SCC - TB - Enu Scia - Esa PT Steel Code Check

SCIA.
ESA PT Steel Code Check
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
SCIA
Scientific Application Group

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Release : 5.20
Module : ESASD.01
Manual : SCIA STEEL DESIGNER
Steel Code Check
Theoretical Background
Revision : 01/2006
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EC 3 ENV 1993 2
EC3 CODE CHECK 2

MATERIAL PROPERTIES 2
CONSULTED ARTICLES 3
Classification of sections 5
Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section 6
Section properties 6
Bending moment 6
Bending, shear and axial force 6
Torsion check 6
Built-in beams 7
Compression members 7
Lateral-torsional buckling 7
Use of diaphragms 8
Shear buckling check 8
Shear buckling check for cold formed sections 8
Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling 10
Bending and axial compression 11
Battened compression members 12
EC3 - FIRE RESISTANCE 13
FIRE ACTIONS EFFECT EFI 13
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS - THERMAL ACTIONS 15
NOMINAL TEMPERATURE-TIME CURVE 15
NET HEAT FLUX 16
STEEL TEMPERATURE 16
CALCULATION MODEL 18
CODE CHECK 18
SUPPORTED SECTIONS 19
REFERENCES 20
EC 3 EN 1993 22
EC3 CODE CHECK 22

Torsion check 26
Built-in beams 26
Use of diaphragms 28
REFERENCES 29
DIN18800 30
DIN18800 CODE CHECK 30

Net area properties 35
Plastic interaction formula for RHS section 35
Plastic interaction formula for CHS section 38
Torsion check 40
Built-in beams 40
Calculation of the buckling length 41
Torsional buckling 41
LTB Check 43
Combined flexion for check method 2 46
Effective area properties 48
Shear buckling check with buckling influence 49
COLD FORMED THIN GAUGE MEMBERS 49
REFERENCES 51
ONORM B 4300 54
ONORM B 4300 CODE CHECK 54

REFERENCES 57
NEN 59
NEN6770/6771 CODE CHECK 59

Torsion check 64
Built-in beams 64
Buckling length 64
Shear buckling check with buckling influence 67
NEN6072 - FIRE RESISTANCE 68
FIRE ACTIONS EFFECT 68
CODE CHECK 72
REFERENCES 74
AISC - ASD 76
AISC - ASD CODE CHECK 76

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS 78
SECTION PROPERTIES 78
BUCKLING LENGTH 79
FLEXURAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING 79
LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING 79
SHEAR BUCKLING CHECK 80
REFERENCES 81
AISC - LRFD 83
AISC - LRFD CODE CHECK 83

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS 85
SECTION PROPERTIES 86
BUCKLING LENGTH 86
LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING 86
USE OF DIAPHRAGMS 87
SHEAR BUCKLING CHECK 87
REFERENCES 88
CM66 89
CM66 CODE CHECK 89

Plastic coefficient 91
Factor kf 91
LTB Check 92
Combined flexion 92
REFERENCES 93
CM66 - ADDITIF 80 94
CM66 - ADDITIF 80 CODE CHECK 94

Section check 95
REFERENCES 98
BS5950-1:1990 99
BS5950-1:1990 CODE CHECK 99

Slender cross-section 103
Bending moment 103
Bending, shear, axial force 103
Lateral torsional buckling 104
Compression member 105
REFERENCES 106
BS5950-1:2000 108
BS5950-1:2000 CODE CHECK 108

GOVERNING CODE CLAUSES 109
Slender cross-sections 112
Moment capacity 112
Bending, shear, axial force/capacity interaction 113
Lateral torsional buckling due to major axis moments 113
Torsional buckling about an eccentric axis (Annex G) 113
Lateral buckling due axial compression 113
Combined axial and bending buckling unity check/utilisation 114
Torsion effects 114
SIA263 115
SIA263 CODE CHECK 115

Section classification 117
Slender cross-section 117
Sections properties 117
Shear buckling 118
Stability check 118
Torsion check 118
Built-in beams 119
SIA263 - FIRE RESISTANCE 119
FIRE ACTIONS EFFECT EFI 119
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS - THERMAL ACTIONS 120
NET HEAT FLUX 120
CODE CHECK 122
REFERENCES 123
GBJ 17-88 125
THE GBJ 17-88 CODE CHECK 125

Buckling curves 129
Buckling length 129
Local stability of compressed members 129
REFERENCES 132
KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK 133
THE KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK 133

Section classification 135
Buckling length 136
Combined stresses 137
REFERENCES 139
BSK 99 141
BSK 99 CODE CHECK 141

Section check 144
Shear force ( shear buckling) 148
REFERENCES 150
IS 800 152
IS:800 CODE CHECK 152

Section check 154
REFERENCES 158
CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO 159
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO 159

CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIO GENERAL FORMULA 159
CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIOS FOR CROSSING DIAGONALS 161
CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY CONTINUOUS TENSION DIAGONAL 162
CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY PINNED TENSION DIAGONAL 163
PINNED COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY CONTINUOUS TENSION DIAGONAL 164
CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL
165
CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY PINNED COMPRESSION DIAGONAL 166
PINNED COMPRESSION DIAGONAL, SUPPORTED BY CONTINUOUS COMPRESSION DIAGONAL 167
CALCULATION OF CRITICAL EULER FORCE FOR VARH ELEMENTS 167
DEFINITIONS 167
CALCULATION OF THE CRITICAL EULER FORCE 168
CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIO FOR LATTICE TOWER MEMBERS 170
LEG WITH SYMMETRICAL BRACING 171
LEG WITH INTERMEDIATE TRANSVERSE SUPPORT 171
LEG WITH STAGGERED BRACING 172
SINGLE BRACING 172
SINGLE BRACING WITH SBS (SECONDARY BRACING SYSTEM) 172
CROSS BRACING 173
CROSS BRACING WITH SBS 174
K BRACING 175
HORIZONTAL BRACING 175
HORIZONTAL BRACING WITH SBS 176
DISCONTINUOUS CROSS BRACING WITH HORIZONTAL MEMBER 176
REFERENCES 177
CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS FOR LTB 179
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS 179

CALCULATION MOMENT FACTORS 179
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION GENERATED BY Q LOAD 179
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION GENERATED BY F LOAD 182
MOMENT LINE WITH MAXIMUM AT THE START OR AT THE END OF THE BEAM 183
REFERENCES 183
PROFILE CONDITIONS FOR CODE CHECK 185
INTRODUCTION TO PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS 185

DATA FOR GENERAL SECTION STABILITY CHECK 185
DATA DEPENDING IN THE PROFILE SHAPE 187
I SECTION 187
RHS 188
CHS 189
ANGLE SECTION 190
CHANNEL SECTION 191
T SECTION 193
FULL RECTANGULAR SECTION 194
FULL CIRCULAR SECTION 195
ASYMMETRIC I SECTION 196
Z SECTION 197
GENERAL COLD FORMED SECTION 199
COLD FORMED ANGLE SECTION 201
COLD FORMED CHANNEL SECTION 202
COLD FORMED Z SECTION 204
COLD FORMED C SECTION 205
COLD FORMED OMEGA SECTION 206
RAIL TYPE KA 207
RAIL TYPE KF 209
RAIL TYPE KQ 210
WARPING CHECK 213
CALCULATION OF THE DIRECT STRESS DUE TO WARPING 214

I SECTIONS 214
U SECTIONS 215
SECTIONS 216
CALCULATION OF THE SHEAR STRESS DUE TO WARPING 217
I SECTIONS 217
U SECTIONS, SECTIONS 218
PLASTIC CHECK 219
STANDARD DIAGRAMS FOR WARPING TORQUE, BIMOMENT AND THE ST.VENANT TORSION
223
TORSION FIXED ENDS, WARPING FREE ENDS, LOCAL TORSIONAL LOADING MT 225
TORSION FIXED ENDS, WARPING FIXED ENDS, LOCAL TORSIONAL LOADING MT 226
TORSION FIXED ENDS, WARPING FREE ENDS, DISTRIBUTED TORSIONAL LOADING MT 228
TORSION FIXED ENDS, WARPING FIXED ENDS, DISTRIBUTED TORSIONAL LOADING MT 229
ONE END FREE, OTHER END TORSION AND WARPING FIXED, LOCAL TORSIONAL LOADING MT 230
ONE END FREE, OTHER END TORSION AND WARPING FIXED, DISTRIBUTED TORSIONAL LOADING
MT 230
DECOMPOSITION OF ARBITRARY TORSION LINE 232
DECOMPOSITION FOR SITUATION 1 AND SITUATION 3 233
DECOMPOSITION FOR SITUATION 2 233
REFERENCES 233
CHECK OF NUMERICAL SECTIONS 236

STRESS CHECK 236
USE OF DIAPHRAGMS 238
ADAPTION OF TORSIONAL CONSTANT 238

REFERENCES 239
SECTION CHECK FOR BUILT-IN BEAMS (IFB, SFB, THQ SECTIONS) 241
INTRODUCTION 241
REDUCTION OF PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY DUE TO PLATE BENDING 241
PLASTIC INTERACTION FORMULA FOR SINGLE BENDING AND SHEAR FORCE 243
PLASTIC CHECK FOR PLATE IN BENDING 244
STRESS CHECK FOR SLIM FLOOR BEAMS 245
NORMAL STRESS CHECK 245
SHEAR STRESS CHECK IN PLATE 246
TORSION CHECK DUE TO UNBALANCED LOADING 246
REFERENCES 249
EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR LATTICE TOWER ANGLE

MEMBERS 250
EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR COMPRESSED LATTICE TOWER ANGLE

MEMBERS 250
REFERENCES 251
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
EC 3 ENV 1993
EC3 CODE CHECK
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in
Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the yield strength fy and tensile strength fu are defined
according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], art.3.2.2.1.)
(fy, fu in N/mm, t in mm)

t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100 100<t<=250 100<t<=250
fy fu fy fu fy fy
S235 235 360 215 340 175 320

S 235
S275 275 430 255 410 205 380
S 275
S355 355 510 335 490 275 450
S 355
S420 420 520 390 520
S 420
S460 460 550 430 550
S 460
Remark : For cold formed section, the values for fy and fu are not influenced by the
previous table
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Remark : For cold formed sections, the average yield strength fya can be used (by setting
the proper data flag in the Cross Section input dialog).
The average yield strength is determined as follows :
knt
f ya = f yb + (f f yb ) min (f u ,1.2f yb )
A u
g
with fyb the tensile yield strength = fy

fu the tensile ultimate strength
t the material thickness
Ag the gross cross-sectional area
k is a coefficient depending on the type of forming :
k = 0.7 for cold rolling
k = 0.5 for other methods of forming
n the number of 90 bends in the section
Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to Table 5.3.1. (class 1,2,3 or 4). The section is
checked for tension (art. 5.4.3.), compression (art. 5.4.4.), shear (art. 5.4.6.) and the
combination of bending, shear and axial force (art. 5.4.9.).
For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to art.5.5.. The following
criteria are considered :
for compression : art. 5.5.1.
for lateral torsional buckling : art. 5.5.2.
for bending and axial compression : art. 5.5.4.
The shear buckling resistance is checked using the simple post-critical method from art.
5.6.3.
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A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for part 5.3., 5.4., 5.5. and 5.6. in
the following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked
with (*) have a supplementary explanation the following chapters.
5.3. Classification of cross sections

5.3.1. Basis x
5.3.2. Classification x
5.3.3. Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
5.3.4. Cross-section requirements when elastic global analysis is
used
5.3.5. Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section x (*)
5.3.6. Effects of transverse forces on webs
5.4. Resistance of cross-sections

5.4.1. General x
5.4.2. Section properties (*)
5.4.3. Tension x
5.4.4. Compression x
5.4.5. Bending moment x (*)
5.4.6. Shear x
5.4.7. Bending and shear x
5.4.8. Bending and axial force x
5.4.9. Bending, shear and axial force x (*)
5.4.10. Transverse forces on webs
5.5. Buckling resistance of members

5.5.1. Compression members x (*)
5.5.2. Lateral-torsional buckling x (*)
5.5.3. Bending and axial tension
5.5.4. Bending and axial compression x (*)
5.6. Shear buckling resistance
5.6.1. Basis x
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5.6.2. Design methods

5.6.3. Simple post-critical method x
5.6.4. Tension field method
5.6.5. Intermediate transverse stiffeners
5.6.6. Welds
5.6.7. Interaction between shear force, bending moment and axial x
force
5.9. Built-up compression members

5.9.3. Battened compression members
5.9.3.1. Application x(*)
5.9.3.2. Constructional details
5.9.3.3. Second moment of inertia x
5.9.3.4. Chord forces ar mid-length x
5.9.3.5. Buckling resistance of chords x
5.9.3.6. Moments and shear due to battening x
Classification of sections
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is performed. The classification can change for each intermediary point.
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is
used to perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for
each load case/combination.
However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section classification is determined
for each intermediary section.
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Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section
The calculation of the effective area is performed with the direct method (sigma_d =
fy,k).
For each intermediary section, the classification (and if necessary, the effective area ) is
determined and the proper section check is performed. The classification (and effective
area) can change for each intermediary point. The most critical check is displayed on the
screen.
For each load case and combination, the most critical effective area properties are saved
:
Aeff is the effective area of the cross section when subject to uniform compression.
Weff is the effective section modulus of the cross-section when subject only to moment
about the relevant axis. eN is the shift of the relevant centroidal axis when the cross
section is subject to uniform compression.
With these critical properties, the stability check is performed.
For non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each
intermediary section, also for the stability check.
For angle sections, see chapter 'Effective cross-section properties for compressed lattice
tower angle members'.
Section properties
5.4.2.2 : The net area properties are not taken into account .
5.4.2.3 : The shear lag effects are neglected .
Bending moment
5.4.5.3 : The holes for fasteners are neglected.
Bending, shear and axial force
The reduced design plastic resistance moment for the interaction of bending, shear and
axial force, is taken from Table 5.17. Ref. [2]
Torsion check
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For the cross section check inclusive torsion and warping, we refer to Chapter 'Warping
check'.
Built-in beams
For built-in beam sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are
performed, taking into account the local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for
built-in beams (IFB, SFB, THQ sections)
Compression members
5.5.1.5 For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of
buckling ratio"
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
force for this member (see chapter Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH
elements).
The buckling curves for steel grade S420 and S460 are taken from Ref.[5], Annex D.
Lateral-torsional buckling
For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections
and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is
given by the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [1]. For the calculation of the moment
factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by
2 EI Iw + LGI t
Mcr = z
L
2
Iz 2 EI z
with E the modulus of elasticity

G the shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral
restraint (= lLTB)
Iw the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis
See also Ref. [3], part 7 and in particular part 7.7. for channel sections.
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Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Use of diaphragms
See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'.
Shear buckling check
Composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,

I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Shear buckling check for cold formed sections
See Ref.[4] 5.8 :
The shear resistance of the web Vw,Rd shall be taken as the lesser of the shear buckling
resistance Vb,Rd and the plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd.
The shear resistance of the web should be checked if
_ f yb M 0
w 0.83
f y M1
_ sw f yb
w = 0.346
t E
The shear buckling resistance Vb,Rd is given by
s w t f bv
Vb,Rd =
M1
The plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd is given by
sw t fy
Vpl ,Rd =
M0 3
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with w the relative web slenderness

fyb the basic yield strength
fy the average yield strength
sw the web length
t the web thickness
E the modulus of elasticity
fbv the shear buckling strength
M0 the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections where
failure is caused by yielding (=1.1)
M1 the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections where
failure is caused by buckling (=1.1)
The value for fbv is given by :
_
w
fbv
<1.40 fyb
0.48
w
1.40 f yb
0.67 _
w
Remarks :
For an arbitrary composed section, the total Vb,Rd and Vpl,Rd is taken as the sum of
resistance of each web, where the angle (teta) is larger than 45 (see figure)
the basic yield strength is taken equal to the average yield strength
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Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling
See Ref.[4] 6.2.3.
The design buckling resistance Nb,Rd for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be
obtained using buckling curve b, and with relative slenderness given by :
f yb
= A
cr
cr = min( cr ,T , cr ,TF )
1 EC m
cr ,T = GI t +
A g i 02 l T2

i 02 = i 2y + i 2z + y 02
cr ,TF =
1
2
[
( cr ,y + cr ,T ) ( cr , y + cr ,T ) 4 cr ,y cr ,T ]
E
cr ,y =
ly

iy

y
= 1 0
i0
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with A the ratio Aeff/A (see Ref.[1] 5.5)

fyb the basic yield strength
cr the critical stress
cr,T the elastic critical stress for torsional buckling
cr,TF the elastic critical stress for torsional-flexural buckling
G the shear modulus
IT the torsion constant of the gross section
CM the warping constant
iy the radius of gyration about yy-axis
iz the radius of gyration about zz-axis
lT the buckling length of the member for torsional buckling
y0 the position of the shear center
ly the buckling length for flexural buckling about the yy-axis
Bending and axial compression
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When the torsional buckling and/or the torsional-flexural buckling is governing, the
formula (6.12) from Ref.[4], article 6.5.2. is applied.
Battened compression members
The following section pairs are supported as battened compression member :
(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc
Two links (battens) are used.

