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(1)
Eulerian mesh
(fixed in space)
(2)
(3)
ALE mesh translation ALE mesh
Solid material Void or air (moving)
t- dt t+
Solid material
t- dt t+
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2000-2005 Livermore Software Technology Corporation
LS-
LS-DYNA ALE & Fluid-
Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling 5
PURE LAGRANGIAN (ELFORM=1)
Mesh deforms with the material.
PROBLEM:
Lagrangian formulation can lose accuracy at very large
distortion of the elements.
Time step can approach zero.
(3)
ALE mesh translation ALE mesh
Solid material Void or air (moving)
t- dt t+
t+ Eulerian
ELFORM 1 (Lagrangian)
AN vacuum
R I
LE
EU
metal
LE
A
(ALE :=Material(s) can flow through the mesh which itself can
move)
move
All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2000-
2000-2005 Livermore Software Technology Corporation
LS-
LS-DYNA ALE & Fluid-
Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling 16
VERY BRIEF SUMMARY OF ALE COMPUTATION
Computational cycle:
ALE method uses the Operator Split technique to perform a 2-step
computational cycle:
1. First a Lagrangian step is taken
2. Second, the state variables of the deformed material configuration
are mapped back onto the reference mesh this is called an
advection step.
Conservation Laws:
Conservations of mass, momentum and energy together with material
constitutive equations are used to solve for the state variables.
ALE
material Lagrangian material surface (shown as a shell)
interface shown here as moving to the left, penetrating
into the ALE fluid
ALE
material Coupling point
Fluid-solid X X
Interface
X X
ALE Moving shell segment
Reference
mesh Penetration coupling force
PID1=ALE=air
PID3=LAG=steel ball
Nodes are
shared at this
PID4=LAG=aluminum box ALE interface
PID2=ALE=water
Eulerian material 1
Eulerian material 2
Lagrangian structure
All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2000-
2000-2005 Livermore Software Technology Corporation
LS-
LS-DYNA ALE & Fluid-
Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling 23
Penetration Simulation (2 approaches)
Lagrangian
Note below the extra air or void domain for target material to flow into
Coupled
Euler/Lagrange
Distinguish between
physical material Water Fuel Oil Fuel Oil
#s & Part ID #s ! (part 11) (part 22) (part 33)
Then, the interface of each part (11-77) will be tracked. This is,
however, expensive due to the additional interface tracking
computations, and not necessarily more accurate. As the same
physical material, e.g., fuel oil from parts 2 and 3, flow into the
same element, they behave realistically as a single material. Thus
tracking their interfaces separately may not be necessary.
Sidebar: whenever more than 3 materials are present in 1 element,
it may be advisable to refine the mesh.
All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2000-
2000-2005 Livermore Software Technology Corporation
LS-
LS-DYNA ALE & Fluid-
Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling 31
APPROACH #2: If we group the physical materials together, fewer
AMMGs are required.
*SET_PART
1
11 Water
*SET_PART
2
22 33 Fuel Oil
*SET_PART
3
44 55 66 Steel
*SET_PART
4
77 Air
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
1 0 AMMGID=1
2 0 AMMGID=2
3 0 AMMGID=3
4 0 AMMGID=4
3 , 3
3 different materials
Example:
2 , air,
If a cell is 20% water, 30% steel, and 50% 2
Or
2 ALE meshes:
Inner mesh remains dense
to resolve the flow.
Outer mesh can expand to
envelop the airbag
FORGING
FORGING
Result viewed in cross-section
Reference mesh for fuel and air moves, hence ALE (not Eulerian)
The Air and Water are defined as ALE PID 3 = Steel Plate
PLATE-WATER IMPACT
Coupled Euler/Lagrange
Air
TIRE HYDROPLANING
TIRE HYDROPLANING
TIRE HYDROPLANING
*CONTROL_TERMINATION *AIRBAG_ADVANCED_ALE
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP *PART
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT *MAT_NULL
*DATABASE_GLSTAT *MAT_FABRIC
*DATABASE_MATSUM *EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
*EOS_IDEAL_GAS *BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP *INITIAL_VOID