steel-concrete bridges - 2004

7. Stresses caused by shrinkage

Results of calculations for which the bending stiffness is used depend to a great extent on the size of shrinkage
stresses in the concrete. The appearing shrinkage shortening is the summons of the shrinkage shortening due to
dehydration and that due to autogenous shrinkage.
In general it is assumed that the time dependent course of the shrinkage is equal to that of the creep. This enables
discounting the shortening due to shrinkage by applying a fictive normal force N, at the centre of gravity of the
concrete cross section. The creep deformations due to this normal force should then be equal to the actual
shrinkage shortening.

Load distribution due to shrinkage

For a statically determined system, caused by shrinkage of the concrete, normal forces, bending moments and
shear forces in the border area between steel and concrete normal forces come into existence.
For a non-statically system, shear forces and thus also support reactions are added. The normal forces in the
concrete flange and the steel girder, active in the neutral lines, are equal, but their signs are opposite. This results
among other things in an internal bending moment on the steel-concrete structure.

Fig. 67.
Load distribution in the
concrete deck and steel
girder.

For a simply supported girder, the normal force is analysed by:

Ea cs ,
N= in which
n 1 n d b2
+ +
Ac Aa n I a + I c

N normal force in the centre of both the steel and concrete

Ea steel elasticity modulus
strain caused by shrinkage
n ratio on elasticity modulus of the composite section; n shrinkage,
Ac concrete cross section
Aa steel cross section
Ic inertia bending moment of the concrete deck
Ia inertia bending moment of the steel girder
db distance between centre of concrete deck and steel girder.

The equation, given for determination of the normal force, follows from the review below.
The elongation of the concrete
N l
c =
E c Ac

The contraction of the steel N l

a =
E a Aa
The rotation at the support
Ma l Mc l
= =
2E a I a 2E c I c

Mc = Ma
FG E I IJ
HE I K
c c

a a

M = Ma + Mc =
2
l
b
E aIa + E cIc = N d b g
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 steel-concrete bridges - 2004

Shortening of the concrete caused by shrinkage krimp = cs, l

Calculated from the centre of the concrete roadway to the centre of the steel girder, the following is in force:

Nl N l
cs , l + + 2 db =
Ec Ac E a Aa
in which
Ea
n = n krimp = E a cs ,
Ec results into N=
n 1 n d b2
+ +
Ac Aa n I a + I c
The internal moment (M inw ) should be divided into a moment in the concrete cross section (M c) and a moment in
the steel cross section (M a), according to the relation:

d 2y Ma M
2
= = c
d x E a Ia Ec I c

Ic
Mc = d N
n Ia + Ic b

M = Ma + Mc = N db
n Ia
Ma = db N
n Ia + Ic

The corresponding stresses are:

N a M a ea
a ;onder = + etc.
Aa Ia

Calculation example
Starting point is a plate girder bridge with a high-levelled concrete roadway, see fig. 65. The girder is executed as
a statically undetermined structure. Per main girder the cross section data are:
Ac 1.25106 mm2
Aa 14.06104 mm2
Ic 6.51109 mm4
Ia 8.351010 mm4
I1 2.161011 mm4
zc 2075 mm
za 611 mm
db 1464 mm
e1 1250 mm

A constant rigidity over the entire girder length is assumed.

Further the following is in force:
Ea 210000 N/mm2
cs, 0.24
n krimp 11.5

First, the bridge is considered statically determined by omitting the centre support: the so-called primary phase.

E a cs , 2.1 10 0 .00024
5
3
N = = 10
ndb . 1464
2 2
n 1 115
. 1 115
+ + + +
n I a + Ic 1.25 10 14.06 10 11.5 8.35 10 + 6 .51 10
6 4 10 9
Ac Aa

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 steel-concrete bridges - 2004

Nc = -Na = 1206 kN
Minw = 1.464 1205.5 = 1764.9 kNm
Ic
Mc = d N = 11.9 kNm
n I a + Ic b
and
n Ia
Ma = d N = 1753.0 kNm
n Ia + I c b

For the whole girder length:

M a ea 3 6
Na 1205 .5 10 1753 .0 10 611
a;onder = + = + = 4.3 N/mm2
4 10
Aa Ia 14.06 10 8.35 10

Ma e 3 6
Na 1205 .5 10 1753. 0 10 (1950 611)
a;boven = = = 36.7 N/mm2
4 10
Aa Ia 14.06 10 8. 35 10

3 6
Nc M c ec 1205 . 5 10 11.9 10 125
c;onder = + = + = 1.19 N/mm2
6 9
Ac Ic 1.25 10 6.51 10

3 6
Nc Mc e 1205 . 5 10 11.9 10 125
c;boven = = = 0.73 N/mm2
6 9
Ac Ic 1.25 10 6.51 10

The vertical displacement at middle span amounts to (located at original in between support):
2 2
M inw ( 0.5 2l ) M inw l
1 = =
2 E I 2 E I

As a consequence of the present intermediate support, this displacement should be zero. With these data the
statically undetermined support reaction can be calculated: the so-called secondary phase.

3 3
F ( 2l ) F l
2 = =
48 E I 6 E I
3 M inw
2 = 1 F =
l
Now that the force F is known, the additional moments can be determined.
At the centre support the moment is:
3 M inw
M uitw = 0.25 F ( 2 l ) = 0.25 ( 2 l) = 1.5 M inw = 1. 5 1765 = 2647 kNm
l
Primaire fase Secundaire fase
F
Geometrie Reactiekracht

2
Inwendige Secundaire
momentenlijn opbuigingslijn

Minw =N*d b
M uitw =1.5*M inw
Uitwendige
Primaire
momentenlijn
doorbuigingslijn

1 Fig. 68. Distribution of the bending moment along the

girder length.

