( Reaffirmed 1997 )

IS : 2720(Part 36 ) - 1987

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART 36 LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF
GRANULAR OF SOIL ( CONSTANT HEAD )

( First Revision )

0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part 36 ) ( First lievi- fulfilled, that is, when the flow is steady ant1 Iaminar
sion ) \vas adopted by the Bureau of Indian and the soil is saturated and the rate of flow is
Standards on 29 October 1987, after the draft proportional to the hydraulic gradient. Part 17 of
finalized by the Soil Engineering Sectional this standard covers the general method but this
Committee had been approved by the Civil part covers the disturbed granular materials cont-
Engineering Division Council. aining less than 10 percent soil passing through 75
micron IS sieve which are used in embankments,
0.2 With a view to establish uniform procedures for earth dams base courses, etc and thus has different
determination of different characteristics of soils test apparatus. This standard was first published in
and also for facilitating comparative studies of the 1975. Based on the experience gained in conducting
results, an Indian Standard on methods of test for this test in the past 13 years, the procedures have
soils ( IS : 2i20 ) is being published in various parts. been updated and figures have been modified. The
‘I’his part describes the method for determination opportunity has also been taken to make references
of coefficient of permeability of granular soils by a of latest Indian Standards which have been publish-
constant head method and under conditions of ed or revised in this period.
laminar flow of water. The knowledge of this
0.3 In reporting the result of a test or analysis
property is essential in a solution of problems
made in accordance with this standard, if the final
involving de-watering, yield of water bearing strata,
A reliable deter- value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off,
seepage through earth dams, etc.
mination of permeability can be made only when it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-l!J60*.
the conditions for the validity of Darcy Law are
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( t-c&cd).

1. SCOPE Table 1. The permeameter shall be fitted with:

1.1 l’his standard ( Part :;6 ) describes the method A porous disc or suitable reinforced screen
for determining coefficient of permeability of gran- at the bottom with a permeability greater
ular Foils by a constant head method and under than that of the soil specimen, but with
conditions of laminar flow of water. This method openings sufficiently small ( not larger than
is suitable for disturbed granular soil containing 10 percent of finer size of the soil to be test-
less than 10 percent soil passing 75-micron IS Sieve, ed ) to prevent the movement of particles;
the type of material used for construction of
embankments a-d base courses under pavements Manometer outlets for measuring the loss of
head, 11. over a length, L, equivalent to at
1.1.1 PIerequisite for laminar flow of water least the diameter of the cylinder; and
through granular soils is that, water shall flow
below criiical velocity so that there is no movement A porous disc or suitable reinforced screen
or clisrurbance of soil particles; moreover, water with spring attached to the* top, or any other
shall flow through saturated soil voids without
device for applying a light spring pressure
havinq bubbles in them, and there shall be no of 2 to 4 kg total load when the top plate
change in soil volume nor any change in hydraulic is attached in place. This will hold the
gradient during the performance of the test. placement density and volume of soil with-
out significant change during the saturation
2. EQUIPMENT of the specimen and the permeability testing
to satisfy the requirement that there should
2.1 Permeameter - As shown in Fig. 1, the be no soil volume change during a tcbt.
permeameter shall have specimen cylinders with
minimum diameters approximately 8 or 12 times NOTK -- Perforated metal disc may also he used for the
the maximum particle size in accordance with test.

