Advanced Calculus

TOPICS IN VECTOR
CALCULUS

Agustus 2017
 LEARNING OUTCOME MATA KULIAH - 1
Mampu menurunkan dan menggunakan konsep dari vector calculus
dalam memecahkan masalah terapannya
TOPICS IN VECTORCALCULUS
1. VECTOR FIELDS
2. LINE INTEGRALS
3. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH; CONSERVATIVE
VECTOR FIELDS
4. GREENS THEOREM
5. SURFACE INTEGRALS
6. APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE INTEGRALS; FLUX
7. THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
8. STOKES THEOREM
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS
According to Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation, the
Earth exerts an attractive force on the mass that is directed
toward the center of the Earth and has a magnitude that is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
mass to the Earths center.

This association of force vectors with points in space is called

the Earths gravitational field.
VECTOR FIELDS
Imagine a stream in which the water flows horizontally at
every level, and consider the layer of water at a specific depth.
At each point of the layer, the water has a certain velocity,
which we can represent by a vector at that point.

This association of velocity vectors with points in the two-

dimensional layer is called the velocity field at that layer
VECTOR FIELDS
Velocity vector fields showing San Francisco Bay wind
patterns
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS

In a plane xy

In 3-space with an xyz-coordinate system

VECTOR FIELDS

Vector field on R2 Vector field on R3

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF VECTOR
FIELDS
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
VECTOR FIELDS
A COMPACT NOTATION FOR VECTOR
FIELDS
Sometimes it is helpful to denote the vector fields F(x, y) and
F(x, y, z) entirely in vector notation by identifying (x, y) with
the radius vector r = x i + y j and (x, y, z) with the radius
vector r = x i + y j + z k.

With this notation a vector field in either 2-space or 3- space

can be written as F(r).

When no confusion is likely to arise, we will sometimes omit

the r altogether and denote the vector field as F.
GRADIENT FIELDS
An important class of vector fields arises from the process of
finding gradients.
Recall that if is a function of three variables, then the
gradient of is defined as :

This formula defines a vector field in 3-space called the

gradient field of .
Similarly, the gradient of a function of two variables defines a
gradient field in 2-space
GRADIENT FIELDS
EXAMPLE
Find the gradient field of (x, y) = x + y.

Solution
The gradient of is
 EXERCISE 1.1
Find the gradient field of :

1. f x, y 5 y x3 y 2

2. f x, y x 2 x3 y 2 y 4

3. f x, y x 1 2 y 1
xy 2
4. f x, y, z 3
z
5. f x, y, z xy 3x z pada (2,-1,4)
2 2 3

6. f x, y, z x2 z 2 sin 4 y pada (-2,/3,1)

CONSERVATIVE FIELDS AND POTENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
If F(r) is an arbitrary vector field in 2-space or 3-space, we can
ask whether it is the gradient field of some function , and if so,
how we can find .
CONSERVATIVE FIELDS AND POTENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
Confirm that is a potential function for F(r)

Solution

x, y, z 2 xi 6 yj 8 zk
F
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
Divergence
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
Curl (Rotational)
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
EXAMPLE
Find the divergence of the vector field

Solution
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
EXAMPLE
Find the curl of the vector field

Solution
THE OPERATOR
Gradient

Divergence

Curl
THE LAPLACIAN 2
Laplacian operator

When applied to (x, y, z) the Laplacian operator produces the

function

Note that 2 can also be expressed as div ( ).

EXERCISE 1.2
Find the divergence and the curl of the vector field

1 . F x, y, z xz i yz j xy k

2. F x, y , z 4 xy i 2 x 2
2 yz
j 3 z 2
y 2
k

3. F x, y, z x 2 y3 z 4 i 4 x5 y 2 z j - y 4 z 6 k

4. F x, y, z xe z i 4 yz 2 j + 3 y 4 e z k
 QUIZ 1
1. Hitunglah gradient dari fungsi berikut
f x, y
y f x, y x 4 y 4 f x, y e x cos y
x

2. Hitung divergence dari

F x, y, z x3 y 2 z 2 i x 2 y 3 z 2 j x 2 y 2 z 3 k
3 Hitung curl dari
F x, y, z x2 yz i xy 2 z j + xyz 2 k
4. Hitung divergence dan curl dari
F x, y, z xye x i - x3 yze z j + xy 2 e y k
LINE INTEGRALS
LINE INTEGRALS
The first goal of this section is to define what it means to
integrate a function along a curve.
LINE INTEGRALS
 EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
For a curve C in the xy-plane that is given by parametric equations
x = x(t), y = y(t) (a t b)