The following additional checks are performed :
- buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with Nf,Sd
- section check of single chord, using internal forces :
N G = N f,SD
Vs
VG =
2
Va
MG = s
4
- section check of single batten, using the internal forces :
Vs a
T =
h0 2
Vs a
M=
4
For the calculation of Vs, the value of Ms is increased with the value of the internal force
Mzz.
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ho
EC3 - FIRE RESISTANCE
Fire actions effect Efi
The design effects of actions for the fire situation Efi,d,t are taken from the results of the
analysis. It is recommended to use the accidental combination rules, for calculating the
internal forces used in the fire resistance check.
The accidental combination is given by
GA G k + 1,1Q k ,1 + 2, jQ k , j + A d (f )
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with Gk characteristic values of permanent actions

Qk,1 characteristic value of the (main) variable action
Qk,j characteristic values of the other variable actions
Af(d) design values of actions from fire exposure
GA partial safety factor for permanent actions in the accidental
situation
=[1.0]
1,1 2,j combination coefficients
Material properties
The material properties are depending on the steel temperature.
Strength and deformation properties :
f y ,
k y , =
fy
f p ,
k p , =
fy
E a ,
k E , =
Ea
The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength ky,,
proportional limit kp, and modulus of elasticity kE, is given by tables in ref.[6], table
3.1.
In the simplified calculation method, the following default properties are considered to
be constant during the analysis :
unit mass a 7850 kg/m

thermal elongation l/l 14 x 10-6 (a-20)
thermal conductivity a 45 W/mK
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Temperature analysis - Thermal actions
In this part, the nominal temperature-time curves and the related net heat flux are
described. See Ref.[8], Section 4, and Ref.[7], II.2.2.
Nominal temperature-time curve
The following temperature-time curves can be selected :
with t time in [min]

g gas temperature in [C]
c the coefficient of heat transfer by convection
ISO 834 curve
g = 20 + 345 log10 (8t + 1)

c = [25]W / m K
external fire curve
( )
g = 660 1 0.687e 0.32 t 0.313e 3.8 t + 20
c = [25]W / m K
hydrocarbon curve
( )
g = 1080 1 0.325e 0.167 t 0.675e 2.5 t + 20
c = [50]W / m K
smoldering fire curve
g = 1544 t + 20
during 20 minutes, followed by the standard ISO 834 curve
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Net heat flux
h net ,d = n ,c h net ,c + n ,r h net ,r
with hnet,d the net heat flux

hnet,c the convective heat flux
hnet,r the radiative heat flux
n,c factor depending on NAD [1.0]
n,r factor depending on NAD [1.0]
h net ,c = c ( g m )
(
h net ,r = res 5.67 10 8 ( r + 273) ( m + 273)
4 4
)
with configuration factor [1.0]
res resultant emissivity
= f m
f emissivity related to fire compartment
= [0.800]
m emissivity related to surface material
= [0.625]
r = g
gas temperature in [C]
m surface temperature of member in [C]
c coefficient of heat transfer by convection
Steel Temperature
The increase of temperature a,t in an unprotected steel member during a time interval
t
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Am / V
a ,t = h net ,d t
ca a
with Am the exposed surface area per unit length [m/m]

V the volume of the member per unit length [m/m]
The factor Am/V should not be taken as less than 10m-1
ca the specific heat of steel [J/kgK]
hnet,d the net heat flux per unit area [W/m]
t the time interval [seconds]
The value should not be taken as more than 5 seconds
a the unit mass of steel [kg/m]
The increase of temperature a,t in an insulated steel member during a time interval t
p A p / V ( g ,t a ,t )
a ,t =
d p ca a
( )
t e / 10 1 g ,t
1 +
3
c pp
= dpAp / V
c a a
with Ap the area of fire protection material per unit length [m/m]
cp the specific heat of fire protection material [J/kgK]
dp the thickness of the fire protection material [m]
p the unit mass of fire protection [kg/m]
a,t the steel temperature at time t
g,t the ambient gas temperature at time t
g,t the increase of the ambient gas temperature during the time
interval
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p the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material

[W/mK]
The value a,t 0.0
For the increase of temperature a,t in an insulated steel member with intumescent
coating, we refer to the NEN specifications, Chapter 'Steel Temperature'.
Calculation model
The calculation can be performed in 2 domains :
- strength domain
- temperature/time domain
In the strength domain, the strength Rfi,d,t(unity check) is calculated after a given time t
(e.g. strength after 45 min). In the temperature/time domain, the critical steel
temperature cr,d is computed. From this critical temperature, the fire resistance time tfi,d
is calculated (the time domain).
Code Check
The section and stability checks (buckling, lateral torsional buckling) are performed
according to the regulations given in 'ENV 1993-1-2:1995' and/or 'Model Code on Fire
Engineering - ECCS N 111'. The checks are performed in the resistance domain or in
the temperature/time domain..
Torsional buckling and shear buckling are not considered.
For each member, the classification of the cross section, the section check and the
stability check are performed.
The following checks are executed :
EC3-1-2 :
- classification of cross section : art. 4.2.2.
- resistance for tension members : art. 4.2.3.1
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. 4.2.3.2.
- resistance for beams (class 1,2) : art. 4.2.3.3.
- resistance for beams (class 3) : art.4.2.3.4.
- resistance for members (class 1,2,3) subject to bending and compression : art.
4.2.3.5.
SCIA 18
- critical temperature : art. 4.2.4.
ECCS Model Code on Fire Engineering

- resistance for tension members : art. III.5.2.
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. III.5.3.
- resistance for beams (class 1,2) : art. III.5.4.
- resistance for beams (class 3) : art. III.5.5.
- resistance for members (class 1,2,3) subject to bending and compression : art.
III.5.6.
- resistance for members (class 4) : art. III.5.7.
- critical temperature : art. III.5.8.
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)

RHS Rectangular Hollow Section
CHS Circular Hollow Section
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
Z Z section
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in chapter "Profile
conditions for code check".
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
I RHS CHS L U T PPL RS Z O COM NUM
Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)

Section check class 1 x x x
SCIA 19

Section check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check class 4 x x x x x x
Stability check class 1 x x x
Stability check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check class 4 x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x x
(1) sections are classified as class 3 cross section by default.
REFERENCES
[1] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
[2] Essentials of Eurocode 3

Design Manual for Steel Structures in Building
ECCS - N 65, 1991
[3] R. Maquoi
ELEMENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
Ulg , Facult des Sciences Appliques, 1988
[4] ENV 1993-1-3:1996

Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-3 : General rules
Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting
CEN 1996
[5] Eurocode 3
Part 1 - 1/ A1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
SCIA 20
[6] Eurocode 3
Part 1 - 2 : General rules - Structural fire design
ENV 1993-1-2:1995, 1995
[7] Model Code on Fire Engineering

ECCS - N 111
May 2001
[8] Eurocode 1
Basis of design and actions on structures
Part 2-2 : Actions on structures - Actions on structures exposed to fire
ENV 1991-2-2:1995
SCIA 21
EC 3 EN 1993
EC3 CODE CHECK
Eurocode 3
EN 1993-1-1:2005
Material properties
according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], table 3.1.)
Steel Grade fy (N/mm) fu (N/mm)

S 235 235 360
S 275 275 430
S 355 355 510
S 275 N/NL 275 390
S 355 N/NL 355 490
S 420 N/NL 420 540
S 460 N/NL 460 570
S 275 M/ML 275 380
S 355 M/ML 355 470
S 420 M/ML 420 520
S 460 M/ML 460 550
S 460 Q/QL/QL1 460 570
S 235 W 235 360
S 355 W 355 510
S 235 H 235 360
S 275 H 275 430
S 355 H 355 510
S 275 NH/NLH 275 370
S 355 NH/NLH 355 470
SCIA 22
S 460 NH/NLH 460 550

S 275 MH/MLH 275 360
S 355 MH/MLH 355 470
S 420 MH/MLH 420 500
S 460 MH/MLH 460 530
Table 1
The name of the steel grade (e.g. 'S 355 W') is used to identify the steel grade.
previous table
Remark : For cold formed sections, the average yield strength fya can be used (by setting
the proper data flag in the Cross Section input dialog).
The average yield strength is determined as follows :
knt
f ya = f yb + (f f yb ) min (f u ,1.2f yb )
A u
g
with fyb the tensile yield strength = fy

fu the tensile ultimate strength
t the material thickness
Ag the gross cross-sectional area
k is a coefficient depending on the type of forming :
k = 0.7 for cold rolling
k = 0.5 for other methods of forming
n the number of 90 bends in the section
Consulted articles
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in "Eurocode 3:
Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings - EN 1993-1-
1:2005".
SCIA 23
The cross-sections are classified according to Table 5.2. All classes of cross-sections are
included. For class 4 sections (slender sections) the effective section is calculated in
each intermediary point, according to prEN 1993-1-5:2003, Chapter 4.4 .
The stress check is taken from art. 6.2.: the section is checked for tension (art. 6.2.3.),
compression (art. 6.2.4.), bending (art. 6.2.5.), shear (art. 6.2.6.), torsion (art.6.2.7.) and
combined bending, shear and axial force (art. 6.2.8., art.6.2.9. and art.6.2.10.).
The stability check is taken from art. 6.3.: the beam element is checked for buckling
(art. 6.3.1.), lateral torsional buckling (art. 6.3.2.), and combined bending and axial
compression (art. 6.3.3.).
The shear buckling is checked according to prEN 1993-1-5:2003, Chapter 5.
For I sections, U sections and cold formed sections warping can be considered.
A check for critical slenderness and torsion moment is also included.
For integrated beams, the local plate bending is taken into account for the plastic
moment capacity and the bending stresses in the section. The out-of-balance loading is
checked.
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table. The
chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a
supplementary explanation the following chapters.
EN 1993-1-1
5.5 Classification of cross section (*)

5.5.1. Basis x
5.5.2. Classification x
6. Ultimate limit states
6.1. General x
6.2. Resistance of cross-sections
x
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Section properties x(*)
6.2.3 Tension x
6.2.4 Compression x
6.2.5 Bending moment x
6.2.6 Shear x
6.2.7 Torsion x(*)
6.2.8 Bending and shear x
6.2.9 Bending and axial force x
6.2.10 Bending, shear and axial force x
SCIA 24
6.3. Buckling resistance of members

x(*)
6.3.1 Uniform members in compression
6.3.2 Uniform members in bending x
6.3.3 Uniform members in bending and axial compression x(*)
Annex A:Method 1:Interaction factors kij for interaction formula in 6.3.3.(4) x

Annex B:Method 2:Interaction factors kij for interaction formula in 6.3.3.(4) x
prEN 1993-1-3
6.1.2. Axial tension x

6.1.3. Axial compression x
6.1.5. Shear force x
6.1.6. Torsional moment x
prEN 1993-1-5
4.4. Plate elements without longitudinal stiffeners x

5. Resistance to shear x
5.1. Basis
5.2. Design resistance x
5.3. Contribution from webs x
5.4. Contribution from flanges x
5.5. Verification x
7.1. Interaction between shear force, bending moment and axial force x
SCIA 25
fy,k).
screen.
:
Section properties
The net area properties are not taken into account .

The shear lag effects are neglected .
Torsion check
check'.
Built-in beams
SCIA 26
Compression members
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling
ratio"
force for this member (see chapter Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH
elements).
For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections
and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is
given by the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [4]. For the calculation of the moment
factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
2 EI Iw + LGI t
Mcr = z
L
2
Iz 2 EI z

G the shear modulus
restraint (= lLTB)
SCIA 27
Use of diaphragms

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
SCIA 28

REFERENCES
[1] Eurocode 3
EN 1993-1-1:2005
[2] Eurocode 3
Part 1-3: General rules
Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting
EN 1993-1-3:20XX, 2003
[3] Eurocode 3
Part 1.5 : Plated structural elements
prEN 1993-1-5 : 2003
[4] R. Maquoi
SCIA 29
DIN18800
DIN18800 CODE CHECK
DIN 18800 Teil 1

Stahlbauten
Bemessung und Konstruktion
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990
DIN 18800 Teil 2

Stahlbauten
Stabilittsflle, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990
DIN 18800 Teil 3

Stahlbauten
Stabilittsflle, Plattenbeulen
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990
Material properties
according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], Tab.1)
The standard steel grades are :
SCIA 30
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=80 40<t<=80

fy fu fy fu
S235 240 360 215 360
S 235
St 37-2
S275 280 430 255 430
S 275
S355 360 510 325 510
S 355
St 52-3
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100

fy fu fy fu
S420 420 520 390 520
S 420
S460 460 550 430 550
S 460
Consulted articles
For the section check, the cross section is classified according to DIN18800 Teil I, Table
12,13,14,15 and 18.. Depending on this classification, the section is checked as slender
section, EL/EL (elastic/elastic), as EL/PL (elastic/plastic) or as PL/PL (plastic/plastic).
For the EL/EL check, DIN18800 Teil I, Element (746), (747), (748), (749), (750) are
used.
The EL/PL check takes the rules from DIN18800 Teil I, Element (756), (757) and Table
(16) ,(17). The PL/PL check is done according to DIN18800 Teil I, Element (758), Table
(16),(17).
The slender cross section is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2, Element (715).
For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2 for
buckling, lateral torsional buckling and bending and compression. The following criteria
are used :
SCIA 31
compression : Element (304),(306)

lateral torsional buckling : Element (311),(309)
bending and axial compression : Element (313),(321),(322)
bending (LTB) and compression : Element (320),(323)
For slender sections, the following criteria are used :

calculation of effective area : Element (705),(706),(708),(709),(712),(713)
buckling check : Element (715),(716),(718),(719)
LTB check : Element (725),(726),(728),(729)
For the shear buckling check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 3.
The following criteria are used : Element (113), (504), (602),(603)
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for the relevant parts following
table. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a
supplementary explanation the following chapters.
Teil 1
7.5. Verfahren beim Tragsicherheitsnachweis Nachweise (*)
7.5.1. Abgrenzungskriterien und Detailregelungen (*)
7.5.2. Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch x
(745) x
(746) x
(747) x
(748) x
(749) x
(750) x
Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Elastisch-Plastisch x
(753) x
(756) x
(757) x
Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Plastisch-Plastisch x
(758) x
Teil 2
3.2. Planmssig mittiger Druck x
SCIA 32
3.2.1. Biegeknicken x
(304) x (*)
3.2.2. Biegedrillknicken x
(306) x (*)
3.3. Einachsige Biegung ohne Normalkraft x
3.3.1. Allgemeines x
(307) x
3.3.2. Behinderung der Verformung x
(309) x (*)
3.3.3. Nachweis des Druckgurtes als Druckstab
(311) x (*)
3.4. Einachsige Biegung mit Normalkraft x
3.4.1. Stbe mit geringer Normalkraft x
(312) x
(314) x
(320) x
3.5. Zweiachsige Biegung mit oder ohne Normalkraft x
(321) x
(322) x(*)
(323) x
4. Mehrteilige, einfeldrige Stbes x(*)

4.1. Allgemeines
4.2. Hufig verwendete Formelzeichnen
(404) x
4.3. Ausweichen rechtwinklig zur stofffreien Achse
(405) x
(406). x
(408). x
SCIA 33
(409). x
7. Planmssig gerade Stbe mit ebenen dnnwandigen Quenschnittsteilen x

7.1. Allgemeines x
(701) x
(702) x
(704) x
7.2. Berechnungsgrundlage x
(705) x
(706) x
(707) x
(708) x
(709) x
7.3. Wirksame Breite beim Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch x
(711) x
(712) x (*)
(713) x
7.4. Wirksame Breite beim Verfahren Elastisch-Plastisch
7.5. Biegeknicken x
7.5.1. Spannungsnachweis beim Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch x
(715) x
7.5.2. Vereinfachte Nachweise x
(716) x
(718) x
(719) x
(721) x
7.6. Biegedrillknicken x
(722) x
(723) x
(725) x
(726) x
(728) x
(729) x
SCIA 34
Teil 3
5. Nachweise (*)
(504) x
6. Abminderungsfaktoren x
(601) x
(602) x
Net area properties

The holes for fasteners are neglected.
Plastic interaction formula for RHS section
SCIA 35
AG
AS/2
h
s/2
For RHS section, classified as Plastic-Plastic or Elastic-Plastic, the plastic interaction

formula according to Ref.[13], can be selected.
Used variable :
A sectional area
AS = s h
AG = (A-AS)/2.0
Wel,y elastic section modulus around y axis
Wel,z elastic section modulus around z axis
fy,d yield strength

y,d shear strength
SCIA 36
Vz,pl,Rd = AS y,d
Vy,pl,Rd = 2AG y,d
NSd normal force

My,Sd bending moment around y axis
Mz,Sd bending moment around z axis
Vy,Sd shear force in y direction
Vz,Sd shear force in z direction
MT,Sd torsional moment
M
Vz ,Sd + T ,Sd
if b 1 = 1 .0
Vz ,pl,Rd 4 z

2
M
Vz ,Sd + T ,Sd
else z = 1 b
Vz ,pl,Rd

M
Vy ,Sd + T ,Sd
if h 1 = 1.0
Vy ,pl,Rd 4 y

2
M
Vy ,Sd + T ,Sd
else y = 1 h
Vy ,pl,Rd

Ar= zAS + 2yAG

AS
= z
Ar
Npl,Rd = Ar fy,d
SCIA 37
2
M y ,pl ,Rd = min hN pl ,Rd ,1.25Wel,y f yd
4
1+
M z ,pl ,Rd = min bN pl ,Rd ,1.25Wel,z f yd
4
N Sd
n=
N pl ,Rd
M y ,Sd
my =
M y ,pl ,Rd
M z ,Sd
mz =
M z ,pl ,Rd
The following interaction formula are checked :
Plastic interaction formula for CHS section
SCIA 38
For CHS section, classified as Plastic-Plastic or Elastic-Plastic, the plastic interaction

formula according to Ref.[14], Tafel 6.74, is used :
Mv 1
1
M pl ,Q N
cos v
N plQ 2
Q v = Q 2y + Q 2z
M v = M 2y + M 2z
2dt s
Q pl =
3
Qv 1
:=1
Q pl 4
2
Qv 1 Q
> : = 1 v
Q pl 4 Q pl
A r = dt
N pl ,Q = A r s
d
M pl ,Q = min N pl ,Q ,1.25Wel s

with Qy,Qz internal shear force

Nv internal normal force
My,Mz internal bending moments
s yield strength
d,t dimensions from CHS
Wel elastic section modulus
SCIA 39
Torsion check
check'.
The stability check (DIN 18800 T2, formula 28 & 30) for doubly symmetric I section
becomes (Ref.[9], pp. 259) :
N My M + M z ,w
+ ky + z k z 1.0 (28)
N pl ,d M pl ,y ,d M pl ,z ,d
N My M + M z ,w
+ ky + z k z 1.0 (30)
z N pl ,d M M pl ,y ,d M pl ,z ,d
with Mz,w 2M w
=
h
Mw bimoment (see chapter 'Standard diagrams for warping
torque, bimoment and the St.Venant torsion')
kz = 1.50
Built-in beams
SCIA 40
Calculation of the buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling
ratio".
force for this member (see Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).
Torsional buckling
The slenderness for torsional buckling vi is given by (see Ref.[6] , 7.5):
2
z2 2
4 c 2 i p + 0 . 093 1
2 M
z
zlz c 2 + iM
2
0
vi = 1 + 1
iz 2c2 (c 2
+ iM )
2 2

with l0 the torsional buckling length, refers to the input value for
the system length lyz
lz the system length for buckling around zz-axis
Remark : the z-axis refers to the axis which goes through
the shear force centre.
z refers to the buckling ratio around the zz-axis
Remark : the z-axis refers to the axis which goes through
the shear force centre.
0 refers to end warping and is input by the value kxy
zM the shear center
iy the radius of gyration around major axis
iz the radius of gyration around minor axis
ip = iy + iz
iM = ip + zM
SCIA 41
Iz the moment of inertia around minor axis

I w ( z l z )2 / ( 0 l 0 )2 + 0 . 039 ( z l z )2 I t
c 2
=
Iz
With this slenderness vi and the buckling curve c, the reduction factor is calculated.
Use of diaphragms
(see also Ref.[7],3.5 and Ref.[8],3.3.4.)
The shear stiffness S for diaphragm is calculated as follows
a.104
S=
K2
K1 +
Ls
with a the frame distance

Ls the length of diaphragm
K1 factor K1
K2 factor K2
The torsional constant It is adapted with the stiffness of the diaphragms :
l2
I t ,id = I t + vorhC
2G
with l the LTB length

G the shear modulus
vorhC the actual rotational stiffness of diaphragm
SCIA 42
LTB Check
For aysmmetric I sections, RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS
(Circular Hollow Section) sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by
the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [4]. For the calculation of the moment factors C1,
C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
Depending on the input of the basic data, Mcr for symmetric I sections is given by the
general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [4], by the DIN formula (19), or by formula
according to Ref.[11] "Roik, Carl, Lindner, Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader
dnnwandiger Stbe, Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1972".
DIN formula (19) :
Mcr = N c 2 + 0 . 25 z p
2
+ 0 . 5 z p
ki

