[Reservoir System]

Water Influx From Aquifer

CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

Introduction to Water
Influx

Classification of Water
Influx

Water Influx Models

1
 Introduction To Water Influx

Nearly all hydrocarbon reservoirs are surrounded by

water-bearing rocks called aquifers.
Aquifers larger than reservoirs (oil or gas), is small in
size the effect is negligible.
Aquifer supports the pressure of reservoir due to
water influx from the aquifer.
Water influx occurs as the reservoir pressure decline
during production.
Pressure support depends on : size of aquifer, shape
of aquifer, and the permeability of the aquifer.

2
CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

Introduction to Water
Influx
Degree of Pressure
Classification of Water Maintenance
Influx
Outer Boundary
Condition
Water Influx Models
Flow Regimes

Flow Geometries

3
Degree of Pressure Maintenance

Active Water Drive

Rate of Water Influx = reservoir total
production rate
= + +

Partial Water drive

Limited Water Drive

4
Outer Boundary Condition

Infinite System
The effect of the pressure changes at the
aquifer can never be felt at the outer
boundary. This boundary is for all intents and
purposes at a constant pressure equal to initial
reservoir pressure.

Finite System
The aquifer outer limit is affected by the influx
into the oil zone and that the pressure at this
outer limit changes with time

5
FLOW REGIMES

Steady State

Semisteady/Pseudosteady State

Unsteady State

6
FLOW GEOMETRIES

Edge Water Drive

Bottom Water Drive

Linear Water Drive

7
CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

Introduction to Water Pot Aquifer Model

Influx
Material Balance
Classification of Water Model
Influx
Steady State Model
Water Influx Models
Unsteady State
Model

Pseudosteady
State Model
8
Pot Aquifer Model

Simplest model that based on basic definition

of compressibility.
A drop in the reservoir pressure, due to the
production of fluids, causes the aquifer water
to expand and flow into reservoir.
The compressibility is defined mathematically
as :
=
Applying to the aquifer gives :
= + ( )

9
Pot Aquifer Model (Contd)

Radial Aquifer Geometries

10
Pot Aquifer Model (contd)

Assuming aquifer shape is radial, then :

2 2
=
5.615
The reservoir is not circular in nature, so need
modification that is to include the fractional
enroachment angle f, and give:
= + ( )
Where :

=
=
360 360

11
MATERIAL BALANCE MODEL

Assumption :
a. Aquifer respons instantaneous to pressure changing
at reservoir
b. Time independent

Using Havlena Odeh method to simplify the calculation

Procedures :
a. Determine the reservoir condition
b. Using Least Square Method (Regression)
c. Determine the We based on the graph

12
STEADY STATE MODEL

Schiltuiss Model
Steady
State Model
Hursts Modified
Model

13
Schiltuiss Model

Rate of Water Influx is proportional to

Pressure drop
dWe
( pi p )
dt

Pi is assumed constant
dWe
k ' ( pi p )
dt
*k is a water influx constant
t
We k ' ( pi p )dt
0

14
Schiltuiss Model (contd)

Calculate K from Darcy and Superposition

Darcy : dWe 2kh( pe po )
q
)
dt re 360
Bw ln( r
o

If 0.00708kh
k' STB / day / psi
Bw ln( r ) 360
re
o

In this case, its similar to productivity index

definition to describe well performance :
t t
We k ' ( pe po )dt k ' pt , STB
0 t 0

15
Hursts Modified Model

In Schiltuiss Model, the problem is that the as

the water drained from aquifer, the aquifer
drainage radius ra will increase as the time
increases.
Hurst (1943) proposed that apparent aquifer
radius ra would increase with time.
Therefore, the dimensionless radius may be
replaced with a time dependent function, as :
=
0.00708 ( )
= =
ln()
16
Hursts Modified Model (contd)

Simplified form:
( )
= =
ln()
In terms of We

= 0 ln()
or = ln()
a and C are two unknowns contant, must
determined from reservoir-aquifer pressure and
water influx historical data. To determine is
based on simplified form as a linear relationship.
1 1 1
= ln() or = ln + ln

17
Hursts Modified Model (contd)

Ln (t)

(Pi P)/ew

Graphical determination of C and a

18
 Unsteady
State Model

Van Everdingen-
Hursts Model
Edge Water Carter-Tracys
Drive Model
Bottom Water
Drive

19
Van Everdingen-Hurst Model

Edge Water Drive

Van Everdingen and Hurst assumed that the
aquifer is characterized by :
Uniform thickness
Constant permeability
Uniform porosity
Constant rock compressibility
Constant water compressibility

Using the dimensionless diffusivity equation

for radial system to determine water influx
2pD 1 pD pD

rD 2 rD rD t D
20
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (contd)

Constant Terminal Pressure Condition ra

Initial conditions : Water

influx
p = pi for values of radius r
rR
Reservoir

Outer boundary conditions : Aquifer

For an infinite aquifer
p = pi at r =

For a bounded aquifer

=0 at r = ra

21
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (contd)

the dimensionless diffusivity equation

2pD 1 pD pD

rD 2 r r t D
D D
0.0002637 k t r pi p
tD rD pD
C t rR 2 rR pi p wf

q
Solution : qD ( t D )
2 k h p
tD
dt t ct rR 2
qD ( t D ) dt D q dt (
W eD Dt ) We
0 dt D 2 k h p 0 k 2 k h p

