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Well Log Class

Lecture-1: Basics

Reference Book: Toby Darling, Well Logging and Formation Evaluation


INTRODUCTION - WHAT IS LOGGING?

In situ meas. (vs. depth) of


Rock properties
Fluid properties
When
Openhole (before casing)
While drilling (LWD / MWD) Casing
After drilling (wireline)
Cased hole
Interpretation for
Geological properties Open hole
Petrophysical properties
Production properties

Baker-Atlas
VALUE AND LIMITATIONS
OF WELL LOG DATA
Strengths
Provides remotely sensed values of reservoir
properties and fluids
Among the most abundant reservoir data
Presentation results fairly well standardized
Allows evaluation of lateral (map) and vertical
(cross section) changes in reservoir properties
and fluids

Limitations
Indirect measurements
Vertical resolution
Depth of investigation
Terminology-1
STOIIP = stock tank oil initially in place; usually measured in stock tank barrels (stb)
GIIP = gas initially in place; usually measured in billion standard cubic feet (Bcf)
GBV = gross bulk volume; the total rock volume of the reservoir
containing hydrocarbon
NPV = net pore volume; the porespace of the reservoir
HCPV = hydrocarbon pore volume; the porespace actually containinghydrocarbon
f = porosity; the proportion of the formation that contains fluids
k = permeability; usually expressed in millidarcies (md)
Sw = water saturation; the proportion of the porosity that contains water
Sh = hydrocarbon saturation; the proportion of the porosity that contains
hydrocarbon
FWL = free water level; the depth at which the capillary pressure in the reservoir is
zero; effectively the depth below which no producible hydrocarbons will be found
Terminology-2
HWC = hydrocarbon/water contact; the depth below which the formation
is water bearing as encountered in a particular well. Likewise,
OWC for oil and GWC for gas
GOC = gas oil contact; the depth below which any gas in the reservoir will be
dissolved in the oil
Gross thickness = the total thickness of the formation as encountered in a
particular well
Net thickness = the part of the gross thickness that contains porous rock subject to
given cutoff criteria
Pay thickness = the part of the net thickness that is considered to be capable of
producing hydrocarbons in a particular well
Terminology-3
P50 STOIIP: the value of the STOIIP for which there is a 50% chance that the true
value lies either above or below the value
P15 STOIIP: the value of the STOIIP for which there is only a 15% chance that the
true value exceeds the value. Often called the high case.
P85 STOIIP: the value of the STOIIP for which there is an 85% chance that the true
value exceeds the value. Often called the low case.
Expected STOIIP: the value of the STOIIP derived by taking the integral of the
probability density function for the STOIIP times the STOIIP. For a symmetric
distribution, this will equal the P50 value.
Reserves = the part of the STOIIP or GIIP that may be actually produced for a given
development scenario. Oil companies have their own rules for how reserves are
categorized depending on the extent to which they are regarded as proven and
accessible through wells. Terms frequently used are proven reserves, developed
reserves, scope for recovery reserves, probable reserves, and possible reserves.
Remaining reserves = that part of the reserves that has not yet been produced
Terminology-4
Cumulative production = that part of the reserves that has already been produced
UR = ultimate recovery; the total volume of reserves that will be produced prior to
abandonment of the field
NPV = net present value; the future economic value of the field, taking into
account all future present value costs and revenues
RF = recovery factor; the reserves as a proportion of the STOIIP (or GIIP)
Bo = oil volume factor; the factor used to convert reservoir volumes of oil to surface
(stock tank) conditions. Likewise Bg for gas.
Basic Log Types
Logging While Drilling (LWD)
GR, Density, Netron porosity, Sonic, Resistivity
Wireline Openhole Logging
GR, Caliper, SP, Density, Netron porosity, Sonic, Resistivity,
Microresistivity, Imaging Tools, NMR, VSP
Wireline Cased Hole Logging
Thermal decay tool, Gamma ray spectroscopy tool,
Production logging, Cement bond log, Casing collar locator
Pipe-Conveyed Logging
Run when borehole deviation and dogleg severity are high
OPEN HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS
Passive
Caliper
Gamma Ray
Spontaneous
Potential (SP)
Active
Acoustic
- tc, ts, Ac, As