1
IS : 2720 ( Part 36 ) - 1987

fitted with suitable control valves to prevent forrna-

TABLE 1 CYLINDER DIAMETER tion of air bubbles in the soil voids. The size of
( ClUUJf?S
2.1 and 4.1 ) the constant head filter tank shall be large enough
MAXIIUM h’IINIML3fCYLIPTDEIL
I,IAMETEll ( ITlIll ) to meet the demand depending upon the permeabi-
pARTICIIE SIZE _-- - -___._-A_-----.-_-- 7 lity of the specimen.
BETWEEN IS Not More than 35 per- More than 35 per-
SIEVE OPENINGS cent of Total Soil cent of Total Soil NOTE - There are several methods of reducing air con-
Retained on Sieve Retained on Sieve tent of water, such as (a) by boiling, (b) by spraying water
(mm)
Opening Opening into a partial vacuum, (c) to USCwater having higher tem-
~._--*-_~~ r__--h_--~ perature, at least 5°C more than that of the soil specimen
2.00 mm 1090 mm 2’00 mm 10’00 mm under test, and (d) by running water before use through a
porous fine grained material so that the air is rntrapped in
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) the interstices of the material. Out of all these lllethods of
deairing water: the last methodof passing tap water through
2.00 and 10’00 00 - 120 - filter is less expensive and more suitable, specially wheu
IO.00 and 20.00 - 160 - 230 large quantities of deaired water are required to be used.
It will be essential that the filter material should be of
NOTE - The diameter to length ratio may be about 1 : 2. finer grade than that of the soil to be tested otherwise air
may come out of the solution in water while passing through
the soil mass. Hut still if preferred, the deaired water pre-
2.2 Constant-Head Filter Tank - This shall be pared by boiling or spraying through partial vacuum may
as shown in Fig. I, to supply water and shall be be used.

1
25

a 9
b

t
OVER-
FLOW

-f
L
0
a
w
I

A_ -
sot L
B'
I III SPECIMEN III

Constant-head filter tank ( NTC j 9) Manometer tubes

Filter tank valve 10) Metal or transparent acrylic plastic cylinder
Inlet valve 11) hlanometer outlet
Top plate 12) Screen
Porous disc or screen 13) Tap water valve
Screened manometer groove 14) Outlet valve
Spring 15) Gravel filter
Manometer valve
FIG. 1 CONSTANT HEAD PBRMEAMETER
2
 IS : 2720 ( Part 36 ) - 1987

2.3 Large Funnels - These shall be fitted with passing 75-micron IS Sieve and equal to an amount
special cyliudrical spout, 25 mm in diameter for sufficient to satisfy the requirements prescribed
10’00 mm maximum size particles, and 13 mm in in 3.2 and 3.3 shail be selected by the method of
diameter for 2.00 mm maximum size particles. The quartering.
length of the spout should be greater than the full
3.2 A sieve analysis [ in accordance with IS : 2720
length of the permeability chamber at least by
( Part 4 )-1986’ ] shall be made on a representative
160 mm.
sample of the conlplete soil prior to the permeability
2.4 Specimen Compaction Equipment - COHI- test. All particles larger than 20 mm IS Sieve shall
paction equipment as deemed desirable may be be separated out by sieving. This oversize material
used. The following arc suggested: shall not be used for the permeability test
but the percentage of the oversize material
a) A vibrating tamper fitted with a tamping shall be recorded. The grading analysis data thus
foot 50 mm in diameter; - obtained shall also be utilized for determining the
b) A sliding tamper with a tamping foot required grading for sand or gravel filter to be
50 mm in diameter and a rod for sliding used at the bottom and top of the compacted sam-
weights of 100 g ( for sands ) to 1 kg ( for ple in the permearneter. From the grading curve,
soils with a large gravel content ), having the particle sizes corresponding to 85 percent and
an adjustable height of drop to 100 mm for 15 percent points shall be noted and the filter
sands and 200 mm for soils with large designed accordingly.
gravel contents. NOW -- In order to establish representative values of
coefficient of permeabilities for the range which may exist in
2.5 Vacuum Pump or Water Faucet Aspirator the soil at site being investigated, samples of the finer,
- for evacuating and for saturating soil specimen average and coarser soils should be obtained for testing.
under full vacuum ( see Fig. 2 ).
3.3 From the material, from which the oversize has
2.6 Balance - It shall be of 2 kg capacity and been removed ( see 3.2 ), select by the method of
sensitive to 1 g. quartering a sample for testing equal to an amount
approximately twice that required for filling the
2.7 Scoop - with a capacity of 100 g of soil.
permeameter chamber.
2.8 Miscellaneous Apparatus - Thermometers,
clock with sweep second hand, 250 ml graduated 4. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN
cylinder and mixing pan. 4.1 The size of permeameter to be used shall be as
3. SAMPLE prescribed in Table 1.
3.1 A representative sample of air-dried granular *Methods of test for soils: Part 4 Grain size analysis
soil containing Iess than 10 percent of the material ( second revision ).

