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Ei, EeA=OJ , Ae',-JI J .
(""Jill) J>-" o<i ~,..:u,,;I Lil Epp 0' ~ ~j
Bi,Ee B , BEj4l\ ~
<-""Y""";c;.,.b ~iI(B)F~ I ,;IEi ~",,(A)~~I ,;I Ei oI 6.~
.w,orJ.l1
Ei, Eee , (b~1 "-bo.J) , C e',-JI J

~ ~lhh !\ po?J1 .!.l 2

~ ..,.
._ J b il)..,..
.
.
~)
ili "" yr''\:Jl..9
p,-J-1J (..r:--' . J_
__ II) il)..,.. . . ill'
<Il>1~ ~~) ; u.. 6. ~
. "
~.b. '~0' :>b; !:"\:JI )~~I J;~II.:u,.9 , ~I <o.l.;>u'! Wm l.;>:..U~~.?'

.(Ee) ~.r-l, ""\b .l;1j-lli ""Jill ,bOy bA...., ~I ~ ,,>.ill"" (~""Jili

, ~l.6 '4jA\bJ\ ;:"1.! , o,J \ ~ \.iI

31
 E"

W
Wm
. 1. Ec... =O

~.$;lr~.r-=:~ ~! ~4~jS-j~)~1 ~~~l bid-~ . ~

~ ~1 ~\b.lU ~ ~ j.~:il A JI.."r> ~ J.J~~ , o\\.uo...i ~\j ~;:il l,)A ~
~\;...i'iL) ~ ~.:.>' <1.:...t? .J~'-' ~1y.j"i EP miC ~i-, .Bemie ~,s:.....,~,
(Bi) ~ l...l ~\b ~I.! ~, lOlOm jAj ~I).lllj ~j.?J\ .J~I ..l,.J.> ~ ..llLi.,l'il , 1

.<cyl:. ~u.,. ..,.,Ij.>' J "'; ()S.4; ~ .)\:>J\,>j ~'~.J.'-

. ""~~.>"' ';'j""""'J~' ~,j" h=4m twh:,.. b>....,J ~.!J-_

.<cyl:. ,......u Bi >",!>'.JJ''''u..J' ,;.1 .- .
. 'i~ \.l4., ~~ I,)j-l ( ~1 Ul.b ll) E , Epp, Be ~ Lill....
. h tWJ~
BiJ) BiJ )
40 40 f - - - - 401-- -",
20
;;0t---'\2-'::;4~m+,hlm) "0; f - - - - +h1m) 4m::+h1m)
0;;l"' -2;-.....,

. ~I (:0 ,.aJ ~L:J.I il..i1l.:aJ, ~ JSJ..l.J.> ~ 1

,\!~Ib 6J j';'" "'" J. j , . . ,~ (..,.,)-~) ou..,.J' "'Ib ",1J. ~
..
...!.l:i..Jb
. 1) .
. h=2mtwA..~ ~ .,,~u..J"" 'o..J' Ji.. ~ 3
 ...wl

f ol "'~ (u'>;1 - 1"-'") >J..,.J Epp '43= .... ~I Aj\bJ1 ",i,.w ~

~ , ~..w, Lo=(Epp=OJ) ...., ..... ~, uS---; Lo f oi h t""J~1 "'~ I.! uS---; Lo

~' .(h=Om) t",,_,~1

~ ('43u.:J1 .... ~I Ajlb\! ."..,...,ll c$J'-l1 ..".. u'>J~1 ",1 ) ,,"",1 ~ 1-"",)

','a 1 E, =Epp l ,,,,.! .(E,) ~ t" ,j.'1J' (..llO.lll .-""

J.,ol,;o:;, .h=4m t",,;I~I \,I (Ee=OJ) .... -'-'-"-' ",p ~ Ee ~ r-l, Aj\'oJl Loi,

1 'u' ~I ~ 0"
,0
(h) "-"-"";1 ""'" WS .)'-'-I~, -foi ..1....< ,--,.JI .,... WS ~ .

",1' "'""" (h=Om) ,,,,1 t",,)~I~..w, Lo= Ee=40J uS---; Lo ~i ~,

1 E1=Ec 1 :0 j ! 1 Ec~~\~El ~1 1
~I Aj\bJ1 ~ ~ ~ ~ W, t""J~1 "'~ ~ , E, = '-"II> ",1 h>-~ ~
1 E2=E 1 E'4KI141..!1bI1~E2 ~IOj! , E

E=Ei+Ee+Epp . ..,.4 Lob ~1 "\bJI.bl... ~ ~ 2

(E, ",,,,pl) Epp=40J . (h =4m) t",,;I ~I .) .

