Why Marxism is on the rise again
Ce Renee se ee eR nao
ofa certain 19th-century German philosopher? Yes, Karl
going mainstream - and goodness knows where it will end
A public sector meter sting in eas Landon ast yer Photograph: KaystonelSA ZUMA Features
lass conflict once seemed so straightforward. Marx and Engels wrote in the
second best-selling book of al time, The Communist Manifesto: "What the
bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its
fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable." (The best-selling
book of ll time, incidentally, is the Bible - it only feels like it's 50 Shades of Grey.)
‘Today, 164 years after Marx and Engels wrote about giave-digget, the truth is
almost the exact opposite. The proletariat, far from burying capitalism, are
keepingit on life support. Overworked, underpaid workers ostensibly liberated by
the largest socialist revolution in history (China's) are driven to the brink of
‘suicide to keep those in the west playing with their iPads. Chinese money
bbankrolls an otherwise bankrupt America
‘The irony is scarcely wasted on leading Marxist thinkers. "The domination of
capitalism globally depends today on the existence of a Chinese Communist party
that gives de-localised capitalist enterprises cheap labour to lower prices and
deprive workers of the rights of self-organisation,” says Jacques Ranciére, the
French marxist thinker and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris VII.
"Happily, itis possible to hope for a world less absurd and more just than today's’
‘That hope, perhaps, explains another improbable truth of our economically
catastrophic times - the revival in interest in Marx and Marxist thought. Sales of
‘Das Kapital, Marx's masterpiece of political economy, have soared ever since
2008, as have those of The Communist Manifesto and the Grundrisse (or, to give it
its English title, Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy). Their sales rose as
British workers bailed out the banks to keep the degraded system going and the
snouts of the rich firmly in their troughs while the rest of us struggle in debt, job
insecurity or worse. There's even a Chinese theatre director called He Nian who
capitalised on Das Kapital's renaissance to create an all-singing, all-dancing
musical.
And in perhaps the most lovely reversal asverisement
of the luxuriantly bearded
revolutionary theorist's fortunes, Karl
i (5)
Marx was recently chosen from alist of Guardian
10 contenders to appear on a new issue Weekly
of MasterCard by customers of German
bank Sparkasse in Chemnitz. In
‘communist East Germany from 1953 to A
1990, Chemnitz was known as Karl
Marx stadt. Clearly, more than two
decades after the fall ofthe Berlin Wall,
the former East Germany hasn't
airbrushed its Marxist past. In 2008,
Reuters reports, a survey of east Germans found 52% believed the free-market
economy was "unsuitable" and 43% said they wanted socialism back. Karl Marx
may be dead and buried in Highgate cemetery, but he's alive and well among
credit-hungry Germans. Would Marx have appreciated the irony of his image
being deployed om a card to get Germans deeper in debt? You'd think.
Later this week in London, several thousand people will attend Marxism 2012, a
five-day festival organised by the Socialist Workers’ Party. It's an annual event,
but what strikes organiser Joseph Choonara is how, in recent years, many more of
its attendees are young. "The revival of interest in Marxism, especially for young
people comes because it provides tools for analysing capitalism, and especially
capitalist crises such as the one we're in now," Choonara says.
‘There has been a glut of books trumpeting Marxism's relevance. English literature
professor Terry Eagleton last year published a book called Why Marx Was Right.
French Maoist philosopher Alain Badiou published a little red book called The
‘Communist Hypothesis with a red star on the cover (very Mao, very now) in
‘which he rallied the faithful to usher in the third era of the communist idea (the
previous two having gone from the establishment of the French Republic in 1792
to the massacre of the Paris communards in 1871, and from 1917 to the collapse
of Mao's Cultural Revolution in 1976). Isn't this all a delusion?
Aren't Marx's venerable ideas as useful to us as the hand loom would be to
shoring up Apple's reputation for innovation? Isn't the dream of socialist
revolution and communist society an irrelevance in 2012? After al, [suggest to
Ranciére, the bourgeoisie has failed to produce its own gravediggers. Ranciére
refuses to be downbeat: “The bourgeoisie has learned to make the exploited pay
forits crisis and to use them to disarm its adversaries. But we must nat reverse
the idea of historical necessity and conclude that the current situation is eternal.
‘The gravediggers are still here, in the form of workers in precarious conditions
like the over-exploited workers of factories in the far east. And today's popular
movements - Greece or elsewhere - also indicate that there's a new will not to let
‘our governments and our bankers inflict their crisis on the people."
