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nb 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS
x2 1 0
x2
1 or x 1 j
1
ie. j2
Similarly x 2
16 0 gives x 16
or x 16
1
4j
Powers of j
j
1
j2
j3 j 2. j
j4 j.j 3 j j ! j2 1
j5 j4j j
j6 j 4. j 2 j2
j7 j 4. j 3 j3
j 2304. j 3
576.
j4 j
& '
%
# $
j
'
)
Complex.nb 2
x2 b2
2x 10 0
4 ac
2 4
40
x
2
36
2
2 6
j
2 2
1 3j
z a bj
a and b are real
a real part of z Re z
b imaginary part of z Im z
roots z
1 ! 3 j,
a + bj is purely imaginary if a 0 , bj . , - . /
Complex.nb 3
z2 a2 b2 j
Sum : z1
z2
a1
a2
b1
b2 j
Difference : z1
z2
a1
a2
b1
b2 j
Example :
for : z1
3
4 j and : z2
4
7j
z1
z2
3
4
4
7 j
1 3j
z1
z2
3
4
4
7 j
7 11 j
Product : z1. z2
a1 b1 j a2 b2 j
a1 a2 a1 b2 j b1 a2 j b1 b2 j2
a1 a2 b1 b2 a1 b2 a2 b1 j
Example :
if z1
2
3 j and z2
1
j find z1 2 z2
1
z1 2 z2 1 2 z1 z2 z1
2 2 3 2 3 j 2
3j
2 1 5j 2 3j
4 7j
Complex.nb 4
Complex Conjugate :
For any complex number a bj there corresponds a complex number
a bj
Notation :
If z a bj then z
a bj
_
Clearly z z 2a
and z z 2 bj,
1 _
hence
a z z Re z
1
_
b
z z Im z
Also zz a bj a bj !
a2 j2 b2 , !
hence zz a2 b2 ,
Complex.nb 5
Quotient :
z1
To find where z1 a1 b1 j,
z2
z2 a2 b2 j
z1 z1 z2
z1 z2
a1 b1 j
a2 b2 j
z2 z2 z2 z2 z2 a2 b2 j
a2 b2 j
a1 a2 b1 b2
b1 a2 a1 b2
j
a2 2 b2 2 j2
a1 a2 b1 b2 a2 b1 a1 b2
j
a2 2 b2 2 a2 2 b2 2
z1
NB : to find the quotient in general a bj form we multiply above
z2
and below by the complex conjugate of the denominator
ie. by z2
Equality
Let z1 a1 b1 j
and z2 a2 b2 j
ie Re z1 Re z2
and Im z1 Im z2
z1 , z2 - 3 . / 0 1 2 3 54 j 5 0 if 3 6 7 8 0 or 7 8 9 3
and : 9 5 ; 0 or < = 5
Complex.nb 6
Commutative property :
z1 z2
z2
z1 and z1 z2
z2 z1
Associative property :
z1 z2 z3 z1 z2 z3 and
z1 z2 z3 z1 z2 z3
Distributive property :
z1 z2
z3
z1 z2
z2 z3
Geometrical Representation:
A complex number a b j can be represented either as a point a, b
or z plane.
z a2 b2
Example : For z
3 4j
2
32
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
z " # $
4 %
& ' (
9 ( ( ( (
)
( ( ( (
16 ( ( ( ( (
* + (
25
( ( ( ( ( (
Also zz / 0 1 a 2bj a 3 4 5 bj 6
a2 b2 8
7 9
z 2 9
Complex.nb 7
Polar form of z
Point x, y represents z x yj, where x r cos , y r sin
Here x2 y2
r
z
x
23 4
Clearly r2 )
x2 *
y2 and + , tan -
1 ./0
0
1 1 1 1 1
x x
Also cos 5 6
7 7 7 7 7
6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
r
8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
x2 y2
:
; <
y y
sin = >
? ? ? ? ? ?
A
? ? ? ?
B
?
B
?
B
?
B
?
B
?
B
?
B B
? ?
B B
? ?
B
? ?
B
?
B
? ?
B B
?
B
?
B
?
B
? ?
B
?