I w ( z l ) / ( 0 l 0 )2 + 0 . 039 ( z l ) I t
2 2
c 2
=
Iz
with l,l0 the LTB length

z refers to rotational end-restraint in plan (about the z-z local axis).
0 refers to end warping
zp the point of load application
Iz the moment of inertia around minor axis
A the sectional area
vi the slenderness for torsional buckling ( see above)
the moment factor ( equivalent for factor C1)
2 EI z
Nki =
( z l )2
SCIA 43
Roik, Carl & Lindner
5z p
2
5z p
EI z
M ki , y = M cr = + c +
l

I + 0.039 l I t
c= w
Iz
with moment factor according to Roik, Carl, Lindner

E modulus of elasticity
Iz moment of inertia around weak axis zz
l system length for LTB
zp application point for loading, negative value is on top and has
negative influence
Iw warping constant
It torsional constant
The factor is supported for the following cases (described in Ref.[11], tables 5.13,
5.14, 5.15, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30,
5.33) :
- linear moment distribution :
- moment line according to distributed loading
SCIA 44
- moment line according to concentrated loading
SCIA 45
2 EI Iw L 2 GI
Mcr = z
+ 2 t
L2 Iz EI z

G the shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral restraint
(= lLTB)
Combined flexion for check method 2
The value My is the maximum value of the bending moment around the strong axis in
the member. The value Mz is the maximum value of the bending moment around the
weak axis in the member.
For non-prismatic sections, the values My and Mz are the concurrent bending moments
(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc
SCIA 46

- buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with NG
- section check of single chord, using internal forces (Ref.[7], pp.88-95) :
N a A
NG = + max M z sin( ) G*
2 l Wz
maxVy
VG =
2
maxVy a
MG =
4
- section check of single batten, using the internal forces (Ref.[7], pp.88-95) :
maxVy a
T =
hy2
Te
M=
2
For the calculation of maxVy, the value of Mz is increased with the value of the internal
force Mzz.
SCIA 47
hy
Effective area properties
fy,k) according to the El-El procedure (DIN18800 T2, 7.3.).
screen.
For each load case and combination, the most critical effective area properties are saved.
The most critical effective area properties are the effective area properties on the
position where the appropriate moment of inertia is the minimum.
SCIA 48

Shear buckling check with buckling influence

The influence of the buckling effect into the shear buckling control, is neglected when
there is a bending moment present.
It means that k=1 if <0.9. See also Ref.[3], Element 503.
Cold formed thin gauge members
The following table includes a list of DASt-Richtlinie 016 (Ref.[12]) elements which
are implemented in EPW by using the related DIN18800 T2 (Ref.[2]) element.
Supported elements from Covered by DIN Remarks

DASt - Richtlinie 016 18800 T2 elements
3.7.1. Grenzzustand der Tragfhigkeit
328 Tab.26
329 712
330 712
333 Tab.27
335 706
4.3.1. Biegemomententragfhigkeit
404 715
4.4. Biegedrillknicken
biegebeanspruchter Bauteile
4.4.3. Allgemeiner Nachweis
421 311
422 311
423 725, 726
SCIA 49
4.5. Druckbeanspruchte einteilige Stbe

4.5.1. Allgemeines
429 708-710
430 708-710
431 708-710
432 708-710
433 708-710
434 708-710
4.5.2. Planmig mittiger Druck
435 716 ADef is not used
436 manual input / input in
profile library for KSL
437 723
438 723
4.5.3. Einachsige Biegung mit Druck
440 707
441 718
442 728
4.5.3. Zweiachsige Biegung mit Druck
443 707
444 721 ADef is not used
445 729
SUPPORTED SECTIONS

RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
SCIA 50

Cold formed section
O Solid tube
The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".
I RHS CHS L U T PPL RS O COM NUM
Classification x x x x x x x x x (1) (1) (1)

Section check PL-PL x x
Section check EL-PL x x
Section check EL-EL x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check slender section x x x x x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check slender section x x x x x x
(1) sections are classified as EL-EL cross section by default.
REFERENCES
[1] DIN 18800 Teil 1

Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990
[2] DIN 18800 Teil 2

Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990
[3] DIN 18800 Teil 3
SCIA 51
Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990
[4] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
[5] R. Maquoi
[6] G. Hnersen, E. Fritzsche

Stahlbau in Beispielen
Berechnungspraxis nach DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 3 (11.90)
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf 1991
[7] E. Kahlmeyer
Stahlbau nach DIN 18 800 (11.90)
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf
[8] Beuth-Kommentare
Stahlbauten
Erluterungen zu DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 4, 1.Auflage
Beuth Verlag, Berlin-Kln 1993
[9] Stahlbau Kalender 1999

DSTV
Ernst & Sohn, 1999
[10] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
SCIA 52
[11] Roik, Carl, Lindner

Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe
Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn
1972
[12] DASt-Richtlinie 016

Bemessung und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus
dnnwandigen kaltgeformted Bauteilen
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft - 1992
[13] H. Rubin,
Interaktionsbeziehungen fr doppeltsymmetrische I- und Kasten-
Querschnitte bei zweiachsiger Biegung und Normalkraft
Der Stahlbau 5/1978, 6/1978
[14] Stahl im Hochbau

14. Auflage, Band I / Teil 2
1986, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf
SCIA 53
ONORM B 4300
ONORM B 4300 CODE CHECK
NORM B 4300-1
Stahlbau
Berechnung und Konstruktion der Tragwerke
Bemessung nach Grenzzustnden
DK 624.014.2.046, Mrz 1994
NORM B 4300-2
Stahlbau
Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
Bedingungen fr die gemeinsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 2 und NORM B
4300-1
DK 624.014.2.075.2, April 1994
NORM B 4300-3
Plattenbeulen
Bedingungen fr die gemeinsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 3 und NORM B
4300-1
DK 624.014.2.075.4, April 1994
DIN 18800 Teil 1

Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990
DIN 18800 Teil 2

Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990
SCIA 54
DIN 18800 Teil 3

Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990
Material properties
according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], 2.1. and Ref. [4], Tab.1)
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=80 40<t<=80

fy fu fy fu
St 360 240 360 215 360
S235
S 235
St 430 280 430 255 430
S275
S 275
St 510 360 510 325 510
S355
S 355
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100

fy fu fy fu
S420 420 520 390 520
S 420
S460 460 550 430 550
SCIA 55
S 460
Consulted articles
For the section check, the cross section is classified according to ONORM B 4300-1
Tab.3,4,5 and to DIN18800 Teil I, Table 15,18. Depending on this classification, the
section is checked as slender section, EL/EL (elastic/elastic), as EL/PL (elastic/plastic) or
as PL/PL (plastic/plastic).
For the EL/EL check, ONORM B 4300-1 Art. 5.2. is used. (The 7% increase of the
moment of inertia is taken into account for rolled I section - see Ref. [1], Art. 5.2.5.4.).
The EL/PL check takes the rules from DIN18800 Teil I, Element (756), (757) and Table
(16) ,(17). The PL/PL check is done according to DIN18800 Teil I, Element (758), Table
(16),(17).
The slender cross section is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2, Element (715).
For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2 for
buckling, lateral torsional buckling and bending and compression. The following criteria
are used :
compression : Element (304),(306)

lateral torsional buckling : Element (311),(309)
bending and axial compression : Element (313),(321),(322)
bending (LTB) and compression : Element (320),(323)
For slender sections, the following criteria are used :

calculation of effective area : Element (705),(706),(708),(709),(712),(713)
buckling check : Element (715),(716),(718),(719)
LTB check : Element (725),(726),(728),(729)
For the shear buckling check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 3.
The following criteria are used : Element (113), (504), (602),(603)
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given in "DIN18800 Code check".
SUPPORTED SECTIONS

SCIA 56

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical sections
code check".

Section check PL-PL x
Section check EL-PL x
Section check EL-EL x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check slender section x x x x x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check slender section x x x x x x
(1) sections are classified as EL-EL cross section by default.
REFERENCES
[1] NORM B 4300-1

Stahlbau
Berechnung und Konstruktion der Tragwerke
Bemessung nach Grenzzustnden
DK 624.014.2.046, Mrz 1994
SCIA 57
[2] NORM B 4300-2

Stahlbau
Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
Bedingungen fr die gemeinsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 2
und NORM B 4300-1
DK 624.014.2.075.2, April 1994
[3] NORM B 4300-3

Plattenbeulen
Bedingungen fr die gemeinsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 3
und NORM B 4300-1
DK 624.014.2.075.4, April 1994
[4] DIN 18800 Teil 1

Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990
[5] DIN 18800 Teil 2

Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990
[6] DIN 18800 Teil 3

Stahlbauten
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990
SCIA 58
NEN
NEN6770/6771 CODE CHECK
Staalconstructies TGB 1990

Basiseisen en basisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste constructies
NEN 6770, december 1991
Staalconstructies TGB 1990

Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, december 1991-januari 2000
Material properties
according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], art.9.1.2.1.1.)

t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100 100<t<=250 100<t<=250
fy fu fy fu fy fy
S235 235 360 215 340 175 320
S 235
S275 275 430 255 410 205 380
S 275
S355 355 510 335 490 275 450
S 355
S420 420 520 390 520
S 420
S460 460 550 430 550
S 460
SCIA 59
previous table.
Consulted articles
The cross section is classified according to NEN 6771 Table 1. (class 1,2,3 or 4).
The section is checked on following criteria :
tension : NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.1., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.1.
compression : NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.2., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.2.
shear : NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.4., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.4.
bending, shear and axial force : NEN 6770 Art. 11.3., NEN 6771 Art. 11.3.
For the stability check, the element is checked on following criteria :

compression : NEN 6771 Art.12.1.1.1/ 12.1.2./12.1.3.
lateral torsional buckling : NEN 6771 Art.12.2.
bending and axial compression: NEN 6771 Art.12.3.
shear buckling : NEN 6771 Art.13.8. / 13.9.
SCIA 60
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for NEN6770 part 11,12 and
NEN6771 part 10,11,12,13. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters
marked with (*) have a supplementary explanation the following chapters.
NEN6770
11.Toetsing van de doorsnede x
11.1. Algemeen x
11.2. Enkelvoudige krachten en momenten x
11.2.1. Axiale trek x
11.2.2. Axiale druk x
11.2.3. Buiging
11.2.4. Afschuiving x
11.2.5. Torsie x
11.3. Combinaties van krachten en momenten x
11.3.1. Enkele buiging met normaalkracht en afschuiving x
11.3.2. Dubbele buiging met normaalkracht en afschuiving x
11.4. Vloeicriterium x
11.5. De invloed van de boutgaten (*)
NEN6771
10.2.4. Doorsneden x (*)
11.Toetsing van de doorsnede x

11.1. Algemeen x
11.2. Enkelvoudige krachten en momenten x
11.2.1. Axiale trek x
11.2.2. Axiale druk x
11.2.3. Buiging
11.2.4. Afschuiving x
11.2.5. Torsie
11.3. Combinaties van krachten en momenten x
SCIA 61
12. Toetsing van de stabiliteit x

12.1. Op druk belaste staven x
12.1.1. Knikstabiliteit x (*)
12.1.2. Torsiestabiliteit x
12.1.3. Torsieknikstabiliteit x
12.1.4. Verend gesteunde staven
12.1.5. Staven in vakwerken
12.1.6. Samengestelde staven x(*)
12.1.6.1 Algemeen x
12.1.6.2. Benodigde grootheden x
12.1.6.3. Toetsing van het middenveld van de samengestelde staaf x
12.1.6.4. Toetsing van de eindvelden van de samengestelde staaf x
12.1.6.4.2 Staven met raamwerkverband x
12.2. Op buiging belaste staven(kipstabiliteit) xx
12.2.1. Toepassingsgebied x
12.2.2. Toetsingsregel x
12.2.3. Ongesteunde lengte
12.2.4. Opleggingen en zijdelingse steunen
12.2.5. Het theoretisch elastische kipmoment x (*)
12.3. Op druk en buiging belaste staven x
12.3.1. Knikstabiliteit x
12.3.2. Torsiestabilteit x
12.3.3. Torsieknikstabiliteit x
12.4. Op trek en buiging belaste staven
13. Toetsing van de plooistabiliteit x

13.1. Algemeen x
13.2. Geometrie van het verstijfde en onverstijfde plaatveld x
13.3. Geometrie van de verstijvingen
13.4. Belasting in het vlak van het plaatveld x
13.4.1. Normaalspanning in langsrichting x
13.4.2. Schuifspanningen x
13.4.3. Normaalspanningen in dwarsrichting
13.4.4. Platen in en loodrecht op hun vlak belast
SCIA 62
13.5. Belasting op verstijvingen

13.6. Idele kritieke plooispanning van een onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.7. De plooispanning van een onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.7.1. Bepaling van de relatieve slankheid van het plaatveld x
13.7.2. De plooispanning voor een onverstijfd plaatveld met als
opleggingen dwarsverstijving(en) en/of randen x
13.7.3. De plooispanning voor een onverstijfd plaatveld met ten
minste een langsverstijving als oplegging
13.8. Eisen waaraan plaatvelden en verstijvingen moeten voldoen x
13.8.1. Onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.8.2. Dwarsverstijvingen
13.8.3. Langsverstijvingen
13.8.4. Stijfheidseisen te stellen aan langs- en dwarsverstijvingen
13.8.5. Doorsnedecontrole voor langs- en dwarsverstijvingen
13.9. Interactie tussen plooi en knik x (*)
13.9.1. Algemeen x
13.9.2. Constructies opgebouwd uit plaatvelden al of niet verstijfd
met dwarsverstijvingen x
13.9.3. Constructies opgebouwd uit plaatvelden verstijfd met
langsverstijvingen en/of niet verstijfd met dwarsverstijvingen
13.9.4. Berekeningen van de dwarsverstijvingen
Section properties
The influence of the bore hole is neglected.
SCIA 63
fy,k).
screen.
:
For angle sections, see chapter 'Effective cross-section properties for compressed lattice
tower angle members'.
Torsion check
check'.
Built-in beams
Buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer tochapter "Calculation of buckling
ratio".
SCIA 64
For symmetric I sections and RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections, the elastic
critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by the formula of Ref [2], part 12.2.5.. When the
factor > 5000, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by the general
formula in EC3, Annex F, F.2. Ref [3]. For asymmetric I sections, the elastic critical
moment for LTB Mcr is given by the general formula in EC3, Annex F, F.2. Ref [3].
For the calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to Ref.[7], tables 9
(case 1), 10 and 11.
2 EI Iw L 2 GI
Mcr = z
+ 2 t
L2 Iz EI z

G the shear modulus
(= lLTB)
Use of diaphragms
SCIA 65
(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc

- buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with Nf,s;d
- section check of single chord, using internal forces :
N G = N f;s;d
Q f;s;d
VG =
2
Q f;s;d a
MG =
4
- section check of single batten, using the internal forces :
Q f;s;d a
Vk;s;d =
h0 2
Q f;s;d a
M k;s;d =
4
For the calculation of Qf;s;d, the value of My;s;d is increased with the value of the internal
force Mzz.
SCIA 66
ho

Shear buckling check with buckling influence
The influence of the buckling effect into the shear buckling control, is neglected when
there is a bending moment present, i.e. if <0.9.
SCIA 67
NEN6072 - FIRE RESISTANCE
For more info, we refer to Ref.[8], Ref.[9].
Fire actions effect
The design effects of actions for the fire situation are taken from the results of the
analysis. It is recommended to use the special combination rules according to Ref.[10],
NEN6702 6.2.2., for calculating the internal forces used in the fire resistance check.
This special combination is given by
f ;g G rep + f ;q i Q i;rep + f ;a Fa ;rep
with Grep characteristic values of permanent actions

Qi characteristic value of the variable action
Fa;rep design values of special action (from fire exposure)
f;g partial safety factor for permanent actions in the special
combination
=1.0
f;q partial safety factor for variable actions in the special
combination
=1.0
f;a partial safety factor for special actions in the special
combination
=1.0
I the 'momentaaan' factor for the variable action
Material properties
The yield strength is depending on the steel temperature :
f y;;d = f y;d
The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength is
given by :
SCIA 68
- =1.0 when a 400 C

1.03
- = when 400C < a 1200 C
(e + 1)0.26
with a 482
=
39.2
a steeltemperature in C
fy;d design value for yield strength at room temperature
fy;;d design value for yield strength at increased temperature
The following default properties are considered to be constant during the analysis :
unit mass a 7850 kg/m

The standard temperature-time (ISO 834) curve is used :
g = 20 + 345 log10 (8t + 1)
with t time in [min]

g gas temperature in [C]
Steel Temperature
The increase of temperature a in an unprotected steel member during a time interval

t
SCIA 69

a = P( t a )t
c a a
= c + r
r 5.67 t + 273 a + 273
4 4
r =
( t a ) 100 100

P = Am/V
t gas temperature in [C]
a steel temperature [C]
r resultant emissivity
= 0.5
c coefficient of heat transfer by convection
= 25 W/(mK)
The increase of temperature a in an insulated (non intumescent coating) steel member

during a time interval t
Pi M ( t a )t (e / 5 1) t
K ef
a =
c a a
i;d ;ef
K ef =
di
1
M =
2
1+
3
c ii
= d i Pi
2c a a
SCIA 70

Pi = Ap/V
ci the specific heat of fire protection material [J/kgK]
di the thickness of the fire protection material [m]
i the unit mass of fire protection [kg/m]
a the steel temperature at time t
t the ambient gas temperature at time t
t the increase of the ambient gas temperature during the time
interval
i;d;ef the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material
[W/mK]
The increase of temperature a in an insulated (intumescent coating) steel member

during a time interval t
K d ;ef
a = Pi ( t a )t
c a a
Pi = Ap/V
Kd;ef coefficient of heat transfer of the intumescent coating
a the steel temperature at time t
t the ambient gas temperature at time t
i;d;ef the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material
[W/mK]
SCIA 71
Calculation model
- strength domain
In the strength domain, the strength (unity check) is calculated after a given time t (e.g.
strength after 45 min). In the temperature/time domain, the critical steel temperature a,cr
is computed. From this critical temperature, the fire resistance time is calculated (the
time domain).
The critical steel temperature a,cr is given by :
1
a ,cr = 39.2 ln 1 + 482
0.8925()
3.846

with degree of utilization at time t=0

correction factor
= 1.00 for tension elements
= 1.00 for beams, statically determined, 4 side exposure
= 0.70 for beams, statically determined, 3 side exposure
= 0.85 for beams, statically undetermined, 4 side exposure
= 0.60 for beams, statically undetermined, 3 side exposure
= 1.20 for compression elements (inclusive the buckling
check)
= 1.20 for compression and bending elements (inclusive the
buckling and LTB check)
Code Check
according to the regulations given in NEN6770/6771, adapted with the yield strength
for the increased temperature and the correction factor. The checks are performed in the
resistance domain or in the temperature/time domain. Shear buckling is not considered.
SCIA 72
SUPPORTED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
code check".