Protestors a the Conservative conference st yea Potgtph KeystneUSAZUMA Rox Festus
‘That, at least, is the perspective of a seventysomething Marxist professor. What
‘about younger people of a Marxist temper? Lask Jaswinder Blackwell-Pal, a 22,
year-old English and drama student at Goldsmiths College, London, who has just
finished her BA course in English and Drama, why she considers Marxist thought
still relevant. "The point is that younger people weren't around when Thatcher
was in power or when Marxism was associated with the Soviet Union,” she says.
"We tend to see it more asa way of understanding what we're going through now.
‘Think of what's happening in Egypt. When Mubarak fell it was so inspiring. It
broke so many stereotypes - democracy wasn't supposed to be something that
people would fight for in the Muslim world. It vindicates revolution asa process,
not as.an event. So there was a revolution in Egypt, and a counter-revolution and
‘a counter-counter revolution. What we leamed from it was the importance of
organisation”
‘This, surely is the key to understanding Marxism’s renaissance in the west: for
‘younger people, itis untainted by association with Stalinist gulags. For younger
people too, Francis Fukuyama’s triumphalism in his 1992 book The End of
History - in which capitalism seemed incontrovertible, its overthrow impossible
to imagine - exercises less of a choke-hold on their imaginations than it does on
those of their elders.
Blackwell-Pal will be speaking Thursday on Che Guevara and the Cuban,
revolution at the Marxism festival. "It's going to be the first time T'l have spoken
‘on Marxism,” she says nervously. But what's the point thinking about Guevara
and Castro in this day and age? Surely violent socialist revolution is irrelevant to
‘workers’ struggles today? "Not at ll!” she replies. "What's happening in Britain is
‘quite interesting, We have a very, very weak government mired in in-fighting. 1
think if we can really organise we can oust them.’ Could Britain have its Tahit
‘Square, its equivalent to Castro's 26th of July Movement? Leta young woman
ream, After last year's riots and today with most of Britain alienated from the
rich men in its government's cabinet, only a fool would rule it out.
Fora different perspective I catch up with Owen Jones, 27-year-old poster boy of
the new left and author of the bestselling politics book of 2011, Chavs: the
‘Demonisation of the Working Class. He's on the train to Brighton to address the
Unite conference. "There isn’t going to be a bloody revolution in Britain, but there
is hope for a society by working people and for working people” he counsels.
Indeed, he says, in the 1860s the later Marx imagined such a post-capitalist
society as being won by means other than violent revolution. "He did look at
expanding the suffrage and other peaceful means of achieving socialist society.
‘Today not even the Trotskyist left call for armed revolution. The radical left
‘would say that the break with capitalism could only be achieved by democracy
and organisation of working people to establish and hold on to that just society
against forces that would destroy it”
Jones recalls that his father, a Militant supporter in the 1970s, held to the entryist,
idea of ensuring the election of a Labour government and then organising,
‘working people to make sure that government delivered. "I think that’s the
model,” he says. How very un-New Labour. That said, after we talk, Jones texts
‘me to make it clear he’s not a Militant supporter or Trotskyist. Rather, he wants a
Labour government in power that will pursue a radical political programme. He
hhas in mind the words of Labour's February 1974 election manifesto which
expressed the intention to "Bring about a fundamental and irreversible shift in the
balance of power and wealth in favour of working people and their families". Let a
‘young man dream.
What's striking about Jones's literary success is that it's premised on the revival of
interest in class politics, that foundation stone of Marx and Engels's analysis of
industrial society. “If had written it four years earlier it would have been
dismissed as a 1960s concept of lass” says Jones. “But lass is back in our reality
because the economic crisis affects people in different ways and because the
Coalition mantra that ‘We're all in this together is offensive and ludicrous. It's
impossible to argue now as was argued in the 1990s that we're all middle class.
‘This government's reforms are class-based. VAT rises affect working people
‘isproportionately, for instance.
“isan open class war," he says. "Working-class people are going to be worse off in
2016 than they were at the start of the century. But you're accused of being a class
‘warrior if you stand up for 30% of the population who suffers this way.”
This chimes with something Ranciére told me. The professor argued that “one
thing about Marxist thought that remains solid is lass struggle. The
disappearance of our factories, that's to say de-industrialisation of our countries,
and the outsourcing of industrial work to the countries where labour is less
expensive and more docile, what elses this other than an actin the class struggle
by the ruling bourgeoisie?”
