KS 1876-2-2010 Overhead Power Lines For Kenya - Safety PDF

KENYA STANDARD KS 1876-2:2010
ICS 29.260.20
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Electrical power transmission and
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distribution Overhead power lines for
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conditions prevailing in Kenya Part 2:
Safety
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BALLOT DRAFT, MAY 2010

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KEBS 2010 First Edition 2010

KS 1876-2:2010
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TECHNICAL COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION
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The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee:
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Nairobi City Council, City Engineers Department.
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
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Kenya Polytechnic
Kenya Power & Lighting Company
Fluid & Power Systems Ltd
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Ministry of Public Works and Housing
Ministry of Energy
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Kenafric Industries Ltd
Power Technics Ltd
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Rural Electrification Authority
The Energy Regulatory Commission
Consumer Information Network
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Kenya Association of Manufacturers
Institute of Engineers of Kenya
Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd
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ABB LTD
Switchgear & Controls Ltd
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Power Controls Ltd
Communications Communication of Kenya
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Instrument Ltd
Kenya Pipeline Company Ltd
Telkom Kenya Ltd
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Meteorological Department
Kenya Bureau of Standards Secretariat
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REVISION OF KENYA STANDARDS

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In order to keep abreast of progress in industry, Kenya standards shall be regularly reviewed. Suggestions
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for improvement to published standards, addressed to the Managing Director, Kenya Bureau of Standards,
are welcome.
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Kenya Bureau of Standards, 2010

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Copyright. Users are reminded that by virtue of Section 25 of the Copyright Act, Cap. 12 of 2001 of the Laws of Kenya, copyright
subsists in all Kenya Standards and except as provided under Section 26 of this Act, no Kenya Standard produced by Kenya Bureau of
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Standards may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing
from the Managing Director.
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ii KEBS 2010 All rights reserved

ICS 29.260.20
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Electrical power transmission and
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distribution Overhead power lines for
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conditions prevailing in Kenya Part 2:
Safety
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KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS (KEBS)

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Head Office: P.O. Box 54974, Nairobi-00200, Tel.: (+254 020) 605490, 69028000, 602350, Mobile: 0722202137/8, 0734600471/2;
Fax: (+254 020) 604031
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E-Mail: info@kebs.org, Web:http://www.kebs.org
KEBS Coast Region KEBS Lake Region KEBS North Rift Region
P.O. Box 99376, Mombasa 80100 P.O. Box 2949, Kisumu 40100 P.O. Box 2138, Nakuru 20100
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Tel: (+254 041) 229563, 230939/40 Tel: (+254 057) 23549,22396 Tel: (+254 051) 210553, 210555
Fax: (+254 041) 229448 Fax: (+254 057) 21814
E-mail: kebs-msa@swiftmombasa.com E-mail: kebs-ksm@swiftkisumu.com
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KEBS 2010 All rights reserved iii

KS 1876-2:2010
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FOREWORD
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This Kenya standard was prepared by the Switchgear and Distribution Equipment in accordance with the
procedures of the Bureau and is in compliance with Annex 3 of the WTO/TB Agreement.
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This part of this Kenya Standard has been prepared to enable competent persons to design safe and cost-
effective overhead power lines by indicating the current technology and practices related to Kenyan
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conditions. This standard identifies the parameters to be considered in relation to safety and indicates
internationally accepted references by which the values of these parameters can be determined.
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In the development of this standard, SANS 10280-1:2008, Overhead power lines for conditions prevailing in
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South Africa Part 1: Safety, was extensively consulted. Assistance derived from this source is hereby
acknowledged.
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Normative and informative annexes
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A 'normative' annex is an integral part of a standard, whereas an 'informative' annex is only for information
and guidance.
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Summary of development
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This Kenya Standard, Amendments issued since publication
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having been prepared
by the Switchgear and Amd. No. Date Text affected
Distribution
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Equipment Technical
Committee was first
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approved by the
National Standards
Council in June 2010
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iv KEBS 2010 All rights reserved

KS 1876-2:2010
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Contents
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1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 1
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2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
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3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations .................................................................................................... 1
3.1 Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................... 1
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3.2 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ 2
4 Determination of mechanical loads ...................................................................................................... 2
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4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 2
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4.2 Simplified method ................................................................................................................................. 2
4.3 Detailed method.................................................................................................................................... 6
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4.4 Design loads of temporary structures for emergencies ...................................................................... 13
5 Aviation considerations Application to the aviation authority (see foreword) ................................ 14
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6 Waterway considerations Application to the relevant authority ..................................................... 14
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7 Conductor current rating (ampacity) ................................................................................................... 15
8 Clearances .......................................................................................................................................... 15
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8.1 Vertical clearance to ground and structures ....................................................................................... 15
8.2 Horizontal clearances ......................................................................................................................... 15
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9 Crossings ............................................................................................................................................ 16
9.1 Crossings over roads, railways, tramways and telecommunication lines .......................................... 16
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9.2 Crossings between power lines .......................................................................................................... 16

9.3 Crossings over water .......................................................................................................................... 16
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9.4 Crossings of service connections ....................................................................................................... 17

10 Step and touch potentials around earthing of power line towers and poles ....................................... 17
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11 Warning signs ..................................................................................................................................... 17

Annex A (informative) Ice load incidents on overhead lines recorded in Kenya ............................................ 18
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Annex B (normative) Aircraft warning devices................................................................................................ 19

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Annex C (normative) Clearances required for power lines that cross services.............................................. 21
Annex D (normative) Directives on power lines and telecommunication circuits ........................................... 22
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KEBS 2010 All rights reserved v

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Electrical power transmission and distribution Overhead power lines
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for conditions prevailing in Kenya Part 2: Safety
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1 Scope
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This part of KS 1876 specifies the mechanical and electrical safety requirements of overhead power lines
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including requirements for supports, the conductor system, clearances and crossings.
2 Normative references
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The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
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document (including any amendments) applies.
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2.1 Standards
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IEC 60826:2003, Design criteria of overhead transmission lines
ITU-T K.53, Values of induced voltages on telecommunication installations to establish telecom and a.c.
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power and railway operators responsibilities
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KS 516, Wood poles for power and telecommunications lines Specification
KS 1605, Specification for hardwood poles, droppers, laths, guardrail post and spacer blocks
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IEC 61466-1, Composite string insulator units for overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1000 V
Part 1: Standard strength classes and end fittings
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2.2 Other publications

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Cigr Working Group B2.12. Cigr Brochure 299. Guide for selection of weather parameters for bare
overhead conductor ratings. 2006. Available from <ELT_144_3 on http://www.e-cigre.org>.
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Cigr Working Group SC 22.12. Probabilistic determination of conductor current ratings. EIectra No. 164,
February 1996, pp. 103-119. Available from <ELT_144_3 on http://www.e-cigre.org>.
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Cigr Working Group SC 22.12. The thermal behaviour of overhead conductors Section 1 and 2:
Mathematical model for evaluation of conductor temperature in the steady state and the application thereof.
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Electra No. 144, October 1992, pp. 107-125. Available from <ELT_144_3 on http://www.e-cigre.org>.
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3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations

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For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions and abbreviations apply.
3.1 Terms and definitions

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acceptable
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acceptable to the customer
conductor current rating

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ampacity
current which will meet the design, security and safety criteria of a particular line on which the conductor is
used
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KEBS 2010 All rights reserved 1

KS 1876-2:2010
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high public exposure area
area that the public frequent on a daily basis
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proven method
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method that has been in practice for at least ten years without any known failure, or a method that uses
internationally accepted calculation methods, or a method of testing that has been proven by acceptable
testing authorities
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3.2 Abbreviations
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ASL: at sea level
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BIL: basic insulation level
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RSL: residual static load
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UTS: ultimate tensile strength
4 Determination of mechanical loads
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4.1 General
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Loads on the supports of lines of operating voltages 132 kV and lower may be determined by using either
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the simplified method in 4.2 or the detailed method in 4.3. For lines of operating voltage exceeding 132 kV,
the detailed method shall be used.
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NOTE In the absence of detailed design data, the simplified method should be used. Users are cautioned not to use parts of the
detailed method or parts of the simplified method. Only a single method should be chosen and followed.
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4.2 Simplified method
4.2.1 General
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The simplified method incorporates experience of the successful history of the design, construction and
operation of the overhead lines that were based on the previous edition of this document, into the design
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criteria based on the "limit state" concept (see 4.2.4).

