North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members 2001 EDITION Approved in Canada by the Canadian Standards Association CSA S136-01 Approved in Mexico by CANACERO‘The material contained herein has been developed by a joint effort of the American Iron Institute Committee on Specifications, the Canadian Standards Association Technical ittee on Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members ($136), and Camara Nacional de la ia del Hierro y del Acero (CANACERO) in Mexico. The organizations and the ittees have made a diligent effort to present accurate, reliable, and useful information on steel design. The Committees acknowledge and are grateful for the contributions numerous researchers, engineers, and others who have contributed to the body of Hedge on the subject. Specific references are included in the Commentary on the tion. With anticipated improvements in understanding of the behavior of cold-formed steel and tinuing development of new technology, this material may eventually become dated, It icipated that future editions of this specification will update this material as new tion becomes available, but this cannot be guaranteed, ‘The materials set forth herein are for general information only. They are not a substitute ipetent professional advice. Application of this information to a specific project should iewed by a registered professional engineer. Indeed, in most jurisdictions, such review is by law. Anyone making use of the information set forth herein does so at their own assumes any and all resulting liability arising therefrom. AstPrintng —June SM Produced by American Iron and Steel Institute Copytigh: American Iron and Steel Institute and Canadian Standards Association 2002PREFACE This is the first edition of the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members; as its name implies, it is intended for use throughout Canada, Mexico, and the United States. This Specification supersedes the previous editions of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members published by the American Iron and Steel Institute and the previous editions of CSA Standard $136, Cold Formed Stee! Structural Members, published by the Canadian Standards Association. The Specification was developed by a joint effort of the American Iron and Steel Institute's Committee on Specifications, the Canadian Standards Association's Technical Committee on Cold Formed Steel Structural Members (S136), and Camara Nacional de la Industria del Hierro y del Acero (CANACERO) in Mexico. This effort was coordinated through the North American Specification Committee, which was made up of three members each from the AISI Committee on Specifications, CSA’s $136 Committee, and CANACERO. Since the Specification is intended for use in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, it was necessary to develop a format that would allow for requirements particular to each country. This resulted ina main document, Chapters A through G, that is intended for use in all three countries, and three country-specific appendices (A to C). Appendix A is for use in the United States, Appendix B is for use in Canada, and Appendix C is for use in Mexico. A symbol “SABC is used in the main document to point out that additional provisions are provided in the corresponding appendices indicated by the letters. 4 This Specification provides an integrated treatment of Allowable Strength Design (ASD), Uxed_and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), and Limit States Design (LSD). ~ This is accomplished by including the appropriate resistance factors (9) for use with LRFD and LSD, and the appropriate factors of safety (®) for use with ASD. It should be noted that LSD is limited to Canada and LRFD and ASD are limited to Mexico and the United States. The Specification also contains some terminology that is defined differently in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. These differences are set out in Section A1.2, “Terms”. The Specification provides well-defined procedures for the design of load-carrying cold- formed steel members in buildings, as well as other applications provided that proper allowances are made for dynamic effects. The provisions reflect the results of continuing research to develop new and improved information on the structural behavior of cold-formed steel members. The success of these efforts is evident in the wide acceptance of the predecessor documents to this Specification. The AISI and CSA consensus committees responsible for developing these provisions Provide a balanced forum, with representatives from steel producers, fabricators, users, educators, researchers, and building code regulators. They are composed of engineers with a Wide range of experience and high professional standing from throughout Canada, Mexico, and the United States. AISI, CANACERO, and CSA acknowledge the continuing dedication by the members of the specifications committees and their subcommittees. The membership of these Committees follows this Preface.‘ shis is the first edition of the North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification, no ‘made here to list provisions that represent changes to the documents that it ‘changes are numerous and are distributed throughout. American Iron and Steel Institute Canadian Standards Association ‘Camara Nacional de la Industria del Hierro y del Acero December 2001 December 2001North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification North American Speci ition Committee ANSI CSA (CANACERO RL. Brockenbrough RM. Schuster, Chairman M. Saldivar HLH. Chen S.R. Fox, Secretary J. L. Hemandez J.N. Nunnery T:W.J. Trestain J. Garcia AISI Committee on Specifications for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members and its Subcommittees RL. Brockenbrough, Chairman J.W. Larson, Vice Chairman HH. Chen, Secretary R. Bjorhovde RE.Brown J. K. Crews D. A. Cuoco R.Daudet E.R diGirolamo D.S. Ellfrite S.J. Errera E.R Estes, Jr J.