‘There's another reason why Marxism has something to teach us as we struggle
through economic depression, other than its analysis of class struggle. It isin its
analysis of economic crisis. In his formidable new tome Less Than Nothing: Hegel
and the Shadow of Dialectical Materialism, Slavoj ZiZek tries to apply Marxist
thought on economic crises to what we're enduring right now. Zizek considers the
fundamental class antagonism to be between “use value" and "exchange value
‘What's the difference between the two? Each commodity has ause value, he
explains, measured by its usefulness in satisfying needs and wants. The exchange
value of a commodity, by contrast, is traditionally measured by the amount of
labour that goes into making i. Under current capitalism, Ziiek argues, exchange
‘value becomes autonomous. “It is transformed into a spectre of self propelling
capital which uses the productive capacities and needs of actual people only as its
temporary disposable embodiment. Marx derived his notion of economic crisis,
from this very gape a crisis occurs when reality catches up with the illusory self
generating mirage of money begetting more money - this speculative madness
‘cannot go on indefinitely, it has to explode in even more serious crises. The
ultimate root of the crisis For Mars isthe gap between use and exchange value:
the logic of exchange-value follows its own path, its own made dance, irrespective
‘of the real needs of real people.”
Insuch uneasy times, who better to read than the greatest catastrophist theoriser
of human history, Karl Marx? And yet the renaissance of interest in Marxism has
been pigeonholed as an apologia for Stalinist totalitarianism. In a recent blog on.
“the new communism’ for the journal World Affairs, Alan Johnson, professor of
democratic theory and practice at Edge Hill University in Lancashire, wrote: "A
‘worldview recently the source of immense suffering and misery, and responsible
for more deaths than fascism and Nazism, is mounting a comeback; a new form of
leftwing totalitarianism that enjoys intellectual celebrity but aspires to political
power.
“The New Communism matters not because of its intellectual merits but because
it may yet influence layers of young Europeans in the context of an exhausted
social democracy, austerity and a self-loathing intellectual culture,’ wrote
Johnson, "Tempting as tis, we can't afford to just shake our heads and pass on
bys
‘That's the fear: that these nasty old left farts such as Zizek, Badiou, Ranciére and
Eagleton will corrupt the minds of innocent youth. But does reading Marx and.
Engels's critique of capitalism mean that you thereby take on a worldview
responsible for more deaths than the Nazis? Surely there is no straight line from
‘The Communist Manifesto to the gulags, and no reason why young lefties need
uncritically to adopt Badiou at his most chilling. In his introduction to anew
edition of The Communist Manifesto, Professor Eric Hobsbawm suggests that
Marx was right to argue that the "contradictions of a market system based on no
‘other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous ‘cash.
payment; a system of exploitation and of ‘endless accumulation’ can never be
‘overcome: that at some point ina series of transformations and restructurings the
development of this essentially destabilising system will lead toa state of affairs
that can no longer be described as capitalism".
‘That is post-capitalist society as dreamed of by Marxists. But what would it be
like? "It is extremely unlikely that such a 'post-capitalist society’ would respond.
to the traditional models of socialism and still less to the ‘really existing’
socialisms of the Soviet ea,” argues Hobsbawm, adding that it will, however,
necessarily involve a shift from private appropriation to social management ona
global scale. "What forms it might take and how far it would embody the
‘humanist values of Marx's and Engels's communism, would depend on the
political action through which this change came about.”
‘This is surely Marxism at its most liberating, suggesting that our futures depend
‘on us and our readiness for struggle. Or as Marx and Engels put it at the end of
‘The Communist Manifesto: "Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist
revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains, They havea
‘world to win.”
‘Marxism 2012, University College and Friends Meeting House, London, 5-9 July.
Further information: marxismfestival org.uk
ee Ry cds)
ay Ag $e
Coon
Pet
Cetra ty
SONY NE)
“ Paradise Papers eake
reveals secrets of the
‘world elites hidden
wealth
‘Atleast20 killed in
shooting at Baptist
church in Sutherland,
Springs, Texas
‘Texas church shooting:
atleast 26 confirmed
dead -latest updates
Revealed: justin
‘Trudeau’ dose adviser
helped move huge sums
offshore
Russia funded Facebook
and Twitter investments
‘through Kushner
associate
PREZAO
ee Oe
Advertieement
(CVUEICelelaT
iW erelid hig
=
Advertisement
PREZAO
ILIMITADO
ng 4.