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The previous approach, where the loads were compared to the component strength reduced by the factor of
safety, has been replaced by the design approach, which uses a load and resistance format, which
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separates the effects of component strengths and their variability from the effects of external/loads and their
uncertainty.
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Design criteria based on simplified calculation of the wind loads were calibrated with the weather data
obtained from a statistical analysis for a 50 year return period.
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4.2.2 Equation
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The following general limit state equation is used in the simplified method:
Rn Wn + Yx Gx + Yx X
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where
is the appropriate strength factor, as given in Table 1, which takes into account variability of material,
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workmanship, etc.;
Rn is the nominal strength of the component, in newtons;

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Wn is the wind load relevant to each load condition, in newtons;

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Yx is the load factor that takes into account parameters such as variability of loads, importance of
structure and safety implications;
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KS 1876-2:2010
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Gx is the vertical dead load, in newtons;
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X is the applied load relevant to each load condition, in newtons (for example tension and additional
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weight).
4.2.3 Strength factors for different material types
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The strength factors shall be applied to various material types in accordance with Table 1.
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4.2.4 Limit states
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Load cases considered in the design of overhead lines are grouped into ultimate limit state and serviceability
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limit state cases.
Ultimate limit state cases are those associated with load cases that lead to collapse, or with other similar
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forms of structural failure due to excessive deformation, loss of stability, overturning, rupture, buckling, etc.
The load cases associated with these states are concerned with the safety of the public as well as the
reliability of supports, foundations, conductors and hardware.
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Serviceability limit state cases are associated with load cases that will be sustained in a satisfactory manner
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by the structure and power line components without permanent deformation or damage. These load cases
include vibration limits, support deflections and electrical clearances.
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Table 1 Strength factors to be applied
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1 2 3 4
Strength factor
Component Limit state Strength verified by full-scale Strength not verified by full-
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testing scale testing

Steel lattice structures and cross-arms Strength 1.0 0.8
Fabricated tubular steel poles and members Strength 1.0 0.8
Reinforced or pre-stressed concrete structures
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Strength 1.0 0.9

and members
Wood structures, poles or members (that Strength 0.7 or less (modulus of rupture)
comply with KS 516 and KS 1605) Serviceability 0.3 (modulus of rupture)
Line fittings, forged or fabricated Strength 0.8
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Line fittings, cast Strength 0.7

Porcelain or glass insulators Strength 0.8
Synthetic composite suspension or strain 0.5 (one minute mechanical
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Strength
insulators strength)
0.9 (maximum design cantilever
Synthetic composite line post insulators Strength
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load)
Foundations (for soil nominations in the field) Strength 0.7 0.7
Conductors Strength 0.7
Stay (cable) members Strength 0.7
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4.2.5 Loads
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The calculated loads on a structure or on a component include conductor-imposed loads and the loads
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directly imposed on the structure or component. Conductor-imposed loads include conductor tensions, self-
weight, wind loads, ice loads and forces due to line deviations. The loads directly imposed on a structure or a
component include wind loads, ice loads, self-weight, construction loads and maintenance loads.
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The relevant loads that occur simultaneously are combined in accordance with the design situation
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considered and given in 4.2.6 as load cases.
4.2.6 Load cases Ultimate limit state

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4.2.6.1 Wind loads

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The structural components of an overhead line shall be designed for the joint effect of the following load
combination:
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Rn Wn + 1.1GS + 1.1GC + 1.5TC

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KS 1876-2:2010
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where
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is the appropriate strength factor, given in Table 1, which takes into account variability of material,
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workmanship, etc.;
Rn is the nominal strength of the components; in newtons;
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Wn is the wind load, based on the wind pressure in Table 2, in pascals;
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GS is the vertical dead load that results from the structure, in newtons;
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GC is the vertical dead load that results from the conductors and insulators, in newtons;
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TC is the conductor tension load produced by a healthy conductor subjected to a wind pressure of 880
Pa at a temperature of 15 C, final condition, in n ewtons.
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Table 2 Wind pressure
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1 2
Wind
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Structure or component pressure
Pa
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Conductor and cylindrical objects (poles, insulators, etc.) 880
Supports of objects of rectangular cross-section 1900
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Lattice towers of rectangular cross-section (projected
2850
area onwindward face(s) of the tower)
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The wind direction shall be taken as being horizontal and acting perpendicularly to the surface exposed to
the wind. In the case of asymmetrical structures, wind that acts from opposite directions shall be evaluated
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and the case that results in the worst load shall be considered.
If the prevailing wind direction is not perpendicular to the surface being considered, the wind loads Wn given
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in Table 2 shall be multiplied by cos where is the angle between the wind direction and the bisector of
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the line structure (see Figure 1).

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Wind that acts at an angle of 45 to the cross-arm axis (bisector) of the line structure shall be considered for
all types of towers and poles.
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4.2.6.2 Ice loads

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Ice and snow accumulation on conductors and structures is not often experienced in Kenya; these conditions
are associated with the high altitude areas of the country.
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Designers shall be aware of these areas (see Figure 2) and investigate unbalanced loads produced by ice
that forms on conductors owing to local terrain topography (line sections with large adjacent span ratios in
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hilly terrains).
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KS 1876-2:2010
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Figure 1 Angle between wind direction and cross-arm axis (bisector) of the line structure
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4.2.6.3 Construction and maintenance loads
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The structural components of an overhead line shall be designed for the joint effect of the following load
combination:
Rn 1.1GS + 1.5GC + 1.5Q + 1.5TH

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where
is the appropriate strength factor, given in Table 1, which takes into account variability of material,
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workmanship, etc.;
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Rn is the nominal strength of the component, in newtons;

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Q is the construction and maintenance loads as described below, in newtons;

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TH is the intact conductor horizontal tension for the specific condition, in newtons.
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A factor of 1.5 applies to construction and maintenance loads that are static and reasonably well defined.
This factor shall be increased to 2 if dynamic loads or loads that are variable or not so well defined are to be
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covered by the design.
In the simplified method the load Q shall be assumed to be a vertically acting force of at least 1.0 kN for the
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cross-arms of intermediate and angle suspension structures and at least 2.0 kN for all other types of
structure. These forces shall act at the axis of the cross-arm at the attachment points of insulator assemblies
or at the attachment points of conductors.
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In the case of step bolts, ladders, and all members that can be climbed and that are inclined at an angle less
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than 30 to the horizontal, a construction load of 1.0 kN shall be taken as acting vertically at a statically
unfavourable position or in the centre of the member.
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Any other aspects that can arise from construction and maintenance practices, which affect the load Q, shall
be identified by the designer and addressed using the detailed method.
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KS 1876-2:2010
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The maximum horizontal tension TH applied in the direction of the conductors shall be calculated for the
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conductors at 15 C in still air in initial conditi ons (before creep).
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4.2.6.4 Exceptional loads (failure containment)
4.2.6.4.1 General
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Dynamic loads on the structure owing to conductor breakage or failure of the adjacent structure are
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unpredictable, and the conductor's residual static load (RSL) shall be used to check structures for
exceptional loads.
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For sub-transmission and distribution lines that use post insulators and relatively flexible structures, it is not
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necessary to specifically design intermediate (suspension) structures for the RSL load or broken conductor
conditions. For more important lines, or where there is a concern that a cascading failure situation could
develop, the designer shall consider using the detailed method for intermediate structures.
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In-line (section) strain, angle strain and terminal structures shall be checked for unbalanced load to provide
rigid points in an overhead line.
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In the simplified method, the design loads shall be based on still air conditions with the joint effect of the
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following load combination:
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R n 1.1G S + 1.1G C + 1.5TH + 1.5TB
where
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is the appropriate strength factor, given in table 1, which takes into account variability of material,
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workmanship, etc.;
Rn is the nominal strength of the components, in newtons;