SCIA 73
REFERENCES
[1] Staalconstructies TGB 1990

Basiseisen en basisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste
constructies

Stabiliteit
[3] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
[4] R. Maquoi
[5] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
[6] ENV 1993-1-3:1996

CEN 1996

Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, januari 2000
SCIA 74
[8] NEN 6072

Rekenkundige bepaling van de brandwerendheid van bouwdelen
Staalconstructies
December 1991
[9] NEN 6072/A2 - Wijzigingsblad

Rekenkundige bepaling van de brandwerendheid van bouwdelen
Staalconstructies
December 2001
[10] NEN 6702

Belastingen en vervormingen TGB 1990
December 1991
SCIA 75
AISC - ASD
AISC - ASD CODE CHECK
Manual of Steel Construction

Allowable Stress Design
Part 5 : Specification and Codes
AISC, Ninth Edition, 1989
The cross section is classified according to Table B5.1. (compact, noncompact, or slender
section).
The member is checked on following criteria :
tension : D1
compression : E2, E3
flexural members : F1,F2,F3,F4
plate girders : G2
combined forces : H1,H2
A more detailed overview for the used articles of the relevant parts is given in the
following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with
(*) have a supplementary explanation the following chapters.
B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B1. Gross Area x
B2. Net Area (*)
B3. Effective Area
B4. Stability
B5. Local Buckling (*)
1.Classification of Steel Sections x
2.Slender Compression Elements x
SCIA 76
B6. Rotational Restraint at Points of Support

B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios x
B8. Simple Spans
B9. End Restraint
B10. Proportions of Beams and Girders
B11. Proportioning of Crane Girders
D. TENSION MEMBERS
D1. Allowable Stress x (*)
D2. Built-up members
D3. Pin-Connected Members
E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS

E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Ratio x (*)
E2. Allowable Stress x
E3. Flexural-torsional Buckling x (*)
E4. Built-up Members
E5. Pin-Connected Compression Members
E6. Column Web Shear
F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS (*)

F1. Allowable Stress : Strong Axis Bending of I-Shaped Members and x
Channels
1.Members with Compact Sections x
2.Members with Non-Compact Sections x
3.Members with Compact or Non-Compact Sections with Unbraded x
Length Greater then Lc
F2. Allowable Stress : Weak Axis Bending of I-Shaped Members, Solid x
Bars and Rectangular Plates
F3. Allowable Stress : Bending of Box Members, Rectangular Tubes and x
Circular Tubes
SCIA 77

F4. Allowable Shear Stress x
F5. Transverse Stiffeners
F6. Built-up Members
F7. Web-tapered Members
G. PLATE GIRDERS
G1. Web Slenderness Limitations
G2. Allowable Bending Stress x
G3. Allowable Shear Stress with Tension Field Action
G4. Transverse Stiffeners
G5. Combined Shear and Tension Stress
H. COMBINED STRESSES
H1. Axial Compression and Bending x
H2. Axial Tension and Bending x
APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

B5. Local Buckling x
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined..

used to perform the code check. However, for non-prismatic sections, the section
classification is determined for each intermediary section.
Section properties
The influence of the bore hole is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used.
SCIA 78
Buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio".
Flexural Torsional Buckling
The slenderness ratio for flexural torsional buckling (KL/r)e is given by
KL E
=
r e Fe
See Ref. [1], Commentary Chapter E1.

The calculation of Fe is given in Ref. [2], Appendix E.
For I sections and channel sections, the allowable LTB stress is given in F1.
For RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) ,
the allowable LTB stress is given in F3.
For angle sections with symmetrical legs, the allowable LTB stress is given in Ref. [1],
pp.309-314, Specification for allowable stress - Design of single-angle members.
2 EI Iw L 2 GI
Mcr = z
+ 2 t
L2 Iz EI z

G the shear modulus
(= lLTB)
SCIA 79
See also Ref. [4], part 7.
With this moment Mcr, the critical LTB stress LTB is calculated :
M cr
LTB =
Iy
with Iy the moment of inertia about the major axis
The slenderness ratio for LTB LTB, is given by
E
LTB =
LTB
The allowable LTB stress is calculated using the slenderness LTB with the formulas
given in Ref.[1], E2.
See also Ref. [5], Bijlage E.

SCIA 80
SUPPORTED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
code check".


Compact section x x x x x
Non-compact section x x x x x x x x x x x x
Slender section x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x
(1) sections are classified as non-compact section by default.
REFERENCES
[1] Manual of Steel Construction

Allowable Stress Design
AISC, Ninth Edition, 1989
SCIA 81

Load & Resistance Factor Design
AISC, First Edition, 1986

Load & Resistance Factor Design
AISC, Volume I, Second Edition, 1995
[4] R. Maquoi
[5] NBN B 51-001

Stalen Bouwconstructies
BIN, 5e uitg. April 1977
SCIA 82
AISC - LRFD
AISC - LRFD CODE CHECK
AISC Manual of steel construction

Load and Resistance Factor Design
Part 16 Specifications and Codes
Third Edition
2001
The cross section is classified according to Table B5.1. (compact, noncompact, or slender
section).
The member is checked on following criteria :
tension : D1
compression : E2, E3, Appendix E3
flexural members : F1,Appendix F1, Appendix F2
plate girders : Appendix G2, Appendix G3, Appendix G5
combined forces : H1,H2
B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B1. Gross Area x
B2. Net Area (*)
B3. Effective Area for Tension Members
B4. Stability
B5. Local Buckling (*)
SCIA 83
1.Classification of Steel Sections x

2.Slender Compression Elements x
3.Slender-Element Compression Sections x
B6. Bracing at Support
B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios x
B8. Simple Spans
B9. End Restraint
B10. Proportions of Beams and Girders
D. TENSION MEMBERS
D1. Design Tensile Strength x (*)
D2. Built-up members
D3. Pin-Connected Members and Eyebars
E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS

E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations x
1.Effective Length x (*)
2.Design by Plastic Analysis
E2. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling x
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling x
E4. Built-up Members
E5. Pin-Connected Compression Members
F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS (*)

F1. Design for Flexure x
1.Yielding x
2.Lateral-Torsional Buckling x
F2. Design for Shear x
F4. Beams and Girders with Web Openings
G. PLATE GIRDERS x
SCIA 84
H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES AND

TORSION
H1. Symmetric Members Subject to Bending and Axial Force x
H2. Unsymmetric Members and Members under Torsion and x
Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear and/or Axial Force
H3. Alternative Interaction Equation for Members under
Combined Stress
APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

B5. Local Buckling x
APPENDIX E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION

MEMBERS
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling x
APPENDIX F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL

MEMBERS
F1. Design for Flexure x
F2. Design for Shear x
APPENDIX G. PLATE GIRDERS

G1. Limitations
G2. Design Flexural Strength x(*)
G3. Design Shear Strength with Tension Field Action x(*)
G4. Transverse Stiffeners
G5. Flexure-Shear Interaction x(*)

used to perform the code check. However, for non-prismatic sections, the section
SCIA 85
Section properties
Buckling length
For I sections, channel sections, RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections, T

sections, rectangular sections, and asymmetric I sections, the critical LTB moment is
given in F1 and Appendix F1.
For angle sections with symmetrical legs, the critical LTB moment is given in Ref. [1],
pp.281-288, Specification for Load and Resistance Factor Design of Single-Angle
members.
2 EI Iw L 2 GI
Mcr = z
+ 2 t
L2 Iz EI z

G the shear modulus
(= lLTB)
See also Ref. [2], part 7.
SCIA 86
Use of diaphragms

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in Appendix D.
SCIA 87

Compact section x x x x x
Non-compact section x x x x x x x x x x x x
(1) sections are classified as non-compact section by default.
REFERENCES
[1] AISC Manual of steel construction

Load and Resistance Factor Design
Third Edition
2001
[2] R. Maquoi
SCIA 88
CM66
CM66 CODE CHECK
Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier

ITBTP / CTICM
Rgles CM Decembre 1966
Editions Eyrolles 1982
Consulted articles
The cross-section is checked for tension (art. 3,1), bending (art. 3,2.) and shear (art. 3,3.).
For the stability check, the following criteria are considered :

for compression : art. 3,4.
for compression and bending : art. 3,5
for lateral torsional buckling : art. 3,6.
for double bending and axial compression : art. 3,7.
for shear buckling : art 5,212
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for the relevant parts in the
3 Rgles gnrales concernant les calculs de rsistance et de

dformation
3,0 Donnes numriques x
3,1 Pices soumises traction simple x (*)
3,2 Pices soumises flexion simple ou dvie x
SCIA 89
3,21 Flexion simple x(*)

3,22 Flexion dvie
3,3 Effet de leffort tranchant dans les pices flchies x
3,4 Pices soumises la compression flambement simple

3,40 Gnralits x(*)
3,41 Pices comprimes a parois pleines x
3,42 Pices composes a treilis
3,43 Pices composes a traverses de liaison
3,44 Conditions spciales imposes aux lments comprims a x
parois minces
3,5 Pices soumises compression avec flexion dans le plan de

flambement
3,50 Principe x
3,51 Coefficient damplification des contraintes de flexion x (*)
3,52 Vrfication des pices a parois pleines x
3,53 Vrification des pices composes treilis

3,54 Vrification des pices composes traverses de liaison
3,6 Dversement en flexion simple

3,60 Gnralits x
3,61 Pices symtriquement charges et appuyes
3,611 Poutres me pleine x(*)
3,612 Poutres treilis
3,62 Cas des pices soumises deux moments diffrents au droit x(*)
des appuis
3,63 Cas des poutrelles en console parfaitement encastres
3,64 Coeffcients utiliss pour la dtermination de kd
3,641 Coefficient D x
3,642 Coefficient C x(*)
3,643 Coefficient B x(*)
SCIA 90
3,7 Flexion compose

3,70 Domaine dapplication x
3,71 Notations x
3,72 Principe des vrifications x
3,73 Formules enveloppes pour les pices parois pleines x (*)
3,8 Flambement dans les systmes hyperstatiques
3,9 Dformations x
5 Rgles spciales certains lments

5,212 Poutres composes me pleine mes x
Section properties
Plastic coefficient
The plastic coefficients are calculated according to the Ref.[1], 13,212 (Valeurs du
coefficient dadaptation plastique).
Compression members
Factor kf
The factor kf is calculated using the formula given in Ref[1], 3,516

2
AM
+ 0.25 1.721
M med l
kf =
1;3
SCIA 91
+ 0.25
If Mmed 0.0, the formula 3,513 is used : k f =
1.3
LTB Check
The LTB check is performed for symmetric I sections. For other cross sections the
factor kd=1.0.
For the calculation of the coefficient C, we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for
LTB".
The coefficient B is calculated by interpolating the table for B given in Ref[1] 3,643,
and using the calculated C value with table for C given in Ref[1] 3,642.
Use of diaphragms
Combined flexion
The values fx is the maximum value of the bending stress in the member for the
bending around the strong axis. The value fy is the maximum value of the bending
stress in the member for the bending around the weak axis.
For non-prismatic sections the values fx and fy are the local (i.e. in each intermediary
section) bending stresses.

SUPPORTED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB,

.)
SCIA 92

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
code check".
Section check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Buckling check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Slender section buckling check x x x x x x x x
LTB Check x
REFERENCES
[1] Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier

ITBTP / CTICM
SCIA 93
CM66 - ADDITIF 80
CM66 - ADDITIF 80 CODE CHECK
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in Additif 80
Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to art. 5,12. (classification 'plastic' or 'elastic').

The section is checked for tension and compression (art. 4,2), bending (art 4,3), shear
force (art. 4,4), the combination of bending and axial force (art. 4,5 and art 4.6).
For the stability check, the following criteria are considered :

for lateral torsional buckling : art. 5,2.
for compression : art. 5,31.
for compression and bending : art. 5,32
supplementary explanation in the following chapters.
4 Resistance des sections

4,1 Rgle gnrale (*)
4,2 Effort normale x
4,3 Moment de flexion x
4,4 Effort tranchant x
4,5 Moment de flexion et effort normal x
4,6 Momens de flexion, effort normal et effort tranchant x
5 Stabilit des lments

5,1 Conditions de non voilement local x (*)
5,2 Rsistance au dversement des poutre flchies
5,21 Rgles de contreventement latral au voisinage des sections
SCIA 94
plastifies
5,22 Moment ultime de dversement en flexion simple x (*)
5,23 Dimensionnement des entretoises
5,24 Rsistance au dversement en flexion dvie x
5,3 Rsistance au flambement
5,31 Elments simplement comprims x
5,32 Elments comprims et flchis x
5,33 Longueur de flambement (*)
Section check
If the sections are not according to the conditions specified in art. 5,1, the sections are
checked according to the regulations given in Ref.[2].
If a torsional moment is present, the sections are checked according to the regulations
given in Ref.[2].
Compression members
For the calculation of the moment factors C1 and C2, we refer to "Calculation of
moment factors for LTB", using the EC3 values.
SCIA 95
Use of diaphragms
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB,

.)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
code check".
Classification Add 80 x x
Plastic section check Add x x
80
Buck:ling check Add 80 x x
LTB check Add 80 x x
SCIA 96
Compression + bending x x
Add 80
SCIA 97
REFERENCES
[1] Additif 80
[2] Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier

ITBTP / CTICM
SCIA 98
BS5950-1:1990
BS5950-1:1990 CODE CHECK
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in :
British Standard BS 5950

Structural use of steelwork in building
Part1. Code of practice for design in simple
and continuous construction:hot rolled section
British Standard distribution BS5950 Part1 1990 revised in 1992
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the yield strength py is defined according to the thickness of
the element (see Table 6 Art.3.1.1.). The standard steel grades are :
Grade 43 : yield strength defined between 245 and 275 N/mm

(pY in N/mm, t in mm)
Steel grade Thickness limits PY
t16 mm 275 N/Mm
Grade 43 t40 mm 265 N/mm
t63 mm 255 N/mm
t100 mm 245 N/mm
t16 mm 355 N/mm
SCIA 99
t63 mm 340 N/mm
t100 mm 325 N/mm
t16 mm 450 N/mm
t40 mm 415 N/mm
t63 mm 400 N/mm
Remark: For cold-formed section, values for Py are not influenced by the previous table.
Remark : The reduction rules from previous table are only valid when the used material
is defined as material for the selected code.
Consulted articles
According to Art. 3.5. and table 7, cross sections are classified in 4 types:
Plastic
Compact
Semi-compact
Slender
A reduction factor is applied to the design strength of the material in use for slender
sections by following the rules described in Art. 3.6 and in Table 8. Partial safety factor
of design strength is included in py value.
The section is checked for bending (Art.4.2.), tension (Art.4.6.), compression (Art.4.7.),
shear (Art.4.2.3.), combined moment and axial force (Art. 4.8.) and biaxial moments
(Art.4.9.). For the stability check, the beam element is checked for lateral torsional
buckling, shear buckling, compression and bending with axial compression. Articles
used for this stability check are the following:
for lateral torsional buckling : Art. 4.3.

shear buckling : Art. 4.4.5.
SCIA 100
for compression : Art. 4.7.

for bending and axial compression : Art. 4.8.
A more detailed overview of used articles is given in the following table.
Part. 3 Section properties

3.5. Limiting proportions of cross Art. 3.5.1.
sections
Art. 3.5.2.
Art. 3.5.4.
Table 7
Fig.3
3.6. Slender cross section Art. 3.6.1.
Art. 3.6.2.-3.6.3.
Art. 3.6.4.
Table 8
Part. 4 Design of structural elements
4.2. Member in bending Art. 4.2.1.3. (a) (c)
Shear capacity Art. 4.2.3.

Moment capacity with low shear Art. 4.2.5.
Moment capacity with high shear Art. 4.2.6.
4.3. Lateral torsional buckling
Member in bending Art. 4.3.7.

LTB factor
General Art. 4.3.7.1.
Equivalent uniform moment Art. 4.3.7.2.
Buckling Resistance Art. 4.3.7.3.
Bending strength pb Art. 4.3.7.4.
Equivalent slenderness LT, , , u, v Art. 4.3.7.5.
Appendix B.
Factors m, n Art. 4.3.7.6.
Equal flanged rolled section Art. 4.3.7.7.
SCIA 101
Buckling resistance moment for single Art.4.3.8.

angle
4.4. Plate Girders
General Art. 4.4.1.

Dimensions of webs and flanges Art. 4.4.2.2. Art. 4.4.2.3.
Moment capacity Art. 4.4.4.
Section with slender webs Art. 4.4.4.2. (a)
Shear buckling resistance of thin webs Art. 4.4.5.1.
Design without using tension field action Art. 4.4.5.3. and Appendix H.1.
4.6. Axially loaded tension members
Tension capacity Art. 4.6.1.

Effective Area of simple tension members Art. 4.6.3.1. Art. 4.6.3.3.
4.7. Compression member
Slenderness Art. 4.7.3.2.

Compression resistance Art. 4.7.4.
Compressive strength Art. 4.7.5. Appendix C
4.8. Axially loaded members with

moments
Tension members with moments Art. 4.8.2. + EC3 5.4.9.&Annex

F
Compression members with moments Art. 4.8.3.
Local capacity check Art. 4.8.3.2.
Buckling check with exact approach Art. 4.8.3.3.2.
4.9. Members with biaxial moments See 4.8.
SCIA 102
used to perform the stability check.
So, the stability section classification can change for each load case/combination.
Slender cross-section
Slender sections are particularly sensitive to local buckling. British Standard code (Art.
3.6.) defines stress reduction factor to prevent this phenomenon. For webs subject to
moments and axial load and for circular hollow sections, the design strength py should
be assumed such that the limiting proportions for semi-compact section are met. For
other sections, where a slender outstand is in compression, the design strength should be
reduced by the factor given in Table 8.
Section properties
The net area of a section is taken as its gross section neglecting the deduction due to
fastener holes: Art. 3.3. Shear area of a cross-section is calculated by using Art. 4.2.3.
Bending moment
Before any calculation of members in bending, it's necessary to determine the shear
capacity. For plastic and compact section with high shear load, moment capacity is
calculated with the plastic modulus only for I and PLL sections (Art. 4.2.6. and 4.8.).
For other cross-section, with plastic or compact section classification, characterised or
not by a low shear load, we assumed that the moment capacity is calculated by using the
same approach than for semi-compact section: the elastic modulus (elastic calculation).
Bending, shear, axial force
For plastic and compact sections, BS5950 Art. 4.8.2. & 4.8.3.2. (b) prescribes a detailed
approach to determine the unity check of axially loaded members with moments. The
detailed relationship allows a greater economy for plastic and compact section . In this
expression, we use a reduced moment capacity Mr respectively about the major and the
minor axis. Those values are determined by using EC3 Art.5.4.9. (see Ref.[5]). For
SCIA 103
semi-compact and slender section, the simplified approach is applied following Art.
4.8.2.and Art. 4.8.3.2. (a).
Lateral torsional buckling
For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric PPL), rectangular sections (solid and
hollow), T sections, channel sections and angle section, the critical lateral torsional
buckling moment is given by the general formula Art. 4.3.7. and Annex B2&3. For
other sections, we follow conservative recommendation described in Art. 4.3.7.5. and
calculation proposed in EC3 to determine the elastic critical moment Mcr EC3 Annex
F1.1. Formula (F.1.) see Ref [5].
The condition to be satisfied in all the cases is that
with
Mb=Sxpb
and
(m is an equivalent uniform moment factor)
pb is the bending strength and is related to the equivalent slenderness :
in which n is an equivalent slenderness factor.
For beam without loading point between points of lateral restraint, n=1 and m depends
on the ratio of the end moments at the points of restraint.
For beam loaded between point of lateral restraint, m=1 and n depend on the ratio of the
end moments at the points of restraint and on the ratio of the larger moment to the mid-
span free moment.
There are thus two methods for dealing with lateral torsional buckling namely:
'm approach' i.e. the 'equivalent uniform moment method' with n=1
'n approach' i.e. the 'equivalent slenderness method' with m=1
In any given situation, only one method will be admissible, taking into account that it is
always conservative to use m=n=1. Since the publication of BS5950 Part 1 1990, doubt
has been cast on the correctness of using n factors less than 1 in combination with an
effective length LLTB less than the length of the member L in the calculation of LTB.
SCIA 104
However, as a interim measure, pending clarification ina future version of BS5950, it is

recommended that LTB is taken as the smaller of the two following values:
By using the settings of BS5950, the user can define which method correspond to his
situation or define his choice as the conservative method m=n=1.
Use of diaphragms
Compression member
For member submitted to compression, we applied the recommendations given in BS

5950 and Appendix C to determine the compressive strength.