(El "'''' p l) Ee=OJ

E=Ei+401 E=Ei+40+0

Ec=40J , Epp=OJ
= ~1..J.:..,!~ \ E 0~ ~l:!(E) oi b>~
.4~1b >.J,joA

h=2m t.I.i;l ~ A,, ~lbJl ,,1 .. o...Jl ~

Epp=20J ,,,,1 E, ~I .;,.o .>,..; t",,~1 W ~

Ec=20J , .>,..; w...1. E, ~I.;,.o,

 h=2m , h=4m =t.o:;)~1 "'" ....11;".:ll;l.:..:..,
Epp, =20J Epp, = 40J '\!
Ec,=20J --_. Ec,= OJ 'l,
__----..:'..,4~
- _L.b ",,.IJ,,J"I, o..J1",1> )

pp,.401 "1""
, Ec 2 =20J
..... 1. ... Ee =OJ
,
 1 o~\
"Jf-. ~I a3\bJ13 J.u.l1 .;.2 i>..I>~1
o.9\hl\9 ~~\
Be,W '4,Ib.....:.~1

-~
,0

. ~~,4 .!i; ' f ~~l.:I .l!BB'B )t.......J'l$j'~ AA'A ) t.......J\

, 2J~'
A.......... "

ii '" .......~
. . ,........~~.........._.. ........,....."..,..,,s"
B'
, -~~
, ' , '~.
".o.=J-'""'I.:I
" __ 1'" ~. " BB'B" ) ~'"",
'i') ~ AA'A" ) W04-I"
 I ~

. . ,., 'llJG. ,3 cS""

~ 'e" '-i" _) .9-'-4 ) t...o,..,
. ......
. . - 6...U'>.S
. ? .!l~"CS.:.JI.....l..,)I
_ . .. _ ll b ~
\--.- ",-
Wl:i::.J ~)...l.:!9 c.'.A ".'0 .' 4, ~ ) l1),.,j ~l l.a~.J> d.....1).l ~ \jJ .V (u:~1

,.w..J ~t,. V "".1"" ~1 ~1 1.i4l .;.I Jj1j ,~I w Jf'o >.s.J> u..)~.!lI';"
.~

2
2
~ b d..b..i 01 Jll ~ pj:J t$.lJI ~ ~ \..i..jl ~ I.l J~ ~~1 ~I o~ U' JjLI
. ~ I ';~\ .,..a

.~=lj.,.~J...al ' , ~.
:"'=' t.wl .;J'./ <J L. c:? ~ L; ',.,; ~ ) )
~~
~AB ~" ;,,, . )t...o.;oj I,'"h", J.O.l. \.0=...,1> F ...,I> .,. J-'
>.b;

WAB(F ) = F.d cosa , a.,.JUJl o) \.,uJl,I

AB , F ~",jljJl "" a , ABJ=~I y>d , ~

F
-ct
-F, '
,
.
a
f-'---r'''--.i .........
............. .A
S
i.......... .
J =~lt ~ )I.JI
:.;,.., L> cO>)J L. 3 2
.","'_F......_ _ct_ _ B
0.=00

a =0,.;.\0 <4?-"""" ,;1.9 ABJ=~I..,.b- "sj!j, F>.,>JI""b-.;.1b l

W ~()= Fd<o'O, ...... J...al' . J~ : . ... , ,.; casO =1 , .)llJt,.j
 u = 1t
Q
A

com = - 1 t" a =n '!>~w..~ l.4IjAB // F j.oblS I~!

1 w jii)=-Fd 1 w j i i) = Fd (-l ) ' '''-'j

,Q

- - 1t
W ,,(F) =Fdcos- =Fd (O) '~!
. 2
.J =~ I j.ob ')'<'I;>~ '#' j.ob \S I~! ~j"'" ~~
4 2
, Ji- >1-"".,.J~l.!J1 J = ~I >Jb

O=a
WAB(P)=P.h
' W ,,(P) = P. hcosa
cosa = 1: ~!
, ~ ~I ~..l.AJ1 ~I>

Ail ~"ftl' )t.... ~ >JWI .a \.1

W,..(P) = P. h.cosa
) jt,.!1 h
cosa = ;Oyl = AB ,01 ,..J.>..; ~

w AB(P)=P.h 1 :.31 h=AB. cosCt. q,),j!

, ~)'\ ~ ~ j-it.:J\ ~.lAl1 ~llil Jllli J,..c.