-M. Fisher S.R.Fox J.Garcia M, Golovin W. B. Hall G.J. Hancock A, J. Harrold RB. Haws J.L. Hernandez D.L. Johnson J.M, Kleiman RA. LaBoube C.J. Lanz R.L. Madsen J. Mattingly RR McCluer W.R Midgley J. A. Moses T.M, Murray J.N. Nunnery T.B, Pekoz C.W. Pinkham V.E. Sagan M.Saldivar B.W. Schafer RM. Schuster P.A. Seaburg W. L. Shoemaker T.Sputo M.A. Thimons T.W.J.Trestain W.W. Yu Subcommitteo 3 - Connections A.J. Harrold, Chairman R.Bjorhovde R Daudet E.R.diGirolamo D.S. Bllifictt E.R Estes, Jr. M. Golovin W.B. Hall G.J. Hancock RB. Haws D.L. Johnson W.E. Kile 1.5. Kreiner R.A. LaBoube J.N. Nunnery T.B.Pekoz C.W. Pinkham RM. Schuster W.L, Shoemaker T.Sputo W.W. Yu Subcommitteo 4 - Stud Design and Perforated Elements V.E. Sagan, Chairman K. Bielat R Daudet E.R diGirolamo E.R Estes, Jr. P.S.Green W.T. Guiher RA. LaBoube RL Madsen J.P. Matsen W.R Midgley 1.H. Miller T.B. Pekoz B. W. Schafer T. Sputo T.W. J. Trestain S.H. Walker J. Wellinghoft R Zadeh ‘Subcommittes 6 - Test Procedures S.R. Fox, Chairman REBrown R.Daudet E.R diGirolamo S.J. Errera E.R Estes, Jr. M, Golovin D.L. Johnson RC. Kaehler W.E. Kile W.R Midgley T.M. Murray T.B.Pekoz S. Rajan RM. Schuster S.J. Thomas Subcommittee 7 - Editortal C.W. Pinkham, Chairman -D, A. Cuoco J.M. Fisher T.B. Pekoz P.A.Seaburg|committee 10 - Element Behaviors Johnson, Chairman R Daudet lovin G. J. Hancock Kile M.R Loseke Miller F. Morello Poko, C.W. Pinkham . Sivakumaran T.W, J. Trestain Larson, Chairman $.J. Bianculli Fisher S.R Fox - LaBoube J. Mattingly Sagan RM, Schuster ;ommaittee 22 - Compression Members Crews, Chairman R.Bjorhovde Errera M. Golovin Harrold D.L. Johnson | Nunnery T.B. Pekoz Sherman T.Sputo mmittee 24 - Flexural Members Nunnery, Chairman "RE, Brown Ellfirite S.J. Errera Hancock A.J.Harrold Kile RA. LaBoube attingly T.H Miller jan B.W. Schafer Shoemaker T.Sputo ‘LaBoube, Chairman R Bjorhovde Errera S.R Fox tingly B.W. Schafer mittee 34.- General Provisions Fisher, Chairman R, Bjorhovde nudet E.R Estes, Jr. mmittee 24 - Strategic Planning and Research S.R. Fox A.J. Harrold J. Mattingly 1.M, Murray B.W. Schafer RL. Brockenbrough A.J. Harrold J.N. Nunnery P. A, Seaburg R.Daudet W. T. Guiher M.R Loseke B.W. Schafer T.W.J. Trestain D. A. Cuoco J.M. Fisher RB. Haws M.R. Loseke T.M. Murray RM. Schuster T.W. Trestain L-K.Crews RS. Gluaz R.C. Kaehler R.L. Madsen B.W. Schafer J-K. Crews JM. Klaiman EM. Schuster J.K. Crews M. Golovin RS. Glauz RC. Kaehler W.R Midgley J.N. Nunnery W.L. Shoemaker JK. Crews D.L. Johnson N.L. Peterson W.L. Shoemaker D.S. Ellifritt G. J. Hancock TH. Miller R.M. Schuster W.W. Yu R Daudet M. Golovin D.L. Johnson R.L. Madsen T.B. Pekoz P. A. Seaburg, T. Wolfe D.A. Cuoco M. Golovin R.A. LaBoube W.R. Midgley RM. Schuster E.R diGirolamo J.W. Larson, W.W. Yu D. A. Cuoco W.B. Hall December 2001A.J. Harrold RL. Madsen R.M.Schuster D.L. Johnson W.R Midgley S.J. Thomas North American Cald-Formed Steel Specification J.M. Klaiman J.W. Larson J.-A. Moses C.W. Pinkham W.W. Yu R Zadeh CSA Technical Committee on Cold Formed Steel Structural Members RM. Schuster, Chairman J.J.R. Cheng D. Polyzois T.W. J, Trestain K Taing Associate Members RL. Brockenbrough LXu D. Bak S.J. Bianculli K Bielat R Bjorhovde S,R. Fox, Secretary D.Bak A. Caouette D. Delaney M.K. Madugula S. McCavour IN. Schillaci K.S.Sivakumaran -M. Sommerstein ER Vickers, L. Vavek R Vincent C. Rogers CLR Taraschuk M. Tumkur PERSONNEL Steelway Building Systems RL. Brockenbrough RE.Brown A.Caouette HH. Chen J.J.R.Cheng JK. Crews D.A. Cuoco R. Daudet D. Delaney E.R diGirolamo D.S. Elifrite S.J. Errera E.R Estes, Jr. J.M, Fisher S.R Fox S. Funderburk J. Garcia RS.Glauz M. Golovin P.S.Green W.T. Guiher W.B. Hall G. J. Hancock A.J. Harrold RB. Haws J. L Hemandez D.L. Johnson United States Steel Corporation American Iron and Steel Institute The Bjorhovde Group R.L. Brockenbrough and Associates Wheeling Corrugating Company Canadian Construction Materials Centre American Iron and Steel Institute University of Alberta Unarco Material Handling LZA Technology Dietrich Design Group Rheinzink Canada Ltd. The Steel Network, Inc. Consultant Consultant Consultant Computerized Structural Design, Inc. Canadian Sheet Stee! Building Institute The Lincoln Electric Company Galvamet The Marley Cooling Tower Company Consultant University of Florida Inflection Point, Inc. University of Mlinois ‘The University of Sydney Butler Manufacturing Company Magnatrax Corporation Industrias Monterrey S.A. de C.V. Maus Engineering,R.C.Kaehler W.E Kile J.-M. Klaiman J.8.Kreiner RA. LaBoube C.J. Lanz JW. Larson MLR. Loseke RL Madsen M.K Madugula J.P. Matsen J. Mattingly 5. MeCavour RR McCluer W.R Midgley 1.H Miller F. Morello J. Ae Moses T.M, Murray J.N. Nunnery T.B Pekoz N.L Perterson C.W. Pinkham D.Polyzois S. Rajan V.E Sagan M Saldivar B.W. Schafer N, Schillaci RM.Schuster P.A Seaburg D.R Sherman W.L, Shoemaker K.-S. Sivakumaran M, Sommerstein T.Sputo K Taing CR Taraschuk M.A. Thimons S.J. Thomas T.W.J. Trestain M. Tumkur L. Vavek ER. Vickers R Vincent S.H. Walker J. Wellinghoff T. Wolf LxXw W.W. Yu R Zadeh Computerized Structural Design, Inc. Structuneering Inc. ADTEK Engineers Tiden, Lobnitz, Cooper University of Missouri-Rolla American Institute of Steel Construction Bethlehem Steel Corporation Loseke Properties, Inc, Devco Engineering, Inc. University of Windsor Matsen Ford Design Associates, Inc. Nicholas J. Bouras, Inc. McCavour Engineering Ltd. Building Officials & Code Administrators, Intemational Midgley, Clauer and Associ Oregon State University MLC. Industries, Ine. Unistrut Corporation Virginia Polytechnic Institute \Varco-Pruden Buildings Corel University Steel Stud Manufacturers Association S.B. Barnes Associates University of Manitoba Alpine Engineering Products, Inc. ‘Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. CANACERO Johns Hopkins University Dofasco Ine. University of Waterloo Southern Ilinois University Consultant Metal Building Manufacturers Association McMaster University M&H Engineering Sputo Engineering, ‘VICWEST NRC/IRC Canadian Code Centre CENTRIA ‘Varco-Proden Buildings T. W. J. Trestain Structural Engineering Canadian Standards Association Structural Engineer Robertson Building Systems Le Group Canam Manac Inc, Steven H. Walker Clark Steel Framing, MBCI University of Waterloo Consultant Unimast Incorporated December 2001PREFACE... ‘SYMOBLS AND DEFINITIONS.. A. GENERAL PROVISIONS. Al AS Ad A6 AT AB Ag B. ELEMENTS... BL B2 83 North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification TABLE OF CONTENTS NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 2001 EDITION Limits of Applicability and Terms..... AL1 Scope and Limits of Applicability .. Al2 Terms. 13. Units of Symbols and Terms Material..... A21 Applicable Steels. A22. Other Steels... 