LOGGING TOOL
Nuclear
- b, fN, Pe, 1, 2
Electromagnetic
- R, tPL, EATT
CASED HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS

Passive
Gamma Ray
Temperature
Flow Velocity
Caliper
Active
Acoustic
Nuclear
Electromagnetic
Mechanical
SOME QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY
LOG INTERPRETATION

Geophysicist / Geologist Reservoir Engineer


Are the tops as predicted? How thick is the pay zone?
Are potential zones porous? How homogeneous is the
zone?
Formation intervals?
Lithology?
Porosity?
Hydrocarbons? Permeability?
What type of hydrocarbons? Production Engineer
Commercial quantities? Which zone(s) to complete?
Drilling Engineer What production rates?
Hole volume for cementing? Any water production?
Any keyseats or doglegs? Is zone hydraulically isolated?
Packer placement for testing? Will well need stimulation?
Best place to set a whipstock? What stimulation would be
best?
WHAT DOES AN OPEN HOLE LOG COST?
IT DEPENDS ON...
Well type
Vertical/Deviated
Deep/Shallow
Hot/Normal
Measurements
Depth charge
Survey charge
Time / location / special procedures
Land/offshore
Service charge
Equipment availability
Rig time
Wireline/LWD
WIRELINE
LOGGING
EQUIPMENT
DETAILS OF WIRELINE LOGGING RIGUP

Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)


LOGGING CABLE
LOG PRESENTATION - THE HEADING

Well location
Depth references
Date of log
Well depth
Casing shoe depth
Bit size
Mud data
Type
Properties
Resistivities
Max. Temperature
LOG PRESENTATION - LINEAR GRID
Depth
Track 1 track Track 2 Track 3
LOG PRESENTATION - LOG GRID
Track 1 Depth Track 2 Track 3
track

n n+4
2x10 2x10
LOG PRESENTATION - HYBRID GRID
Depth
Track 1 track Track 2 Track 3

n
2x10

n+2
2x10
LOG PRESENTATION - COMMON DEPTH SCALES

Correlation
1:500 or 1:1000
2 in. (1:600) or 1 in. (1:1200)
Heavy lines every 100 ft. or
50m
Light lines each 10ft or 5m
Routine
1:200 or 1:240 (5 in)
Heavy lines every 50 ft. or 5
m
Medium lines each 10 ft. or
5m
Light lines each 2 ft or 1 m
DEPTH
SHIFTING
CORES

SHIFT

SP LLS LLD GRN

GR
(CORE)
CHOOSING A LOGGING TOOL
It is necessary to choose the right tool to get the desired
measurement.

Considerations:
Type of well ( wildcat or development )
Hole conditions ( depth, deviation, hole size, mud type )
Examples:
Oil based mud : Induction tool
Water based salty mud : Laterolog Tool
Formation fluid content (fresh/salt connate water)
Economics (cost of the job, rig time involved)
TYPES OF LOGS TO BE RUN
Logging suites generally include one resistivity and
one porosity device
The logging string will also have other tools like the
gamma ray, SP and caliper tools
However, logging suites usually have two porosity
devices to give more information about rock type,
hydrocarbon type and porosity
Other considerations to estimate permeability or to
take fluid samples require other special tools like
the formation testers
NOMENCLATURE FOR ZONES IN
AND AROUND THE BOREHOLE

Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)