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
SCIA 105
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
code check".
Classification x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)

Section check class 1 x x x x x x x x
Section check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check class 1 x x x x x x x x
Stability check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x
(1)sections are classified as class 3 cross section by default
REFERENCES
[1] British Standard BS5950 Part 1 : 1990+Revised text 1992

Structural use of steel work in building
Part1 Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot
rolled sections
[2] Plastic design to BS5950

J.M. Davies & B.A. Brown
The steel Construction institute
SCIA 106
[3] Steelwork design

Guide to BS5950: Part 1: 1990
Volume 2 Worked examples (revised edition)
[4] Essentials of Eurocode 3

Design Manual for Steel Structures in Building
ECCS - N 65, 1991
[5] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992
[6] R. Maquoi
SCIA 107
BS5950-1:2000
BS5950-1:2000 CODE CHECK
The steel members are checked according to the recommendations given in :
British Standard BS 5950-1:2000

Structural use of steelwork in building
Part1. Code of practice for design Rolled and welded sections
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the design strength py is defined according to the thickness of
the element (see Table 9 Cl.3.1.1.). The partial safety factor on design strength is
included in the py value.
Grade S275 : yield strength defined between 225 and 275 N/mm
(pY in N/mm, t in mm)
Steel grade Thickness limits PY
t16 mm 275 N/Mm
Grade S275 t40 mm 265 N/mm
t63 mm 255 N/mm
t80 mm 245 N/mm

t<100 mm 235 N/mm2
SCIA 108
t< 150 mm 225 N/mm2
t16 mm 355 N/mm
t63 mm 335 N/mm
t80 mm 325 N/mm

t<100 mm 315 N/mm2
t< 150 mm 295 N/mm2
t16 mm 460 N/mm
t63 mm 430 N/mm
t80 mm 410 N/mm

t< 100 mm 400 N/mm2
Note that the reduced yield/design stresses given in the above table are only applied
when the steel material is chosen from the designated grades S275, S355 or S460
Governing code clauses
According to Cl. 3.5. and tables 11 and 12, cross sections are classified in 4 types:
Class 1 Plastic
Class 2 Compact
Class 3 Semi-compact
Class 4 Slender
The section is checked for shear (Cl 4.2.5 and 4.4.4), bending (Cl.4.2.), tension
(Cl.4.6.), compression (Cl.4.7.), combined moment and axial force (Cl. 4.8.) and biaxial
moments (Cl.4.9.). For the stability checks, the potential buckling length is checked for
lateral torsional buckling due to moments, lateral buckling due to compression and
combined bending with axial compression. Relevant clauses for this stability check are
the following:
SCIA 109
for lateral torsional buckling : Cl. 4.3.

for compression : Cl. 4.7.
for bending and axial compression : Cl. 4.8.
Where appropriate, restrained or torsional buckling lengths are identified and checked to
Annex G
More detailed clause references are given in the following table.
Part. 3 Section properties

3.5. Limiting proportions of cross Cl. 3.5.1.
sections
Cl. 3.5.2.
Cl. 3.5.5.
Cl. 3.5.6
Tables 11 and 12
Fig.5
3.6. Slender cross section Cl. 3.6.1.
Cl. 3.6.2.-3.6.4.
Cl. 3.6.5.
Fig. 8
Part. 4 Design of structural elements
4.2. Member in bending Cl. 4.2.1.1. (a) (d)
Shear capacity Cl. 4.2.3.

Moment capacity with low shear Cl. 4.2.5.2
Moment capacity with high shear Cl. 4.2.5.3
4.3. Lateral torsional buckling
Member in bending Cl. 4.3.6

Lateral-torsional buckling factors
General Cl. 4.3.6.1
Equivalent uniform moment Cl. 4.3.6.2
Buckling Resistance moment Cl. 4.3.6.4
Bending strength pb Cl. 4.3.6.5
SCIA 110
Equivalent slenderness LT, , , u, v, W, Cl. 4.3.6.7-9

x Annex B.
Factors m Cl. 4.3.6.6.
Equal flanged rolled section Cl. 4.3.7
Buckling resistance moment for single Cl.4.3.8.
angles
4.4. Plate Girders
General Cl. 4.4.1.

Dimensions of webs and flanges Cl. 4.4.3
Moment capacity Cl. 4.4.4.
Section with slender webs Cl. 4.4.4.2
Shear buckling resistance of thin webs Cl. 4.4.5.1(a).
Design without using tension field action Cl. 4.4.5.2. and Annex H.1.
4.6. Axially loaded tension members
Tension capacity Cl. 4.6.1.

Effective Area of simple tension members Cl. 4.6.3.1-3
4.7. Compression members
Segment length Cl. 4.7.1.1

Restraints Cl. 4.7.1.2
Slenderness Cl. 4.7.2
Compression resistance Cl. 4.7.4.
Compressive strength Cl. 4.7.5. Annex C
4.8. Axially loaded members with

moments
Tension members with moments Cl. 4.8.2.

Compression members with moments Cl. 4.8.3.
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Local capacity check Cl. 4.8.3.2.

Buckling check simplified method Cl 4.8.3.3.1
Buckling check more exact approach Cl. 4.8.3.3.2.
4.9. Members with biaxial moments See 4.8.
For each intermediate section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is performed. The classification can change for each intermediate point.
used to perform the stability check.
So, the stability section classification can change for each load case/combination.
for each intermediate section.
Slender cross-sections
Slender sections are particularly sensitive to local buckling. BS 5950-1:2000 generally

allows for the resultant reduction in strength by the method of effective section
properties adapted from EC3. Refer to 3.6.2-6.
Section properties
The net area of a section is taken as its gross section neglecting the deduction due to
fastener holes: Cl. 3.4. Shear area of a cross-section is calculated by using Cl. 4.2.3.
Moment capacity
Before any calculation of members in bending, it is necessary to determine the shear

capacity. For plastic and compact sections with high shear, moment capacity is
calculated with the plastic modulus only for symmetrical sections (Cl. 4.2.5.3. and 4.8.).
For other sections, with plastic or compact section classification, and high shear,
moment capacity is calculated by the same method as for semi-compact sections using
the elastic modulus (elastic calculation).
SCIA 112
Bending, shear, axial force/capacity interaction
For plastic and compact sections, BS5950 Cl. 4.8.2. & 4.8.3.2. (b) prescribes a detailed
approach to determine the unity check (utilisation) of axially loaded members with
moments. The detailed relationship allows a greater economy for plastic and compact
sections . In this expression, reduced moment capacities Mr respectively about the
major and the minor axis are calculated in accordance with Annexe I2 . For semi-
compact and slender sections, the simplified approach is applied following Cl. 4.8.2.and
Cl. 4.8.3.2. (a).
Lateral torsional buckling due to major axis moments
The lateral-torsional buckling resistance moment Mb is calculated in accordance with Cl

4.3.6 for each potential buckling length between adjacent lateral restraints
The lateral-torsional bending strength pb is calculated in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.5 and
Annex B 2.1. This bending strength is dependent on the equivalent slenderness LT
which is calculated in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.7-9.
The moment gradient (shape of the moment diagram between restraints) is allowed for
by means of the equivalent uniform moment factor mLT in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.6
and Table 18.
Torsional buckling about an eccentric axis (Annex G)
This form of buckling under the action of axial compression and/or major axis bending
is also known as restrained buckling and distortional buckling. The term `torsional
refers to the mode of buckling and is not related to torsion loading or torsion moment
effects. Torsional buckling may occur in any member segment between compression
flange restraints which has intermediate restraints to the tension flange. It is therefore
load combination dependent. It is particularly important in portal frames rafters and
columns. The program will detect any potential buckling length and carry out a stability
check in accordance with BS 5950-1:2000 Cl. 5.3.4 and Annex G.
Lateral buckling due axial compression
The lateral buckling compression resistance Pc of any member or segment between

lateral restraints is calculated in accordance with Cl 4.7.4. The compressive strength pc
allowing for buckling is calculated using Cl. 4.7.5 using the strut curves appropriate to
the section type, thickness and axis of buckling (Table 23) as expressed in the formulae
of Annex C. This compressive strength is dependent on the slenderness per Cl 4.7.2
SCIA 113
Combined axial and bending buckling unity check/utilisation
The interaction of axial and bending buckling effects is measured by the two simplified
formulae given in Cl 4.8.3.3.1.
The first equation refers to flexural buckling and is applied to the member length
between major axis restraints. The second equation refers to the interaction of lateral-
torsional buckling due to the moment field and lateral buckling due to axial
compression and is applied to potential buckling lengths between minor axis restraints.
Clause 4.8.3.3.2 provides a more exact method for symmetrical I-sections and Cl.
4.8.3.3.3 for CHS and RHS sections. It is permissible to take the more favourable result.
(Lower utilisation),
The moment gradient (shape of the moment diagram between restraints) is allowed for
by means of the equivalent uniform moment factor mLT in accordance with Cl 4.3.6.6
and Table 18 for lateral-torsional buckling. For flexural (in plane) buckling the factors
mx, my and myx are obtained from Table 26.
Torsion effects
The current version of the BS 5950-1:2000 steel check does not deal with torsion
moments. Any torsion moments generated by the frame analysis will be ignored.
Most steel structures do not in fact rely on torsion effects to transmit loads.
Where it is found necessary for members to sustain torsion moments as part of the
primary load system, alternative checks should be made. The BS 5950-1:1990 steel
check does deal with torsion.
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (UB, UC, IPE, HEA, HEB, .)

RHS Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) [hot rolled or cold formed]
CHS Circular Hollow Sections (CHS) [hot rolled or cold formed]
L Angle sections and double angles
U Channel sections and double channels
T T sections
PPL Asymmetric I shapes used in haunches
RS Rectangular single plate sections
SCIA 114
SIA263
SIA263 CODE CHECK
SIA263
Construction en acier
SIA263:2003
Material properties
The most common steel grades are used in SIA263. Their mechanical properties are
described in table 1 SIA263. The following table gives the yield strength for each type
of grade commonly used in function of the nominal web thickness:
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100

fy fu fy fu
S235 235 360 215 340

S 235
S275 275 430 255 410
S 275
S355 355 510 335 490
S 355
S460 460 550 430 530
S 460
Consulted articles
The classification described in SIA263 is based on the calculation method. The

calculation method in SIA263 distinguish the method used respectively to determine the
internal forces and to perform the section and the stability check. By facility, we can
SCIA 115
obviously make a parallel between the calculation method of SIA263 and the section
classification proposed in EC3.
According to SIA263 Table 5a-5b , cross sections are classified in 4 types:
PP (plastic-plastic) or class 1
EP (elastic-plastic) or class 2
EE (elastic-elastic) or class 3
EER (elastic-elastic reduced) or class 4
The first letter of the classification denomination is related to the method used to
calculate internal forces in the structure. The second letter indicates if we perform the
section and the stability check with a elastic or a plastic approach. Finally, we must note
that the steel code SIA263 is essentially oriented for symmetrical and bisymmetrical
profile like I profiles. In the present modulus, others profiles are calculated by using a
classic elastic approach (EE classification) and EC3 prescriptions.
The section is checked for tension, compression, shear, combination of bending and
axial forces. For the stability check, the beam element is checked for lateral torsional
buckling, shear buckling, compression and bending with axial compression. A more
detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table :
4 Analyse structurale et dimensionnement

4.1 Gnralits x
4.2 Bases de l'analyse structurale et du dimensionnement
4.3 Modlisation
4.3.1 Classification des sections x
4.4 Rsistance des sections
4.4.1 Effort normal x
4.4.2 Flexion x
4.4.3 Effort tranchant x
4.4.4 Flexion et effort tranchant x
4.4.5 Flexion et effort normal x
4.4.6 Sollicitations multiaxiales x
4.5 Stabilit
4.5.1 Flambage x
4.5.2 Dversement des poutres flchies x
4.5.3 Flexion et compression x
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4.5.4 Voilement des lments plans comprims x

4.5.5 Voilement des lments plans cisaills x
4.8 Situtation de projet incendie
4.8.1 PRINCIPES x
4.8.2 Proprits de l'acier en cas d'incendie x
4.8.5 Mthode de calcul simplifie x
5 Elments de construction
5.1 POUTRES ET POTEAUX DES CLASSES DE SECTION 1 x
ET 2
5.3 Elments comprims section compose
5.3.1 Barres trsillones ( travers de liaison) x
5.4 Poutres composes me pleine
5.4.1 Rsistance la flexion x
5.4.2 Rsistance l'effort tranchant x
5.4.3 Interaction entre flexion et effort tranchant x
Annexe B Moment critique de dversement lastique Mcr x
Annexe C Echauffement des lments de construction en cas x
d'incendie
Section classification
check is performed. The classification can change for each intermediary point. For each
load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is used to
perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for each
load case/combination. However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section
Slender cross-section
The design of a section that not satisfies the table 5 of SIA263 is always performed by
using a reduced area. This classification correspond to the EER method. The
determination of a reduced area is based on the effective width of each compression
element in the current section (Art. 4.5.4). The using of a reduced area implies the
recalculation of the shear centre position, the inertia and the elastic modulus.
Sections properties
SCIA 117
The holes due to fastener are neglected in the area of a section
For double symmetric I profile, we don't have to perform any lateral torsional buckling
check if NEd/Npl,Rd 0.15 and the conditions provided in Table 6 SIA263 are satisfied.
For any other case, a LTB check must be perform.
Calculations described in Annex B for I,U and PPL can be applied to T sections only if
the flange is subjected to compression. Otherwise, as for section not supported by
SIA263 in the LTB check, we use prescriptions given in EC3 Annex F. Those rules
allow us to determine a elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling for
symmetrical (formula F.2 EC3) and non symmetrical (formula F.1. EC3) sections
around the minor axis.
In the case of I, U, PPL and, T only with compression in flange, characterised by a
reduced area or not, we have to determined before any calculation irc, defined as the
radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus 1/3 of the
compression web area, taken about an axis in the plane of the web.
Use of diaphragms
Shear buckling

Stability check
For double symmetric I profile PP or EP, SIA263 provides specific formula to perform
the stability check of member submitted to biaxial moment. For other sections, non
symmetric or from EE and EER classification, a general formula is provided to design
member under mono-axial sollicitations.
Torsion check
SCIA 118
check'.
Built-in beams
SIA263 - FIRE RESISTANCE
Fire actions effect Efi
The design effects of actions for the fire situation Efi,d,t are taken from the results of the
analysis. It is recommended to use the accidental combination rules, for calculating the
internal forces used in the fire resistance check.
Gk + Pk + Ad+ 2,iQk,i
with Gk characteristic values of permanent actions

Qk,i characteristic value of the variable action i
Ad design values of accidental action from fire exposure
2,j combination coefficients
Pk characteristic value of prestressing action
Material properties
The material properties are depending on the steel temperature.
Strength and deformation properties :
SCIA 119
f y , = k y , f y , 20
E a , = k E , E a , 20
The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength ky, and
modulus of elasticity kE, is given by tables in ref.[1], Figure 15.
In the simplified calculation method, the following default properties are considered to
be constant during the analysis :

Temperature analysis - Thermal actions
In this part, the nominal temperature-time curves and the related net heat flux are
described. For more info, EC3 Chapter 'Temperature analysis - Thermal actions'
See EC3 Chapter 'Nominal temperature-time curve'.
Net heat flux
See EC3 Chapter 'Net heat flux'
Steel Temperature
See Ref.[1], Annexe C.
The increase of temperature a,t in an unprotected steel member during a time interval
t
Am / V
a ,t = h net ,d t
ca a
SCIA 120

The factor Am/V should not be taken as less than 10m-1
hnet,d the net heat flux per unit area [W/m]
The increase of temperature a,t in an insulated steel member during a time interval t
p A p / V ( g ,t a ,t )
a ,t =
d p ca a
( )
t e / 10 1 g ,t
1 +
3
c pp
= dpAp / V
c a a
cp the specific heat of fire protection material [J/kgK]
dp the thickness of the fire protection material [m]
p the unit mass of fire protection [kg/m]
a,t the steel temperature at time t
g,t the ambient gas temperature at time t
g,t the increase of the ambient gas temperature during the time
interval
p the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material
[W/mK]
The value a,t 0.0
SCIA 121
For the increase of temperature a,t in an insulated steel member with intumescent
coating, we refer to the NEN specifications, Chapter 'Steel Temperature'.
Calculation model
- strength domain
In the strength domain, the strength Rfi,d,t(unity check) is calculated after a given time t
(e.g. strength after 45 min). In the temperature/time domain, the critical steel
temperature cr,d is computed. From this critical temperature, the fire resistance time tfi,d
is calculated (the time domain).
Code Check
according to the regulations given in Ref.[1], 4.8.5.
For each member, the classification of the cross section, the section check and the
stability check are performed.
The following checks are executed :
- classification of cross section : art. 4.8.5.2.