23. Ductility. A24 Delivered Minimum Thickness v Loads Allowable Strength Design AAL Design Basis A411 ASD Requirements. ‘4.1.2 Load Combinations for AS Load and Resistance Factor Design.. AS.1 Design Basi: AS.1.1 LRFD Requirements... AS.1.2_ Load Factors and Load Combinations for Limit States Design . ‘6.1 Design Basi A611 LSD Requirements 6.1.2 Load Factors and Load Combinations for LSD Yield Point and Strength Increase from Cold Work of Forming. AZ Yield Point. ‘A7.2_ Strength Increase from Cold Work of Forminy Serviceability. Referenced Documents. Dimensional Limits and Considerations B11 Flange Flat-Width-to-Thickness Considerations. B12 Maximum Web Depth-to-Thickness Ratios Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements. B21 Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements. B22 Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements with Circular Holes... B23 Webs and other Stiffened Elements under Stress Gradient. B24 C-Section Webs with Holes under Stress Gradient. Effective Widths of Unstiffened Elements.B31 Uniformly Compressed Unstiffened Elements... B32 Unstiffened Elements and Edge Stiffeners under Stress Gradient . Effective Widths of Elements with One Intermediate Stiffener or an Edge Stiffener.. [B41 Uniformly Compressed Elements with One Intermediate Stiffenet B42. Uniformly Compressed Elements with an Edge Stiffener... Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements with Multiple Intermediate Stiffeners or Edge stiffened Elements with Intermediate Stiffeners B5.1 Effective Widths of Uniformly Compressed Stiffent Intermediate Stiffeners. BS.1.1 Specific Case: ‘n’ Identical Stiffeners, Equally Spaced B5.1.2 General Case: Arbitrary Stiffener Size, Location and Number 'B5.2. Edge Stiffened Elements with Intermediate Stiffeners BERS. Properties of Sections. Tension Members.. Flexural Members. C31 Bending... . 3.1.1 Nominal Section Strength [Resistance] . 3.1.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength [Resistance] ou 3.1.2.1 Laterai-Torsional Buckling Strength [Resistance] of Open Cross Section Members. i oo 62 3.1.22 Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength [Resistance] of Closed Box Members... se 3.13 Beams Having One Flange Through-Fastened to Deck or Sheathing 3.14 Beams Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof System.....67 3.15 Strength [Resistance] of Standing Seam Roof Panel Systems i. C32 Shear 3.21 Shear Strength [Resistance] of Webs without Holes. 3.22 Shear Strength [Resistance] of C-Section Webs with Holes 33 Combined Bending and Shear 7 33.1 ASD Method ... 33.2 LRED and LSD Methods... C34 Web Crippling... ese ss C341 Web Crippling Strength [Resistance] of Webs without Holes. C342 Web Crippling Strength [Resistance] of C-Section Webs with Hole: C35 Combined Bending and Web Crippling. 35.1 ASD Method C362. Shear Stiffeners. 3.6.3 Non-Conforming C41. Sections Not Subject to Torsional or Torsional-Flexural Buckling C42 Doubly- or Singly-Symmetric Sections Subject to Torsional or Torsional-Flexural Buckling. December 2004North American Colc-Formed Steel Specification C43 Point-Symmetric Sections. C44 Nonsymuetric Sections C45. Built-Up Members 4.6 Compression Members Having One Flange Through-Fastened to Deck or Sheathing... + €S Combined Axial Load and Bending, 5.1 Combined Tensile Axial Load and Bending C5.1.1 ASD Method... 5.1.2 LRFD and LSD Methods...... C52 Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending 5.21 ASD Method . sen 5.2.2 LRFD and LSD Methods. C6 Closed Cylindrical Tubular Membe: 6.1. Bending... C62 Compression 6.3. Combined Bending an: 82 Be BRRREGRS D. STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLIES .. Di Built-Up Sections.... D11_ FSections Composed of Two C-Sections... D1.2. Spacing of Connections in Compression Elements D2 Mixed Systems, DS Lateral Bracin; oon D3.1 Symmetrical Beams and Columns. 3.2. C-Section and Z-Section Beams D321 Anchorage of Bracing for Roof Systems Under Gravity Load With Top Flange Connected to Sheathin; D322. Neither Flange Connected to Sheathing D4 Wall Studs and Wall Stud Assemblies D4.1 Compression.. D42 Bending... 43 Combined Axial Load and Bending. DS_ Floor, Roof or Wall Steel Diaphragm Construction E. CONNECTIONS AND JOINTS... El General Provisions. E2_ Welded Connections. E21 Groove Welds in Butt Joints E22 Arc Spot Welds. . E221 Shear E222 Tension E23 Arc Seam Welds. E24 Fillet Welds... E25 Flare Groove Welds E26 Resistance Welds... < E27. Fracture in Net Section of Members other than Flat Sheets (Shear Lag) 15 £3. Bolted Connections sven TEA IoShear, Spacing and Edge Distance. Fracture in Net Section (Shear Lag). Bearing E331 Strength [Resistance] without Consideration of Bolt Hole Deformation..117 £332 Strength [Resistance] with Consideration of Bolt Hole Deformation Shear and Tension in Bolts Minimum Edge and End Distances. Shear 43.1 Connection Shear Limited by Tilting and Bearing. F432 Connection Shear Limited by End Distance.. F433 Shear in Screw: TeNSION nnn F441 Pull-Out F442 Pull-Over E443 Tension in Screws.. 2 Tension .. 3. Shear FOR SPECIAL CASES. ests for Determining Structural Performance ‘Ll Load and Resistance Factor Design and Limit States Design... 1.2 Allowable Strength Design. fests for Confirming Structural Performance fests for Determining Mechanical Properties. .1 Full Section. 32. Flat Elements of Formed Sections. 33. Virgin Steel. IN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS FOR CYCLI DIX A: PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO THE UNITED STATES ‘Al-la Scope and Limits of Applicability }A2.2 Other Steels... i }43.1 Nominal Loads A412 Load Combinations for ASD. December 2001North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification 5.1.2 Load Factors and Load Combinations for LRED. ‘A9a Referenced Documents #2. Tension Members. 3.14 Beams Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof System... O'E2a Welded Connections. 3a Bolted Connections. E31 Shear, Spacing and Edge Distance. 1 3.2. Fracture in Net Section (Shear Lag). a 3.4 Shear and Tension in Bolts E432 Connection Shear Limited by End Distance. ES Rupture E5.1 Shear Rupture. E52. Tension Rupture. E53 Block Shear Rupture PREFACE TO APPENDIX B.... APPENDIX B: PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO CANADA. Al.2a Terms A2.la Applicable Steels... A22 Other Steels A221 Other Structural Quality Steels... A222. Other Steels. ‘A24a Delivered Minimum Thicknes: AB Loads . ABA Specified Loads .. A3.2_ Temperature Effect 46.1.2 Load Factors and Load Combinations for LSD... A6.1.2.1 Load Factors (a). A6.122 Load Combination Factor (y) AG.1.23 Importance Factor (7). ‘Aa Reference Documents. “ C2 Tension Members... C21 Yielding of Gross Section. C22. Fracture of Net Section.. Da Lateral Bracing. D3.1a Symmetrical Beams and Columns. D3.1.1 Discrete Bracing 3.1.2 Bracing by Deck, Slab, or Sheathing. 1D3.2a C-Section and Z-Section Beams 3.23 Discrete Bracin; 3.2.4 One Flange Braced by Deck, Slab, or Sheathing 3.25 Both Flanges Braced by Deck, Slab, or Sheathing 2a Welded Connections E22a Arc Spot Weld: E23a Arc Seam Welds. 