, . te.:'~1 J w;,w.. ~ ,j.oWI ..,..o.; l.4I)i j P l l)l;
h,,
,-
: IV O "1 W,,(P)= -P h l '~!
..l... A
p

(
37
"g~IJ JA:JI."" ~ J,..!l~ I "")o 0" ~1';')olY ~ ~ JA:JIJ..o
Z .""",,jA-l1"'" H t l,;) ~I
ZB n n __ n _ n Ji 1 W(p) = p(Z , -Z , ) 1 Ji 1 W(p)=ph 1

h = IZ , - Z,1 1 e-'
-p .l.;> jA JA:JIJ..o " jS.;,.....-J1~ I~! .
o
.4J1.. JA:JIJ..o "jS.;,.....-J1-'=' I~! .
: W~ ~ Ec ~~I "IblI - 3

a.L+<
o -. __ ~
r=+-Y
v .... ........... .
__ ______
~ .r

- ~~
..
A.........llL V ~ _ . .
~b.......,j \ ~->J.~
..!.l - . .
lM ~ ~ A...S~ ' i\.!lb.!1
Ec = -MV'
2 , "-JWI.)laJu
. .. ... .. ~
. . ~w~ l~
' --1
.( Kg) .;,.....-JI ~ ,M
.(m l s).; i6.~1 rWl ~y,.....-JI "".,.. ,V
. (J).;~~~I "'\blI , Ec
 1 -i>r"l\

~J>"o J\ (Yl?-~1 ;..>1

1 ~ ~ d..,.y~! ~. d.l <.?jJJ ~1 .!1 1

.4..1"'
.)~ ~ c\bu &-4?")
..:J1 t...,.. 1

.~ 6.bw~ ~1)\..u...G ....,.,

, )~l,I ~ ~ d~~J .!l~ ILi.,ll:J F~ ~ ~

W(F)=Fd.o. "
W(F)=Fdcosa ....,.,
W(F) = Fdsino. '-?-
~,.w~u V <U~fol'>.&.rjM~~~pJl"\bJI ~
M2V2
EC ="'2 -\ ")"."''''''''''''1
1 ,
Ec =-M V ....J
2 .
1 ,
Ec=-M
2 V. ->
. _
~ 0" h =U)1 .".ill (A) ~jA-l1 C>-' = fol' Jill! ~ P J:iilll';": ~
)t.,..ly..,w,.. '-"')~I ~0" z, .,.~.H .".ill (B)~jA-l1 ci!
W(P)=P(Z, -Z,) , ,
W( P) =P(Z ,-Z ,) , .."
W(P) =-P(Z,-Z,) '-?-

J;Jl
. , ~ 4 , ~ 1
 2~~\

-
J>:.:Jy c,""y ~ ~ F.}Ab ~ a ~ 20 "'jl; ~ d
-

- - -FoJAlI ~..,...,.I ~ 1

W--- YL
"

d=4 rn
1
J)l> 'JAl' .~ >.b..~1 ""1bO...~1 ..,...,.1 ~ 2
.llt = 5s (rj

..h.l\
F jAlJ WI F j...J1~I..> ~ 1
, "",,'--""~y W(f)~ Fd _co,a , ~ W(f) ')~ ~
W(f ) ~ IOx4xco,20
W( F) ~ 40 x 0,94 , riW
------:: )-
( F'--- ~-3J'1

p ~3B , JoU . -- " 1.. E p ~ W(F)

5
. ~::!"""""" .
,
P ~- .
6'
1 P;;;7,6Watt 1

m" P
,lL P . FcSJAlIJi.' 1>1.. ~ 1
')4-Jll ~W!R) j W(P) jW(F) ..,...,.1 ~
.d=2KmJI.".mdj ~ 1"; . ) I...o,;t~
m = 1400Kg , )4-J1>.Ub
--

.g = ION/Kg , R = 1,2 .1O' N , F = 3 .10'

 chJl
.( >br-l"j>JI );)L,..JI ~>;~."... . F ;j>JI . l
.P = mg ;)L,..JI J:a:.;~.".... P ;j>J1
. l>J~' ~ ~ybl' ~.lJ oj! ,i 'u-")J.jJ\ [)~ : Rl>j4l1
(il ) j P j F ~.."I..> . 2
- J=~I Ji.:. t.b ,<u:Y.:JlcSj>J1 Ji.:.
F d
(a) "'jljll ""'" J4..,> ~ d"",~I
.J=~lj;~..lb ~

-~ W(F )= F.dcosa ,d=2Km =2000m

(l
-
=0, j !, ~~~,d JAl> I$jlj:.1 F
- JAl>
,0
W(F) =3.10' x2000x cosO ...... j
. .!l__ ~ F ~l ukJ""'(+) ;)W.~I 1 W(F)=6.10' J=+6.10' KJ 1

~
:'3 ' - "
W(P) = P.dxcos- >! (-) cSjW
2 2-
"
] W(P) = Pd x O 1 W(P)=OJ 1

,il' r~J=~ l uk ..,>~I ;j>JI ~ >!