- resistance for tension members : art. 4.8.5.4.
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. 4.8.5.5..
- resistance for beams (class 1,2,3) : art. 4.8.5.6., art. 4.8.5.7., art. 4.8.5.8.
- resistance for members (class 4) : art. 4.8.5.9.
SUPPORTED SECTIONS

SCIA 122
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section
O Solid tube
Section check PP x x(2) x(3)
Section check EP x x(2) x(3)
Section check EE x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check EER x x x x x x
Stability check PP x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EP x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EE x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EER x x x x x x
LTB x x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4)

(2) check according to EN 1993-1-1
(3) check according to ENV 1993-1-1
(4) general formula for Mcr
REFERENCES
[1] SIA263
Construction en acier
SIA263:2003
[2] SIA263/1
SCIA 123
Construction en acier / Spcification complmentaires

SIA263/1:2003
SCIA 124
GBJ 17-88
THE GBJ 17-88 CODE CHECK
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in :
National standard of the Peoples Republic of China

Code for design of steel structures
GBJ 17-88
Beijing 1995
Material properties
The used steel grades are
Grade3
16Mn
16Mnq
15Mn
15Mnq
For Steel3, the following groups are defined according to the element thickness (in
mm):
Group Diameter or thickness of bars Thickness of L-, I- and U Thickness of Plates

sections
1 <=40 <=15 <=20
2 >40-100 >15-20 >20-40
3 >20 >40-80
The design values are (in N/mm)
Steel Group Thickness f fv fce fy

Steel3 1 215 125 320 235
2 200 115 320 235
3 190 110 320 235
SCIA 125
Steel Group Thickness f fv fce fy

16Mn <=16 315 185 445 345
16Mnq 17-25 300 175 425 345
26-36 290 170 410 345
15Mn <=16 350 205 450 390
15Mnq 17-25 335 195 435 390
26-36 320 185 415 390
with f the resistance design value for tension, compression, bending

(N/mm)
fv the resistance design value for shear (N/mm)
fce the bearing resistance (N/mm)
fy the yield strength (N/mm)
is defined as material for the selected code. If they are not defined as GBJ material, the
following rule is used
f = 0.91 x yield strength

fv = 0.58 x yield strength
Consulted articles
The section and elements are checked according to part 4 and 5. When plastic design is
allowed, part 9 is supported.
following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted.
4. Calculation of flexural members

4.1.Strength
4.1.1. x (*)
4.1.2. x
4.2.Overall stability (*)
SCIA 126
4.2.1. x
4.2.2. x
4.2.3. x
4.2.4. x
4.3.Local stability (*)
4.3.1. x
4.3.2. x
4.3.3. x
4.3.9. x
5.Calculation of axially loaded members and members

subjected to combined axial load and bending
5.1.Axially loaded members
5.1.1. x(*)
5.1.2. x(*)
5.2.Members subjected ot combined axial load and
bending
5.2.1. x(*)
5.2.2. x
5.2.5. x
5.3.Effective length and allowable slenderness ratio (*)
5.4.Local stability of compression members
5.4.1. x
5.4.2. x
5.4.3. x
5.4.4. x
5.4.5. x (*)
9.Plastic design
9.1.General requirements
9.1.3. x
9.1.4. x
9.2.Calculation of members (*)
9.2.1. x
SCIA 127
9.2.2. x
9.2.3. x
9.2.4. x
9.3.Allowable slenderness and detailing requirements
Appendix 1 Overall stability factor of beams

A1.1.Simply supported beam of uniform welded I section x
A1.2.Simply supported beam of rolled I section x
A1.3.Simply supported beam of rolled channel section x
A1.4.Cantilever beams of doubly symmetric I section x
A1.5.Approximate calculation of overall stability factors x
Appendix 2 Calculation of local stability of girder web

A2.1.Web plate strengthened with transverse stiffeners x(*)
A2.2.Web strengthened with transverse and longitudinal
stiffeners
A2.2.Web strengthened with transverse, longitudinal and
short stiffeners
Appendix 3 Stability factor of axially loaded compression x

members
Section properties
The influence of the net section is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used.
The local compressive stress c, is considered as 0.0.
SCIA 128
Buckling curves
For welded I and PPL sections the default value for the buckling curve about the weak
axis is b. This can be changed to c on users request.
Buckling length
force for this member (see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements").
The LTB check is supported for the following sections : I section, U section, RHS
section, T section, PPL section.
For the other section type, the factor b = 1.0.
Local stability of compressed members
For each intermediary section, the ratios are determined. The section classification and
the effective area properties are determined for each intermediary section for performing
the section check.
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification and the effective area
properties over the member are used to perform the stability check. However, for non-
prismatic sections, the section classification and the effective area properties are
determined for each intermediary section to perform the stability check.
When the web ratio ( dept /thickness) does not conform to the requirements, the web is
reduced for calculating of the section check and stability check. A width of 20 tw
sqrt(235/fy) on each side of the web is taken into account.
SCIA 129
235
d = 20t w
fy

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
code check"
SCIA 130
Plastic (single bending) x x

Compact section (with ) x x x x x x
Non-compact section x x x x x x x x x x
Normal buckling x x x x x x x x x x x x
LTB x x x x x
Shear buckling x x x
Plastic stability check (single x x
bending)
SCIA 131
REFERENCES
[1] Chinese Steel Code

GBJ 17-88
(Chinese version)
.[2] National standard of the Peoples Republic of

China
Code for design of steel structures
GBJ 17-88
Beijing 1995
SCIA 132
KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK
THE KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK
Material properties
The following design values are used :
Steel fy fy
t<=40 mm t>40 mm
SS41 240 220
SPS41
SPSR41
SS50 280 260
SS55 380 380
with fy the yield strength (N/mm)
The following steel characteristics are valid :
modulus of elasticity 210000 N/mm

shear modulus 81000 N/mm
coefficient of linear thermal expansion 12 x 10-6
density 7850 kg/m
SCIA 133
Consulted articles
The section and elements are checked according to part 2 and 3. The shear buckling
check is perfromed using article 7.5.2. The classiffication of sections is based on the
rules of part 4.
following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted.
TEXT
2.Allowable stress
2.1.Structural material x
2.1.1.Allowable tensile stress x
2.1.2.Allowable shear stress x
2.1.3.Allowable compressive stress x
2.1.4.Allowable bending stress (*)
a) x
b) x
c) x
2.1.5.Allowable bearing stress
3.Load and stresses
3.3.Combined stresses (*)

3.3.1.Compression force and bending moment x
3.3.2.Tensile force and bending moment x (*)
3.3.3.Shear force and tensile stress
4.Width-Thickness ratio of plates (*)

4.1.1.Cantilever plate x
4.1.2.Two side fixed plate x
4.1.3.Effective area x
4.2.CHS section and thickness ratio x
SCIA 134
5. Tensile member
6.Compressive member
6.1.Slenderness ratio x
6.2.Buckling length x(*)
7.Beam element
7.5.Stiffener
7.5.2.Buckling verification of the web x
a)
Section classification

For each load case/combination, the critical section classification and the effective area
properties over the member are used to perform the code check. However, for non-
prismatic sections, the section classification and the effective area properties are
determined for each intermediary section.
When the element properties dont satisfy the limiting values for the ratios, the section
is classified as slender. The section have to be reduced for the calculation of the stresses.
For outstand compression elements, the part that is situated on the fixed side, remains.
The length of the part b is calculated by the equation in which the ratio b/t is equal on
the limiting ratio.
For internal compression elements, the remaining parts are symmetrically divided to the
end of the elements. The length of the part d is calculated by the equation in which the
ratio d/t is equal on the limiting ratio.
SCIA 135
The reduced section properties are calculated for I, U, PPL, RHS and Cold formed
sections-types.
The slenderness ratios (for buckling and LTB) are calculated with the full section
properties.
Section properties
Buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio"
force for this member(see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements") .
For I sections, PPL sections, U sections RHS and CHS sections, the formulas from 2.1.4
are used.
2 EI Iw L 2 GI
Mcr = z
+ 2 t
L2 Iz EI z
with L LTB length

E modulus of elasticity
G shear modulus
Iw warping constant
It torsion constant
Iz moment of inertia about minor axis
SCIA 136
With this moment Mcr, the critical LTB stress LTB is calculated :
M cr
LTB =
Iy
with Iy moment of inertia about major axis
The slenderness ratio for LTB LTB, is given by
E
LTB =
LTB
The allowable LTB stress is calculated using the slenderness LTB with the formulas
given in 2.1.3.
Combined stresses
For compression and bending, the following formulas are used :
c c bx c by
+ + 1
fc f bx f by
t bx + t by c
1
ft
For tension and bending, the following formulas are used :
SCIA 137
t c bx c by
+ + 1
f bx f bx f by
t + t bx + t by
1
ft
with c normal compression stress

t normal tension stress
cb bending compression stress
tb bending tension stress
cbx bending compression stress around x axis
tbx bending tension stress around x axis
cby bending compression stress around y axis
tby bending tension stress around y axis
ft allowable tension stress
fc allowable compression stress
fb allowable bending stress
fbx allowable bending stress around x axis
fby allowable bending stress around y axis

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
SCIA 138
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube
code check"
Slender sections x x x x x
Allowable stresses x x x x x x x x x x x x
Shear buckling x x x
REFERENCES
[1] Korean Standard

(Korean Version)
1983
[2] Extracts Korean Standard

(Internal English Version)
Translated by Karam Kim - 19.03.1998
[3] Regulations of Structural Standard of

Building Architecture
(internal english document)
SCIA 139
SCIA 140
BSK 99
BSK 99 CODE CHECK
BSK 99
StalKonstruktioner
Boverket, Byggavdelningen, 2000
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the characteristic yield strength fyk and tensile strength fuk
are defined according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], tab.2:21a and
tab.2:21b)
Steel
Name Type E-modulus Poisson Unit mass Extensibility Ultimate Yield
(N/mm2) (kg /m3) (m/m K) tensile strength
strength (N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
S235 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10-6 340 235
S 235
S275 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10-6 410 275
S 275
S355 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10-6 490 355
S 355
S420 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10-6 500 420
S 420
S460 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10-6 530 460
S 460
S500 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10-6 590 500
S 500
S550 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10-6 640 550
S 550
S620 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10-6 700 620
S 620
SCIA 141
S690 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10-6 770 690

S 690
(fyk, fuk in N/mm, t in mm)

Steel grade Thickness fuk fyk
S235, S 235 0 < t <= 16 340 235
16 < t <= 40 340 225
40 < t <= 63 340 215
63 < t <= 80 340 215
80 < t <=100 340 215
S275, S 275 0 < t <= 16 410 275
16 < t <= 40 410 265
40 < t <= 63 410 255
63 < t <= 80 410 245
80 < t <=100 410 235
S355, S 355 0 < t <= 16 490 355
16 < t <= 40 490 345
40 < t <= 63 490 335
63 < t <= 80 490 325
80 < t <=100 490 315
S420, S 420 0 < t <= 16 500 420
16 < t <= 40 500 400
40 < t <= 63 500 390
S460, S 460 0 < t <= 16 530 460
16 < t <= 40 530 440
40 < t <= 63 530 430
S500, S 500 0 < t <= 50 550 500
50 < t <= 100 550 480
S550, S 550 0 < t <= 50 640 550
50 < t <= 100 640 550
S620, S 620 0 < t <= 50 700 620
50 < t <= 100 700 580
S690, S 690 0 < t <= 50 770 690
50 < t <= 100 760 650
previous table.
is defined as material for the selected code.
SCIA 142
Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to Table 6:211a . (class 1,2 or 3).

The section is checked for tension (art. 6:22), compression (6:23), bending (6:24), shear
force (art. 6:26), torsion (art. 6:27), the combination of bending and axial force (art.
6:25).
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for part 6:2 in the following
table. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a
6:2.Calculation of the capacity of construction elements

6:21.Limiting values of slenderness for cross section parts x
6:211.Classes of cross sections x (*)
6:212.Design methods for the different section classes x (*)
6:22.Tensile force x
6:23.Compression force x
6:231. Initial curvature, initial inclination and load eccentricity
6:232.Loss of restraint x (*)
6:233.Reduction factor for flexural buckling x
6:24.Bending moment x
6:241.Cross section classes x (*)
6:242.Shape factors in flexure x (*)
6:243.Bending moment x
6:244.Lateral torsional buckling x (*)
6:2441.Lateral bracing of beam x
6:2442.Reduction factor for LTB x
6:25. Bending and axial force
6:251.Section check x
6:252.Flexural buckling x
6:253.Flexural-torsional buckling x
6:26.Shear force and concentrated load
6:261.Shear force x(*)
6:262.Web crippling under concentrated force
SCIA 143
6:263.Local compression
6:27.Torsional moment x
6:271.Pure torsion x
6:272.Warping
6:273.Torsional moment, shear force and bending moment x
check is performed using the actual internal forces. The classification can change for
each intermediary point.
The calculation of the effective area properties is performed according to the rules given
in [5], part :23 and :24.
screen.
about the relevant axis. With these properties, the section and stability check is
performed.
Section properties
6:22 ; 6:243 ; 6:251 ; 6:261 : The net area properties are not taken into account .
Section check
- Double symmetric I sections (I) use the formula (6:251a) and (6:251b)
- Solid sections (O, RS) and hollow sections (RHS, CHS) use the formula (6:251c)
- For single bending, the sections U, PPL, T use formula (6:251a). For double
bending the biaxial state of stress is consulted.
- All other cases use the biaxial state of stress.
The (bi)axial stress check is given by formula (3:412a) and (3:412c):
SCIA 144
x f yd
2x + 3 2 f yd
with =1.1
Compression members
6:232 : For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling
ratio". The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical
Euler force for this member (see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH
elements") .
For class 3 sections, the rules given in [5], part :34 are used, including the calculating of
Idef.
See [5], part :37.

The design buckling resistance for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be
obtained using the following reduction factor c and slenderness c :
SCIA 145
A eff f yk
c =
N cr
N cr = cr A
1 EC m
cr ,T = GI t +
2

A gi0 l T2
i 02 = i 2y + i 2z + y 02
cr ,TF =
1
2
[
( cr,y + cr ,T ) ( cr , y + cr ,T ) 4 cr , y cr ,T ]
E
cr , y =
ly

i
y
y
= 1 0
i0
1.16
c =
1 + 2c
with fyk the basic yield strength

G the shear modulus
SCIA 146
The calculation of cr based on [6], part 6.2.3.(5).
Alternatively to the regulations given in 6:2442. for bisymmetric sections, the elastic
critical moment for LTB Mcr for I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS
(Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) sections, can
be calculated using the formula given by the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [3].
For the calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of
moment factors for LTB".
2 EI Iw + LGI t
Mcr = z
L2 Iz 2 EI z

G the shear modulus
restraint (= lLTB)
SCIA 147
For class 3 section, Izdef according to [5], part :44 is used.
Use of diaphragms
Shear force ( shear buckling)
The shear buckling check is using the values for v from table 6:261 in column 2.
The value for w is (according to [5], part :26, (18:26d)) taken as below :
0.81 b w f yk
w =
k tw Ek
2
a b
if 1 k = 5.34 + 4.00 w
bw a
2
a b
if <1 k = 4.00 + 5.34 w
bw a
with Ek the modulus of elasticity

fyk the yield strength
a the field length
bw the field height
tw the web thickness
SCIA 148
bw

SUPPORTED SECTIONS

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Cold formed section
O Solid tube

Section check x x x x x x x x x x x x
SCIA 149
double bending
Class 3 support x x x x x x
Buck:ling check x x x x x x x x x x x x
LTB check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Compression + bending x
double bending
Compression + bending x x x x x x x x
single bending
Compression + LTB x
double bending
Shear buckling x x x x
Torsional check x
REFERENCES
[1] BSK 99
StalKonstruktioner
Boverket, Byggavdelningen, 2000
[2] Swedish Regulations for Steel Structures

BSK
SBI Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, Publication 118, 1989
[3] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
[4] R. Maquoi
[5] Torsten Hglund

K18, Dimensionering av Stalkonstruktioner
Utdrag ur Handboken Bygg, kapitel K18 och K19
C E Fritzes AB, Stockholm
SCIA 150
[6] ENV 1993-1-3:1996

CEN 1996
SCIA 151
IS 800
IS:800 CODE CHECK
IS 800 Draft version
Material properties
The following steel grades are supported :
Ultimate
Grade/
Yield stress(Mpa) tensile
Classification
stress(Mpa)
A/Fe410WA 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
B/Fe410WB 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
C/Fe410WC 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
Fe440WA 300(<16mm), 290(16mm to 40mm), 280(>41mm to 63mm) 440
Fe440WB 300(<16mm), 290(16mm to 40mm), 280(>41mm to 63mm) 440
Fe490 350(<16mm), 330(16mm to 40mm), 320(>41mm to 63mm) 490
Fe490B 350(<16mm), 330(16mm to 40mm), 320(>41mm to 63mm) 490
Fe540 410(<16mm), 390(16mm to 40mm), 380(>41mm to 63mm) 540
Fe540B 410(<16mm), 390(16mm to 40mm), 380(>41mm to 63mm) 540
The string in the column Grade/Classification is used to determine the proper yield
stress reduction.
Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to Table 3.1.

The section is checked for tension (Section 6), compression (Section 7), bending (Section
8) and the combination of forces (Section 9).
SCIA 152
3.7. Classification of Cross Section x(*)
6.1. Tension members x

6.2. Design strength due to Yielding of Gross section
7.1. Design Strength x(*)
8.2. Design strength in bending x

8.2.1. Laterally supported beam
8.2.1.1. Section with slender webs x
8.2.1.2. When factored shear force < 0.6 Vd x
8.2.1.3. When factored shear force > 0.6 Vd x
8.2.2. Laterally unsupported beam x
8.2.2.1. Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling moment x
8.4. Shear x
8.4.1. The nominal plastic shear resistance x
8.4.2. Resistance to shear buckling x
9.1. General x
9.2. Combined Shear and bending x
9.3. Combined Axial Force and Bending Moment x
Appendix F x
Remarks
- the design of slender compression elements is outside the scope of this
implementation
- the shear buckling check is only using the Simple Post Critical Method
-
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for each intermediary section
The cross sections are classified as

- class 1 : plastic
- class 2 : compact
- class 3 : semi-compact
- class 4 : slender section
The class 4 (slender) section check is not supported. For this sections a class 3 (semi-
compact) section check is performed.
Section properties
Section check
In the case of high shear for class 3 sectio, the allowable normal stress is reduced with a
factor (1-). When torsional shear stress is present, the VonMisis criterium is checked.
Compression members
force for this member (see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements") .
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The design buckling resistance Nb,Rd for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be
obtained using buckling for buckling around the weak axis, and with relative
slenderness given by :
f yb
=
cr A
1 EC m
cr ,T = GI t +
Ag i02 lT2
i02 = i y2 + i z2 + y 02
cr ,TF =
1
2
[
( cr , y + cr ,T ) ( cr , y + cr ,T ) 4 cr , y cr ,T ]
E
cr , y =
ly

i
y
y0
= 1
i0
with fyb the basic yield strength

G the shear modulus
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The elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr for I sections (symmetric and asymmetric),
RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section)
sections, can be calculated using the formula given by Annex F.
For the calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of
moment factors for LTB".
2 EI Iw + LGI t
Mcr = z
L 2
Iz 2 EI z

G the shear modulus
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restraint (= lLTB)
Use of diaphragms
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
The following standard sections are defined :

L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
Z Z section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section ( sheet welded, section
pairs, )
O Solid tube
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In the following matrix is shown which sections are supported for the different analysis
parts in the Indian steel Code check :
Section Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)

Section check class 4
Stability check class 4
REFERENCES
[1] IS:800
2005
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CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO
For the calculation of buckling ratio, several methods can be applied.

