INTRODUCTION OF CAUSE AND PLANT DISEASE

SYMPTOMS

By :
Name : Safira Dwi Oktaviani
Student ID : B1B015002
Entourage : VII
Group :4
Assistant : Dema Rich Luckyana

PHYTOPATOLOGY LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2017
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Plants are said to be healthy or normal, if the plant can perform its
physiological functions in accordance with the potential possessed by the plant.
These functions include division, differentiation and, cellular development. If plants
are disturbed by pathogens and one of these functions is disrupted resulting in
deviations from the normal state, the plants become sick (Agrios, 1996)
Plant diseases based on symptoms are divided into three kinds, namely,
necrosis, hypoplasia and hyperplasia. Diseases caused by insects from parasites or
viruses are usually divided into three groups: enn spordemic, epidemic and sporadic
diseases. Causes of biotic diseases (parasites) include fungi, bacteria, viruses,
nematodes while the causes of diseases that are abiotic (non parasitic) include
nutrient deficiencies, mineral poisoning, moisture, temperature, incompatible light
and soil pH (Semangun, 1994)
The causes of various diseases include fungi, bacteria, viruses, lack of water,
nutrient deficiency or excess. Various diseases that generally arise such as leaf spot,
scab, burn disease, wilt disease, rust disease and powdery mildew disease. The
causes vary, for example wilt disease can be caused by bacteria or fungi. Knowledge
of the various types of microorganisms that cause disease is needed, so we can plan
how to handle the disease (Pracaya, 1999).

B. Purpose

The purpose of this event is to know the various causes and symptoms of
diseases in plants.
 II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Plants attacked by disease sometimes can not be detected because the pain and
discomfort of a plant can not be seen. Diseased plants are plants that are exposed to
pathogens or disturbed by certain environmental conditions will be disrupted in
physiological functions. According Kerruish et al. (2010), plant diseases are a
condition in plants that conflict with normal structure or function or economic value.
According to Brown and Ogle (1997), defining plant diseases as sutau deviations
from normal growth and structure conditions are quite real and clear with a visible
symptom or reduce the economic value. Plants often show this physiological disorder
or change in the form of visible symptoms.
According to Agrios (2005), plant diseases are characterized by a typical
pathological condition called symptoms. Symptoms are changes in the
morphological, anatomical or physiological structure of the plant as a reaction to the
response to pathogens. Signs of disease are part or all of the pathogen morphology
seen in the plant part of the disease. According to Brown and Ogle (1997), plant
diseases can be divided into 2 types namely biotic (parasitic) and abiotic (non-
parasitic). Parasitic diseases are commonly caused by arthropods (mostly insects),
fungi, bacteria, nematodes, phytoplasmas, spiroplasm, viruses and viroids. In
addition, parasite plants are quite important include flowering plants, algae and
protozoa. Non-parasitic disease or called physiological disease
According to Brown and Ogle (1997), symptoms in diseased plants can be
grouped into four kinds:
1. Death and destruction of host tissue
2. Timelessness, exaggeration in various things and associated gelaja.
3. Abnormal growth and differentiation
4. Host's color removal
One of the causes of disease in plants is the fungus. Mushrooms fall into
Thallopyhta's divisio, fungi subdivision. Mushrooms are organisms whose vegetative
body (its somatic structure) is a talus having no transport files. Somatisnya structure
is usually a fine-shaped branching branches, has a cell wall that is composed by
khitin, cellulose, and has a true nucleus. Other pathogens are viruses and bacteria.
Pathogenic bacteria have spread from one plant to another through water, insects,
other animals and humans (Triharso, 1996).
 III. MATERIAL AND METHODE

A. Material

The tools used in this lab are microscopes, cameras, and stationery.
The material used in this lab is seven preparations preserved pathogenic
microorganisms in plants that are Puccinia arachidis, Puccinia graminis, Ustilago
zeae, Phytophthora infestans, Plasmodiophora brassicae, Fusarium sp., and
Pyricularia sp.,

B. Metode

Preparat Awetan

Observed in a
microscope with the
smallest magnification

Drawing and take a

picture

Identification
 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSION

A. Result

b
a

c d

e f

Gambar 4.1.
(a) Pucinia sorghi penyebab daun karat pada daun jagung
(b) Colkotrichum sp penyebab antraknosa pada daun bawang
(c) Albugu pomoe penyebab busuk daun pada kangkung
(d) Mycosphorella musicola penyebab bercak daun pada daun pisang
(e) Choletrichum capsici penyebab antraknosa pada buah cabai
(f) Phytopthera sp penyebab antraknisa pada labu siam
Tabel 4.1. Hasil Pengamatan Penyebab Penyakit dan Gejala Penyakit
Tumbuhan

No Nama Preparat Gejala Penyakit patogen

Bercak kuning ke
1 Labu siam Antraknosa Phytopthera sp
coklatan , keriput.