~ , W(R) ",,1..>
.li a = 30' ~ja = 150'. ~ , W(R) = R .dcosa
W(R) =1,2.10' x2000 cos 150'
=2,4.lO' (- 0,866)
W(R) =-2,o8.lO'
1 W(R)=-2,1. 10' JI

41,
 -
'Z.
A ...~ .....
......
B
I >JWI
AB =50cm , ABJUW!J,>I""F =5, ON~<?, F 'j>ll
10J . 2, 5J. 250J
2,5J . OJ . 2,5J , y>JWJ~\; . 2
-2,5J . 250J . 2,5J , .,.. >JWJ ~\; . 3
-!>JI

.3 [ 2,5J [. 1
5 c.D. .. 1

. "~, ,, (m = 100g
. ~)~.4J 1 ~\J l.....tJl ~ ~~ l ~~ ~
 : ..L>-J\
)t..... .J5. J JA:JI J..<c ~'->
W ( P) ~ Ph Oy d ; -%.J10) t.,.J1,o h .)~WJIJ=~I ,L<>1(h.J"'Jl o~...,b>;
..,lc ~I .?' J=~l ~ ! ~~ . (+ ) O)\.:. ~1
~. ~ ~I .?' J =~l~ c;! ~~, (-) O)\.:.~1
~. .(h) .)~WJl t)~I ..,lc ~J.W .!l~I J,o)o>JI ..,lc ~ ~ J"'olI J,....!

-
~
, . (B ), (A ) ()':!

',~
W ( P) ~ - Ph ~- m g h (1))c....lJ ~I,o.
2em.,. J4.o 9'>' (B ), (A ) ()':! .)~WJl t)~1 .h
h=5 x2=10m ' v.3! lem Sm ~)! I,.)"'~~j
W(P) ~ - 0,l x 9,8 x l0 . ........ "".9"
Nr-I- ----,
. W(P)~ -9,8J
-~ .(2))c....lJ ~I,o.
rl-
W-(-'p-
)~-OJ
-'I ~! h = Dm
(3))c....lJ ~I,o.
R' ~ 5m u.. 9'>, (B ), (A )()':! .)~WJ l t)~1 J.WJ,. .) t......Il (Y f"4,I ~
W(P) ~+ mgh '~!
~ 0,1 x 8,8 x 5

. m = 58,4 g ~ """" o;SJ 269Kml h 01.;-,,", Jp-,...

.Be ~pJl ~lh~1
 ~ I . ~ ~",.JI "Ibll ~b>
1
Ec =- mV 2 , "'" ~rol' ..Ibll. ) "" ..,b>:l
2
269
V = 36 =74,7m/s , ..........(mls) J! \fl~ , V =269Kmlh , u"..Il
, Ec=~(58,4.10-')(74,7)' ' .......... u'>~
2
Ec ~163J

J"'" .,. ~b ""'" .....I .;.,;b " ?-JI (>AM = 1200Kg ~ ' )4-. ..
.d = 200m ...l.....::ab> t. ..... ,(108Kmlh) '-"'.,..JI ~ F,=3.103N ~ F,
.f =300N ~ .....~ f .!J~! '~ ~.)c"..J101 u'>' ..
. ,,)lb:,~1 <Ib.J(Ec,) ~",.JI ~110.,....,.1 . 1
. 200m ...b. ~ <Ib.J(Ec,) ~",.JI ~110.,....,.I n
.(Mc) ~roll ~Ilo"...,>:llI ~1 .3
~ P ~I <5 ~I F. (c ) )c"..J1;,,)11= fo -'" ~ Ji;.
. ,.~...4>~I ~I .,....,.i . 1 .5
.LW(F) <5~I .:u.&4?-j~I t".,...~; . ""
$~L.. ,L W(F) j LlEc ~~)\j e l .!!

. ~ ~1 ~~1 t).,a ~ I.llA .-.,..1

..hJ\
. .j)lb:,~1 <lb.JEc, ~",.J' ~Ilo."b> .1
' ) c"..J1 il , V, = Omis uS' 1 Ec , M V~ l
= ,"'" ~rol' ''Ibl'')""
1 EcJ =OJ 1 :.l!
 :Be2 ~.r-J\ 4.!1bJ' -,.Il........> !l 2
(m/s) JJJ~V, =108Km/h ~ Ec,=!:.MV~ ' J4..I1
2

V =108 Km = 108 =30mls

, h 3,6

-
'.~
Mc = 5,4.10'-0 , 1Mc =5,4.1O' J 1

'; Jc,...ll >J\bc foJ-' ..... (c) ~

<5j>.l1~ J4>,
.!l~~I ;~ , f ,<6.~I ;j>.lI,F,
Z,)4-Jl~ , P

.; Jc,...ll (J ';").1J.:. ""'" lA ,1,(J.o.4l1~J) ..,....~I ;j>.l >.,..bUll "-'=r-JI R,

, ;) j-! .JS.l ~~I _l.-ll ..,-l'l.......> 1 !I 5

] W( F, !=+Fd =3 .lO' x200= 6.10' J

~' W((! =- fd = - 300x200 = -6.10' J

: z,) ~ I ~;)P ~ I..s # \ ~~~ J ~ l ~-.".I1.......:> . ~

Iw (!= W ( F, ! + W ((!+ W (P!+ W ( R, !