3a Bolted Connections...E31 Shear, Spacing and Edge Distance. 32. Fracture in Net Section (Shear Lag) ¥33a Bearing E34 Shear and Tension in Bolts .. F432 Connection Shear Limited by End Distanc BLO B10 Bil Bil Alla Country Specific Scope and Limits of Applicability. ‘A22. Other Steels. A412 Load Combinations for ASD A5.1.2_ Load Factors and Load Combinations for LRFI 1 Referenced Documents. Tension Members... C314 Beams Having One Range’ Fastened toa Sanding Seam Roof Spe | Welded Connections, Bolted Connections E31. Shear, Spacing and Edge Distance 3.2 Fracture in Net Section (Shear Lag). E34 Shear and Tension in Bolts ‘© E43.2. Connection Shear Limited by End Distance Rupture. E5,1 Shear Rupture.. 5,2. Tension Rupture., B53. Block Shear Rupture December 2001is Symbot Aust Bn North American Coid-Formed Stee! Specification SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS. Definition Full unreduced cross-sectional area of member Area of directly connected elements or gross area byt + Ag for transverse stiffeners at interior support and under concentrated load, and byt + Ag, for transverse stiffeners at end support Gross cross-sectional area of bolt 182 + A., for transverse stiffeners at interior support and under concentrated load, and 10t? + Ag, for transverse stiffeners at end support Reduced area due to local buckling Effective area at stress Fr, Effective net area Gross area of element including stiffeners Gross area of section Gross area subject to tension Gross area subject to shear Net area subject to tension Net area subject to shear Net area of cross section Reduced cross sectional area of edge or intermediate stiffener Cross-sectional area of transverse stiffener Gross area of stiffener Effective area of stiffener Gross area of shear stiffener Net tensile area ‘Area of web Net web area Shear panel length of unreinforced web element, or distance between transverse stiffeners of reinforced web elements Intermediate fastener or spot weld spacing, Fastener distance from outside web edge Section 3.1.2.1, C4.2, C4.6,C5.2.1, 5.2.2, C6.2, Dit ELT 3.6.1 E34 3.6.1 6.2 3.6.1, C4, C4.2,C5.2.1, 5.2.2, C6.2, D4, D4.1 E27, E3.2 B5.1 C2, E27, 63.2 E53 E53 E53 E53 C2, B3.2 B4, B41, B42 36.1 B5.1 B4, B41, B42 3.6.2 G4 3.21 55.1 3.2.1, C3.6.2 cas caeSYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Definition of bracing interval ‘Spacing for determining tensile yield point of comers ve design width of compression element ‘CFlange width length of web hole > Effective width for deflection calculation Bifective with of elements, located at centroid of ‘element including stiffeners C Effective width © Effective width either determined by Section B4.2 or “section BS.1 depending on stiffness of stiffeners __ Dimension defined in Figure B4-1 Ccout-to-out width of compression flange as defined in Figure B23-2 © Total flat width of stiffened element CeTotal flat width of edge stiffened element Largest sub-clement flat width * Effective widths Effective widths of transverse stiffeners For compression members, ratio of total corner cross for flexural members, ratio of total corner cross |) -sectional area of controlling flange to full cross -sectional area of controlling flange Coefficient Bearing factor Bending coefficient dependent on moment gradient "Constant from Table G1 ‘Web slenderness coefficient End moment coefficient in interaction formula , Coefficient for lateral bracing of Z-section x End moment coefficient in interaction formula -sectional area to total cross-sectional area of full section; Section D322 D4 A72 B2.1, B2.2, B3.1, B3.2, B41, B42 C4.6,D3.2.1 B24, C3.2.2, C3.4.2 B2.1, B2.2, B31, B3.2, B41, B4.2, BS.2 B51 B23 B52 B4, BAL B23 BS.1 B52 BS.1 B2.3, B2.4 3.6.1 AI2 C341 E331 3.1.21,C31.22 G1, G3, G4 C341 5.2.1, C5.2.2 D321 5.21, C5.22 December 2001North American Cold-Formed Steel Speciticati SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Definition Section End moment coefficient in interaction formula 521,522 Bearing length coefficient 3.41 Initial column imperfection Daa Correction Factor Fli Inside bend radius coefficient C341 Coefficient for lateral-torsional buckling 3.1.21 End moment coefficient in interaction formula C3121 Coefficient for lateral bracing of Z-sections 03.24 Coefficient for lateral bracing of Z-sections Shear stiffener coefficient Torsional warping constant of cross-section Compression strain factor Term used to compute shear strain in wall board D41 Cy.C2, Axial buckling coefficients C46 G Cy Calibration coefficient Fil c Distance 3.2.2 Amount of curling displacement Bil Horizontal distance from edge of element tocenterline BS.1, BS.1.2 of stiffener Di. Outside diameter of cylindrical tube C6, C8.1, C6.2 D™ Overall depth of lip B11, Ba, B42 D Shear stiffener coefficient 3.6.2 Di: Dead load AB.1, A612 Do: _ Initial column imperfection D41 Depth of section B11, C3.1.21, C313, m C46, D3.2.1, D3.2.2, ty D4, D41 Ms 4’ Nominal screw diameter E4, E41, £42, E43.1, F441 ‘ Flat depth of lip defined in Figure B42 Ba Width of are seam weld E23SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS ! Definition Visible diameter of outer surface of arc spot weld Diameter of bolt Sverage diameter of arc spot weld at mid-thickness ‘oft «i hverage width of seam weld “Nominal diameter (body or shank diameter) "Sitective diameter of fused area Effective width of arc seam weld at fused surfaces Diameter of standard hole | eoth ef web hole Reduced effective width of stiffener 1 Effective width of stiffener calculated according to B3.1 ‘Screw head or washer diameter vLarger value of screw head or washer diameter Modulus of elasticity of steel, 29,500 ksi (203,000 MPa, 2,070,000 kg/cm2) load due to earthquake tial column imperfection; a measure of initial of stud from initial, ideal, unbuckled shape jTerm used to compute shear strain in wallboard _pinelasic modulus of elasticity t "Distance measured in line of force from center of a standard hole to nearest edge of an adjacent hole or to end of connected part toward Fyphich force is directed Distance measured in line of force from center Fol standard hole to nearest end of connected part wi allowable distance measured in line of force from centerline ofa weld to nearest edge F Section E221, B2.2.2 F3a, E3.2, E3.3.1, 3.3.2, E34 2.2.1, £2.22 E23 Gt 2.2, E2.2.1, 2.2.2 E23 B2.2, F3a, E3.1, 3.2, E5.1 B2.4,C3.2.2, C342 Ba, B42 Ba, B42 E44 E4, E44, F4.4.2 A23.2, B11, B2.1, B4, B5.1, 3.11, C3.1.2.1, C3.1.2.2, 3.2.1, C3.5.1,C35.2, C3.6.1, 3.6.2, C4.1, C4.6, C5.21, €5.2.2, C6, C6.1, C6.2, D1.2, D4.1, £2.21 AB, A6.1.2 D41 D41 D41 E3.1, E3.la F432 E221, 2.2.2 December 2004SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Definition Section jas of an adjacent weld or to end of connected part toward which the force is directed Yield strain = Fy/E C341 Fabrication factor Fll ‘Nominal tensile or shear strength ER4 Design stress range Gs Threshold fatigue stress range G1, G3, G4 Critical buckling stress B21, C3.1.21, C6.1 Plate elastic buckling stress B2.1, B51 Elastic buckling stress C3.1.241,.03.1.2.2, C4, C41, C42, C43, C44, C6.2, D4 Meen value of fabrication factor 3.15, FLI ‘Nominal buckling stress B2.1, C4, C5.2.1, C5.2.2, C6.2, D4, Dat Nominal strength of bolts E34 Nominal tensile strength of bolts E34 Nominal shear strength of bolts E34 Nominal tensile strength for bolts subject to combination E3.4 of shear and tension Yield point as specified in Section A2.1,A2.2 or A2.3.2 A1.2, A2.3.2, E2.2. 