Dr. A. Romeijn 37
 steel-concrete bridges - 2004

Caused by the in between support reaction the stresses are:

M e1 2647 10 6 1250
a;onder = = = 15.3 N/mm2
11
I1 2. 16 10

6
M e 2647 .10 (1250 1950 )
a;boven = = = 8.6 N/mm2
11
I1 2. 16 10

6
M e 2647 10 (1250 1950 )
c;onder = = = 0.75 N/mm2
n I1 11
11.5 2.16 10

6
M e 2647 10 (1250 2200 )
c;boven = = = 1.01 N/mm2
n I1 11
11 .5 2.16 10

0.73 1.01 1.74

36.7 0.75 28.1 beton

1.19 8.6 1.94

staal
Fig. 69.
Stresses caused by shrinkage in the
4.3 15.3 11.0
composite cross section at in between
Primair Secundair Totaal
support position.

Depending on the position of the considered bridge cross section, the stresses can be calculated this way. The
calculation of the stresses caused by the temperature actions is done in an identical way. Only, then calculations
must be carried out with temp instead of cs, and n short instead of n shrinkage.

In Eurocode ENV 1992-1-1:1991 two methods are given to determine the shrinkage strain cs,

1. table 3.4 of ENV 1992-1-1 chapter 3.1.2.5.5 considering a concrete deck of 10m width and 250mm thick
results into cs, = -0.32
2. a more accurate method according to Appendix A1.1.3 of ENV 1992-1-1 results into cs, = -0.24 ,
(see next page)

The shrinkage strain of the second, accurate, method (cs, = -0.24 ) has been used in the calculation example.

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 steel-concrete bridges - 2004

Berekening van de krimprek volgens Eurocode ENV 1992-1-1 Appendix A1.1.3

krimprek = cs (t-ts) = cs0*s (t-ts)

sc0 = s (fcm) * RH = -2.420E-04 sc0 = theoretische krimprek

s (fcm) = [160 + sc * (90 - fcm)] * 10E-06 = 3.200E-04

RH = -1.55 * sRH = -0.7564
sRH = 1 - [RH/100]^3 = 0.488
fcm = fck + 8 = 58 N/mm2 fcm = gemiddelde druksterkte van beton

met RH = 80 % RH = relatieve vochtigheidsgraad

C50/60 = fck = 50 N/mm2 fck = karakt. druksterkte van beton
sc = 5 sc = coefficient afh.van cement type

de factor 's (t-ts)' hangt af van het tijdstip van belasten en het moment van beschouwing

volgens EC 1994-2 art. 4.2.3(4) moet voor ts = 1 dag worden aangehouden.

s (t-ts) = [(t-ts)/(0.035*h0^2+t-ts)]^0.5 = s (t-ts) = coefficient voor de tijdsinvloed

h0 = 2 *Ac / u = 243.9024 mm h0 = theoretische maataanduiding
Ac = b*h = 2500000 mm2 Ac = doorsnede betonnen rijvloer
u = (b+h)*2 = 20500 mm u = omtrek van doorsnede betonnen rijvloer
b= 10000 mm b = breedte betonnen rijvloer
h= 250 mm h = hoogte betonnen rijvloer

t s (t-ts) t cs (t-ts) t = leeftijd van beton in dagen

7 0.054 1 week 7 -1.3E-05 ts = leeftijd van beton bij begin van krimp
14 0.079 2 weken 14 -1.91E-05
21 0.098 3 weken 21 -2.36E-05
28 0.113 4 weken 28 -2.74E-05
35 0.127 5 weken 35 -3.07E-05
365 0.386 1 jaar 365 -9.34E-05
3650 0.798 10 jaar 3650 -1.931E-04
18250 0.947 50 jaar 18250 -2.293E-04
1000000 0.999 oneindig 1000000 -2.418E-04

1.000

0.800

0.600

0.400

0.200
beta s (t-ts)
0.000
7 14 21 28 35 365 3650 18250 1000000

0.00E+00
7 14 21 28 35 365 3650 18250 1000000

-5.00E-05

-1.00E-04

-1.50E-04

-2.00E-04
epsilon cs (t-ts)

-2.50E-04

From the demands regarding compatibility it follows that shear forces in the joints between concrete
and steel are concentrated at the ends of the girder (this is also in force in case of temperature
differences). In conformance with ENV 1994-2:1997 art. 2, for the determination of the shear forces
the starting point may be a triangular division at the ends of the girder over a length, equal to the
composite width of the concrete roadway, see fig. 70.

s max shear area

= number of dowels
design strength dowel

S max Beff
N shrinkage =
2
Beff Nshrinkage
Smax = the maximum shearforce by unit length

Fig 70. Elastic distribution of shearforce due to shrinkage.

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 steel-concrete bridges - 2004

When applying studs, it is allowed, under certain conditions, with a view to sufficient deformation capacity, to
calculate with a constant division Beff.

When determining the total shear force division, e.g. as a result of self-weight + traffic + shrinkage, normally the
shear force, caused by shrinkage, will have an opposite sign (and so, will act favourably).

A good indication of e-values, to be used in an initial rough design, is given in table 8.

Concrete strength class krimp

C20/25 (B25) 0.29
C35/45 (B45) 0.23
C45/55 (B55) 0.20
Table 8. krimp -values fir different concrete strength classes.
(according to NEN 6720, rel. humidity 60-85%).

For comparison: a temperature difference of ?T = 10 is equivalent to a strain etemp = 0.12% o .

Dr. A. Romeijn 40