Bercak coklat, Choletrichum

2 Cabai Antraknosa
busuk kering capsici

Bercak pada daun

Bercak pada Mycosphorella
3 Daun pisang dengan berbagai
daun musicola
bentuk dan ukuran

Warna daun coklat

kehitaman,
Daun
4 terdapat bercak Busuk daun Albugu pomoe
kangkung
putih pada
belakang daun

Bercak putih pada

5 Daun Bawang daun, rongga daun Antraknosa Colkotrichum sp
berlendir

Bercak kuning
6 Daun Jagung menyerupa karat Karat daun Pucinia sorghi
pada daun
Tabel 4.2. Foto mikroskopis preparat awetan penyebab penyakit tumbuhan

Spesies Foto mikroskopis

Phytophthora infestans

Plasmodiophora brassicae

Puccinia arachidis

Puccinia graminis

Ustilago zeae

Pyricularia sp.

Fusarium sp.
B. Discusion

Organisms that can cause a plant disease are called plant pathogens. Plant
pathogen according to Purnomo (2006), covering organisms as follows:
1. Mushrooms. Some call fungi or fungi.
2. Bacteria, is a single-celled prokaryotic microorganism.
3. Virus, an ultramicroscopic unity that contains only one or two forms of nucleic
acid wrapped by complex protein compounds.
4. Mycoplasma and MLO (mycoplasma like organism). Mycoplasma is also a
prokaryotic microorganism such as bacteria whose organelles are not
membembran.
5. Nematodes.
6. High level parasitic plants.
7. Riketsia
Based on the results of practicum and microscope observation, Phytophthora
infestant is a fungus belonging to the pathogen of the plant. This pathogen causes the
disease of blight on the leaves of potato plants characterized by the presence of
necrosis spots on the edge and tip of the leaf and extends to the center of the leaf.
Leaf blight disease caused by the phytophthora infestant fungus has become one of
the important diseases in potato plants in Indonesia. Leaf blight disease is very
destructive and very difficult to control, because Phytophthora infestant is a
pathogenic fungus that has diverse pathogens. In general, these pathogens proliferate
asexually with zoospores, but may also multiply sexually with oospores. This fungus
is heterotalic, meaning that sexual reproduction or oospora formation occurs only
when there is a cross-breeding between two isolates of Phytophthora infestant having
different types of marriage (Triharso, 1996).
Phytophthora infestant is a class of Oomycetes, having different lineages from
eukaryotes and resembling fungi that are closely related to organisms such as brown
algae and diatoms. Until recently, Phytophthora infestant affected the world's
agriculture by causing disease in potatoes. Potatoes are the fourth largest crop of
food and at the same time a critical alternative to cereal crops as the main human
food ingredient in the world (Haas et al., 2009).
Leaf rot disease caused by fungi such as Phytophthora infestant causes
decreased yield of potatoes, increases farmers in expensive chemical fungisisda, and
can cause food damage at the epidemic level. Another factor that may cause stunted
potato production is the fact that potatoes as cultivated plants require a higher
quantity of NPK to supply the production of an economic tuber (Takoutsing et al.,
2013).
Fusarium sp. is a fungus belonging to the pathogen of the plant. This pathogen
causes wilt disease in vegetable plants characterized by pale bone leaves and rotting
plant stems. Fusarium wilt disease in tomatoes is an important problem for farmers,
this disease can occur at all ages of tomato plants and become a major disease in
almost all tomato production centers in Indonesia. During this time, farmers in
controlling Fusarium sp. only by using synthetic fungicides. Continuous use of
synthetic fungicides in addition to accelerating the emergence of resistant pathogenic
races can also cause poisoning in humans as a result of their use (Harizon, 2009).
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a fungus belonging to a plant pathogen. These
pathogens cause root disease in cabbage plants marked by abnormal cell division
resulting in the formation of tumors that resemble nodules in plant roots. Root root
disease (clubroot) caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the most important
soil infectious diseases in cabbage plants (Brassica spp.) Worldwide (Karling, 1968).
The disease is also often called root disease pekuk (Semangun, 1989). The
production rate of cabbage plants is often influenced by P. brassicae pathogens that
cause swelling in the roots. Swelling of the root tissue may disrupt root function such
