BIOLOGY 112 Exam 3 Study Sheet

Chapter 7 Mendelian Genetics

1. Family resemblance
2. Single gene traits
3. Mendels approach
4. Law of Segregation
5. Phenotype vs. genotype
6. Role of probability
7. What is a test cross
8. How do we use a pedigree chart
9. Incomplete dominance
10. Codominance
11. Effects of multiple genes on a phenotype
12. Blood typing
13. Multigene inheritance
14. Genes can sometimes have differential expression and influence different traits
15. Sex linked traits (color blindness)
16. Environmental effects
17. Linked genes
18. Genetically modified foods (Ch 5)
19. Role of Biotechnology

Chapter 20: Animal physiology

1. There is a hierarchy of organization from the whole organism down to the cells with their
organelles
2. Types of tissues
a. Epithelial tissues
i. Line a surface
ii. Mostly cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
iii. May be one layer (simple) or several (stratified)
b. Connective tissues
i. Provide support
ii. Mostly fillernot cells
1. May be mostly fibers
2. May be mostly what they call ground substance which is an
amorphous gel
iii. Various types of cells
1. Adipose or fat cells
2. Fibroblasts
3. White blood cells

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 Muscle tissues
iv. Skeletal
v. Cardiac
vi. smooth
c. Nervous tissue
i. Nerve cells
ii. Glial cells (support cells)
3. Organ systems
4. Our bodies spend a lot of time and effort maintaining homeostasis or a steady state within
very tight parameters
5. Negative feedback (very common)
6. Positive feedback (rare; occurs in blood clotting
7. Temperature control: example
8. Managing water content
9. Role of the kidneys in water balance

Chapter 25: Reproductive systems

1. New reproductive technologies

2. Advantages of sexual vs. asexual reproduction
3. Fertilization
4. Male reproductive structures
a. Sperm are made in the testes
b. Sperm, spermatids, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatogonium
c. Path of sperm: Maturation, storage and transfer, delivery
5. Female reproductive structures
a. Ovaries
b. Female reproductive structures
c. Oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocytes, ovum
d. Fates of an egg
e. What goes on in the 28 day cycle
f. When does ovulation occur (what day?)
g. See definitions on page 1020
6. Fertilization
a. Penetration
b. Activation
c. Fusion of nuclei
7. How to prevent fertilization
a. Barriers
b. Hormonal methods
c. See chart on page 1024

8. Sexually transmitted diseases

9. Early embryonic development in humans
a. Cleavage

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 b. Gastrulation
c. Neurulation
d. Determination of sex
10. Pregnancy
a. Three trimesters
b. Childbirth
11. Use of reproductive technologies
a. Assisted reproductive technology
b. IVF-FT
c. ZIFT
d. GIFT

Chapter 21 Circulation and Respiration

1. Advantages of a circulatory systems

2. Closed vs. open systems
3. Different models of vertebrate circulatory system
a. Mammals and birds
b. Fish
c. amphibians
4. The human heart has four chambers
a. Be able to trace the flow of blood
5. The pacemaker is the sinoatrial node
6. The contraction of the heart is correlated with the electrical activity which begins at the SA node
7. Arteries to arterioles, to capillaries to venules to veins
8. Know the structure of blood vessels (arteries have smooth muscle, veins have valves but not
much smooth muscle)
9. How is blood flow controlled?
10. Composition of blood
11. What do the numbers mean in blood pressure?
a. Systolic: when the heart contracts
b. Diastolic: When the heart is at rest
12. Cardiovascular disease
a. Atherosclerosis is cholesterol buildup
b. Ateriosclerosis is calcium being deposited
13. Lymphatics play a supporting role in picking up excess fluid
14. Gas exchange in animals
15. Types of systems
a. Direct diffusion
b. Protruding sacs
c. Gills (fish, mollusks)
d. Trachea (insects)
e. Lungs (alveolar air sacs)
16. Role of hemoglobin

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 17. In oxygen and other gases, we look at partial pressure rather than concentration to look at the
movement in or out of respiratory structures
18. Hemoglobin binds oxygen where it is in high partial pressure (alveolus) and releases where there
is low partial pressure (at tissues)
19. Fetal hemoglobin is different (different affinity for oxygen)
20. Gas exchange in gills differs from animals
21. Understand the way breathing works in vertebrates
a. Ours is negative pressure (in mammals)
b. Frogs show positive pressure
22. Birds have air sacs and a very efficient system
23. At high elevations, adaptations to deal with lower partial pressures
24. Acclimatization processes

Chapter 26 Immunity and health

1. Three lines of defense seen in vertebrates

a. Physical barriers
i. Skin
ii. Mucous membranes
iii. Cilia to trap pathogens
iv. Lysozyme in tears, stomach acid, low pH of skin and ear wax
b. Non specific immunity
i. White blood cells
ii. Neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose foreign invaders; dendritic cells are
similar to macrophages
iii. Fever
iv. Inflammation
1. Role of basophils and mast cells (both have histamine)
2. Redness, swelling, fever
c. Specific immunity
i. B cells release antibodies and are responsible for humoral immunity
1. Antigens are in blood, plasma, interstitial tissues
2. Antibodies have Y shaped structure with a variable region to bind new
antigens
3. What are the functions of antibodies?
ii. T cells
1. Cell mediated immunity
2. T helper and T cytotoxic cells
3. Work on cells infected by pathogens (not in body fluid)
a. Presentation, activation, clonal selection, maturation,
destruction
2. Clonal selection
3. Primary and secondary response
a. Primary response
i. Recognition, clonal selection, attach by effectors, role of memory cells

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 b. Secondary response
i. Memory cells react when the antigen is encountered again
4. How do vaccines work?
5. What goes on in inflammation
a. Red tissues, tender
b. Fever in tissues
c. swelling
6. Immunological memory
7. Allergies
a. Inappropriate responses to harmless substances
b. Allergens induce the immune response
8. Autoimmune diseases
a. Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes
b. Systemic lupus
c. Rheumatoid arthritis
d. Multiple sclerosis
9. AIDS