If C is a curve in 3-space that is parametrized by x = x(t), y = y(t), z

= z(t) (a t b)
 EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the line integral

from (1, 0, 0) to (1, 0, ) along the helix C that is represented by

the parametric equations x = cos t, y = sin t, z =t (0 t )
 EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
Solution
LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
We now describe a second type of line integral in which we
replace the ds in the integral by dx, dy, or dz.
LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
EXAMPLE
Evaluate

along the circular arc C given by x = cos t, y = sin t (0 t /2)

LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
EXERCISE 2.1
1. Evaluate 2 xy dx ; 2 xy dy ; 2 xy ds on the curve C defined
C C C

by x 5 cos t ; y 5 sin t ; 0 t
4
2. Evaluate z dx ; z dy ; z dz ; z ds on the curve C defined

C C C C

by x cos t ; y sin t ; z t ; 0 t
2
3. Evaluate xy dx x 2 dy , where C is given by y x3 ; 1 x 2
C

4. Evaluate y dx x dy z dz ,
C

where C is the helix x 2 cos t ; y 2 sin t ; z t ; 0 t

4
INTEGRATING A VECTOR FIELD ALONG A CURVE
INTEGRATING A VECTOR FIELD ALONG A CURVE
INTEGRATING A VECTOR FIELD ALONG A CURVE
EXAMPLE
Evaluate where F(x, y) = cos x i + sin x j and where
C is the given oriented curve.
INTEGRATING A VECTOR FIELD ALONG A CURVE
Solution (a).

Solution (b).
WORK AS A LINE INTEGRAL
An important application of line integrals with respect to x, y,
and z is to the problem of defining the work performed by a
variable force moving a particle along a curved path
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG PIECEWISE SMOOTH
CURVES
Thus far, we have only considered line integrals along smooth
curves.
However, the notion of a line integral can be extended to
curves formed from finitely many smooth curves C1,C2, . . . ,
Cn joined end to end. Such a curve is called piecewise smooth.
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG PIECEWISE SMOOTH
CURVES
EXAMPLE
Evaluate

where C is the triangular path shown in

Figure
EXERCISE 2.2
1. Hitung integral 2 x y dx xy dy pada kurva yang melalui
C
titik antara (-1,2) dan (2,5).
2. Hitung integral 2 x y dx xy dy pada kurva berikut
C

3. Hitung integral y 2 dx x2 dy pada kurva tertutup berikut:

EXERCISE 2.2
4. Hitung integral y dx x dy pada kurva berikut
C

5. Hitung integral x2 y 2 dx 2 xy dy pada kurva berikut

C
 INDEPENDENCE OF PATH;
CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
WORK INTEGRALS
We saw in the last section that if F is a force field in 2-space or
3-space,
Then the work performed by the field on a particle moving
along a parametric curve C from an initial point P to a final
point Q is given by the integral

Accordingly, we call an integral of this type a work integral

WORK INTEGRALS
Recall that a work integral can also be expressed in scalar form as
INDEPENDENCE OF PATH
The parametric curve C in a work integral is called the path of
integration
If the force field F is conservative (i.e., is the gradient of some
potential function ), then the work that the field performs on
a particle that moves from P to Q does not depend on the
particular path C that the particle follows.
INDEPENDENCE OF PATH
EXAMPLE
The force field F (x, y) = y i + x j is conservative since it is the gradient
of (x, y) = xy (verify). Confirm that the value of the work integral

is the same along the following paths

(a) The line segment y = x from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
(b) The parabola y = x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
(c) The cubic y = x3 from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
INDEPENDENCE OF PATH
a. With x = t as the parameter, the path of integration is given by

b. With x = t as the parameter, the path of integration is given by

c. With x = t as the parameter, the path of integration is given by

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF LINE INTEGRALS
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF LINE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
(a) Confirm that the force field F(x, y) = y i + x j is conservative by
showing that F(x, y) is the gradient of (x , y) = xy.
(b) Use the Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals to evaluate

Solution (a).

Solution (b).
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG CLOSED PATHS
Parametric curves that begin and end at the same point play an
important role in the study of vector fields, so there is some
special terminology associated with them.
A parametric curve C that is represented by the vector-valued
function r(t) for a t b is said to be closed if the initial point
r(a) and the terminal point r(b) coincide; that is, r(a) = r(b)
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG CLOSED PATHS
The line integral of a conservative vector field along a closed
path C that begins and ends at (x0, y0) is zero.

Our next objective is to show that the converse of this result is

also true.
That is, we want to show that under appropriate conditions a
vector field whose line integral is zero along all closed paths
must be conservative
For this to be true we will need to require that the domain D of
the vector field be connected
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG CLOSED PATHS
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG CLOSED PATHS
A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
To develop a method for determining whether a vector field is
conservative, we will need to introduce some new concepts
about parametric curves and connected sets.
We will say that a parametric curve is simple if it does not
intersect itself between its endpoints
A simple parametric curve may or may not be closed
A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
EXAMPLE
Determine whether the vector field F (x, y) = (y + x) i + (y x) j
is conservative on some open set.