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TH is the intact conductor horizontal tension for the specific condition, in newtons;
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TB is the unbalanced conductor tension load that results from abnormal conditions, for example, a
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broken conductor, in newtons.
4.2.6.4.2 Loads due to broken conductors

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At any terminal or angle strain structure, a broken conductor condition introduces a torsional load as a result
of the release of tension in one phase conductor while other healthy conductors are under the tension
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corresponding to the final condition with the conductor at a temperature of -5C without any wind load .
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The above limit shall be tested with various phase conductors or with the earth wires, and the case that gives
rise to the most unfavourable load conditions shall be considered.
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4.2.6.4.3 Longitudinal unbalanced load at angle strain and in-line strain structures
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Angle and in-line strain structures shall be dimensioned to resist a longitudinal unbalanced (cascading) load
created by applying tension corresponding to the final condition (at conductor temperature of -5C, wi thout
any wind load), to all attachment points at the head span, and applying 60 % of this tension to the
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attachment points at the back span.

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4.3 Detailed method
4.3.1 General
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Loads, which incorporate the following, shall be determined:

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KS 1876-2:2010
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a) wind loads;
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b) ice loads;
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c) construction loads; and
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d) failure containment loads.
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Loads shall be determined in accordance with IEC 60826. The requirements specified in 4.3 are intended to
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clarify and detail input requirements stipulated in IEC 60826, and therefore this part of KS 1876 shall be read
in conjunction with that standard.
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Certain deviations and additions to IEC 60826 are reflected in the requirements below, and shall take
precedence over IEC 60826 in the event of a dispute.
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4.3.2 Reliability requirements
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In IEC 60826 the load on supports, modified by a load factor, is used to determine the minimum required
strength of components, which may be modified by a strength factor, as follows:
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YQ T < FR C
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where
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Y is the load factor, based on a minimum reliability level, linked to a return period;
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QT is the calculated load, in newtons;
F is the strength factor, based on failure sequencing and strength coordination between components;
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RC is the characteristic strength of the component.
The reliability levels of lines, selected in accordance with 5.1.1.1 of IEC 60826:2003 are as stipulated in
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Table 3.
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Table 3 Reliability levels

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1 2 3 4
Minimum reliability Return period Load factor for wind
Voltage
level years YTW
for
Up to 132 kV 1 50 1.0
>132 kV to <400 kV 2 150 1.1
400 kV and greater 3 500 1.2
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Where lines form the principle source of supply, the reliability level should be upgraded to the next higher
category.
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NOTE The requirements in 4.3.2 do not apply to the design of temporary structures used for emergencies.
4.3.3 Wind loads

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4.3.3.1 Design of supports

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The design of supports shall take into consideration the wind load cases specified in 4.3.3.2. During the
application of such designs in the field, allowable wind spans may require adjustment due to specific terrain
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conditions in accordance with 4.3.3.2.
4.3.3.2 Wind loads on supports

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Wind loads shall be applied in various directions to the supports in accordance with the wind load cases
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KS 1876-2:2010
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given in Table 4 and Figure 3.
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In each of these wind load cases, wind loads on insulator strings (see 6.2.6.3 of IEC 60826:2003) and wind
loads on supports (see 6.2.6.4 of IEC 60826:2003) shall be combined with wind loads on conductors (see
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6.2.6.1 of IEC 60826:2003).
4.3.3.3 Narrow wind loads on chainette and light guyed structures
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Structures that are not subjected to significant bending through cross-arms (such as chainette towers and
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guyed monopoles), shall be subjected to a narrow wind load case, applied only to the tower at an angle of
45 to the line, while everyday tensions and weight s are considered on the conductors. The basic wind
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speed considered in these cases shall be in accordance with table 6. The consideration paid to the effect of
this wind is to ensure that the structure has a minimum level of rigidity to resist tornado wind loads.
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NOTE The narrow wind load case might not effectively yield a tornado-resistant tower, since failure during such climatic events is
often caused by impact loads from wind-borne objects.
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For general conditions in South Africa, the wind load input parameters in table 5 shall be assumed.
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Table 4 Wind load cases
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1 2 3
Tower type Wind load case Description
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W1 Wind at 0 to bisector
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Suspension tower Narrow wind at 45 to the structure (for chainette and guyed
W4
pole structures)
No
W5 Reverse wind at 180 to bisector (for asymmetric al structures)

W6 Wind at 90 to the left span
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W7 Wind at 90 to the right span

Strain tower W8 Wind at 0 to the left span
W9 Wind at 0 to the right span
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NOTE 1 See figure 3 for an illustration of the wind load cases.

NOTE 2 The wind load cases for strain towers are applied in addition to those for suspension towers.
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Figure 3 Incidence of wind loads

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KS 1876-2:2010
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Table 5 Wind load input parameters
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1 2 3
Parameter Input value IEC 60826 subclause
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Terrain category B (Open country with few obstacles) 6.2.2
Reference (10 min) wind speed 28 m/s 6.2.3
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Combination of wind speed and Only consider high wind speed and
6.2.4
temperature reference temperature of 15 C
Altitude 0 m ASL 6.2.5
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Table 6 Narrow wind loads applied to towers with no direct bending
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1 2
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Basic 10 min wind speed
Tower type
m/s
Suspension chainette 30
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Guyed strain towers, guyed monopoles 40
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4.3.3.4 Terrain-specific modification of wind span
4.3.3.4.1 Wind span reductions
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Allowable wind spans of structures, which were designed in accordance with the wind load cases given
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4.3.3, require adjustment for certain terrain conditions. Calculate the allowable wind span Wa as follows:
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W a = Wd g t
No
where
Wa is the allowable wind span;

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Wd is the design wind span;
g is the wind span reduction factor due to the geographical location (see Table 7);
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t is the wind span reduction factor due to the erection of structures in category A terrain (a large
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stretch of water or upwind or flat coastal areas), or spans that traverse significant ridges, valleys or
escarpments (see Table 8).
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4.3.3.4.2 Reductions due to geographical location

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The ten minute reference wind speeds for specific areas can be adjusted in accordance with Figure 4 and
Table 7.
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Where overhead lines traverse areas with ten minute wind speeds that exceed a 28 m/s wind as indicated in
figure 4, allowable wind spans shall be reduced by the factors given in table 7.
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Table 7 Reduction of allowable wind span for geographical location

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1 2
Ten minute reference wind speed Reduction factor (g)
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m/s
28 1
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32 0.75
35 0.65
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4.3.3.4.3 Reductions due to topographical and terrain influences

