Capstone research paper

Colour blindness (also known as colour vision deficiency or CVD) is the disability to distinguish

certain colors, or (rarely in humans) any colors at all. Colour blindness affects approximately 1 in 12

men (8%) and 1 in 200 women in the world (according to Britains minister of health, 2015) In

Britain this means that there are approximately 2.7 million colour blind people (about 4.5% of

the entire population), most of whom are male. There are three types of CVD Deuteranopia,

Protanopia, Tritanopia and, in some very rare cases approximately 1 in 33,000 will have

Monochromacy (achromatopsia) where you see only darker shades of grey. Acquired color

blindness develops later in life and can affect men and women equally. Diseases that damage the

optic nerve or the retina of the eye can cause acquired color blindness. Inherited color deficiency

is usually diagnosed using simple screening tests. Color blindness occurs when light-sensitive

cells in the retina fail to respond appropriately to variations in wavelengths of light that enable

people to see an array of colors. (Gretchyn Bailey, all about vision, page updated October 2016)

Any time a mother passes along this X-linked trait to her son, he will inherit the color vision

deficiency and have trouble distinguishing reds and greens. Again, a daughter can be a carrier

but will have this form of color blindness herself only when both her father and mother pass

along the X-linked gene. This is why more men than women are color blind. Summing it up,

more men will inherit colorblindness than women. Hopefully and then end of this project we can

aid anyone with the deficiency.

Although colour blindness is a condition which is obviously a Special Educational Need,

with younger children being the most affected by, the current stance of the English Government

is that it may not fall within their definition of a Special Educational Need. However, this is the

latest statement by the Secretary of State for Education (December 2014)

 Schools and colleges must make reasonable adjustments where a child has an

impairment or disability that affects their ability to take part in everyday activities. A child with

colour blindness may be considered to have a special educational need, if it means they need

additional support and resources from their school. (Secretary of State for Education, December

2014). But with them stating this, parents and schools ague over whether or not a child with

CVD should be entitled to learning assistance there has been some learnings hills for young

people.

When one has colorblindness the disability is nearly always inherited. Boys are more

likely to be colorblind, in fact 1 in 12 boys you know probably is at least a little color deficient.

Color Vision Deficiency isn't the end of the world. It's just a different view of it. (Karen Rae

Levine, all about colorblindness) Although colorblindness is a setback you can overcome and

learn from color deficiency just like from dyslexia.

Most of us share a common color vision sensory experience. Some people, however,

have a color vision deficiency, which means their perception of colors is different from what

most of us see. The most severe forms of these deficiencies are referred to as color blindness.

People with color blindness arent aware of differences among colors that are obvious to the rest

of us. People who dont have the more severe types of color blindness may not even be aware of

their condition unless theyre tested in a clinic or laboratory. Inherited color blindness is caused

by abnormal photo pigments. These color-detecting molecules are located in cone-shaped cells

within the retina, called cone cells. In humans, several genes are needed for the body to make

photo pigments, and defects in these genes can lead to color blindness. There are three main

kinds of color blindness, based on photo pigment defects in the three different kinds of cones that

respond to blue, green, and red light. Red-green color blindness is the most common, followed
by blue-yellow color blindness. A complete absence of color vision total color blindness is

rare. Sometimes color blindness can be caused by physical or chemical damage to the eye, the

optic nerve, or parts of the brain that process color information. Color vision can also decline

with age, most often because of cataract - a clouding and yellowing of the eyes lens. (National

eye institute (NEI), February 2015)

Monochromacy or (achromatopsia) is the CVD in which the individual sees little to no

color at all, this being extremely rare only occurring in 1 and 33,000 (CBA, march 2015). This

making life extremely difficult, especially for young adolescents whore just going through

school.

Most color blind people are able to see things just as clearly as the rest of the population, the

difference is their inability to distinguish red, green, or blue light. The deficiency is the result of a

mutation in the X-chromosome meaning women are more likely to be carriers than sufferers and it

can manifest in 3 main ways.

The most common is red/green color blindness, where sufferers mix up all colors which have red

or green as part of the whole color. Those affected by protan color blindness are less sensitive to

red light, whilst sufferers of Deuteranopia have the same problem with green. For example, a

person with Protanopia will confuse blue and purple because they cant recognize the red

element of the color purple. The third type of color deficiency, Tritanopia, is the least common

and refers to sufferers who struggle to distinguish blue or yellow light. The image below shows

what the rainbow may look like to individuals with each of these forms of color blindness.

(Usabilla blog, January 17, 2017), thus meaning Deuteranopia and Protanopia is more likely in

ones blindness if so they have one, Tritanopia the least common out of the main three. In some

extremely rare cases you will have an unheard of color blindness, Monochromacy. This affecting
ones ability to see any colors at all making your vision a greyish black which would be defiantly

impossible to paint with, see colors on numbers and nearly anything else you do in kindergarten

to grade six. Color Blindness begins when you dont have normal human vision which might

be only a very light change of color perception. And it ends with complete color blindness

combined under the umbrella term Monochromacy. (Colorblindor, July 2006).

Whilst cone Monochromacy is less severe in that visual acuity remains normal, it is also

significantly less common with only a handful of cases ever being identified. Total color

blindness from cone Monochromacy is the condition of having only a single type of cone in the

retina. As a result, cone Momochromacy can be categorised as follows:

Blue cone monochromacy, also known as S-cone Monochromacy

Green cone monochromacy, also known as M-cone monochromacy

Red cone monochromacy, also known as L-cone monochromacy

You may have heard that dogs can only see black and white, this used to be a confident claim

about most mammals. However in recent years there has been evidence that at least some

mammals have at least dichromatic color vision. It is now considered possible that animals such

as dogs, horses, bulls, and many other mammals may be only red green color blind.

(Vesari, 2016)

8% of the male population and 4.5% of the population of the UK as a whole are colour

blind and there are estimated to be over 250 million colour blind people worldwide. The vast

majority of people with a colour vision deficiency have inherited their condition from their
mother, who is normally a carrier but not colour blind herself. (Colorblindness awareness,

June) if you add 8% and 4.5% together, around 12.5% of the population has some sort of color

deficiency. Making this quite a bit for newcomers going to schools for their first day, making

school work for those with a color loss extremely hard until they learn to adapt.