B
?
B
? ? ?
r @
C
x2 D
y2 E
Complex.nb 8
Determination of pricipal
Argument of z :
1. z x jy in first quadrant x 0, Y 0
x
1
arg z
tan
0
y 2
z 32j
r z ! 3 " 2j #
$ % &
'
& & & &
22
& & & & &
( ) * *
13 * * * * * *
2
56 7
7 8
1
arg z tan 0.588 radians
+ ,
123
4 4 4 4 4
- . / 0
x
JK L
1
arg z tan ,
? @ P Q R
FGH
I I I I I N N N N N
A B C D E M
y 2 O
r Y Z z Z [
Z \ 1 ] j ^
12 12
b b
_ ` a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
c d
e f g
2
g g g
1
jkl op q
l q r
1 1
r
r
m m m m m m m m w w w w w
h t u v
1 4
r
rr
ii
thus x y arg z z { | } ~
rad.
4 4
Complex.nb 9
3. z x zy in third quadrant x 0, y 0 :
x
1
arg z tan ,
y 2
Example
Determine the polar form of complex number
z
6
2 j
r ! " z "
# $ % & '
6
' ' ' % & '
+ , -
2
( ) * * * * * * * *
62
* * * * *
.
* * *
/
* * * * *
0
* *
1
* * *
2
* * * *
3
*
2
3
*
3
*
3
* *
4
* * * *
5 6 7
8
7 7 7
1
x 1
2
Also tan 8
9:;
;
< < < < <
tan A
BCD
D
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
y
D
=> ?
? @
D E
I
F
J
G
6 G
K
G
K
G
LM N
1
1
O
tan P
QRS
S
T
U
T T T T
V
T
V
T
V
T T
V
T T
SS
3 WX Y
YY
\
[
\ \ \ \
rad.
6
Complex.nb 10
z1
z2
z1
z
Triangle inequality
5
2
Also z1
z2
2 5j
29
5 2 z !
1 "
z2 #
$ % &
Polar form of z :
5 5
12 3 ;< =
3 4 = >
/ 9
z ' ( ) 8 cos
) ) ) * +,-
- .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
j sin 567
7 8
: : : : : : : : :
6 6
5 5
HI J QR S
J K S T
F O
? @ A
8 cos
A A A
B CDE
E
G G G G G G G G G
j sin LMN
N
P P P P P P P P P
6 6
4. z U x V jy in fourth quadrant W x X Y , y Z 0 : [
x
def hi j
f j k
1
k
arg z tan 0
k
\ ]
g g g g g n n n n n
k
^ _ ` a b
y 2
k
kk
o p q
l
cc
x
{|}
1
arg z tan
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
r
u v w x y
zz
1
tan
1
tan 1
rad.
4
Complex.nb 11
Exponential form of z :
Recall refer to "Tables of mathmatical formulas"
x2 x3 x4
ex
1 x
...
2 3 4
Let x j
j
1
2
3
4
j
j j j
e
1 j
...
2 3 4
2
4 %
3 %
5
1
... j !"
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
... )* +
2 4 3 5
"
+
"
+
" # $
+
' ( ' (
cos - . jsin /
z 5 r ej 6
Important Points :
1. For the correct value in exponential form must be
in radians not in degrees.