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Since failures of overhead lines are also attributed to local terrain influences, the following location-specific
wind span reduction factors are required where lines traverse the following areas:
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KS 1876-2:2010
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a) in the case of wind spans that traverse category A terrain (a large stretch of water, upwind or flat
coastal areas):
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t = 0.86
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b) in the case of wind spans that traverse ridges or escarpments of height exceeding that of the structure
or valley crossings longer than 800 m, t is given in Table 8.
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Table 8 Reduction of allowable wind span for topographical influences
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1 2 3 4 5
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Topography wind span reduction factor
t
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Two-dimensional
Upwind slope e Z/Lu Escarpment Axi-symmetric hill
hill
0.05 0.05 0.87 0.71 0.78
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0.10 0.89 0.76 0.81
0.20 0.91 0.81 0.87
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0.30 0.92 0.86 0.91
0.1 0.05 0.77 0.56 0.63
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0.10 0.80 0.59 0.68
0.20 0.83 0.67 0.77
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0.30 0.86 0.74 0.83
0.2 0.05 0.61 0.35 0.43
0.10 0.64 0.40 0.49
t to
0.20 0.71 0.48 0.60
0.30 0.76 0.57 0.71
> 0.3 0.05 0.55 0.29 0.37
No
0.10 0.58 0.33 0.42

0.20 0.65 0.42 0.54
0.30 0.71 0.50 0.65
g
NOTE Upwind slope e can be calculated by using the equation

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H
e =
2L u
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Where
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e is the upwind slope;

H is the height of the hill;
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Lu is the horizontal distance from the crest to the mid-slope;

Z is the height of the conductor above ground level at the crest.
rd
da
tan
aS
ny
Ke
Figure 5 Characteristic dimensions of topographical features

aft
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KS 1876-2:2010
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4.3.4 Ice loads
da
Since the frequency of overhead line failures due to ice loads does not warrant detailed investigation, the
calculation of ice loads shall be done in accordance with 6.3 of IEC 60826:2003 only, in which ice without
an
wind is considered. See Annex A.
Where overhead lines traverse the ice load risk areas indicated in Figure 2, a nominal additional load of 10
St
mm of radial ice shall be applied without wind, see 6.3.2 of IEC 60826:2003. This load shall be added to the
dead load of the un-factored conductor self-weight, which might or might not result in a reduction of
ya
allowable weight spans over the area traversed.
en
NOTE The nominal ice load will, in some instances, be less than construction safety loads in which the dead weight of the
conductor is usually multiplied by 2.
sK
Where overhead lines traverse terrain where there has been an instance of ice load failure, the radial ice
thickness may be applied in accordance with observed known instances of line failures. When the radial ice
thickness to be applied in such cases is being considered, consider the information given in Table A.1.
da
Thus, towers can specifically be designed for ice loads. In an ice load case (only applicable to risk areas),
ite
consider the information given in Table A.1.
It might also be deemed practicable to design structures for no ice load, and determine the net reduction in
C
allowable weight span, which is applied during the tower spotting process.
be
4.3.5 Construction and maintenance loads t to
The construction and maintenance load cases are relevant to the construction phase, when safety is the
main consideration. Unless specifically catered for in the design, all strain structures (except terminal
structures) from which stringing on one side is initiated, are back-stayed during stringing.
No
Conductor tensions for construction load cases are based on stringing tensions, and the initial E-values
(Young's modulus) of conductors.
g
Maximum stringing tensions are calculated by using the following values with respect to the everyday
conductor tension (the relevant conductor tension at 15 C):
tin
temperature: 0 C (-15 C from the reference tempe rature);

conductor E-values: initial E-values as specified by the conductor manufacturer.
llo
A conductor tension factor of 2,0 for conductors being moved and 1.5 for all conductors in place shall be
Ba
applied (see 6.5.3.1 of IEC 60826:2003).
In conjunction with the stringing tensions, a vertical load factor of 2 shall be applied to the dead weight of all
for
conductors (including spacers, conductor hardware and insulation), in accordance with 6.5.3.2 of IEC
60826:2003.
rd
No wind pressure shall be considered during stringing (see 6.5.3.3 of IEC 60826:2003).
da
As a minimum, construction load cases under the following scenarios shall be determined:
load case 1 - stringing of first phase from longest cross-arm (no other conductors attached);
tan
load case 2 - installation failure during regulation of last phase (tension factor of 2.0) and all other
conductors in place (tension factor of 1.5); and
aS
load case 3 - maintenance loads on temporary lifting points on the structure (such as lifting points for
maintenance).
ny
4.3.6 Exceptional loads (failure containment)

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4.3.6.1 Broken conductor loads
The object of designing for failure containment is to prevent cascading failures over a series of sequential
aft
structures. The assumption is that the full impact load of all phases can only partially be absorbed, implying
that more than one structure might collapse before the cascading failure is contained.
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
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Suspension structures that support conductors of 132 kV and lower need not be designed for failure
da
containment. For such lines, a strain structure capable of containing failure shall be placed at intervals not
exceeding 5 km. Crossing over roads with strain structures for lower voltages shall be considered, to ensure
an
that cascaded towers do not occur on roads.
Static loads shall be applied at each attachment point (including all conductors and earthwires) on one
St
longitudinal face of the structure, in accordance with 6.6.3.2 of IEC 60826:2003. The conductor tension shall
be calculated assuming only the conductor self-weight (including all spacers, weights and in span
ya
attachments) under everyday, post-creep conditions, with no coincident wind.
en
4.3.6.2 Conventional suspension structures
sK
Suspended insulator arrangements will, in the event of complete conductor or adjacent structure failure,
experience swung out conditions that will diminish away from the failure point. The net effect of such
relaxation in conductor tension may be derived by adding half of the insulator length to the span length at
da
everyday tension as illustrated in figure 6.
The tension reduction on more complex suspension assemblies that carry all phases on a single suspended
ite
arrangement (such as suspended delta or chainette configurations), may be derived by adding half of the
length from the axis of rotation to the centroid of conductors, to the span length at everyday tension as
C
illustrated in Figure 6.
be
t to
No
g
tin
llo
Ba
for
Key
L is the catenary length
rd
Figure 6 Determination of increase in catenary length for swung out conditions

da
4.3.6.3 Suspension structures with collapsible cross-arms

tan
Suspension structures may be specifically designed to allow for the local failure of cross-arms, or post
insulators at the tower body attachment, in order to relieve static tension. The net reduction in static tension
may be derived by adding half of the post insulator or cross-arm length (in addition to half of the length of
aS
suspension assemblies as stipulated above) to the span at everyday tension. The loads shall be applied to
the body of the superstructure, which shall be designed to contain the longitudinal load.
ny
4.3.6.4 Strain structures

Ke
In accordance with 6.6.3.3 of IEC 60826:2003, strain or terminal structures shall withstand greater resilience
to impact loads. A factor of 1.5 shall be applied to the static everyday tension. However, it shall not be
assumed that strain structures designed in accordance with this requirement will fully absorb impact loads,
aft
since experiments have revealed that impact loads can be as high as 2.5 times the everyday tension.
Dr
The failure containment load case can thus be summarized as follows:

KS 1876-2:2010
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F1 Full static load after swung out conditions;
da
1 for suspension towers; and
an
1.5 for strain or terminal towers.
St
4.3.7 Failure sequencing
ya
In the case of overhead lines of operating voltage exceeding 132 kV, and in the event of conditions that lead
to structural failure, the failure shall be controlled in the way shown in Table 9, in order to minimize safety
en
risks and reconstruction implications.
The upper strength limit for each component designed in accordance with Table 9 should be within 10 % of
sK
the applicable minimum strength requirement. The use of local plastic failure in cross-arms and post insulator
connections should be considered in order to absorb and limit the effects of extreme event failures.
da
4.4 Design loads of temporary structures for emergencies
ite
Where conductors are supported over road or rail crossings, or where public safety is at risk, an emergency
structure shall be designed to reliability level 1 (see Table 3).
C
In the case of other conditions where structures are intended to remain in service for not longer than six
be
months, the loading of emergency structures may be as given in Table 10.
Table 9 Failure sequencing requirements

t to
1 2
Component Strength factor application
No
Superstructures
Suspension structures 1.0 x strength of steel
Strain or terminal tower 0.9 x strength of steel
g
Hardware
Hardware and insulation - Strain structures 0.95 x UTS of conductor bundle
0.8 UTS of assemblies> Maximum load that results in the collapse of
Hardware and insulation - Suspension structures
a superstructure.
tin
0.83 UTS of guy wires and fittings> Maximum guy tension of all load
Guy wires and guy fittings
cases.
llo
Foundations
Foundations in compression only 0.9 UTS of foundation> Maximum compressive load of all load cases.
Ba
Foundations for self-supporting structures (in 0.83 UTS of foundation> Maximum compressive or tensile load of all
compression and tension) load cases.
Guyed foundations for guyed monopoles and guyed
0.75 UTS of foundation> Maximum guy tension of all load cases.
vee structures
for
c
Conventional augered piles in guyed structures 0.7 UTS of foundation> Maximum guy tension of all load cases.
Permanently loaded guyed foundations supporting
0.65 UTS of foundation> Maximum guy tension of all load cases.
outside angle on running angle towers
rd
a
The strength selection of hardware and insulation shall be in accordance with the strength classes for insulators in IEC 61466-1.
b
The load that causes the collapse of a superstructure in this case is defined as the maximum tension in the insulator string for all load
da
cases divided by the maximum member utilization percentage for that load case.
c
Not applicable to specialist piles such as continuous flight augered, precast driven, and piles with shaped under reams or bulbs.
tan
Table 10 Simplified load cases for emergency structures

aS
1 2
Load case Requirement
800 Pa applied at 900 to the direction of the line with the conductors at
Transverse load
ny
everyday tension
Twice the self-weight of all suspended conductors (including hardware
Vertical load
Ke
and insulation)
Longitudinal load No requirements
NOTE It is considered preferable to leave conductors in conductive running blocks to prevent any transmission of
aft
longitudinal loads to the structure.
In the case of all temporary bypasses and structures, appropriate signage should warn the public not to
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
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approach the area of reconstruction.
da
5 Aviation considerations Application to the aviation authority (see foreword)
an
5.1 The supplier or user of an overhead line shall, in the early planning phase of such a power line route,
identify potentially hazardous conditions for aircraft.
St
5.2 In a case where a potentially hazardous condition has been identified, the supplier or user shall
consult with the aviation authority (see foreword).
ya
5.3 The following documented information shall be submitted on request from the aviation authority (see
en
foreword):
sK
a) the name of the power line;
b) a map that indicates the power line route;
da
c) a list of co-ordinates of all bend points (latitude and longitude, in degrees, minutes, seconds and tenths
of seconds); and
ite
d) the maximum height of the structures above ground level.
C
5.4 The aviation authority (see foreword) shall evaluate the route and require the supplier or user to
be
mark or re-route those sections of the line (if any), that are considered a danger to aviation. The aviation
authority may require that the supporting structures be marked by a specific marking pattern, or lighted by a
combination of low- to high-intensity obstacle lights (or both).
t to
5.5 Where overhead power lines cross a river which is wide enough to be navigable or a valley of such
No
depth that it is considered to be navigable, the supplier or user shall provide the co-ordinates (latitude and
longitude, in degrees, minutes, seconds and tenths of seconds) and the height of the line above the valley
floor or water level, to the aviation authority (see foreword) for publication in the appropriate media.
g
5.6 Where required by the aviation authority (see foreword), the requirements in Annex B shall apply.
Any deviation from these requirements shall be approved by the aviation authority.
tin
6 Waterway considerations Application to the relevant authority

llo
NOTE Harbours and marinas are considered waterways.

Ba
6.1 Where practically possible, the supplier or user of an overhead line shall not make use of overhead
lines over waterways and marinas. In the absence of alternative routes, the supplier or user shall identify, in
the early planning phase of such a power line route, the potential hazardous conditions for marine craft.
for
6.2 Where hazards are identified, the supplier or user shall submit an official submission to the relevant
authority (see foreword) on the identified hazards. The following documented information shall be included in
rd
the submission:
da
a) the name of the power line;

tan
b) a map that indicates the power line route and possible hazards;
c) a list of co-ordinates of all bend points (latitude and longitude, in degrees, minutes, seconds and tenths
aS
of seconds); and
d) the minimum clearance below the line from the highest expected water level (tide and five year flood
ny
line).
Ke
6.3 The relevant authority (see foreword) shall evaluate the route and require the supplier or user to
mark or re-route those sections of the line (if any), that are considered a danger to marine craft. The relevant
authority may require that the supporting structures be marked by the application of a specific marking
aft
pattern, or lighted by a combination of low- to high-intensity obstacle lights (or both).

Dr
6.4 The relevant authority (see foreword) may also require the supplier or user of the overhead power

KS 1876-2:2010
rd
line to limit approaching marine craft from making contact with the power line by applying overhead barriers.
da
6.5 Minimum vertical clearance of overhead power lines to rivers and dams that do not form part of
waterways shall be in accordance with 9.3.
an
6.6 The supplier or user of the power line together with the owner of the waterway shall take joint
responsibility for ensuring that any marking or barriers are installed and maintained.
St
7 Conductor current rating (ampacity)
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7.1 Conductor current ratings (ampacity) can be determined by either assuming the worst case cooling
en
conditions (deterministic method) or by assessing the risk of an unsafe condition that arises (probabilistic
method).
sK
7.2 In the case of deterministic ratings, the weather assumptions shall be with regard to bare overhead
conductor ratings.
da
The weather parameters are:
wind speed perpendicular to line 0.6 m/s;
ite
absorptivity and emissivity 0.8;
C
solar radiation
2
1 000 w/m ;
be
ambient temperature 40 C.
t to
7.3 The deterministic ampacity calculations shall be performed based on the equations found in the
article titled The thermal behaviour of overhead conductors Section 1 and 2: Mathematical model for
evaluation of conductor temperature in the steady state and the application thereof. (Article in the Cigr
No
publication, Electra, No. 144).
7.4 In the case of the deterministic method, the templating or design temperature of the line is the
g
temperature that shall be used in the calculation of the current.
7.5 If the probabilistic method is used, it shall be performed in accordance with the article titled
tin
Probabilistic Determination of Conductor Current Ratings. (Article in the Cigr publication Electra. No. 164).
7.6 The current ratings in different geographical areas with different weather conditions and different
llo
load profiles shall not result in the probability of an unsafe condition arising that is higher than the highest
probability that already exists in areas in which lines are in operation. Based on current analysis, the
Ba
probability of an unsafe condition arising shall be not higher than 6 10 for normal operating conditions.
-6
7.7 Designers shall ensure that the temperatures, which the conductors are likely to reach, shall not
for
have a detrimental effect on the safety of the public who relate to the operation of the line.
rd
8 Clearances
da
8.1 Vertical clearance to ground and structures

The minimum vertical clearance above ground or to a structure is in accordance with the values in columns 5
tan
to 9 in Table C.1. The conditions at which the clearance shall be determined shall be
a) at maximum conductor blow-out (at a wind pressure of 880 Pa and an air temperature of 15 C);
aS
b) at a maximum operating temperature of at least 50 C with a wind pressure of 550 Pa.