The general method is described in chapter "Calculation buckling ratio general
formula". For crossing diagonals, the buckling ratio is explained in chapter "Calculation
buckling ratios for crossing diagonalS". For VARH elements, the critical Euler force is
calculated according to the method given in chapter "Calculation of critical Euler force
for VARH elements". For lattice tower members, see the chapter "Calculation buckling
ratio for lattice tower members".
CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIO GENERAL FORMULA
For the calculation of the buckling ratios, some approximate formulas are used. These
formulas are treated in reference [1], [2] and [3].
The following formulas are used for the buckling ratios (Ref[1],pp.21) :
for a non sway structure :
(1 2 + 5 1 + 5 2 + 24)(1 2 + 4 1 + 4 2 + 12)2
l/L =
(2 1 2 + 11 1 + 5 2 + 24)(2 1 2 + 5 1 + 11 2 + 24)
for a sway structure :
2
l/L = x +4
1 x
with L the system length

E the modulus of Young
I the moment of inertia
Ci the stiffness in node I
Mi the moment in node I
Fi the rotation in node I
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4 1 2 + 2 1
x=
2 (1 + 2) + 8 1 2
CL
i = i
EI
M i
Ci =
i
The values for Mi and i are approximately determined by the internal forces and the
deformations, calculated by load cases which generate deformation forms, having an
affinity with the buckling form. (See also Ref.[5], pp.113 and Ref.[6],pp.112).
The following load cases are considered :
load case 1 : on the beams, the local distributed loads qy=1 N/m and qz=-100 N/m
are used, on the columns the global distributed loads Qx = 10000 N/m and Qy
=10000 N/m are used.
load case 2 : on the beams, the local distributed loads qy=-1 N/m and qz=-100 N/m
are used, on the columns the global distributed loads Qx = -10000 N/m and Qy= -
10000 N/m are used.
The used approach gives good results for frame structures with perpendicular rigid or
semi-rigid beam connections. For other cases, the user has to evaluate the presented
bucking ratios.
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CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIOS FOR CROSSING DIAGONALS
For crossing diagonal elements, the buckling length perpendicular to the diagonal plane,
is calculated according to Ref.[4], DIN18800 Teil 2, table 15. This means that the
buckling length sK is dependant on the load distribution in the element, and it is not a
purely geometrical data anymore.
In the following chapters, the buckling length sK is defined,
with sK buckling length

l member length
l1 length of supporting diagonal
I moment of inertia (in the buckling plane) of the member
I1 moment of inertia (in the buckling plane) of the
supporting diagonal
N compression force in member
N1 compression force in supporting diagonal
Z tension force in supporting diagonal
E elastic modulus
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Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous tension diagonal
l/2
N N
l1/2
3 Z l
1
4 N l1
sK = l
I1 l3
1 +
I l13
sK 0.5 l
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 1.
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Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned tension diagonal
l/2
N N
l1/2
Zl
sK = l 1 0.75
N l1
sK 0.5 l
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Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous tension diagonal
l/2
N N
l1/2
Z
sK = 0.5 l
N l1
1
Z l
3 Z l12 N l1
(E I1)d ( 1)
42 Z l
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Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous compression diagonal
N1
l/2
N N
l1/2
N1
N1 l
1 +
N l1
sK = l
I1 l3
1 +
I l13
sK 0.5 l
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Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned compression diagonal
N1
l/2
N N
l1/2
N1
2 N1 l
sK = l 1 +
12 N l1
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 3 (2).
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Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous compression diagonal
N1
l/2
N N
l1/2
N1
sK = 0.5 l
N l3 2 N l1
(E I)d ( + )
l1 12
2
N1
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 3 (3).
CALCULATION OF CRITICAL EULER FORCE FOR VARH ELEMENTS
Definitions
A VARH element is defined as follows :
The member has the properties of a symmetric I secion (formcode=1), where only the
height is linear variable along the member. The system length for buckling around the
local yy axis (strong axis), is equal to member length.
For this non-prismatic section, the critical Euler force is given in Ref[7].
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Calculation of the critical Euler force
For a VARH element (form node i to node j), we can define
L beam length
I i, I j moment of inertia at end i and j
Ai, Aj sectional area at end i and j
E modulus of Young
Ncr critical Euler force
Ri, Rj beam stiffness at end i and j
The stiffness R and R' is given by :
M
R=

L
R i = R i
EIi
L
R j = R j
EIi
Ij
=
Ii
The critical Euler force is given by
EIi
N cr = 2
L2
To calculate , the next steps are followed :
1. Calculate L, Ii, Ij, Ri, Rj, R'i, R'j,
2. We suppose that
1
>
-1 2
3. Calculate a, b, c and d as follows
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2 1
= -
( - 1 ) 2 4
1 1
a= [1 + ( - 1)( - cotg( ln )]
2
2
1 -1
b = c = 2 [1 - ]
sin ( ln )
1 ( - 1) 1
d= [1 + ( + cotg( ln )]
2 2
4. For a beam in non-sway system, we solve
1 + a R i + d R j + (ad - bc) R i R j = 0
For a beam in sway system, we solve
R i (1 - a 2) + R j (1 - d 2) - 2 + R i R j (a - b - c + d - 2 (ad - bc)) = 0
5. When a solution is found, we check if
1
>
-1 2
6. If not, then recalculate a,b,c en d as follows :
1 1
( - 1)(( - ) - ( + ) -)
1 2 2
a = 2 [1 + ]
-
1 2( - 1)
b = c = 2 [1 - ]
( - -)
1 1
( - 1)(( - ) - - ( + ) )
1 2 2
d = 2 [1 + -
]
( - )
and resolve the proper equation of 4.
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CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIO FOR LATTICE TOWER MEMBERS
When the national code EC3 or NEN6770/6771 is selected, the following buckling
configuration can be selected. For each configuration, the critical slendernesses to be
considered, are defined.
The values are taken from Ref.[8].
v
y
z z
y
v
We define :
iyy radius of gyration around yy axis

izz radius of gyration around zz axis
ivv radius of gyration around vv axis
With the option 'Bracing members are sufficiently supported', the effective
slendernesses may be reduced as follows :
- for vv-axis : = 0.35 + 0.7 vv
- for yy-axis : = 0.50 + 0.7 yy
The buckling curve 'b' is used..
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Leg with symmetrical bracing
L
=
i vv
Leg with intermediate transverse support
L
=
i yy
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Leg with staggered bracing
L
=
i yy
max(a1, a 2) 1.52
=
i vv
Single Bracing
L
=
i vv
Single Bracing with SBS (Secondary Bracing System)
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L1
=
i vv
L2
=
i yy
Cross bracing
L1
=
i vv
L' 2 L' 2
= ,
i yy i zz
L' 2 = K b L com = K b L 2
1 Fsup 1
K b = 0.75 0.38 1 1 + + 0.25 1 1 + + 0.5 1.0
K Fcom K
1
K b 0.25 1 1 +
K
L
1 = 1
L com
K = 0.70 + 0.58 com
com
com =
E
E
E =
fy
L com
com =
i yy
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with Lcom Length of compressed member (L2 from figure)

Fcom Force in compressed member (L2 from figure)
Fsup Force in supporting member (member crossing member L2)
E Modulus of Young
fy Yield strength
Cross bracing with SBS
L1
=
i vv
L2 L2
= ,
i yy i zz
L'3 L'3
= ,
i yy i zz
L'3 = K b L com = K b L 3
with Lcom Length of compressed member (L3 from figure)

Fcom Force in compressed member (L3 from figure)
Fsup Force in supporting member (member crossing member L3)
Kb See Chapter 'Cross bracing'
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K Bracing
L1
=
i vv
L2 L2
= ,
i yy i zz
L3 L3
= ,
i yy i zz
Horizontal Bracing
L
L
=k
i vv
k = 0.085 R 2 0.316 R + 0.73
P2
R=
P1
0 R 1
with P1 Compression load

P2 Tensile load
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Horizontal Bracing with SBS
L
L
=k
i yy
k = 0.085 R 2 0.316 R + 0.73
P2
R=
P1
0 R 1
with P1 Compression load

P2 Tensile load
Discontinuous Cross bracing with horizontal member
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a 2a a
= ,
i yy i vv
N1 N2 F = max(FSd , ( N1 + N 2) cos )
F F
N2 N1
with F normal force to check

FSd actual compression force in horizontal member
N1 tensile force in diagonal
N2 compression force in diagonal
REFERENCES
[1] Handleiding moduul STACO VGI

Staalbouwkundig Genootschap
Staalcentrum Nederland
5684/82
SCIA 177
[2] Newmark N.M. A simple approximate formula for effective end-fixity of

columns
J.Aero.Sc. Vol.16 Feb.1949 pp.116
[3] Stabiliteit voor de staalconstructeur

uitgave Staalbouwkundig Genootschap
[4] DIN18800 Teil 2

Stahlbauten : Stabilittsflle, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
November 1990
[5] Rapportnr. BI-87-20/63.4.3360

Controleregels voor lijnvormige constructie-elementen
IBBC Maart 1987

Basiseisen en basisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste constructies
[7] Y. Gala
Flambement des poteaux inertie variable
Construction Mtallique 1-1981
[8] NEN-EN 50341-3-15

Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 45 kV - Part 3: Set of National
Normative Aspects
Number 15: National Normative Aspects (NNA) for The Netherlands
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CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS FOR LTB
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS
For determining the moment factors C1 and C2 for lateral torsional buckling (LTB), we
use the standard tables which are defined in Ref.[1] Art.12.25.3 table 9.1.,10 end 11.
The current moment distribution is compared with some standard moment distributions.
This standard moment distributions are moment lines generated by a distributed q load, a
nodal F load, or where the moment line is maximum at the start or at the end of the beam.
The standard moment distributions which is closest to the current moment distribution, is
taken for the calculation of the factors C1 and C2.
The factor C3 is taken out of the tables F.1.1. and F.1.2. from Ref.[2] - Annex F.
CALCULATION MOMENT FACTORS
Moment distribution generated by q load
For EC3, IS800 and CM66 :
if M2 < 0
C1 = A* (1.45 B* + 1) 1.13 + B* (-0.71 A* + 1) E*

C2 = 0.45 A* [1 + C* eD* ( + )]
if M2 > 0
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C1 = 1.13 A* + B* E*
C2 = 0.45A*
For DIN18800 and ONORM4300 :
if M2 < 0
C1 = A* (1.45 B* + 1) 1.12 + B* (-0.71 A* + 1) E*

C2 = 0.45 A* [1 + C* eD* ( + )]
if M2 > 0
C1 = 1.12 A* + B* E*
C2 = 0.45A*
q l2
with : A * =
8 | M2 | +q l2
8 | M2 |
B* =
8 | M2 | +q l2
94 | M2 |
C* =
ql2
| M2 |
D * = -72( 2
)2
ql
for DIN18800 / ONORM 4300 :
E * = 1.77 - 0.77
for EC3 Code and IS800 :
E* = 1.88 - 1.40 + 0.52

2
E* < 2.70
for NEN6770/6771, SIA263 Code :
E*=1.75-1.05*+0.30* and E*<2.3
for CM66 :
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E* = 1.88 - 1.40 + 0.52

2
E* < 2.70
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Moment distribution generated by F load
M2 < 0
C1 = A** (2.75 B** + 1) 1.35 + B** (-1.62 A** + 1) E**

C2 = 0.55 A** [1 + C** eD** ( + )]
M2 > 0
C1 = 1.35 A** + B** E**

C2 = 0.55 A**
Fl Fl
with : A ** = B ** =
4 | M2 | +Fl 4 | M2 | +Fl
38 | M2 |
C ** =
Fl
| M2 | 2
D ** = -32( )
Fl
The values for E** can be taken as E* from chapter "Moment distribution generated by q
load".
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Moment line with maximum at the start or at the end of the beam
C2 = 0.0
for DIN18800 / ONORM 4300
C1 = 1.77 - 0.77
for EC3 Code / IS800 :
C1 = 1.88 - 1.40 + 0.52 2

and C1 < 2.70
for CM66 :
3
C1 =
1 + + 0.152(1 )2
2
for NEN6770/6771, SIA263 Code :
E*=1.75-1.05*+0.30* and E*<2.3
REFERENCES

Stabiliteit
NEN 6771 - 1991
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[2] Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures

Part 1-1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992
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PROFILE CONDITIONS FOR CODE CHECK
INTRODUCTION TO PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS
The standard profile sections have fixed sections properties and dimensions, which have
to be present in the profile library.
The section properties are described in chapter "Data for general section stability
check".
The required dimension properties are described in chapter "Data depending in the
profile shape".
DATA FOR GENERAL SECTION STABILITY CHECK
The following properties have to be present in the profile library for the execution of the
section and the stability check :
Description Property number

Iy moment of inertie yy 8
Wy elastic section modulus yy 10
Sy statical moment of area yy 6
Iz moment of inertia zz 9
Wz elastic section modulus zz 11
Sz statical moment of area zz 7
It* torsional constant 14
Wt* torsional resistance 13
A0 sectional area 1
Iyz centrifugal moment 12
iy radius of gyration yy 2
iz radius of gyration zz 3
Mpy plastic moment yy 30
Mpz plastic moment zz 31
fab fabrication code 105
0=rolled section (default value)
1=welded section
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2=cold formed section
The fabrication code is not obligatory.
When the section is made out of 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can be
calculated by the calculation routine in the profile library. When this is not the case,
these properties have to be input by the user in the profile library.
The plastic moments are calculated with a yield strength of 240 N/mm.
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DATA DEPENDING IN THE PROFILE SHAPE
I section
Formcode 1
PSS Type .I.
Property Description
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
74 W
140 wm1
61 R1
146
109 1
SCIA 187
B
t
R1
RHS
Formcode 2
PSS Type .M.
49 H
48 B
67 s
66 R
SCIA 188
109 2
H
s
CHS
Formcode 3
PSS Type .RO.
64 D
65 s
SCIA 189
109 3
Angle section
Formcode 4
PSS Type .L.
49 H
48 B
44 t
SCIA 190
61 R1
66 R
74 W1
75 W2
76 W3
109 4
R1
w2
w1
R w2
B w1
w3
Channel section
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Formcode 5
PSS Type .U.
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
68
41
61 R1
146
109 5
SCIA 192
R1
T section
Formcode 6
PSS Type .T.
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
61 R1
62 R2
146 1
SCIA 193
147 2
109 6
B
R2
s
a2
H
t
R1
a1
Full rectangular section
Formcode 7
PSS Type .B.
48 B
67 H
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109 7
Full circular section
Formcode 11
PSS Type .RU.
64 D
SCIA 195
109 11
Asymmetric I section
Formcode 101
PSS Type
49 H
48
44
47 s
42 Bt
SCIA 196
43 Bb
45 tt
46 tb
66 R
109 101
Bt
tt
tb
Bb
Z section
Formcode 102
SCIA 197
PSS Type .Z.
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
67 R
61 R1
109 102
H
s
R R1
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General cold formed section
Each section is considered as a composition of rectangular parts. Each part represents a

plate unit which is considered as element for defining the effective width. The start and
end parts are considered as unstiffened elements, the intermediate parts are considered
as stifffened parts.
This way of definition of the section assumes that the area is concentrated at its centre
line. The rounding in the corners are ignored.
Description Property number Value

form code 109 110
Dy* 22
Dz* 23
CM* 26
buckling curve around yy axis 106 (1)
buckling curve around zz axis 107 (1)
buckling curve for LTB 108 (1)
(1) The values for the buckling curves are defined as follows :
1 = buckling curve a
2 = buckling curve b
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3 = buckling curve c
4 = buckling curve d
The conditions are that the section is an open profile. Only the geometry commands O,
L, N, A may be used in the geometry description.
When the section is made out of 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can be
calculated by the calculation routine in the profile library. The properties from the
reduced section can be calculated by the code check.
When the section is made out of more then 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can
NOT be calculated by the calculation routine in the profile library. The properties from
the reduced section can be calculated, except for the marked properties. These
properties have to be input by the user in the profile library.
Formcode 110
PSS Type
44 s
61 r
48 B
142 sp
143 e2
68 H
109 110
Remark :
r is rounding, special for KLS section (Voest Alpine)
sp is number of shear planes
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e2
s
H
Cold formed angle section
Formcode 111
PSS Type
44 s
61 r
48 B
SCIA 201
68 H
109 111
H
s
Cold formed channel section
Formcode 112
PSS Type
SCIA 202
44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
109 112
H
s
SCIA 203
Cold formed Z section
Formcode 113
PSS Type
44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
109 113
SCIA 204
H
s
Figure 1
Cold formed C section
Formcode 114
PSS Type
44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
68 c
SCIA 205
109 114
H
s
B
Figure 2
Cold formed Omega section
Formcode 115
PSS Type
44 s
SCIA 206
61 r
48 B
49 H
42 c
109 115
Rail type KA
Formcode 150
SCIA 207
PSS Type .KA.
148 h1
149 h2
150 h3
151 b1
152 b2
153 b3
154 k
155 f1
156 f2
157 f3
61 r1
62 r2
63 r3
158 r4
159 r5
160 a
109 150
SCIA 208
k
r1
h3
h2 b3
r2
r3
h1
r4
f2
f3 f1
r5
b2
b1
Rail type KF
Formcode 151
PSS Type .KF.
48 b
154 k
49 h
153 b3
155 f1
157 f3
148 h1
SCIA 209
149 h2
61 r1
62 r2
63 r3
109 151
r1
h1 h2
h
r2
r2
f3
r2 r2
f1
r3
b3
b
Rail type KQ
SCIA 210
Formcode 152
PSS Type .KQ.
48 b
154 k
49 h
153 b3
155 f1
149 h2
150 h3
61 r1
109 152
SCIA 211
r1
h3
h2
f1
b3
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WARPING CHECK
STRESS CHECK
In cross sections subject to torsion, the following is checked :
fy
tot,Ed
M
fy
tot,Ed
3 M0
fy
2tot,Ed + 32tot,Ed 1.1
M
tot,Ed = N,Ed + My,Ed + Mz,Ed + w,Ed
tot,Ed = Vy,Ed + Vz,Ed + t,Ed + w,Ed
with fy the yield strength

tot,Ed the total direct stress
tot,Ed the total shear stress
M = M0 (class 1,2 and 3 section)
= M1 (class 4 section)
M0 the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections
where failure is caused by yielding (=1.1)
M1 the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections
where failure is caused by buckling (=1.1)
N,Ed the direct stress due to the axial force on the relevant
effective cross-section
My,Ed the direct stress due to the bending moment around y axis on
the relevant effective cross-section
Mz,Ed the direct stress due to the bending moment around z axis on
the relevant effective cross-section
w,Ed the direct stress due to warping on the gross cross-section
Vy,Ed the shear stress due to shear force in y direction on the gross
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cross-section
Vz,Ed the shear stress due to shear force in z direction on the gross
cross-section
t,Ed the shear stress due to uniform (St. Venant) torsion on the
gross cross-section
w,Ed the shear stress due to warping on the gross cross-section
The warping effect is considered for standard I sections and U sections, and for (=
cold formed sections) sections. The definition of I sections and U sections, and
sections are described in "Profile conditions for code check".
The other standard sections ( RHS, CHS, Angle section, T section and rectangular
sections) are considered as warping free. See also Ref.[2], Bild 7.4.40.
CALCULATION OF THE DIRECT STRESS DUE TO WARPING
The direct stress due to warping is given by (Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3, Ref.[3])
MwwM
w ,Ed =
Cm
with Mw the bimoment

wM the unit warping
Cm the warping constant
I sections
For I sections, the value of wM is given in the tables (Ref. [2], Tafel 7.87, 7.88). This
value is added to the profile library. The diagram of wM is given in the following figure:
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The direct stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure).
The value for wM can be calculated by (Ref.[5] pp.135) :
1
wM = b hm
4
with b the section width

hm the section height (see figure)
U sections
For I sections, the value of wM is given in the tables as wM1 and wM2 (Ref. [2], Tafel
7.89). This values are added to the profile library. The diagram of wM is given in the
following figure :
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The direct stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure).
sections
The values for wM are calculated for the critical points according to the general
approach given in Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3 and Ref.[8] Part 27.
The critical points for each part are shown as circles in the figure.
SCIA 216
CALCULATION OF THE SHEAR STRESS DUE TO WARPING
The shear stress due to warping is given by (Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3, Ref.[3])

s
M
w ,Ed
= xs w M tds
Cm t 0
with Mxs the warping torque (see "Standard

diagrams for warping torque, bimoment
and the St.Venant torsion")
wM the unit warping
Cm the warping constant
t the element thickness
I sections
The shear stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure)
SCIA 217
For I sections, we have the following :

b/2
b t wM
w
0
M tds =
4
=A
U sections, sections
Starting from the wM diagram, we calculate the value
w
0
M tds
for the critical points.