=6.10' - 6.10' + 0 + 0
1I W cP! - 5,4.10' J 1
 I W(F) j (Mc) .Jl,> "'; l4.!1 . 1 ~ 6

1 Mc = I W(F)=S,4.10 , J l Ji".)l;

Mc= I W(F) 'l ~

~.e-JI 4A1.b.l\ 6...!# ~ ~\ ,)~ . .,.
~ __ 1\ li\bJ1..I .\;.... .
. r- . J - <.P'

''';;.,JI I W(F).sj>J1&4?' Jt..ol ~ .,sjl. >J..,.J Mc ~r-J' '''1bJ1 "";:> !

.Mc= I (F) ~ .:-',w...J~t,.Oj '~

.100m u'~1 ~0" t"'-" J.? WC>-'..,;-.~,.J,> v-...."

.,'j4Il tA '"14> ~I
.150Kg.,sjl. ~1 ~l L.lcJ>ll" ,.0=~i ~ l
g=9,8NI Kg ~

~..r-J I a51.b.l1....,..,.....:>1., lil.b.lllO~! A1.l1.a.o ~1 !J

.(,'j4Il"'j"'" J..4') . u' ~1 ~ J! Alj">j >JQ,.J ~
..ll4>~~~1 !J 3
~.r-l' '''1bJ1 "'".., ~t:i....1 ~ ...I J,.,j ~ ",,.1bJ1",mJI J... ~
. ,
..!il.b.ll JQ~l dJ.ll.a.4 UA li~1

c.W\
J>lll ',00= ...1..> ~ l
W(P) =+ P.h .U \>
.
Jo.r.-
. >.lb 'iJ..r-
:o . ~ . _ II I l.".

W(P) =mg h=lS0 x 9,8 x 100 =147000

W(P)=1,47.1O' J
 d..i\bJ\ b\..:....j! AJ..lI..:&.4 A,il.S ~ 2
(~ I ci! Ot....,JI(>' .,,=,) .~WI ~L, ~ ~I ~ ....\bJ1blh.;! >.bt...

~ ~I...,I~\ d..ilbll + d l!Q; ",h d..ilbl\ OI..A..I d..i\bll = ~ ~~ I M\bJ\

3-',~ 4b~ I' Wl ~.?A.i\b . . ' "lS! . . l ~ :J ~d..:~ I A.i\bJ I

. ~ )b.J I

Ee, + W(P) - a =Ee,

-: ' ...i?) ~ \ r...b.... ~ b~\ i\h.J ~ ~I d..i\bJ\ -.,.Il....>
,0
~~)i rWl~'L,I U==l.. ~~\ (.l:J Vl =Om/s ~ Ec J= ~mv ~ ,~..

Ecl =OJ :(.l.ll .J+?JI .)..c. Al~ !

. " ~I "'jwJ~~ I':"'j L: W!F) = W( P) .,) \.6

Ee, = l,47.1O'J . .....j 1 Ee,= W( P) 1 ~!

4.6::. __ 1\ A.!\bJI Ou .~', ?:,I..:i...l:i.-

- .r- -.;-- ....
Ec,+W(P) =Ec 2 ?.j\bJ\ b~\ AJ..lbA -"
 . f ""'~ .:J~! ~ ....I .......... ':;.,.I4l"-l.:JP:;j M=O,5K~ "-.JI' t" "
1-""'--'Ajj ..... M i M I , Mo y~' ~\~..,...i~I ~' ~~' ~jJl
(, = 0,04s)

. (V, .
111 t 1t 11111
v,. v, U..JI <,SI)(M,)' (M,), (M,)
n!111 111111111
t""~' <J "-.,-JI a.c.>"' ..... ____ 1 "
1
. (M,) J (M) ~~I "'" il;jA\bJidI 1 ..JIl.=1 ,, 2 o

Wa ) .:J~~I jA J...c. -'? ,;";\bJIIOw.,.;! 1-4-' J~" . 1 ,, 3

.f..!.l~~I;;';~~I . '-.,.I

cW\
(M ,). (M , ). (M , ) <""I~I J "".,-Jl a.c.>-" ..... ~l..> ,, }
, -
1~-.,..I).A~jJ4-A~'O;j .. ~~ d.b:..J~ VA .:h...lll Ac.;-Jl ' l ~
..,...jJl J l,.l11.4l Vm .......,o...J1a.c ~I =

r -__~~~,L_____
-__~~~t~
V =V =.'!... I ,~
1 V ,= MO;:' l 'V, l h >llIa.c.,-lI .....
~ ul "'j .....,jlI J~1 ,-l-JI J~"j M ,M , .... 7cm..,., """"",,
1MgM,=O,28cml . ..... MgM, =7x4=28cm , u . ! 4cm _ _ lcm
,v = 0.28 : .l! , t =0,04 5 , l..l..!...lI
l 2xO,04 -
 , v ;" b...l!1lu: .;-'
2~
.,11 ~
-