INLET
VALVE 7 7

FIG. 2 DEVICE FOR EVAUUATINGAND SATURATINGSPECIMEN

3
 IS : 2720 ( Part 36 ) - 1987

4.2 Make the following initial measurements and 4.5 Compact successive layers of soil to the desired
record on the data sheet ( Appendix A ), the inside relative density by appropriate procedure, as
diameter, D, of the permeameter; the length, L, follows, to a height of about 20-mm above the
between the manometer outlets; and the depth, 171, upper manometer outlet.
nleasured at four symmetrically spaced points from
the upper surface of the top plate of the permeabi- 4.5.1 Minimum Density ( <era Percent Relatiu
lity cylinder to the top of the upper porous stone or Density ) - Continue placing layers of soil in succes-
screen temporarily placed on the lower porous plate sion by one of the procedures described in 4.4.1
or screen. This automatically deducts the thickness until the device is filled to the proper level.
of the upper porous plate or screen from the height 4.5.2 Maximum Dtinsity ( 100 Percent Kelatiile
measurements used to determine the volume of soil Density )
placed in the permeability cylinder. A duplicate
top plate containing four large symmetrically spac- 4.5.2.1 Compaction by vibrating tamper - Cow JLict
ed openings through which the necessary measure- each layer of soil thoroughly with the vibrating
ments can be made, shall be employed to determine tamper, distributing the light tamping action uni-
the average value for HI. Calculate the cross- formly over the surface of the layer in a regular
sectional area A of the specimen. pattern. The pressure of contact and the length
of time of the vibrating action at each spot should
4.3 .4 small portion of the sample selected as not cause soil to escape from beneath the edges of
prescribed in 3.2 and 3.3 shall be taken for water the tamping foot, thus tending to loosen the layer.
content determinations. Record the weight of the Make a sufficient number of coverages to produce
remaining air-dried sample ( see 3.3 ), 11/l, for unit maximum density, as evidenced by practically no
rveight determinations. visible motion of surface particles adjacent to the
edges 01‘ the tamping foot.
4.4 Place the prepared soil by one of the following
procedures in uniform thin layers approximately 15 4.5.2.2 Comfioctio?l b,v sliding weight tamker --.
LO20 mm. Compact each iayer of soil thoroughly by tamping
blows uniformly distributed over the surface of the
NOTE - In cue of granular soils there is every likelihood layer. Adjust the height of drop and give suflicient
that water would separate through between the specimen coverages to produce maximum density, depending
and the wall of the cylinder. In order to prevent this, on the coarseness and gravel content of the soil.
special precautions are suggested to be observed. For fine
sands, a water-pump grease should be applied to the 4.5.2.3 Compaction by other methods - Compac-
cylinder wall to prevent flow of water between the specimen
and the wall. For coarse sand, a 7-mm thickness of sponge tion may be accomplished by other approved
rubber cemented to the cylinder wall is found to be methods, such as deposition under water, by vibra-
satisfactory. tory packer equipment where care is taken to obtain
a uniform specimen without segregation of particle
4.4.1 For soils having a maximum size of 10 mm sizes.
or less, place the appropriate size of funnel, as
prescribed in 2.3, in the permeability device with 4.5.3 Relative Density Intermediate Between zero and
the spout in contact with the lower porous plate or 100 Percent - By trial in a separate container of the
screen or previously formed layer, and fill the same diameter as the permeability cylinder, adjust
funnel with sufficient soil to form a layer, taking soil the compaction to obtain reproducible values of
from different aleas of the sample in the pan Lift relative density. Compact the soil in the pcrmea-
the funnel by 15 rnnl or approximately the uncon- bility cylinder by these procedures in thin layers to
solidated layer tllickness to be formed, and spread a height of about 20 mm above the upper mano-
the soil with a slow spiral motion, working from meter outlet.
the perimeter of the device towards the centre, so NWE - In order to cover systematically and repl-c’st’nt,r-
that a uniform layer is formed. Remix the soil in tively, the relative density conditions th.rt may govern In
the pan for each successive layer to reduce segrega- natural deposit, or in compacted embankments, a sr.rics of
tion caused by taking soil from the pan. permeability tests should be made to cover the range of
field relative densities.
4.4.2 For soils with a maximum size greater than
4.6 Preparation of Specimen for Permeability
10.00 mm, spread the soil from a scoop. Uniform
Test
spreading can be obtained by sliding a scoopful of
soil in a nearly horizontal position down along the 4.6.1 Level the upper surface of the soil by piaciiig
inside surface of the device to the bottom or to the the upper porous plate or screen in position and by
formed layer, then tilting the scoop and drawing it rotating it gently clockwise and anti-clockwise.
towards the centre with a single slow motion, this
allows the soil to run smoothly from the scoop in a 4.6.2 Measure and record the final height of
windrow without segregation. Turn the permeability specimen, I?,-&, by measuring the depth, Hz, flom
cylinder sufficiently for the next scoopful, thus the UpJXr Surface of the perforated top plate
progressing around the inside perimeter to form a employed to measure HI to the top of the upper
uniform compacted layer of a thickness equal to porous plate or screen at four symmetrically spaced
the maximum particle size. points af(er compressing the spring lightly to seat