SOLUTION
Let f (x, y) = y + x and g(x, y) = y x. Then

hence F is not conservative on any open set.

A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
EXAMPLE
Let F (x, y) = 2xy3 i + (1 + 3x2y2) j.
(a) Show that F is a conservative vector field on the entire xy-plane.
(b) Find by first integrating /x.
(c) Find by first integrating /y.

Solution
(a). Since f (x, y) = 2xy3 and g (x, y) = 1 + 3x2y2, we have
A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
(b). Since the field F is conservative, there is a potential function such that

Integrating the first of these equations with respect to x (and treating y as a

constant) yields

from which it follows that k(y) = 1

A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
(c). Since the field F is conservative, there is a potential function such that

Integrating the first of these equations with respect to y (and treating x as a

constant) yields

from which it follows that k(y) = 0, and consequently that k(x) = K

CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS IN 3-SPACE
In 3-space, we have

If F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)i + g (x, y, z)j + h(x, y, z)k is a

conservative field, then

that is, curl F = 0.

EXERCISE 3
1. Apakah F x, y y i x j conservative?

2. Apakah F x, y x2 2 y3 i x 5 y j conservative?

3. Apakah F x, y 4 x3 y3 3 i 3x4 y 2 1 j conservative?

4. Apakah F x, y x3 y i x y3 j conservative?
EXERCISE 3
5. Apakah F x, y y 2 6xy 6 i 2 xy 3x2 2 y j
conservative? Jika iya hitung f (potential function of F) dan
hitung :
3,4

F.dr
1,0

6. Apakah y yz dx x 3z 3 xz dy 9 yz 2 xy 1 dz
C

independent pada path C antara (1,1,1) dan ( 2,1,4)?

hitung :
2,1,4

F.dr
1,1,1
EXERCISE 3
Tunjukkan bahwa line integral berikut adalah independent of the
patch, serta hitung hasilnya
3,2
7.
x 2 y dx 2 x y dy
1,0
2,8
8.
y 3
3 x 2
y
dx x 3
3 y 2
x 1 dy
0,0

3,6

2 y x 3 dx 2 yx 4 dy
9. 2 2

1,2

2,4,8
10. yz dx xz dy xy dz
1,1,1
GREENS THEOREM
GREENS THEOREM
GREENS THEOREM
EXAMPLE
Use Greens Theorem to evaluate

along the triangular path shown in Figure

SOLUTION
Since f(x, y) = x2y and g(x, y) = x, it follows from (1) that
A NOTATION FOR LINE INTEGRALS AROUND
SIMPLE CLOSED CURVES
It is common practice to denote a line integral around a simple
closed curve by an integral sign with a superimposed circle

Sometimes a direction arrow is added to the circle to indicate

whether the integration is clockwise or counterclockwise
FINDING WORK USING GREENS THEOREM
EXAMPLE
Find the work done by the force field

on a particle that travels once around the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1 in the

counterclockwisedirection
FINDING WORK USING GREENS THEOREM
 EXERCISE 4
Gunakan Greens Theorem untuk menghitung integral
berikut:
1. 2 y dx 5x dy dimana C adalah lingkaran
C

x 1 y 3 25
2 2

2. x 4
2 y 3 dx 2 x3 y 4 dy dimana C adalah lingkaran
C

x2 y 2 4
 EXERCISE 4
3. Find the work done by the force F x y i x y j
acting along the simple closed curved C

4. Find the work done by the force F 16 y sin x2 i 4e y 3x2 j

acting along the simple closed curved C
x

x
 EXERCISE 4
5.Verify greens theorem by evaluating both integrals

C
y dx x dy
R
2 dA

where C is the circle x 3cos ; x 3sin ; 0 2

6. Verify greens theorem by evaluating both integrals

C
x y dx xy dy y 1
R
dA

where C is the triangle with vertices (0,0), (1,0), (1,3)

EXERCISE 4
Tunjukkan greens theorem berlaku
Q P

C
P dx Q dy R x y dA
1. Dimana P 2 xy dan Q 3xy 2 dan C adalah segitiga dengan
koordinat sudutnya (1,2) , (2,2) dan (2,4).
2. Dimana : P y 2 dan Q 4 xy
Dan C merupakan kurva tertutup yang terdiri dari busur parabola
y = x2 dari titik asal (0,0) ke titik (3,9) dan segmen garis y = 3x
dari titik (3,9) ke titik asal (0,0).
y
(3, 9)

y = 3x

y = x2

x
(0, 0)