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following :-
1. Topography :- mainly consist of plains and few mountains act as barrier against flood,
2. River system :-Majority of River or tributaries are originating from Nepal or Tibet with many
tributaries meeting the main river channel causing huge flow of water in Rains . example :- Kosi is
Known as Saptkosi due to its major seven tributaries which met together to form Kosi.
3. Deforestation: Deforestation of catchment area causes silts and decrease the carrying capacity of
river causing overflow to surrounding areas
4. Dams :- when intake of water from rain increased then need to open gates which cause overflow
in down river. Besides Dam also causes river to meander and take new path (Example Farraka
barrage )
5. Embankments :- Recent report titled 'Kosi Deluge: The Worst is Still to Come', emphasized that
embankments straitjacket the river. for example - In Kosi due to siltation the river bed was several
feet higher than the adjoining land. The high and low lands separated by embankments have created
a situation where the low lands have become permanently waterlogged (16% Land of North Bihar
permanently waterlogged )
1.Improvement Detention Basins called chaurs (depressions ) which absorb a considerable amount
of water of the first flood of the season.
2.Embankments: there are few gaps in these embankments of rivers which reduce its effectiveness.
The maintenance and repair of these embankments must be done regularly .
3.Afforestation
4.Dams construction after adequate scientific analysis of cost- benefit
A holistic long and short term approach will reduce propensity and severity of flood paving way for
saving lives and property and ensuring safer future in these states.