1, E3.1 Nominal tensile stress in flat sheet E32 Tensile strength as specified in Section A2.1, A2.2 A23.2, C2, E2.2.1, E2.2.2, E23, or A23.2 E24, B2.5, 2.7, E3.1, E3.2, E331, E3.3.2, E43.2, E5.1, E53 Tensile strength of virgin stee! specified by Section A2_A7.2 or established in accordance with Section F3.3 Yield point for design of transverse stiffeners 3.61 Tensile strength of electrode classification E21, £2.21, E222, £23, E24, E25 Tensile strength of member in contact with screw head E4, E4.3.1, E4.4.2 Tensile strength of member not in contact with screw E4, £4.3.1, F441 headIs and Definitions SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS of” “Nominal shear stress Yield point used for design, not to exceed specified & yield point or established in accordance with Section F3, or as increased for cold work of forming in Section A72 or as reduced for low ductility steels in Section Definition "average yield point of section Tensile yield point of comers Weighted average tensile yield point of flat portions » Yield point of stiffener steel » Tensile yield point of virgin steel specified by Section A2 or established in accordance with Section F3.3 in compression element computed on asis of effective design width iverage computed stress in full urreduced flange idth at service load in cover plate or sheet Computed compressive stress in element being eonsidered. Calculations are based on effective 1, Section at load for which deflections are determined. 2 Computed stresses fy and f as shown in Figure B2.3-1. Iafetelations are based on effective section at for which serviceability is determined. Computed stress fs in edge stiffener, as shown in Figure 1yB42. Calculations are based on effective section at load for which: serviceability is determined. Computed shear stress on a bolt Web stresses defined by Figure B2.3-1 Section E321 AL2, A232, A7.1, A7.2, B21, C2, C3.1.1, C3.1.2.1, 3.1.2.2, C3.1.3,C3.21, C3.1.4,C3.4.1,C35.1,C3.5.2, €3.6.1, C3.6.2, C4, C4.2, 5.1.1, C5.1.2, C5.2.1, C5.2.2, C6, C6.1, C6.2, D1.2, D4.1, E2.1, E2.22, E5.2,G1 A72 A72 A7.2, F3.2 C361 A72 B2.1, B2.2, B24, B3.1, B3.2, B4, B4.1, B42, BS.1, BS.1.1, BS.1.2, B5.2 BL. D12 B2.1, B2.2, B31, B4.1, B4.2, BS.1.1, B5.1.2, B5.2 B23 B32 E34 B23, B2.4SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Definition Edge stiffener stress defined by Figure B42 Shear modulus of steel, 11;300 ksi (78,000 MPa or 795,000 kg/cm?) Inelastic shear modulus Vertical distance between two rows of connections nearest to top and bottom flanges ‘Transverse center-to-center spacing between fastener gage lines Depth of flat portion of web measured along plane of web Width of elements adjoining stiffened element Lip height as defined in Figures E2.5-4 to E2.5-7 Out-to-out depth of web as defined in Figure B2.3-2, Depth of web hole Coped flat web depth Adequate moment of inertia of stiffener, so that each, component element will behave asa stiffened element Actual moment of inertia of full stiffener about its own centroidal axis parallel to element to be stiffened Minimum moment of inertia of shear stiffener(s) with respect to an axis in plane of web Moment of inertia of stiffener about centerline of flat 5 portion of element Moment of inertia of full unreduced section about principal axis Product of inertia of full unreduced section about major “and minor centroidal axes Moment of inertia of compression portion of section about centroidal axis of entire section parallel to web, S’_ using full unreduced section i Index of stiffener December 2001 Section B3.2 3.1.2.1, C3.1.2.2, D4 D4t Dit E32 B1.2, B24,C3.1.1,C3.21, 3.2.2, C3.4.1, C3.4.2, C3.5.1, 35.2, C3.6.2 BS.1 E25 B23 B24 E51 B11, B4, B41, B4.2 B11, B4, B4.1, B42, C3.6.2 3.6.2 B5.1, B5.1.1, BS.1.2 3.1.2.1, C3122, C521, 5.2.2, D3.2.2 3.2.2, D4. C3121 B5.1, B5.1.2 2a‘Symbots and Definitions. SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS ‘Symbol Definition Sectlon J ‘Saint-Venant torsion constant 3.1.2.1, C3.1.2.2, D4 t j Section property for torsional-flexural buckling, 31.21 kK Effective length factor C41, C45, D4.1 K Aconstant D3.2.2 K, _ Effective length factor for torsion 3121 Kx _ Effective length factor for buckling about x-axis 3.1.2.1, C5.2.1,C5.22 2 ky Effective length factor for buckling about y-axis 3.1.2.1, C3.1.2.2, C521, + C522 k Plate buckling coefficient B21, B23, B3.1, B3.2, BiB4, B4.1, B4.2, BS.1, B5.2 kg _ Plate buckling coefficient for distortional buckling BS.1, BB.1.1, B5.1.2 Kjgc Plate buckling coefficient for local sub-element buckling, B5.1, B5.1.1, B5.1.2 ky Shear buckling coefficient 3.2.1, C3.6.2, Ls Full span for simple beams, distance between inflection B1.1 points for continuous beams, twice length for cantilever beams L Span length D324, Dia L Length of weld E21, E25 L Length of longitudinal welds E27 L Length of seam weld not including circular ends #23 L Length of fillet weld E24 L Length of connection E32 L Unbraced length of member C41, C45, C5.2.1, C5.212.2, Dai L Overall length Daa L Live load AB.1, A612, A6.1.22 Lpe Unsupported length between brace points or other B51, B5.1.1, B5.1.2 restraints which restrict distortional buckling of element Lt Length of transverse stiffener 36.1 Lt Unbraced length of compression member for torsion C3.1.2.1ahaha cso tatdlaahd Ls tc aR ec cibadat SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Definition {Unbraced length of compression member for bending f ;Unbraced length of compression member for bending fabout y-axis Limit of unbraced length by which lateral-torsional E buckling is not be considered ry fenay Absolute value of moments in unbraced segment, Via, Mg; used