4
 IS : 2720 ( Part 36 ) - 1987

the porous plate or screen during the meesurements; of flow Q, and water temperature T.
the final weight of air-dried soil used in the test ( W,
- W2 ) by weighing the remainder of soil W2 left 5.2 Repeat the test runs at heads, increasing by 5
in the pan. Compute and record the unit weights, mm in order to establish accurately the region of
void ratio, and relative density of the test specimen. laminar flow with velocity u ( where u = Q/At ),
directly proportional to hydraulic gradient i ( where
4.6.3 With its gasket in place, press down the top i = h/L ). When departures from the linear rela-
plate against the spring and attach it securely to the tion become apparent, indicating the initiation of
top of the permearneter cylinder, making an airtight turbulent flow conditions, 10 mm intervals, of head
seal. This satisfies the condition of no volume may be used to carry the test run sufficiently along
change during tesling for holding the initial density. in the region of turbulent flow to define this region
if it is significant for field conditions.
4.6.4 Connect the inlet tube of the top plate of
the permeameter to a vacuum pump or suitable NOTE - Much lower values of hydraulic gradient h/l.
aspirator capable of evacuating the air content from are required than generally recognized, in order to ensure
laminar flow conditions. The following values are sugges-
the specimen and the outlet tube in the base plate ted: loose compactness ratings h/L from 0+2 to @3; and
to the water container as shown in Fig. 2. Close dense compactness ratings h/L from 0.3 to 0.5; the lower
the manometer outlets [ see 2.1 ( b ) 1 and the outlet values of h/L apply to coarser soils and the higher values to
valy,e at the base plate of the permeameter. Using finer soils.
a v.lcuum pump or aspirator, evacuate the speci- 5.3 At the completion of the permeability test, drain
men under 500 mmHg, minimum for 15 minutes the specimen and inspect it to establish whether it
to remove air adhering to soil particles and from was essentially homogenous and isotropic in character.
the voids. Follow the evacuation by a slow satura- Any light and dark alternating horizontal streaks 01
tion of the specimen from the bottom upward under layers are evidence of segregation of fines.
full vacuum in order to force any remaining air in
the specimen. Continued saturation of the specimen 6. RECORD OF OBSERVATION
can be maintained more adequately by the use of
6.1 The inside diameter D of the permeamcter, the
deaired water, or water maintained at an in-flow
temperature sufficiently high to cause a decreasing length L between manometer outlets and depth IfI
temperature gradient in the specimen during the
( Fig. 1 ) are measured and recorded in Appendix
A. For the given soil, water content is determined
test. Native water or water of low mineral content
and recorded. The weight W8, of air dried soil
( see Note ) should be used for the test, but in any
used in preparing soil specimen is also recorded.
case the fluid should be described on the report
The final height of specimen after compression by
form ( Appendix A ). This satisfies the conditions
of laminar flow through saturated soil voids. spring, HI - Hz, is measured and recorded. Dry
unit weight and void ratio are calculated. The
NOTE- Native water is water occurring in the rock or
soil in.situ. It should be used if possible, but it ( as well as temperature of water, T is measured and recorded,
deaired water ) may need a refinement not ordinarily
feasible for large scale production testing in which case 6.2 During the test, observations are made of
available water may be used and so stated in the report. manometer readings hl and h2, quantity of flow Q
4.6.5 After the specimen has been saturated and collected in a graduated jar in the time t and are
the permeameter is full of water, close the bottom recorded in columns ( 2 ) to ( 5 ) respectively. Head
val?ze on the outlet tube ( .~eeFig. 2 ) and disconnect h ( = hl - h2 ) is calculated to column ( 6 ) and
the vacuum. Care sh~~ultl be taken to ensure gradient i ( = h/L ) is calculated and recorded in
that the permeability flow system and the mano- column ( 7 ). Finally, permeability k, is calculated
meter system are free of air and are working and recorded in column ( 8 ). Remarks, if any, are
satisfactorily. Fill the inlet tube with water from entered in column ( 9 ).
the constant-head tank by slightly opening the 7. CALCULATIONS
filter tank valve. Then connect the inlet tube to the
top of the permeameter, open the inlet valve slightly 7.1 Permeability k T at temperature T is calculated
and open the manometer outlet cocks slightly, to by:
allow water to flow, thus freeing them of air.
Connect the water manometer tubes to the mano- kT = __ &
Ait
meter outlets and fill with water to remove the air.
Close the inlet valve and open the outlet valve to and permeability at 27°C by using the expression
allow the water in the manometer tubes to reach
,& = k, $f--
their stable water level under zero head. 2
5. PROCEDURE where

