the LHC; Earth is still around
Really cool physics, though...
... suggestive of extra dimensions
... such black holes would evaporate quickly

* This is a problem in science communication.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 43 /45
 Summary

Past CERN experiments...

1976 (Ting) LHC: looking
forward to
1984 (Rubbia, Van der Meer) the sequel!
1992 (Charpak)
Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 44 /45
 Further reading
The Newtonian Legacy, Nick Evans.
Learn about the frontiers of particle physics within a
fast-paced crime adventure. [Available free online]

Insultingly Stupid Movie Physics, Tom Rogers.

Also see website. Movie with the worst physics? The Core.

The Physics of Star Trek, Lawrence Krauss.

This is the book that made FT want to be a physicist.

US LHC Blogs (blogs.uslhc.us)

Quantum Diaries (quantumdiaries.org)
Blogging about life as a particle physicist.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 45 /45