for determining Cj, a Mean value of material factor Nominal flexural strength [resistance] Required allowable flexural strength, ASD Nominal flexural strengths [resistances] about centroidal axes determined in accordance with a Section C3 ‘Nominal flexural strengths [resistances] about fo sentroidal axes determined in accordance with * £ Section C3.1 excluding provisions of Section C3.1.2 Nominal yield moment for nested Z-sections Maxt, .Nominal flexural strengths [resistances] about Mayt _centroidal axes determined using gross, unreduced ‘cross-section properties M; —Factored moment Ms. Moments due to factored loads with respect to My centroidal axes Required allowable flexural strength with respect to My centroidal axes for ASD Ravemhar anne Section 3.1.2.1, C5.2.1,C5.22 3.1.2.1, C3.1.2.2, C5.2.1, 522 3.1.2.2 3.121 3.15, FLA B2.1,C3.4,C3.1.1,C3.1.21, 3.1.2.2, 3.13, C3.1.4, 33.1, C3.3.2, C6.1 3.3.1, C3.5.1 5.1.4, C5.1.2, C5.2.1, 5.2.2, D43 €3.3.1, C3.3.2, C35.1, C3.5.2, D4.2, D43 35.1, C3.5.2 C5.1.1,C5.1.2 3.3.2 C4, 5.1.2, C5.2.2 C4, C5.1.1,C5.2.1‘Symbols and Definitions SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Symbol Definition ‘Section My —_ Required flexural strength for LRFD €33.2,C35.2 Myx, Required flexural strength with respect to C4, C5.1.2, 05.2.2 Muy centroidal axes for LRFD M __ Required flexural strength [factored moment] 332,352 Mx, — Required flexural strengths [factored moments] C4, C5.1.2 My My Moment causing maximum strain ’y . B21, C3,1.2 2 M; Smaller end moment 3.1.2.1, C5.2.1, C512 Mp _Larger end moment 3.1.21, C5211, C51 m Degrees of freedom FLL m _ Term for determining tensile yield point of comers A7.2 m Distance from shear center of one C-section to D1.1, D3.2.2 mid-plane of web my Modification factor for type of bearing connection E331 103 N Actual length of bearing C3.4.1, C3.4.2, C354, N_ Number of stress range fluctuations in design life G3 n Coefficient B41, BA2 n Number of stiffeners B5.1, B5.1.1, B5.1.2 n ‘Number of holes EB1 n Number of tests FI n Number of anchors in test assembly with same cas tributary area (for anchor failure), or number of panels with identical spans and loading to failed span (for non-anchor failure) : n Number of threads per inch ca 1 Np Number of bolt holes 32 j ny _ Number of parallel purlin lines D321 P Required allowable strength for concentrated load 35.1 1 reaction in presence of bending moment for ASD P Required allowable strength (nominal force) transmitted E2.2.1 Aber a 24orn American Cold-rormed Steel Specif SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Definition Section by weld for ASD Required allowable compressive axial strength for ASD A2.3.1,C5.2.1 Professional factor FLl fc): Pitch (mm per thread for Sf units andcm per thread G4 ® for MKS units) Elastic buckling strengths [resistances] 5.2.1, 5.2.2 Axial force due to factored loads A23.1,C5.2.2 Concentrated load or reaction due to factored loads. C3.5.2 Factored shear force transmitted by welding E221 Force to be resisted by intermediate beam brace 03.2.1, 3.2.2 Mean value of the tested-to-predicted load ratios FLL Nominal web crippling strength (resistance] 3.4.1, C351, C352 Nominal axial strength [resistance] of member A231, C4, C46, C5.2.1, 5.2.2, C6.2, D4.1, D4.3 Nominal axial strength [resistance] of transverse stiffener C3.6.1 Nominal strength [resistance] of connection component E2.1, E2.2.1, E2.2.2, E2.3, E24, E25, E2.6, E3.1, E3.2, E34 Nominal bearing strength [resistance] E33.1,E3.3.2 Nominal tensile strength of welded member E27 Nominal axial strength [resistance] of member 5.21, C5.22 determined in accordance with Section C4 with Fr, Nominal pull-out strength [resistance] per screw E4, E441, £4.43 Nominal pull-over strength [resistance] per screw 4, 4.4.2, £4.43 >, Nominal shear strength [resistance] per screw F4, E4.2, £4.3.1, F432, £4.33 Pot Nominal tension strength resistance] per screw 4, £4.43 Ps Concentrated load or reaction Dit Ps "Nominal shear strength [resistance] of screw as E4, E433 reported by manufacturer or determined by independent laboratory testing December 2001 25Symbols and Definitions oS ‘SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Symbol Definition Section Pts Nominal tension strength [resistance] of screws as E4, E443 reported by manufacturer or determined by independent laboratory testing Py Required axial strength [resistance] for LRFD A231,C522 Py Factored force (required strength) transmitted by weld, E2.2.1 for LRED Py _ Required strength for concentrated load or reaction C35.2. in presence of bending moment for LRFD P Required strength for concentrated load or reaction C352 [concentrated load or reaction due to factored loads] in presence of bending moment. P Required compressive axial strength [factored 5.22 compressive force] Q Design shear rigidity for sheathing Dal @ Oa Daa A (Qay/(4Ar02) Daa Q, Sheathing parameter Daa Q Load effect FL q Design load in plane of web Dui qs Reduction factor 3.22 R Required allowable strength for ASD Aa. R Modification factor BBA R Reduction factor 3:13,0314 R Coefficient 6.2 R Inside bend radius A772, C3.4.1,¢ R Radius of outside bend surface E25 RO U/l B41, B42 R, Allowable design strength Fiz Ry Reduction factor A232 R, Reduction factor 03.42 Ry —_Effect of factored loads A611SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Definition ‘Section Nominal strength [resistance] AL.2, A411, A511, A611, F2 ‘Nominal block shear rupture strength [resistance] E53 ‘Average value of all test results FLL, FL2 Required strength for LRFD ASL Correction factor 343 Least radius of gyration of full unreduced cross section C4.1, C4.2, C45 Minimum radius of gyration of full unreduced cas cross section Polar radius of gyration of cross section about shear C3.1.2.1, C4.2, D4.1 center Radius of gyration of cross section about centroidal 3.1.21, D4. principal axis 1.28VE/t B4, B4.1, B4.2, B5.2 Elastic section modulus of effective section calculated B21, C3.1.2.1 telative to extreme compression fiber at F, & Elastic section modulus of effective section calculated C3.1.1, C3.1.3, C3.1.4 relative to extreme compression or tension fiber at Fy, Elastic section modulus of full unreduced section B2.1, C3.1.2.1, C3.1.2.2, C6.1 relative to extreme compression fiber Section modulus of full unreduced section relative to 5.11, 5.1.2 extreme tension fiber about appropriate axis In-plane diaphragm nominal shear strength [resistance] D5 Fastener spacing Daa Spacing in line of stress of welds, rivets, or bolts Di2 connecting a compression coverplate or sheet to a ‘on-integral stiffener or other element Sheet