: ~~'J~4jM1M3-75cm ~i.>"'~\,I j
V ]= M M 3
. 2t
M,M, = 5 x 4 = 20cm = 0,2m ,-_ _ _ _-,

~
- 1 V,=2,5m/s
. V = 0,2
. , 2(0,04)

~' ,v3 4,- b.,. lh ~ .r-

,I, ~
_

3-
'.~
..,.. .......l M,M, =3 x 4 =12cm =0,12m

/ V = 0,12
V, =1,5m 5 , 2( 0,04)

:i J! "\Jo r.lXo I..>..';..J\.. J,o ~~ ..\Jo ~ ~ .)w", '...J>ll <6. ~. ~ .J.,>JO ~

',~ '4J, ,Wm,= W(j ) ~~ J,o"":;.l".l ( f ) .!l15:O.>~1 '~...,...... .....JIO.JI b..~1

Ec,J!(Ec,) 0" ~",.JI ~\Jo ~y.,wJ1

.".. w;. ...~\bJ 1 >.k.WI ",t. I.lJ.l

Wm :W(P)

,W ( f ) .!l15:O.>~1 '~ J..<o [<=-1 . 1 . 3

(}..,.JI J ! u;...,l10" ",=1) ."\bJ1bu.,.;, >,6.. ~

AA...!..4.Jl d.Au.:Jl ;"I ., Ai ", q Il d,j\bJl + ~ ~ I...ll,1';i\ d,Alb.ll

~ ~~\ a!\bJl =

49
 - l 2:1
- W(f)=--M(V -V ' \
2 ,"
- W(j) = -1(0,5)(3,5' -2,5')

I - W(f) = -1,5J 1
.
f .J~ '4'\ ~ ~ ~I.....> ...,...

d=M,M , , .:c;.tH'.. W(j) =-fd 'ut,-h>

M 1M 2 ~ 3em ' ~iJ"'~y
f = 1,5 d=M,M , =3 x 4=12cm , ..,...,.w' J~~j
0.12

1 f= 12,5N 1

~ ,V, ..,,'....! ",_.!l~ ~' ''''J..4"","",; ."..t ~,,~ "'fo~"'

. J,.\4.l' ~' ,;l~~ jA ~ ~G.J.!lF"" ' V, =4m/
.(B), (Al ~ ~'jA-l~ r.ll
 d.A~ , il!\bJ\ - ;"I.'i,,' q Il il!\bJ\ + ~yS1.l ~ \~~1 <.U\bJ\
~yS1.l ~lf.J\ ai\bJ\ =

(~~'~"\'>j>~)F =O~W(P)=OJ 'OSJ E,+W(F)-W(;)=E ,

(.!lln>"~"\'>j>~lf = 'o ~ Wcf)=OJ ,.!lJ~

J=~I ...,Lo ,,~_ R, 'o ~ W(R , )=OJ 'oI J!'4-"~It"

E,=EA 'O.! J=~I...,Lo,,~_P~W(P)=OJ ,.!lJ~

1 VA= Vo = 4m1s l , ~.:.A

1;..-
.!mV 2=..!.mV 2
22 A

, ;)Ib-J, ~ )~ , ~I... l ~ 2
(A) ~~I"" "'lbJl lOl4o.,;l >J~l..o w.;1 ~
,.. ,---- - C
, ' , ,,1 "";-JI "",~..Ll ".iJI(B)j
Eea =OJ , ....... j VA =Om/S

A -
p E", +O - W( P) =ECB 1 , .l!

ECB = ~4I-iJ \ il!1bJ\ , ECA = ~\~::.'\ <.U1bJ\

W(F) =OJ o.! . ....."...~..\,>j> ~ oSJ , W(P) = ,1.';" , h "'1bJ1

OJ= ;"':i , q 1t ailbJ\ .:.Aj
 w(P) = mgh = .....l4.l1 ....\bJ1
("-!lt.. ",j!:l) - mgh =.....l4.lI ....\bJI , ,,,l'~'''''' >';~I ", t..,.,
."s:..J1J,.\4.l1JS:.WI\,l (....,.. ,., w= (B) , (A) "'" .;,.\.lJ1tU)~I,., ,h .;,.p.
(.>A

R = h, + h , ~JS:.W'
1 h=R-h, l , <UA,

, ~1.bJ11O~1 ~..l1.M ~ ~~ - mgR(1 - coso.) = \..cI.u..J\ djlbll, ~!