22
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (contd)

The Water influx is then given by : re

We BpWeD rR
Water

with
influx

Reservoir

B= 1.119 ct re2 h f
Aquifer

B = water influx constant, bbl/psi

WeD = dimensionless water influx
We = cumulative water influx, bbl
p = pressure drop at the boundary, psi

=
360
23
 Van Everdingen-Hursts Model (Contd)
Solution WeD in tabulated and
graphical forms
 Van Everdingen-hurst Model (contd)
Since pressure drop are assumed to occur at different times
To determine total water influx is using Principle of
superposition

p1 = p0 - 0.5 (p0 + p1) = 0.5 (p0 p1)

p2 = 0.5 (p0 + p1) - 0.5 (p1 + p2) = 0.5 (p0 p2)
p3 = 0.5 (p1 + p2) - 0.5 ( p2 + p3) = 0.5 (p1 p3)
24
 Van Everdingen-hurst Model (contd)

n1
B p j Q( t Dn t Dj )
j0

n 1 kt

We B p j Q A( t n t j ) tD
c t rR2
At
j0

0.006327 k 0.0002637 k
A A
c t rR2 c t rR2

25
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (contd)
Bottom Water Drive
Van Everdingen-Hurst is not adequate to describe the
vertical water encroachment in bottom-water-drive system
Coats(1962) modified the diffusivity equation to account
for the vertical flow by including an additional term in the
equation
2p 1 p 2p Ct p
Fk WOC
2 r r 2 0.0002637 k t
r z Oil

Fk = kv Oil
kh Water Water

Kv = vertical permeability
Kh = horizontal permeability Bottom water drive radial flow

Fk = ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability

26
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (contd)

Allard and Chen (1988) introduced a newly dimensionless

variable ZD (dimensionless vertical distance)

= Where, h = aquifer thickness, ft
1/2
Allard and chen tabulated the values of WeD as a function of
rD, tD and ZD

27
 Van Everdingen-Hursts Model (Contd)
Solution WeD in tabulated forms
The Water influx is
then given by :
We BpWeD

with
B= 1.119 ct re2 h f
Carter-Tracys Model

To reduce the complexity of water influx

calculations, Carter-Tracy (1960) proposed a
calculation technique that does not require
superposition and allows direct calculation of
water influx.
Assumptions :
Constant terminal rate case
Finite and infinite aquifer
Radial flow

29
Carter-Tracys Model (contd)

rate

q1

q2

q3

q0
t0 t1 t2 t3 time
Constant Rate Graph for Carter-Tracy
30
 Carter-Tracys Model (contd)

For constant rate

Dimenesionless water influx
= , then =
0.00633 2
= or t =
2 0.00633
2
= =
0.00633
2
If = , then =
0.00633
For describing constant rate graph, so :
= 0 1 0 + 1 2 1 +2 3 2
31
 Carter-Tracys Model (contd)

To simplified :
1

= +1 +
=0
Or
1 1

= +1 + + +1 +
=0 =

= + +1 +
=
32
Carter-Tracys Model (contd)

Assumed that the characteristics of the pressure-

influx response in the first part is unknown.
The value of accumulatife water influx from i to j
have to be calculate.
If i = j -1

= 1 + 1 1
Written in the form of integral convolution

1 = () 1
0
is the dummy variable of integration
33
 Carter-Tracys Model (contd)

Combine the two previous equations, using Laplace

Transform, Carter-Tracy got :

= +

B = the Van Everdingen-Hurst water influx constant

Pn = Pi Pn

34
 Carter-Tracys Model (contd)

Determine the PD
For infinite acting aquifer, Edwardson et al
370.529 + 137.582 + 5.69549 1.5
=
328.834 + 265.488 + 1.5

=

Where
= 716.441 + 46.7984 0.5 + 270.038
+ 71.0098 1.5
= 1296.86 0.5 + 1204.73 + 618.618 1.5
+ 538.072 2 + 142.41 2.5
35
Carter-Tracys Model (contd)

Approximation for tD >100 :

= 0.5 + 0.80907
= 1 2

36
PSEUDOSTEADY STATE MODEL

Fetkovichs Model
Fetkovich (1971) develop a method of describing the
approximate water influx behaviour of a finite aquifer
for radial and linear geometries.
This method does not require the use of
superposition.
Based on the premise that the productivity index
concept will adequately describe water influx from a
finite aquifer into a hydrocarbon reservoir.
This method neglects the effect of any transient
priod
37
Fetkocivhs Model (contd)

Finite aquifer but big enough (re > 3xrR)

re

Water
influx
rR

Reservoir

Aquifer
Finite aquifer but
big enaough re > 3
x rR

38
Fetkocivhs Model (contd)

Two simple equation:

Inflow equation

= = and

Material balanace based on compressibility
=
The max possible water influx if Pa = 0 :
=
Combining equation

= 1 = 1

39
Fetkocivhs Model (contd)

Differentiating the previous equation respect

to time, and the result :

=

Subtituting the above equation to inflow
equation

=


=

40
 Fetkocivhs Model (contd)

t = 0 We = 0 ; = at =

= +

C is evaluated in intial condition as = 1 =
=
Subtituting inflow equation

=


= 1

41
Fetkocivhs Model (contd)

General equation of Fetkovich for the nth time

period:

Where :

42