width divided by number of bolt holes in cross E3.2 section being analyzed Weld spacing Dut Longitudinal center-to-center spacing of any consecutive E32 holes Fastener spacing for which Q, is tabulated D4Symbols and Definitions - SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS ‘Symbol Definition Section Smax _ Maximuim permissible longitudinal spacing of welds or D1.1 other connectors joining two C-sections to form an T-section © Required allowable tensile axial strength for ASD cad q T Load due to contraction or expansion caused by ABI, A31,A612,A6 temperature changes Ty Tension due to factored loads + C542 Tn Nominal tensile strength [resistance] C2, C5141, C5.1.2 T, Design strength [factored resistance] of connectionin D1.1 tension. Ty Required tensile axial strength for LRFD C512 T Required tensile axial strength [factored tensile force] C5.1.2 with respect to centroid “i t Base stee! thickness of any element or section A12, A232, A24, AI B12, B21, B22, B24 B4.1, B4.2, B5.1, B51. B52, C3.1.1, C321, 3.4.1, C3.42, C3: €3.6.1, 3.6.2, C46, 6.2, D1.2, D321, F3.3.1, E3.3.2, E43.) t Thickness of coped web E51 t Total thickness of two welded sheets, F221, £2.22, E23 t ‘Thickness of thinnest connected part E24, E25, E26, EB. E332 ty tz Based thicknesses connected with fillet weld E24 th ‘Thickness of member in contact with screw head EA, E431, F442 tz _ Thickness of member not in contact with screw head E4, F4.3.1 te _ Lesser of depth of penetration and tg 4, E441 te _ Effective throat dimension of groove weld E21 & ‘Thickness of uncompressed glass fiber blanket insulation C3.13 ts ‘Thickness of stiffener 3.6.1 tw Effective throat of weld E24, E25SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS Definition Section Reduction coefficient E27,E3.2 allowable shear strength for ASD C33. = Coefficient of variation of fabrication factor 3.15, FLA a of variation of material factor 3.15, FLL © Shear force due to factored loads for LSD 332 Nominal shear strength [resistance] €3.2.1,C3.3.1, C3.3.2, C3.6.2, E5. Coefficient of variation of tested-to-predicted load 3.1.5, Fl ratios Coefficient of variation of load effect C3.15,FL1 Required shear strength for LRFD 33.2 Required shear strength [factored shear] 3.3.2 Design load supported by all purlin lines being D321 restrained Live load due to wind ABA, A612, A6.1.22 Flat width of element exclusive of radii A23.2, BLA, B2.1, B22, B3.1, Bd, B4.1, B42, C3.1.1,C3.6.1, D12 Fit width of bam Mange which contacts bearing 35.1, C352 2 plate Flat width of narrowest unstiffened compression D12 element tributary to connections BY Width of flange projection beyond web forl-beams BLL ~" and similar sections; or half distance between webs for box- or U-type sections Leg of weld E24, £25 * Leg of weld E24, E25 Distance from concentrated load to brace 03.22 Non-dimensional fastener location C46 ‘Nearest distance between web hole and edge of bearing C342 Distance from shear center to centroid along principal C3.1.2.1, C4.2, D4.1 xaxis * Distance from shear plane to centroid of cross section _E2.7, E3.2‘symbols and Definitions - t ‘SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS F ‘Symbol Definition Section ; Y Yield point of web steel divided by yield point of 3.6.2 stiffener steel o Coefficient for purlin directions D321 « Coefficient for conversion of units C46, 53.3.2, G3 o Load factor Al2a op Dead load factor A612, A6.1.21 cg —_Load factor of live load due to earthquake A612, 46121 oy, _Liveload factor AG.1.2, 461.21 aq —_Load factor due to contraction or expansion caused by 6.1.2, A6.1.21 temperature changes t ay Wind load factor AGAZAGLZL — § 1/cy, Magnification factors €5.2.1,C5.2.2 Voy ‘ i B Coefficient B5.1.1, B5.1.2, C4.2, Dal} Bo Target reliability index C315, F141 8, Coefficients B5.1.1, B5.1.2 ww 0,0; Y Actual shear strain in sheathing Dat ¥ Permissible shear strain of sheathing D421 1 Importance factor Al.2a, A6.1.2, A6.1.23 w Load factor Fil 8 Angle between web and bearing surface >45° butno C341 more than 90° 8 ‘Angle between vertical and plane of web of Z-section, 3.2.1 degrees 8 Angle between an element and its edge stiffener Ba, B42SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS. Definition Slenderness factors Parameters used in determining compression strain factor Poisson's ratio for steel = 0.30 Reduction factor Theoretical elastic buckling stress (PE)/(Kly/n)? (WE)/(L/,)2 (2PElyy)/(AL2) (WE)/(KyLy/ty)? (PE)/(L/ ry)? 7 +Qe forsional buckling stress esistance factor esistance factor for bending strength sistance factor for concentrically loaded compression ember Section B2.1, B2.2, BS.1,C35.1, 35.2, C4, C62 3.11 B2.1,C3.21 A7.2, B2.1, B5.1, F3.1 Daa C3.1.2.1, C42, C43, D4.1 AL2, A5.1.1, 6.1.1, C315, C35.2, C46, B21, £2.21, 2.2.2, £2.3, E24, E25, E26, E27, E3.1, E3.2, £3.3.1, £332, E34, F4, F4.3.2, E44, £4.43, E5.1, Flt, FL2 C311, C3.1.2, C3.13,C3.14, €3.3.2, C3.5.2, C5.1.2, C5.2.2, 6.1, D42 A23.1,C3.6.1, C4, C5.2.2, 6.2, D4.1 sistance factor for diaphragms DS sistance factor for tension member C2, C5.12 sistance factor for shear strength 3.2.1, C3.3.2 sistance factor for web crippling strength 3.4.1, C3.5.2 /f; | B23 ad combination factor A6.1.2.2 104, 34symbols and Definitions ‘SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS ‘Symbol Definition Section Q Factor of safety A12, A411, C315, C46, F2.1, E2.21, E22. E23, E24, E25, E26, E3.1, E3.2, E3.3.1, 33: 4, 543.2, £44, F443) FL2 Q, Factor of safety for bending strength 3.1.1, C3.1.2, C3.13, 3.3.1, C35.1, C5.1.1, 6.1, D4.2 Q, Factor of safety for concentrically loaded compression nasa,ca,csaa,ce™ member Q, Factor of safety for bearing strength C361 i 24 Factor of safety for diaphragms DS 2, Factor of safety for tension member 2,C5.1.1 Q, Factor of safety for shear strength €3.21,C33.1 Qy Factor of safety for web crippling strength €3.4.1,C35.1JORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN OF 30LD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 1, GENERAL PROVISIONS : Limits of Applicability and Terms Scope and Limits of Applicability y {This Specification shall apply to the design of structural members cold- to shape from carbon or low-alloy steel sheet, strip, plate or bar not é than one in. (25.4 mm) in thickness and used for load-carrying purposes i nes provided appropriate allowances are made for dynamic effects. This Specification includes Symbols and Definitions, Chapters A through G, and Appendices A through C which shall apply as follows: Appendix A shall apply only in the United States, J. Appendix B shall apply only in Canada, and J« Appendix C shall apply