BeA +O-mgR( l-coso.) =ECB

1
-mV , mgR ( 1-C050. )=1
A- -mV s,
2 2

l ~ .!mV!- mgRCl -coSCl) = O

2 1
mgR(l - cosa) =-mV~
2
mV'
1- casa = _ _
0 ',j!
2gR

coso.=l-~
v'
2gR

a ~_A.> !J 3
(4) ' 0.=78,5
cosa= l - : ~LJoD~
2(10)(1)
-
j ., - - - - - - - - - - _ . : . . . : . . . = = ;
-::>
.-< .
,.,...".~
, (AB) ..,,- _l'.~r-
" 1..,,- ' .\... "'""
.,.j >..ll..wl'"
. . .JM' u' j ..u. (A) >.W.;, (>-'
. "'""""
" - y.A
" .

. Vs = 15m/s ....,..., u = 30 .... "j\j .(BD)Jli.4".....,I..\; .....j (B)iIb4.J

- .m=80Kg.s
. j
J...:)",->~ " -., . II >.l;b .
. oH "'""""r - ~j
.!l~~I.si
:>-"

~:
AB =100m J=~I ,l.i>I ~ j:M.JI i4J.i,.;c}J1 F.....I.JJI .JAlI ..... -.,....>1 ~ 1

3-
'.'lI

.0

-
~
~
. (B) ~jA-lI (>-' 1; 1..w1 i4J.i,.;,," I ~.:,oJI ~ ~j:M.JI '-'.!j< ~
.BC =20m 1 Wc , (C)~jA-lI.;lVc ~ j:M.JI ....JM'~I . 1
','ll
.g = 9.8NIKg;,.;.~
.BD )J....JIJjb~I>,(D)='-'.!""~j:M.Jld~! ~ 3
. ~j:M.JI iI4...J (C) j (B) ~jA-lI ();, .,.,.Ibll 'IJ, o ~ 1 bd ~

..wl
F~l..l11 ~,.;All ~ ~I.....> !J 1
R ~ j'..JJ (C) OJIbsJI fo.Jo' (>-' .sJAlI J.l..:o OJj&-Il ......,.

- (B) j (A) ~jA-lI ();, "Ibll b\h;! OJ>l>.o ~

C+--+ F E", +W(F)=E" , WcF)=E",- E",
;0;. .......- 1 - -...
ECA =OJ l..O;lj ,W(F)=F.AB ,~
-p
 1 , -
F.AB= - mV,-O W(P). ~!
2

F=90N F= 80x(15)' . ~u"~

2x100

R , Vc ~I.....> !J 2
JS li.9 Pw> 9 dl> j.W1 ~ ~P j..-ll "". ~I Jl.:> i

hl [ h2
--_""-::-I-"!!- - - - -' - - -'- - - - _.
A B
P

( C) .9 (B)'"'" 6..\bJl bth.nJ~l.A'

.
.t... .
..,..,-
1 ] 1 :2 . ., ".,' 1 :2 1 :2
-V,-gh, =-Vc m J~. - mV,-mgh,=- Vc,
2 2 .........
' ~-- 2 2 E" + 0 - W(P-) -- Ecc

sina 6..~ ~ I-'J. (a) "'.9'jlJ J,.\4.JI.9"(h, ).:>"l

1 ]
- V s-gxBC x sma = -V c2 . 1 h h
, sma =----L. l= BCxsina
2 2 BC

1V c=JV ~- 2g. BC.sina 1 . Vi- 2g.BC.Sina = Vg ,~(2)~'-:-I~

V c=~(15) 2 -2x9,8x20xsin30 ' ~~p.J
V c=5,4m /s 1

. BD ) 1......)1J jb.,.l-> 2
.(h,) t tAo)~I w.,1.9 ' BD ..1......)1 J~I t" ,J;WI JS.l.l1...,..., ~
..w ( D) .9(B) """,jA-lI"", 6..\bJ1 bth,;! 1..... J~Y
 Va =Omis , """, ~! ( D ) ~~I ="""~ JI> j4.lll J...>j
h2 = V ; . !mV ;- mgh 2 = O : ~~j
2g 2 .
V'
-
~,
BD .sinn =-'
2g
h2 = BDsin a. , o1 ~

-.~ , (15) '

vi
-~
'<> BD = =23 BD =
0- 2(9,8) sin 30 2gsino.

LI_BD
_=_ 2_3_m....J

~ ,(Cl1JB) ..;>=~' ~_~.,;...J' >J..,.J ..,,.IbJi>I"o>ll ~ ~ 3

.Q H ()
,0 0A 1!'-4 ~t>:,....JI J,.~ 1 l' ~ j i.o>-.;;;u.;..u."c ""';" l b...~
JI> j4J1
N ",I b...~ , W(P) =-mg h" t.I J=~I ~ .,s~_ i , W(R)= OJ ' cP ,i,p
, ~w= :lj!\bJ\ A ll , o ..J \ ~ b \.J.J , ...,.Jt....