5.1 Open the inlet valve from the filter tank slightly FT = Coefficient of viscosity at T’C, and
for the first run, delay measurements of quantity of ~(2, = Coefficient of viscosity at 27°C.
flow and head until a stable head condition without
Void ratio c is calculated as
appreciable drift in water manometer level is attain-
ed. Measure and record the time t, head h ( the e --= Gs- _ 1
difference in level in the manometers ), quantity of Y

5
IS : 2720 ( Part 36 ) - 1987

in which yw is the density of water and is taken as 8. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

1 g/cma, y is dry unit weight of specimen and G
8.1 The values of permeability, calculated at ‘f
is the specific gravity.
and 27°C are reported as numbers with units of
7.2 A data sheet with observation data, calculation cm/set. Also reported are the dry density and void
and result is presented in Appendix A. ratio of the sample.

APPENDIX A
4.2, 4.6.4, 6.1 and 7.2 )
( Clauses
Project Test No.
Sample NO._ ~- Date ___._~.
Soil identification Tested by
Diameter of specimen, D
Spacing between manometer outlets:? = ~___ cm
Length of specimen ( H1 - Hz ) = - z -cm
_______ -.
Area of specimen, A = x Da =
cm2
Volume of specimen, v --- Z ( HI - Hz ) = cm3
Water content, W =
Dry weight of soil specimen, bB= g

Dry unit weight Y = mYG - g/cm3

G,r-yw -1
Specific gravity, Gs = Void ratio, t = = _.___._
Temperature of water T = “C

SL No. MANOMETER QUANTITY TIME, t HEAD i = h/L ICT REMARKS

READINGS OF FLOW, SECONDS h = hl - h2 Q
r-_h_-y =-2x
h hz Q
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
cm cm cm3 cm

cmjsec