only in Mexico This Specification includes design provisions for Allowable Strength Design (ASD), Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Limit States Design (LSD). These design methods shall apply as follows: ; © The use of ASD and LRED shall be limited to the United States and Mexico, and + The use of LSD shall be limited to, and is mandatory in Canada ‘The nominal strength {nominal resistance]* and stiffness of cold-formed elements, members, assemblies, connections, and details shall be srmined in accordance with the provisions in Chapters B through G and indices A through C of the Specification. Where the composition ot iguration of such components is such that calculation of strength tance] and/or stiffness cannot be made in accordance with those ions, structural performance shall be established from either of the Sllowing: Pe) ‘Determine design strength [factored resistance] or stiffness by tests, "undertaken and evaluated in accordance with Chapter F. " (b) Determine design strength [factored resistance] or stiffness by rational engineering analysis based on appropriate theory, related testing if data is available, and engineering judgment. Specifically, the design strength [factored resistance] shall be determined from the calculated nominal strength [resistance] by applying the following factors of safety or resistance factors: “buildings. Tt Shall be permitted to be used for structures other than ‘Members ‘Connections USA and Mexico | Canada USA and Mexico | Canada Q (ASD) | ¢(LRFD) | (LSD) Q(ASD) | o(LRFD) | (LSD) % L200 080 0.75 2:50 0.65 0.60 [Pecember 2002, ~=>act* 33Chapter A, General Provisions Note * Bracketed terms are equivalent terms that apply particularly to LSD. ** Symbol “EDA. is used to point out that additional provisions are provided in the appendices as indicated by the letters. AL2 Terms Where the following terms appear in this Specification they shall have the meaning herein indicated: General Terms Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members. Shapes manufactured by press-braking blanks sheared from sheets, cut lengths of coils or plates, or by roll forming cold- or hot-rolled coils or sheets; both forming operations being performed at ambient room temperature, that is, without manifest addition of heat such as would be required for hot forming. Confirmatory Test. Test made, when desired, on members, connections, and assemblies designed according to the provisions of Chapters A through G of this Specification or its specific references, in order to compare actual versus calculated performance. Cross-Sectional Area: Effective Area. Effective area, Ae, calculated using the effective widths of component elements in accordance with Chapter B. It can be a g70ss area or 2 net area, as applicable, if the effective widths of all component elements, determined in accordance with Chapter B, are equal to the actual flat widths. Full, Unreduced Area, Full, unreduced area, A, calculated without reducing the widths of component elements to their effective widths. It can be an unreduced gross area or an unreduced net area, as applicable. Gross Area. Gross area, Ag, without deductions for holes, openings, and cutouts. Net Area. Net area, Az, equal to gross area less the area of holes, ‘openings, and cutouts. Distortional Buckling. A mode of buckling involving change in cross-sectional shape, excluding local buckling. Doubly Symmetric Section. A section symmetric about two orthogonal axes through its centroid. Effective Design Width. Flat width of an element reduced for design purposes, also known simply as the effective width, Flange of a Section in Bending. Flat width of flange including any intermediate stiffeners plus adjoining comers. Flat Width. Width of an element exclusive of comers measured along its plane. Flat-Width-to-Thickness Ratio (Flat Width Ratio). Flat width of an element measured along its plane, divided by its thickness.Girt. Horizontal structural member which supports wall panel and is subjected to principally bending under applied loa Local Buckling. Buckling of elements only within a section, where the line junctions between elements remain straight and angles between elements ' do not change. Coil. One continuous, weld-free coil as produced by a hot mill, cold ‘mill,"metallic coating line or paint line and identifiable by unique coil B number. This coil may be cut into smaller coils or slit into narrower coils; all of these smallet and /or narrower finished coils could be said Rave come from the same master coil if they are traceable to the al master coil number. tifened Element. Element stiffened between webs, ot between a web a stiffened edge, by means of intermediate stiffeners parallel to the ion of stress. Test. Test made on structural members, connections, and emblies whose performance cannot be determined by the provisions of pters A through G of this Specification or its specific references. smetric Section. Section symmetrical about a point (centroid) such as tion having equal flanges. mi... Horizontal structural member which supports roof deck and is bjected to principally bending under applied loads. Engineering Analysis. Analysis based on theory that is appropriate for situation, any available test data that is relevant, and sound ring judgment. tric Section. Section symmetric about only one axis through its inimum Yield Point. Lower limit of yield point in a test specified to ify a lot of steel for use in a cold-formed steel structural member igned at that yield point. gr Partially Stiffened Compression Elements. Flat compression element Hera plane compression flange of a flexural member or a plane web or Be of a compression member) of which both edges parallel to the ion of stress are stiffened either by a web, flange, stiffening lip, diate stiffener, or the like. designation for certain sheet steels intended for structural ications, Stress as used in this Specification means force per unit area. Flement of a Multiple Stiffened Element. Portion of a multiple stiffened elément between adjacent intermediate stiffeners, between web. and termediate stiffener, or between edge and intermediate stiffener. Ressile Strength: Maximum stress reached in a tension test. picknéss: The thickness, t, of any element or section shall be the base steel thickness, exclusive of coatings. Hortal-Flexural Buckling. Buckling mode in which compression members bend and twist simultaneously without change in cross sectional shape. Unstiffened Compression Elements. Flat compression element stiffened at only : one edge parallel to the direction of stress.