The shear stress due to warping is calculated in these critical points (see circles in
figures)
SCIA 218
PLASTIC CHECK
For doubly symmetric I sections of class 1 and class 2 (plastic check), the interaction
formula given in Ref.[10] is used.
b
tf z
tw
y y
h H
SCIA 219
Used variables
Section Properties
A sectional area
b width
H heigth of section
tf flange thickness
tw web thickness
h = H - tf
Aw = 1.05 (h+tf) tw for rolled section
Aw = h tw for welded sections
Af = 2 b tf
Af
f =
A
w = 1 f
Wz,pl plastic section modulus around z
axis
Wy,pl plastic section modulus around y
axis
Material Properties
fy,d yield strength
y,d shear strength
Internal forces
NSd normal force
My,Sd bending moment around y axis
Mz,Sd bending moment around z axis
Mw,Sd bimoment
Vy,Sd shear force in y direction
Vz,Sd shear force in z direction
Mxp,Sd torque due to St. Venant
Mxs,Sd warping torque
SCIA 220
Plastic capacities
Npl,Rd = A fy,d
Mz,pl,Rd = Wz,pl fy,d
Vz,pl,Rd = Aw y,d
t2
M xp,pl ,Rd = bt f2 + h w y ,d
2
My,pl,Rd = Wy,pl fy,d
h
M w ,pl ,Rd = M z ,pl ,Rd
2
Vy,pl,Rd = Af y,d
h
M xs,pl ,Rd = Vy ,pl ,Rd
2
N Sd
n=
N pl ,Rd
M y ,Sd
my =
M y ,pl ,Rd
M z ,Sd
mz =
M z ,pl ,Rd
M w ,Sd
mw =
M w ,pl ,Rd
Vy ,Sd
vy =
Vy ,pl ,Rd
Vz ,Sd
vz =
Vz ,pl ,Rd
M xp,Sd
m xp =
M xp,pl ,Rd
M xs,Sd
m xs =
M xs,pl ,Rd
SCIA 221
Shear force reduction

z = v 2z + m xp
w = (2 z 1)
2
for z > 0.5 s w = 1 w
y = (m xs + v y ) + m xp
2
f = (2 y 1)
2
for y > 0.5 s f = 1 f
Sign
p=sign ( Mz,Sd x Mw,Sd)
m mw s
s = 1 z (m z + m w ) f f
mz + mw 4 w s w

n
1 p
wsw

2
n
= 4 s w s w 1 s p
wsw
Unity checks :
SCIA 222
if n ( w s w )
2
n
m y (1 + f ) w s w +
wsw mz mw
+ + 1
2 f s f sf sf

if n > ( w s w )
m y (1 + f ) 2( w s w m n )
2
mz m
+ + p w 1
2 f s f sf sf
and
m y (1 + f ) 2( w s w m n )
2
mz m
+ p w 1
2 f s f sf sf
Remark : the values between { } must be >0.
STANDARD DIAGRAMS FOR WARPING TORQUE, BIMOMENT AND THE

ST.VENANT TORSION
The following 6 standard situations are given in the literature (Ref.[2], Ref.[3]).
The value is defined as follows :
G It
=
E Cm
with Mx the total torque

= Mxp + Mxs
Mxp the torque due to St. Venant
Mxs the warping torque
Mw the bimoment
IT the torsional constant
SCIA 223
G the shear modulus
SCIA 224
Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, local torsional loading Mt
Mx
Mt b
M xa =
L
Mt a
M xb =
L
Mxp for a b sinh(b)

side M xp = M t cosh(x )
L sinh(L)
Mxp for b a sinh(a )
side M xp = M t + cosh(x ' )
L sinh(L)
Mxs for a sinh(b)
side M xs = M t cosh(x )
sinh( L )
Mxs for b sinh(a )
side M xs = M t cosh(x ' )
sinh(L)
Mw for a side M t sinh(b)
Mw = sinh(x )
sinh(L)
Mw for b side Mt sinh(a )
Mw = sinh(x ' )
sinh(L)
SCIA 225
Torsion fixed ends, warping fixed ends, local torsional loading Mt
Mx
Mt b
M xa =
L
M a
M xb = t
L
Mxp for a b + k 2 k1
M xp = M t D3
side L
Mxp for b k 2 a k1
M xp = M t D4
side L
Mxs for a M xs = M t D3
side
Mxs for b M xs = M t D4
side
Mw for a side Mt
Mw = D1

Mw for b side Mt
Mw = D2

SCIA 226
D1 =
(sinh( b ) + k 2 )sinh( x ) + k 1 sinh( x ' )
sinh( L )
k 2 sinh( x ) + (sinh( a ) + k 1 )sinh( x ' )
D2 =
sinh( L )
D3 =
(sinh( b ) + k 2 ) cosh( x ) k 1 cosh( x ' )
sinh( L )
k 2 cosh( x ) (sinh( a ) + k 1 )cosh( x ' )
D4 =
sinh( L )
sinh( a ) + sinh( b ) a b sinh( a ) sinh( b ) L L
1 tanh( )
sinh( L ) 2 sinh( L ) 2 2
k1 = + +
L 2 L
2 tanh( ) L tanh( )
2 2
sinh( a ) + sinh( b ) a b sinh( a ) sinh( b ) L L
1 tanh( )
sinh( L ) 2 sinh( L ) 2 2
k2 = +
L 2 L
2 tanh( ) L tanh( )
2 2
SCIA 227
Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, distributed torsional loading mt
Mx
mt L
M xa =
2
mt L
M xb =
2
Mxp mt L cosh(x ) cosh(x ' )

M xp = ( x ) +
2 sinh(L)
Mxs mt cosh(x ) cosh(x ' )
M xs =
sinh(L)
Mw mt sinh(x ) + sinh(x ' )
Mw = 1
2 sinh(L)
SCIA 228
Torsion fixed ends, warping fixed ends, distributed torsional loading mt
Mx
mt L
M xa =
2
m L
M xb = t
2
Mxp mt L cosh(x ) cosh(x ' )

M xp = ( x ) + (1 k )
2 sinh(L)
Mxs mt cosh(x ) cosh(x ' )
M xs = (1 k )
sinh(L)
Mw mt sinh(x ) + sinh(x ' )
Mw = 1 (1 k )
2 sinh(L)
L
k = 1 2
L
tanh( )
2
SCIA 229
One end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, local torsional loading Mt
Mx
M xa = M t
Mxp cosh(x ' )

M xp = M t 1
cosh(L)
Mxs cosh(x ' )
M xs = M t
cosh(L)
Mw Mt sinh(x ' )
Mw =
cosh(L)
One end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, distributed torsional loading mt
SCIA 230
Mx M xa = m t L
Mxp mt (1 + L sinh(L)) sinh(x )

M xp = x 'L cosh(x ) +
cosh(L)
Mxs mt (1 + L sinh(L)) sinh(x )
M xs = L cosh(x )
cosh(L)
Mw mt (1 + L sinh(L)) cosh(x )
Mw = 1 + L sinh(x )
cosh(L)
SCIA 231
DECOMPOSITION OF ARBITRARY TORSION LINE
There the EPW solver does not take into account the extra DOF for warping, the
determination of the warping torque and the related bimoment, is based on some
standard situations.
The following end conditions are considered :
warping free
warping fixed
This results in the following 3 beam situations :
situation 1 : warping free / warping free
situation 2 : warping free / warping fixed
situation 3 : warping fixed / warping fixed
SCIA 232
Decomposition for situation 1 and situation 3
The arbitrary total torque line is decomposed into the following standard situations :
n number of torsion lines generated by a local torsional loading Mtn

one torsion line generated by a distributed torsional loading mt
one torsion line with constant torque Mt0
The values for Mxp, Mxs and Mw are taken from the previous tables for the local
torsional loadings Mtn and the distributed loading mt. The value Mt0 is added to the Mxp
value.
Decomposition for situation 2
The arbitrary total torque line is decomposed into the following standard situations :
one torsion line generated by a local torsional loading Mtn

one torsion line generated by a distributed torsional loading mt
The values for Mxp, Mxs and Mw are taken from the previous tables for the local
torsional loading Mt and the distributed loading mt.
REFERENCES
[1] ENV 1993-1-3:1996

Part 1-3 : General rules Supplementary rules for cold formed thin
gauge members and sheeting
CEN 1996
SCIA 233
[2] Stahl im Hochbau

14. Auglage Band I/ Teil 2
Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf 1986
[3] Kaltprofile
3. Auflage
Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf 1982
[4] Roik, Carl, Lindner

Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe
Verlag von Wilhem ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1972
[5] Dietrich von Berg

Krane und Kranbahnen Berechnung Konstruktion Ausfhrung
B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart 1988
[6] DASt-Richtlinie 016

Bemessung und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus
dnnwandigen kaltgeformten Bauteilen
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft, Kln 1992
[7] Esa Prima Win

Steel Code Check Manual
SCIA
EPW 3.10
[8] C. Petersen
Stahlbau : Grundlagen der Berechnung und baulichen Ausbildung von
Stahlbauten
Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig 1988
[9] Eurocode 3
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
SCIA 234
[10] I. Vayas,
Interaktion der plastischen Grenzschnittgrssen doppelsymmetrischer I-
Querschnitte
Stahlbau 69 (2000), Heft 9
SCIA 235
CHECK OF NUMERICAL SECTIONS
STRESS CHECK
The stress calculation for a numerical section is as follows :
vm = 2tot + 3 2tot
tot = N + My + Mz
tot = Vy + Vz
N
N =
Ax
M yy
My =
Wy
M zz
Mz =
Wz
Vy
Vy =
Ay
Vz
Vz =
Az
with vm the VonMises stress, the composed stress

tot the total normal stress
tot the total shear stress
N the normal stress due to the normal force N
My the normal stress due to the bending
moment Myy around y axis
Mz the norma stress due to the bending
moment Mzz around z axis
Vy the shear stress due to shear force Vy in y
direction
Vz the shear stress due to shear force Vz in z
direction
SCIA 236
Ax the sectional area

Ay the shear area in y direction
Az the shear area in z direction
Wy the elastic section modulus around y axis
Wz the elastic section modulus around z axis
SCIA 237
USE OF DIAPHRAGMS
ADAPTION OF TORSIONAL CONSTANT
See Ref.[1], Chapter 10.1.5., Ref.[2],3.5 and Ref.[3],3.3.4..
When diaphragms (steel sheeting) are used, the torsional contant It is adapted for
symmetric/asymmetric I sections, channel sections, Z sections, cold formed U, C , Z
sections.
The torsional constant It is adapted with the stiffness of the diaphragms :
l2
I t ,id = I t + vorhC
2G
1 1 1 1
= + +
vorhC C M ,k C A ,k C P ,k
EI eff
C M ,k = k
s
2
b
C A ,k = C100 a if b a 125
100
b
C A ,k = 1.25 C100 a if 125 < b a < 200
100
3 E Is
C P ,k
(h t)
s
Is =
12
with l the LTB length

G the shear modulus
vorhC the actual rotational stiffness of diaphragm
CM,k the rotational stiffness of the diaphragm
CA,k the rotational stiffness of the connection between the diaphragm
and the beam
CP,k the rotational stiffness due to the distortion of the beam
k numerical coefficient
SCIA 238
= 2 for single or two spans of the diaphragm

= 4 for 3 or more spans of the diaphragm
EIeff bending stiffness of per unit width of the diaphragm
s spacing of the beam
ba the width of the beam flange (in mm)
C100 rotation coefficient - see table
h beam height
t thickness beam flange
s thickness beam web
REFERENCES
SCIA 239
[1] ENV 1993-1-3:1996

CEN 1996
[2] E. Kahlmeyer
Stahlbau nach DIN 18 800 (11.90)
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf
[3] Beuth-Kommentare
Stahlbauten
Erluterungen zu DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 4, 1.Auflage
Beuth Verlag, Berlin-Kln 1993
SCIA 240
SECTION CHECK FOR BUILT-IN BEAMS (IFB, SFB, THQ

SECTIONS)
INTRODUCTION
For the national codes EC3, NEN6770/6771, DIN18800 and SIA263, special checks are
performed for built-in beams, according to Ref.[1].
REDUCTION OF PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY DUE TO PLATE BENDING
bo
0.5 q 0.5 q
tu
e2=bo
e1
bu
SCIA 241
bo
to
0.5 q 0.5 q
tu
e2=bo
e1
bu
bo
to
0.5 q 0.5 q
tu
e2=0
e1
bu
When the lower plate is loaded by q-load (uniform distributed load), the effective area
of the loaded plate (flange) for the calculation of the plastic capacity is reduced as
follows :
for THQ and IFB beams :
SCIA 242
A u ,eff = A u
t u 3 3 + (2e1 + e 2 ) (e1 e 2 )
= 1
6b u
(e1 e 2 ) M q
=
t uf y t u
= 1 1
for SFB beam :
A eff = u A u + o A o
with e1, e2, tu, bu see the figures above

q load on flange, plate (as N/m)
fy yield strength
M partial safety factor
see formula
u =
o analog to u, but with
bu=bo
e1=bo
tu=to
e2=tw
PLASTIC INTERACTION FORMULA FOR SINGLE BENDING AND SHEAR

FORCE
The following plastic interaction formula can be used, when single bending around yy-
axis My,Sd, in combination with shear force Vz,Sd, is acting :
SCIA 243

M y ,Sd A v Vz ,Sd
+ 1. 0
M
pl ,y ,Rd A m Vpl ,z ,Rd
A h
= m f
2Wpl ,y
with My,Sd, Vz,Sd internal forces

Mpl,y,Rd plastic bending capacity around yy axis
Vpl,z,Rd plastic shear capacity in z direction
Av shear area (see figure)
Am = A - | Ao,x - Au,x | (see figure)
hf = h+tu/2-to/2 (see figure)
Wpl,y plastic section modulus around yy axis - reduced if necessary
PLASTIC CHECK FOR PLATE IN BENDING
The following condition for the plate in bending must be verified :
2
3 M q (1 + ) M q (1 + ) e1 e 2
+ 1. 0
4 f y t u f y t u t u
with e1 , e2 , t u see figures

q load on flange, plate (as N/m)
= qmax+qmin
SCIA 244
(Ksi) q max q min

=
q
fy yield strength
M partial safety factor
0.5 q (1-Ksi) 0.5 q (1+Ksi)
STRESS CHECK FOR SLIM FLOOR BEAMS
Normal stress check
At the edges of the bottom plate, the following composed stress check is performed :
SCIA 245
fy
( 2
x x y + 2y )
M
Mx tu
y =
Ix 2
e1 e 2
M x = (q max , q min )
2
t 3u
Ix =
12
Shear stress check in plate
In the middle of the bottom plate, transverse shear stress is checked :
fy
2x + 3
M
3 (q max , q min )
=
2 tu
Torsion check due to unbalanced loading
for IFB and SFB beams :
SCIA 246
fy
t ,max + w ,max
M 3
M t ,max t o
t ,max =
It
L
tanh
QeL Lk
M t ,max = 1
2 L

Lk

3 M w ,max
w ,max =
2 bo t o h f
QeL k L
M w ,max = tanh
2
Lk
EI o
L k = 2h f
GI t
Et o b 3o
EI o =
12
with to, bo see figures

It torsional constant for complete section
E modulus of Young
G shear modulus
L system length for Lyz
Q,e see figure
SCIA 247
for THQ beams :
qL e Vpl ,z ,Rd
1
4 bf 2
with e, bf see figure

q load on flanges, plate (as N/m)
= qmax+qmin
(Ksi) q q min
= max
q
SCIA 248
bf
q min q max
e e
REFERENCES
[1] Multi-Storey Buildings in Steel

Design Guide for Slim Floors with Built-in Beams
ECCS N 83 - 1995
SCIA 249
EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR

LATTICE TOWER ANGLE MEMBERS
EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR COMPRESSED LATTICE

TOWER ANGLE MEMBERS
The effective cross-section properties shall be based on the effective width beff of the
leg. See Ref.[1], Chapter J.2.3.
The effective width shall be obtained from the nominal width of the leg, assuming
uniform stress distribution :
SCIA 250
b
p =
t
p
p =
28.4 K c
K c = 0.43
235
=
fy
b eff = b
For rolled angle :
p 0.91 = 1.0
p
0.91 < p 1.213 = 2
0.91
0.98
p > 1.213 = 2
p
For cold formed angle :
p 0.809 = 1.0
p
5
0.404
0.809 < p 1.213 =
3
0.98
p > 1.213 = 2
p
with t the thickness

b the nominal width
fy the yield strength in Mpa
REFERENCES
SCIA 251
[1] EN 50341-1:2001
Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 45 kV Part 1: General
requirements
SCIA 252
SCIA 253

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EC3 CODE CHECK 2

EC3 CODE CHECK 22

DIN18800 CODE CHECK 30

ONORM B 4300 CODE CHECK 54

NEN6770/6771 CODE CHECK 59

AISC - ASD CODE CHECK 76

AISC - LRFD CODE CHECK 83

CM66 CODE CHECK 89

CM66 - ADDITIF 80 CODE CHECK 94

BS5950-1:1990 CODE CHECK 99

BS5950-1:2000 CODE CHECK 108

SIA263 CODE CHECK 115

GBJ 17-88 125

THE GBJ 17-88 CODE CHECK 125

KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK 133

THE KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK 133

BSK 99 CODE CHECK 141

IS:800 CODE CHECK 152

CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO 159

INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO 159

CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS FOR LTB 179

INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS 179

PROFILE CONDITIONS FOR CODE CHECK 185

INTRODUCTION TO PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS 185

WARPING CHECK 213

CALCULATION OF THE DIRECT STRESS DUE TO WARPING 214

CHECK OF NUMERICAL SECTIONS 236

USE OF DIAPHRAGMS 238

ADAPTION OF TORSIONAL CONSTANT 238

EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR LATTICE TOWER ANGLE

EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR COMPRESSED LATTICE TOWER ANGLE

EC3 CODE CHECK

The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in

(fy, fu in N/mm, t in mm)

S235 235 360 215 340 175 320

with fyb the tensile yield strength = fy

5.3. Classification of cross sections

5.4. Resistance of cross-sections

5.5. Buckling resistance of members

5.6.2. Design methods

5.9. Built-up compression members

Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section

5.4.5.3 : The holes for fasteners are neglected.

Bending, shear and axial force

with E the modulus of elasticity

See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'.

Shear buckling check

Composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,

Shear buckling check for cold formed sections

See Ref.[4] 5.8 :

The shear resistance of the web should be checked if

The shear buckling resistance Vb,Rd is given by

with w the relative web slenderness

The value for fbv is given by :

Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling

See Ref.[4] 6.2.3.