ej
cos jsin
j
we get e
cos
sin ,
or ej
cos jsin
3. ej and e j
are complex cojugates hence
ej 5 1 e6 j5 7
2 j sin 3
1 ;
cos 8 9 : : : :: ej < =
e> j? @
2
1 D
sin A B C C C CC ej E F
eG jH I
ln z S ln T rej U V W 2 kX Y Z
[
ln r \ j ] ^ _ 2 k ` a ln e
b
ln r c j d e c 2 k f a
Example :
opn o o o
Principal value of ln 2 ej l
m
4 q
2 kr s t
is ln 2 u j w v w w ww 0.693 y 0.785 j
4 x
Complex.nb 13
then
r1 r2 cos
1 cos 2 sin
1 sin
2
j sin 1 cos 2 cos 1 sin 2
r1 r2 cos 1 2 jsin 1 2
r1 r2 e j 1 ! 2"
Similarly
z1 r1 &
#### ### %%%% %%% cos '( 1 ) * 2 + , jsin - . 1 / . 20 1
z2 $ r2
2 3 3 3 r3 3 13 3 e 4 j5 16 7 28
r2
Clearly
9 9 : : ; <
z1 z2 r1 r2 z=
>?> z2 @@@1
@@@
@@
A B EEE G H H
D D D D D D D D D D zD D D CD D D 1D D EEE
EE D D D rD D 1D D D D G D D D D H D D D zD D D ID D D1D D D HD D
z2 F r2 F zI 2
and arg z1 z2
F J 1 K L 2 M arg z1 K arg z2
Example :
for z1 T 2 U cos W V W W W j sin Z YZ Z Z [
4 X 4
[
and z2 \ 3 ] cos _ ^ _ _ _ j sin _ ^ _ _ _
3 ` 3
z1 z2 \ 2a 3 b cos c e d e e e e de e e j sin i k j k k k k kk k
4 f 3g h 4 l 3 m n o
wx y z 7 ~
p 3 q cos rst v 7v v v uv v v j sin {|}
12 12
z
1
and 2 cos
z2 3 12
j sin
Complex.nb 14
If z1 1
z2
r2 ej
zn
rn ej
then
..
z1 z2 zn
r1 r2 rn ej 1
2 n
r1 r2 rn cos
1 2
. n
j sin
1
2
.
n
Set z1
z2 . ..
zn
z
r ej
r cos j sin
then, zn
n jn
$
r e %
Set r $
&
n
cos ' ( j sin ) *
+ ,
cos n - . j sin n / 0
Application :
If 1 z 1 2 1 then z 3 cos 4 5 j sin 4 3 ej 6
1 8
1 cos 9 ;
j sin <
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
>
cos <
;
j sin <
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
2
cos2 < ?
sin <
>
cos <
;
j sin <
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
j
>
e @
A
Hence zn B
ejn A
B
cos n C D j sin n C
n jn
and z @
B
e @
A
B
cos n C E j sin n C
1
2 cos n C
B
zn D
F F F F F F F
zn
1
and 2 j sin n C
B
zn E
F F F F F F F
zn
Complex.nb 15
Example : Evaluate
3
i cos
j sin
6 6
25
ii
1 j
,
1
iii
.
8
1 j
3
i cos
j sin
cos 3
j sin 3
6 6 6 6
cos
j sin
2
2
0 j
Let z j, then
"
1
and * + arg z + tan ,
-
/
.
/ / / /
25
Thus z25 0 1 2 3
2 3 3 3
4 cos 6
5
6 6 6 6
j sin 9
8
9 9 9 9
4 7 4 : :
25 25
HI J
25 @AB
B
C F
J
; < = >
2
> > >
? cos D D D D D D D D D D D D
j sin G G G G G G G G G G G G
4 E 4
25 U
2 cos 6 j sin 6
L L L L L L L
2 M M
N O
Q
P
Q Q Q Q
T U
V V V V V
4 R S S 4 R R
212 X Y
2 Y Y Y
Z cos \
[
\ \ \ \
j sin _
^
_ _ _ _
4 ] 4 `
qr s s
1 1
s s
s s
12
ss ss
tu
2 b c
2 c c c
def
f
g
h
g g g g
i
g
i
g
i
g g
i
g g
j klm
m
n
o
n n n n
p
n
p
n
p
n
p
n n n
f m
ff
2 j
mm
212 1 w
x j y
iii y { 1 | } ~ r z 2
1
and arg z tanh
1 8
8
Thus
z 2 cos
j sin
z8
4 4
Complex.nb 16
8 8
8
2 cos
j sin
4 4
1
24 !
&
1
' ' ' ' ' ' '
16
6
1 1
012 56 7
2 7 8
.
/ / / / /
z 3
4 4 4 4 4
2 z
1
cos6 9 :
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
z6 =
6 z4 =
15 z2 =
20 =
15 z >
2 ?