ny
8.2 Horizontal clearances

Ke
8.2.1 Except in the case of low-voltage lines of insulated wire of a type approved by the machinery
authority (see foreword), the horizontal clearances between any live conductor and buildings, poles,
structures and vegetation which are not part of power lines, shall be in accordance with
aft
a) column 10 of Table C.1 in the case of maximum conductor blow-out at extreme wind at 15 C but not
less than 880 Pa; and
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
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b) column 9 of Table C.1 in the case of maximum operating temperature but not less than 50 C and wind
of 500 Pa.
da
NOTE 1 Extreme wind refers to a return period of at least 50 years.
an
8.2.2 In the case where the overhead power line conductor can be approached from buildings, poles,
structures and vegetation which are not part of power lines, the clearance shall be in accordance with
St
column 9 of Table C.1 for maximum conductor blow-out at 15 C and at extreme wind not less than 880 Pa .
8.2.3 The horizontal distance of objects, including vegetation, likely to fall onto an overhead line conductor,
ya
shall be limited by the height of such object.
en
9 Crossings
sK
9.1 Crossings over roads, railways, tramways and telecommunication lines
9.1.1 The line design shall ensure that the crossing span is not adversely jeopardized by joints in the span
da
whether they be tee, terminal or in-line joints.
ite
9.1.2 The line shall be designed to ensure that the likelihood of the conductor or subconductor burning
down in a crossing is minimized. This can be achieved by the use of arcing horns, or armour rods, or proven
methods (see 3.1).
C
9.1.3 The line shall be so designed as to ensure that damage to the line conductors adjacent to the
be
crossing cannot jeopardize the integrity of the crossing span. t to
9.1.4 If the crossing span is strained off at each end, the crossing will not be affected by damage to the
conductors beyond the crossing. It is, therefore, unnecessary to fit arcing horns or armour rods to the live
end of insulators on strain or intermediate structures beyond the crossing span. In the crossing span itself,
No
however, arcing horns are required where the conductor could be burnt off in the event of a flashover.
9.1.5 Conventional armour rods shall not be used where the conductor is secured to a rigid insulator by
g
means of a preformed tie, because in the event of a breakage, the conductor can slide through the ungritted
armour rods and the crossing span clearance would consequently be reduced to below the minimum of 4.5
m. To overcome this problem, a full-wrap preformed twin tie shall be used, which, in addition to fixing the
conductor securely to the rigid insulator, also protects the conductor against damage in the event of
tin
flashover.
llo
9.1.6 In the absence of a mutually acceptable agreement between the power utility and the tele-
communications network service licensee on line crossing angles, Table D.2 shall be used.
Ba
9.2 Crossings between power lines

for
The clearance between power lines shall be determined using the worst physical case (largest separation) of
the two lines crossing, considering the maximum operating temperature of the top line and the cold condition
of the bottom line.
rd
The clearance values to be maintained shall correspond to the values in Table C.1 for the higher voltage line
da
given in
a) column 4 of Table C.1 in the case of conductor crossing over conductor; and
tan
b) column 8 of Table C.1 in the case of a conductor that crosses over or in close proximity of the
structure.
aS
9.3 Crossings over water

ny
In general, normal ground clearances shall be provided. However, where crossings are made over rivers,
dams or lakes, which are, or could be, used as recognized sailing waters, a clearance of 2.5 m plus the
Ke
relevant minimum outdoor clearance (see Annex C) shall be provided over the tallest boat mast likely to be
encountered on such water under conditions of normal high-water level and maximum conductor sag.
aft
The tallest boat mast to be encountered on inland waters is not likely to exceed 15.5 m. Checks should,
however, be carried out for the particular stretches of water that are to be crossed.
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
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9.4 Crossings of service connections
da
9.4.1 Power service connection cables that cross bare telecommunication lines shall maintain a separation
distance of at least 0.9 m at attachment points and 0.5 m at mid-span, and shall not cross below bare
an
telecommunication services.
St
9.4.2 Provided that the power service connection cable is concentric or armoured and crosses non-bare
telecommunication lines, the following shall apply.
ya
a) The power and telecommunication service connection cables may be secured at common attachment
points on structures that support only service connection cables and at the service termination.
Precautions shall be taken to prevent mechanical damage to either service connection cable.
en
b) The power service connection cable may cross a telecommunication service connection cable (either
sK
above or below it) and may be attached to the telecommunication authority's (see foreword) structure,
provided that the separation distance at the crossing point is at least 0.2 m.
da
9.4.3 Other power service connection cables (e.g. non-concentric or unarmoured) shall maintain a
separation distance of at least 0.9 m at attachment points and 0.2 m at mid-span.
ite
10 Step and touch potentials around earthing of power line towers and poles
C
10.1 The tower and the down conductors on structures made of insulating or semi-insulating material (e.g.
wood poles, concrete poles, fibre-glass poles) present a potentially hazardous condition under fault
be
conditions. In the case of LV systems certain faults can go undetected for very long periods.
10.2 Where such structures are situated in high public exposure areas, safe step and touch potential
t to
design norms shall be applied.
NOTE 1 Due to the costs involved in achieving the safe step and touch potential criteria around a tower, the requirement in 10.2 is not
No
applicable to structures in areas of low public exposure. Compliance with safe transferred potentials is practically not possible. Generally
no remote fences should be brought close to structures.
NOTE 2 General measures that can be applied in areas of low public exposure, to ensure that fences do not come near a structure
g
and deep driven electrodes, are ring trench electrodes and insulation of exposed metal work on semi-insulating poles.
11 Warning signs
tin
11.1 The utility shall ensure that the public understands the dangers of overhead lines. This information
can be disseminated in one of the following ways:
llo
a) warning signs shall be installed in a conspicuous place on all structures; or

Ba
b) an educational programme shall be put in place that covers a wide section of the public especially
learners who attend schools.
for
11.2 Notwithstanding the requirements in this clause, in a high public exposure area (see 3.1), warning
signs shall be installed in a conspicuous place on all structures irrespective of whether an educational
programme is in place.
rd
Examples of such places are:

da
a) in the vicinity of areas where children or youths are known to, or are suspected of, playing or
congregating or are likely to frequent (e.g. adjacent to schools, housing estates, play areas, pedestrian
tan
ways, isolated or derelict buildings or structures). Play areas might or might not be close to houses and
can be indicated by worn or trampled ground such as where football is played or where rope swings
are attached to nearby trees or structures,
aS
b) in the vicinity of a recreational area or site (e.g. parks, beaches, fishing areas, sailing clubs, caravan
parks and camping sites, etc.).
ny
11.3 The warning signs shall clearly indicate that there is imminent danger in that vicinity. Due to various
languages being in use, the signs shall be pictorial in nature, for example a lightning flash.
Ke
aft
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KS 1876-2:2010
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Annex A
da
(informative)
an
Ice load incidents on overhead lines recorded in Kenya
St
ya
en
sK
da
ite
C
be
t to
No
g
tin
llo
Ba
for
rd
da
tan
aS
ny
Ke
aft
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
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Annex B
da
(normative)
an
Aircraft warning devices
St
B.1 Marking of overhead power lines with aircraft warning devices
ya
The supplier or user shall mark overhead power lines with aircraft warning devices (AWD) on the sections of
line where conditions are considered hazardous to normal aircraft that do not perform inspection or
en
maintenance activities. The following conditions are considered potentially hazardous to aircraft and shall be
verified by the design engineer:
sK
a) overhead lines located close to an airport or airfield (registered aerodromes). Overhead lines routed
close to a registered aerodrome shall comply with the requirements of the Civil Aviation Regulations;
da
b) overhead lines where the distance between the lowest conductor and the ground level of the valley
floor or riverbed exceeds 60 m, and the width of the valley is such that the valley can be considered
ite
navigable by aircraft in the event of it being forced down into such a valley by poor weather conditions
(and not by the pilot performing acrobatics);
C
c) overhead lines that are routed along a valley or on a plateau and that cross a ravine of considerable
be
depth, if the width of the ravine is such that the ravine is considered navigable;
d) all support structures that are located close to aerodromes and that are of height equal to or exceeding
t to
45 m;
e) any other condition indicated by the aviation authority; and