as nutrient and water translocation from the soil to the leaves. This situation caused
the plants withered, dwarfed, dried, and eventually died (Karling, 1968).
Erysiphe sp. is a fungus belonging to the pathogen of the plant. This pathogen
causes powdery mildew disease in plants that are characterized by the appearance of
thin miselium spots that cover the bottom surface of the leaves. According to Sri
Hardaningsih and Yusmani (2001), powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) and land-
borne diseases (Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium, Pythium) are major
disturbances in green bean plants in Indonesia.
Puccinia graminis is a fungus belonging to a plant pathogen. This pathogen
causes leaf rust disease in cereal plants characterized by the presence of reddish
yellow spots. This fungus has four developmental phases namely piccnia, aecia,
uredia and telia. According to Zuroaidah (2012), stem rust fungi, black rust or carat
cereals is a disease caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis, where this fungus is one
of the causes of significant diseases and is very effective attack cereal plants. Rust is
one of the most destructive plant diseases with some parasites specifically attacking
certain host plants. Some special forms of rust (called races) attack only certain
varieties in plant species. An example is one of the Puccinia graminis races that only
attack wheat, while other races of P. Graminis only attack barley plants. In other
words, a race of physiology can attack 1 particular variety of wheat and not other
varieties of wheat.
Pyricularia sp. is a fungus belonging to the pathogen of the plant. This
pathogen causes leaf spot disease in corn plant which is marked with brownish
brown leaf color but its edge is clear. The main host of Pyricularia sp. namely rice
with alternative host is grass (Sudiadnyana, 2012). The pathogenic mycelia can
survive for a year on the straw from the remnants of the harvest. Spores originating
from infected or wind-exposed plants are found about 2 km from the initial inoccum
source and can still infect the healthy plants. Temperature 24 C - 28 C is the
optimum condition for the development of this fungus. The fungal spores penetration
phase requires only a short time of 6 - 8 hours and then infects through stomata. The
latent period to produce the return of spores is also relatively short ie only about 4
days (Sudiadnyana, 2012).
Ustilago zeae is a fungus belonging to a plant pathogen. This pathogen causes a
burning disease (smut) in the fruit of corn that is marked by the swelling of corn
kernels that gradually become blackish. According to Warisno (1998), swollen skin
disease (corn smut) caused by fungus Ustilago zeae. This disease often attacks corn
cobs. In corncobs, the fungus that enters the seed is characterized by swelling and the
appearance of the gland (gall). Because of the swelling, corn claws are pushed out
and damaged. This swelling can cause broken glands and spores to spread.
Based on observations done by the entourage in the results obtained
Colkotrichum sp antraknosa cause on the leek, with symptoms of white patches on
the leaves, and there are lenders on the leek cavity. Albugu pomoe causes leaf rot on
kale, with symptoms of the color of the leaves to brown kemimana and gotten white
patches on the back of the leaf. Mycosphorella musicola causes leaf spot on banana
leaf, in tanai with symptoms of spotting with various variations and bentung in the
surrounding leaf and leaves turned into colored kuni with black becak. Choletrichum
capsici causes anthracnose in peppers. Phytopthera sp causes antraknisa on Pumaius
sorghi flasks cause rust leaves on corn leaves, with symptoms of spots on the leaf
surface in yellow-like rust. Rust also attacks vegetables, cotton, soybeans, flowers,
coffee, apples and pine trees (Zuroaidah, 2012).
 V. CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclution

Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that Pucinia sorghi
causes leaf rust on the leaves of maize. Colkotrichum sp causes anthracnose on leeks.
Albugu pomoe cause of leaf rot on kale. Mycosphorella musicola causes leaf spot on
banana leaf. Choletrichum capsici causes anthracnose in peppers. Phytopthera sp
causes antraknisa on the squash

B. Suggestion

Preferably the preparations used are actually exposed to the disease, not because
of mechanical damage
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