LOGGING TOOL SPEEDS
Tool Ft/min Ft/hr Remarks
Resistivity Log 100 6000 Faster is possible but
unsafe
Resistivity + GR Log 60 3600 GR for correction
Neutron/Density Log 30 1800
Sonic Log 60 3600 Slower, if the sonic is noisy
Dipmeter 60 3600
Microresistivity 40 2400
TOOL RESPONSES IN COMMON MATERIALS
Expected Value for Various Tools
Dual-Spaced Neutron
Benchmark Sonic msec/ft Density g/cm3 Limestone % Pe
Salt 67 2.04 - 1.5 4.86
Anhydrite 50 2.98 - 1.0 5.14
Sulfur 122 2.02 - 2.0 5.80
Casing 56 - - -
Logging Contract-1
Depth charge: This relates to the deepest depth that a particular tool will be run in
the hole.
Survey charge: This relates to the interval that a particular tool is actually logged in
the hole.
Station charge: For tools such as formation pressure sampling tools and sidewall
samples, this is a charge per station measurement. Usually the contract will make
certain specifications regarding when such a charge may be dropped (e.g., if no
useful data are recovered).
Tool rental: Usually a daily charge for the tools to be on the rig on standby prior to
or during a logging job
Logging unit rental charge: Usually a monthly charge for the logging unit (winch,
tool shed, and computers) while it is on the rig
Base rental: There may be a monthly charge to have a pool of tools available for a
client. For LWD tools, this may supersede the tool rental, depth, and survey
charges.
Logging Contract-2
Engineer charge: Usually a day rate for any engineers, specialists, or assistants
present for the logging job
In-hole charge: Some LWD contracts specify an hourly charge while tools are
actually being run in the hole.
Lost-in-hole charge: For replacement of any tools lost in the hole during
operations. Some contractors provide insurance to the oil companies for a fixed
sum per job to indemnify them against lost-in-hole charges.
Cable splice charge: Where tools become stuck in the hole and it is necessary to
cut the cable, a charge is usually made for such splicing.
Processing charges: Where data require postprocessing (e.g., interpretation of
image data or waveform sonic), charges are usually applied in a similar way to
survey charges.
Data charges: Provision of additional copies of log prints and/or tapes,or data
storage, may incur additional charges.
Real-time data transmission charges: The oil company will usually be given the
option to have data transmitted directly from the wellsite to their office, either as
digital data in Log ASCII Standard or binary format or as a print image.
Logging Program Example-1

Exploration Well
17-1/2 hole section:
GR/resistivity/sonic (GR to surface)
If shows encountered include
GR/density/neutron and optional pressure/
fluid sampling
12-1/4 hole section:
LWD GR/resistivity
Wireline GR/resistivity/density/neutron
Optional pressure/fluid sampling if
hydrocarbons encountered
8-1/2 hole section:
LWD GR/resistivity
GR/resistivity/density/neutron
GR/dipole sonic/formation imager
Pressure/fluid sampling (sampling dependent
on oil being encountered)
VSP
Sidewall samples
Logging Program Example-2
Development Well
17-1/2 hole section:
No logs required
12-1/4 hole section:
MWD [measurement while drilling]/GR
GR/resistivity/sonic (GR to surface)
If shows encountered include
GR/density/neutron and optional pressure/
fluid sampling
8-1/2 hole section:
GR/resistivity/density/neutron
Dipole sonic/formation imager
Pressure/fluid sampling (sampling dependent
on oil being encountered)
VSP
Sidewall samples
Wellsite Mud Logging
Grain properties
Texture (muddy/composite)
Type (pelletoid/micropelletoid)
Color
Roundness, or sphericity
Sorting
Hardness
Size
Additional trace minerals (e.g., pyrite, calcite, dolomite, siderite)
Carbonate particle types
Skeletal particles (fossils, foraminifera)
Nonskeletal particles (lithoclasts, aggregates, rounded particles)
Coated particles
Porosity and permeability
Porosity type (intergranular, fracture, vuggy)
Permeability (qualitative as tight, slightly permeable, highly permeable)
Hydrocarbon detection
Natural fluorescence, Solvent cut (chlorothene, ether, and chloroform), Visible staining, Odor, Gas
detection analysis

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