No
f) any other conditions considered by the designer engineer to be potentially hazardous to aircraft.
g
B.2 Design requirements for aircraft warning devices
8.2.1 The supplier or user of aircraft warning devices shall ensure that the specification for the aircraft
warning device is such that:
tin
a) aircraft warning devices are visible from at least 1 000 m from an airborne perspective and 300 m from
llo
the ground;
Ba
b) the colour of aircraft warning devices is specified to be clearly visible against the typical background
that it will be viewed against. In order to render the conductor catenary visible, an appropriate colour
shall be selected for viewing against a light background and a dark background;
for
c) a fully assembled aircraft-warning device is of one colour only. Where the aircraft-warning device is
manufactured in various parts, the design of the parts shall be such that the components of different
rd
colours cannot be mixed when the aircraft-warning device is being assembled;

da
d) the aircraft-warning device is designed to suit the life span of the line on which it is intended to be
installed in order to limit the maintenance and re-installation of such devices on the line;
tan
e) the aircraft-warning device is spherical in concept when viewed from any direction;
aS
f) the attachment device will not damage the conductor during or after installation or when being
removed from the conductor; and
ny
g) the attachment device will prevent the aircraft-warning device from sliding along the conductor after
Ke
installation.
8.2.2 The design engineer shall check the limitations on the design span length and electrical clearances
aft
based on the type of structure used and relevant load conditions.

Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
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B.3 Installation requirements for aircraft-warning devices
da
The supplier or user of overhead power lines shall ensure that
an
a) aircraft-warning devices are installed not lower than the level of the highest conductor (phase or shield
wire) of an overhead line;
St
b) different coloured aircraft warning devices are used to identify the catenary of an overhead line. The
different coloured aircraft-warning devices shall be alternated along the span;
ya
c) aircraft-warning devices are spaced evenly over the span for a pilot to identify the shape of the
en
conductor catenary. The maximum distance between adjacent aircraft-warning devices shall be in
accordance with Table B.1 when viewed in the horizontal plane;
sK
d) in a case where no shield wires are used on the structures, the aircraft-warning devices shall be
installed on all three phase conductors (alternating the colours) and spaced equally so that they
da
appear to be spaced apart when viewed in the horizontal plane; and
e) if the clearance between phase conductors for horizontal configurations does not allow the aircraft-
ite
warning devices to be installed on each phase, then only the two outer phase conductors shall be
used. Phase spacing shall be checked at all times when the electrical design span for the structure is
C
being evaluated.
be
Table B.1 Maximum spacing of aircraft warning devices on overhead lines
1 2 3
t to
Maximum separation distance Maximum distance from structure
Overhead line type
m m
HV transmission lines 30 15
No
MV distribution lines 16 8
B.4 Marking of overhead line crossings

g
8.4.1 When the requirements for the use of line-crossing labels are being specified, the design engineer
shall ensure that
tin
a) line-crossing labels are visible in deteriorated daylight conditions;

llo
b) overhead line support structures are so designed as to accommodate line-crossing labels at the top of
Ba
the structure;
c) line-crossing labels are installed on the first three structures, on either side, from the crossing or angle
for
strain structure of a line deviation; and
d) line-crossing labels face the direction of approach to the crossing or line deviation.
rd
8.4.2 In addition to 8.4.1, the supplier or user shall mark overhead power lines with line-crossing labels on
da
the structures of such a line where conditions are considered hazardous to aircraft that perform inspection or
maintenance activities. The following conditions are considered potentially hazardous to aircraft:
tan
a) where two overhead power lines of system voltage 66 kV and above cross each other, line-crossing
labels shall be installed on both overhead power lines. Subject to 8.4.2 (d), where an overhead line of
aS
system voltage 66 kV and above crosses an overhead line of system voltage below 66 kV, it is not
required to indicate the crossing with a label;
ny
b) where the servitude of two overhead lines of system voltage 66 kV and above converge into a
combined servitude or joint to run next to one another;
Ke
c) all T-offs, loop-in and loop-out and line deviation angles exceeding 60; and
aft
d) any condition considered by the designer engineer to create potential hazards to aircraft.
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KS 1876-2:2010
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Annex C
da
(normative)
an
Clearances required for power lines that cross services
St
C.1 Table C.1 shows the minimum clearances required in accordance with legislation (see foreword).
ya
C.2 The values in Table C.1 are based on the assumption that clearances shall be determined for a
minimum conductor temperature of 50C and for a swi ng angle that corresponds to a wind pressure of 500
en
Pa; provided that where, under normal conditions, power line conductors operate at a temperature above 50
C, the clearance at the higher temperature at whic h the conductors operate is in accordance with the
clearance indicated in the table.
sK
C.3 The safety clearances in column 3 of Table C.1 shall not be interpreted as specifying line equipment
da
clearances. The line equipment clearances are based on the equipment insulation level for the appropriate
voltage level of the power line, the latter being chosen to ensure a flashover across the insulation of the line
rather than from the line to other objects within the basic clearance in the case of an overvoltage.
ite
Table C.1 Minimum clearances for power lines that cross services
C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
be
Minimum
vertical and
Minimum vertical clearances
horizontal
Tower-top
m
t to
clearances
clearances at
maximum
m
Highest System Safety Safety
Outside To insulator swing
system nominal clearance clearance Roads in
No
township telecommunicat To buildings, and minimum

r.m.s. r.m.s. phase-to- phase-to- townships,
s ion lines, poles, clearances at
voltage voltage earth phase In and
between power structures not extreme wind
town- proclaimed
lines and part of power conductor
g
ships roads,
cradles and lines and blowout
railways,
between power vegetation
tramways
lines
kV kV m m m m
tin
<1 4.9 5.5 6.1 0.6 3.0 0.1

7.2 6.6 0.15 0.2 5.0 5.5 6.2 0.7 3.0 0.1
llo
12 11 0.20 0.3 5.1 5.5 6.3 0.8 3.0 0.1

24 22 0.32 0.4 5.2 5.5 6.4 0.9 3.0 0.1
Ba
36 33 0.43 0.5 5.3 5.5 6.5 1.0 3.0 0.1

48 44 0.54 0.61 5.4 5.5 6.6 1.1 3.0 0.15
72 66 0.77 0.89 5.7 5.7 6.9 1.4 3.2 0.20
for
100 88 1.00 1.14 5.9 5.9 7.1 1.6 3.4 0.24