6z @
4 A
z @
6 B
26 <
1 1 1 1
KL M TU V ]^ _
M N V W _
E FGH
z6 6 z4 15 z2
H
D D D D D D D
I
J J J J J J J
OPQ
R
S S S S S S S
XYZ
[
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
[
20 `
z6 z4 z2
Q Z
64
1
a
b b b b b b b
64 c
1 3 15 5
h
i i i i i i i
cos6 j k
i i i i i i i
cos 4 j k
i i i i i i i
cos 2 j k
i i i i i i i
32 16 32 16
Complex.nb 17
1
Example :
Sketch z
3 j on an Argand Diagram
2
24
and evaluate z
3
1
z
1 1
4 4
arg z
Polar form of z is
z 1 cos
j sin
"
!
" " " "
6 6 # #
cos "
!
" " " "
j sin "
!
" " " "
6 6
j
e
' ' ' '
%
6
&
24 j 24
ej 4
0
6
) *
, 1 2
. /
+ 3 4 5 6
Complex.nb 18
For
z r cos j sin
zn rn cos n
j sin n
Consider wn
z integer
n 1
z or zn
Let z
r cos j sin
Equation wn "
n
gives #
$
i 0
1
n
i.e. r or rn
4 4 4 4
2 2
1 3
ii 6
multiple of 2 , say 2 k , 7 7
k 0, 1, 2. .. 8
Thus n 9 : ; < 2k =
2k =
or > ?
B
@
B B B B
A
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B
, k C 0, 1, 2, ..., n D 1
n
F G
2k 2k
ST U ^_ `
1
U V ` a
Q \
wk rn
J J J J J J
I
K
cos LMN
N
R
O
R R R R
P
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
j sin WXY
Y
]
Z
] ] ] ]
[
] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
n n
1 2k
r n exp j
g
k 0, 1, 2. .., n 1
c c c c c c h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h
n
d e f
j k
Complex.nb 19
Set z
8,
then r
8
8,
arg 8
1 1 2k
8 3 expj
and 8
3
2k 2k
&' ( 12 3
( ) 3 4
3
$ /
8
cos !
!
%
"
% % % %
#
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
j sin *+,
,
0
-
0 0 0 0
.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 3
k 5 0, 1, 2 6 since n 7 3 8
z 9 :
w0 ; 2 cos =
?
>
? ? ? ?
j sin B
A
B B B B
3 @ 3 C
1 3
D
2 EFG
H H H H H
j L
J
L L L L
K
L
K
L
K
L L
K
L L
2 2
G
N O
1 Q R S 3 j S S S
w1 T
2 cos U V W j sin V X
2 Z [ 1 \ 0 ]
[ 2
5 5
gh i
b e
w2 ^
2 cos _`a
a
c c c c c c c c c
j sin f f f f f f f f f
3 d 3
1 3
j
2 klm
n n n n n
j r
p
r r r r
q
r
q
r
q
r r
q
r r
2 2
m
t u
1 w x y 3 j
y y y
Complex.nb 20
2
3
8 ,
3
centered at 0, 0
2 n
For wn
2
There are two ways depending upon how you express j 3
2 1 1
j2
3
i j3 1
3
2 1 2
i.e find the 3 cube roots of j
ii j3 j3
# # # #
! " $
polar form of
'
i &
( 1:
r ) * + 1 , - 1 and . / arg 0 1 1 2 3 4
1
wk 1
9 9 9 9
8
3
5 6 7
2k 2k
FG H QR S
H I S T
3 =>? ?
D O
: ; <
1
< < <
?
cos ?
@A
E
B
E E E E
C
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
j sin JKL
L
P
M
P P P P
N
P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
3 3
k U 0, 1, 2
b c c c c
1 3
w0 U cos V
X
W
X X X X
j sin [
]
\
] ] ] ] ` ` ` ` ` d d d d d d d d d d d
j
3 Y Z 3 ^ _ 2 a 2
w1 e
cos f g j sin f
e h
1
~
5 5 1 3
op q xy z
q r z {
m v
w2 i
cos jkl
l
n n n n n n n n n
j sin stu
u
w w w w w w w w w | | | | |
j
3 3 2 } 2
3
w2 j