145 132 1.45 1.68 6.3 6.3 7.5 2.0 3.8 0.35
245 220 2.1 2.7 7.0 7.0 8.2 2.7 4.5 0.6
rd
300 275 2.5 3.6 7.4 7.4 8.6 3.1 4.9 0.7
362 330 2.9 4.3 7.8 7.8 9.0 3.5 5.3 0.86
da
420 400 3.2 4.8 8.1 8.1 9.3 3.8 5.6 1.0
800 765 5.5 8.9 10.4 10.4 11.6 6.1 8.5 1.9
d.c. 533
tan
a 3.7 8.6 8.6 9.8 4.3 6.1

kV
NOTE The assumption on which the values are based, is given in C.2.
aS
a
Maximum voltage to earth, for which insulation is designed.
ny
Ke
aft
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
rd
Annex D
da
(normative)
an
Directives on power lines and telecommunication circuits
St
D.1 Notification and approval of the electronic communication network service licensee
ya
The notification and approval of the building of a power line shall be done in accordance with electronic
en
communication legislation.
D.2 Telecommunication system induced safety voltage limits
sK
The ITU-T Recommendation K.53 permissible safety levels shall be adopted.
da
Induced voltages under steady state and fault conditions shall not exceed the values given in Table D.1.
ite
Table D.1 Induced safety voltage limits for telecommunication systems
C
1 2
Induced duration t Induced voltage Vrms
be
s V
t < 0.2 1030
t to
0.2 < t < 0.35 780
0.35 < t < 0.5 650
No
0.5 < t < 1.0 430

t> 1 60
g
D.3 Combined and parallel routes
D.3.1 Common structures

tin
Common structures shall comply with the relevant requirements.

llo
D.3.2 Independent structures

Ba
If an overhead telecommunication line and a power line or if two power lines are erected parallel to each
other along the same route, the separation between lines shall be such that, with both lines healthy, the
clearance between any conductor of the higher-voltage line and any conductor or earth- wire of the lower-
for
voltage line is never less than the minimum phase-to-phase clearance applicable to the higher-voltage line.
See table C.1.
rd
This clearance shall be maintained for all conditions up to maximum sag and maximum sideswing of the
da
conductors of either line. It is assumed that the other line remains in the templated position for still air, and
that the maximum sideswing occurs at design wind pressure at a conductor temperature of 50 C below th e
design temperature but not less than 40 C.
tan
D.4 Minimum separating distances

aS
D.4.1 Minimum distances

ny
The minimum horizontal separating distances between power lines and telecommunication lines shall be
determined from the curves given in figures D.1, D.2, D.3 and D.4. These curves have been based on
considerations of the inductive and electrostatic interference with communication circuits.
Ke
D.4.2 Several exposures in series

aft
In practice, it is generally found that topographical features at power line crossings over communication lines
do not permit the exact minimum separating distances being maintained throughout the exposure. Where a
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
rd
particular power line and a particular telecommunication line are involved in this way, the curves may be
applied to each of the resulting exposures separately. The separating distances given by the curves should,
da
wherever practicable, be increased by a factor of 1.5, or as near to this as possible, to cater for the additional
effect of several exposures in series.
an
D.5 Ultimate terminal of power line route
St
If, in submitting a power line proposal to the telecommunications authority for approval, the supply authority
is aware that the power line might be extended beyond the immediate proposal at some future date, the
ya
probable ultimate terminal of the power line route should be indicated by the supply authority.
en
D.6 Power line and telecommunication line crossings
sK
The power line route should cross the telecommunication line route, as nearly as possible, at right angles.
Where this is impracticable, the deviations from a right-angle crossing in Table D.2 are permitted, provided
that the provisions in D.4.2 are observed.
da
Table D.2 Maximum deviation angles on telecommunication line crossings
ite
1 2
C
Operating voltage of line Permissible deviation from right angle
be
Below 48 kV 45
48 kV and above t to 30
D.7 Power line faults
Where power line faults are likely to cause acoustic shock of serious proportions, the supply authority
No
concerned and the telecommunications authority should co-operate in providing preventive measures.
D.8 Exposures exceeding 48 km in length

g
Where the power line proposal involves exposures exceeding 48 km in length, the supply authority should
refer the project to the telecommunications authority after a preliminary survey, but before a detailed survey.
tin
It will then be possible to indicate the minimum separation with greater accuracy in each particular case.
D.9 Radio receiving stations

llo
Ba
If power lines exceeding 44 kV have to be erected in the vicinity of radio receiving stations, the separation
required between the power line and the radio receiving aerials is of the order of 1.5 km. This separation
depends on several factors, and the appropriate authority (usually the telecommunications authority (see
for
foreword)) will indicate, in the case of every proposal, what the separation should be.
rd
da
tan
aS
ny
Ke
aft
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
rd
da
an
St
ya
en
sK
da
C ite
be
t to
No
g
tin
llo
Ba
for
rd
da
tan
aS
ny
Figure D.1 Power line separation distance versus exposure to parallel telecommunication lines (up
Ke
to 33 kV)
aft
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
rd
da
an
St
ya
en
sK
da
C ite
be
t to
No
g
tin
llo
Ba
for
rd
da
tan
aS
ny
Figure D.2 Power line separation distance versus exposure to parallel telecommunication lines
(from 44 kV to 132 kV)
Ke
aft
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
rd
da
an
St
ya
en
sK
da
C ite
be
t to
No
g
tin
llo
Ba
for
rd
da
tan
aS
ny
(from 275 kV to 400 kV)

Ke
aft
Dr

KS 1876-2:2010
rd
da
an
St
ya
en
sK
da
C ite
be
t to
No
g
tin
llo
Ba
for
rd
da
tan
aS
ny
(for 765 kV)
Ke
aft
Dr

KS 1876-2-2010 Overhead Power Lines For Kenya - Safety PDF

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KENYA STANDARD KS 1876-2:2010

BALLOT DRAFT, MAY 2010

KEBS 2010 First Edition 2010

REVISION OF KENYA STANDARDS

Kenya Bureau of Standards, 2010

ii KEBS 2010 All rights reserved

KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS (KEBS)

E-Mail: info@kebs.org, Web:http://www.kebs.org

KEBS 2010 All rights reserved iii

iv KEBS 2010 All rights reserved

9.2 Crossings between power lines .......................................................................................................... 16

9.4 Crossings of service connections ....................................................................................................... 17

11 Warning signs ..................................................................................................................................... 17

Annex B (normative) Aircraft warning devices................................................................................................ 19

KEBS 2010 All rights reserved v

KS 516, Wood poles for power and telecommunications lines Specification

2.2 Other publications

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations

3.1 Terms and definitions

acceptable to the customer

conductor current rating

KEBS 2010 All rights reserved 1

4 Determination of mechanical loads

4.2 Simplified method

criteria based on the "limit state" concept (see 4.2.4).

Rn is the nominal strength of the component, in newtons;

Wn is the wind load relevant to each load condition, in newtons;

2 KEBS 2010 All rights reserved

4.2.3 Strength factors for different material types

testing scale testing

Strength 1.0 0.9

Line fittings, cast Strength 0.7

considered and given in 4.2.6 as load cases.

4.2.6 Load cases Ultimate limit state

4.2.6.1 Wind loads

Rn Wn + 1.1GS + 1.1GC + 1.5TC

KEBS 2010 All rights reserved 3

Rn is the nominal strength of the components; in newtons;

the line structure (see Figure 1).

4.2.6.2 Ice loads

4 KEBS 2010 All rights reserved

Rn 1.1GS + 1.5GC + 1.5Q + 1.5TH

Rn is the nominal strength of the component, in newtons;

Q is the construction and maintenance loads as described below, in newtons;

covered by the design.

KEBS 2010 All rights reserved 5

Rn is the nominal strength of the components, in newtons;

broken conductor, in newtons.

4.2.6.4.2 Loads due to broken conductors

attachment points at the back span.

4.3 Detailed method

Loads, which incorporate the following, shall be determined:

6 KEBS 2010 All rights reserved

QT is the calculated load, in newtons;

RC is the characteristic strength of the component.

Table 3 Reliability levels

4.3.3 Wind loads

4.3.3.1 Design of supports

conditions in accordance with 4.3.3.2.

4.3.3.2 Wind loads on supports

KEBS 2010 All rights reserved 7

4.3.3.3 Narrow wind loads on chainette and light guyed structures

W5 Reverse wind at 180 to bisector (for asymmetric al structures)