1i
1, .. \...0 ~ ,(A) 4loJu 0A \>)U.,;! ,(15ml s)""-,"", ~ " ~ L,J~t.:.';fo':' '"
~ .(J5:.:.lI) "'";" 1:?- 0"(1, 6m
v B= Om /s .",ul ol,t;I~I y...>1 ~ l
(8 ) .-,,
, (..,IbJI J.;,(A,.;! 'bL...;~!l
. ~) :.: , ~)l..~.;~\ iu:.>-~~\ Il
1
VI 11 g=9,BNI Kg , ..,b>,>

A t, l,
1,6m ~ le
'1
 ~I

~~l t)~I -."Jl....> .!l I

.JS:.WI,;! w.,.; 1:....jA J'> ~.v. = Omis ~I ~.J"'" ?..1...,.foll .w.,;, t)1 '-"""'1\,1
(B) j (A) u;; "1bJ1 bw..;! al~t... ~

eu..J..4..l1dj\bJ\ 4' ,';'-'''' ~ \ iI..j\bJ\ + o,p:LI ~\~'il ailbl\

~ .....~I . .IbJI=

V .= Om ls .;,~ E,,= OJ ~ ECA +WcP)-O=E"

1 , -
_ _ -2 mV A =-W(P) : .)!
W(P) = -mgh , -sl411... oP" W(P)J>:JI J..,; 0 \.9 ....... ,-...,.Jlol l4,j

1 h=V ; l ,~mv;=-(-mgh) ' '''''''u'>~

2g

1 h = 11,51 h= (15) ' "' 1148m

2(9.8)

~) ::{I ~'}l.. ~ ;)".s.J\ "".r"' ~ :~' .!I 2

~~\ ~ i\j\bl11OlA:J..j! (IJ.JbA ..I.J.J.?- u-o ~
~ (C) j (B) """,~ IU;; , Jj~I ",,}<oJI .
V ,_ 2W(P) O+W(P)=~mV i, Ec. +W(P)-O=E"
c- m 2
10-"" al\> \,1 o P" J=~II.a \,I,-...,.JI o~ (+))L.:.~1 b...~ ' IW(P) = +mr ,~
h=BA-AC.la Vc = J2gh .O:'!
Vc= J2x9,8 x 13.1 , h=11.5 + 1.5=13,lm

(C) j (A)""",~I u;; ..lbJl bw..;! al~t...~ . .....lill ....}<oJ'.

W (P)=+mgh .~ ECA+W(P)-O=E c
....... t"'jl' \,1 ....1jlj ~(C) J !(A).:,.- h,.o ':'lb..J1>';If' \,I,-...,.JI o~ (+) ')L.:.~I
(C)j(B).:,.- h,.o,., ,(B) J ! (A).:,.-
h = AC
 1 2 1 2
- mVA+mgh=-mV c
2 2

V~=V!+2gh

-~:I Vc" 16ml s 1

Vc ~ .j'7
(1'"'S'"')""2-+-=2-x-=9-O,8C-x-01-=6 , ...,.,. u'o~

-3""
'.'a
. 4..l l..J! ~!
. .' """"'.",.-'
. ' . '"

,, ,fo ~ u'o.?..,l<: .!l1D>! " , ..... .;J j..Y 01 us..,. ,m ~ 25g ~ """" .
<).
..)~w. y...... ;; t'" ..,.ll~ UA U"~ . ; t....., R ~ 40cm yW .
~
,0 o
.(A) t">j4JIUA """", ~ ,-.....JI-!l.
N
A W(P) ,-.....J".:...Jio'o~.;L..o~I . I " 1
-
]
. (BhJ! (A ) UA J:ill; lA .
B C a=60o l L.k ,( C) d.b:i.lJ! ~JlllI ~~1 .-...,..I
-
:9
~

(C)~I ;;.!lJ';';', , (B)~ I ;;Ec8 , .<.II~.,..JI>.jlbJ l .;""bd "

','11
. g=9.8NIKg~~ .Ec
~
;'3'
."..

] ..hJ\
,il'
0: ,(BI JI (AI,.,.. J=~I ,,,,"1J>:.l"; L..o...!.' " 1
~

'" W(P) ~ +mgh l ,,,\>hu,-.....JI,,I t..,

h
h, +h = h, ,,,I ~I UAb>~
h = h, .h, , .....,
p
~ ""I,;JI ;,t;.. ~( h,) ,,1w.,,1b>~
cos ~ >.j)le ~ J
cos p= ;,4- =!!.1. ,~!
-'" JlI R
 hl =R cosa
h=Rcosp -Rcosa
1 h = R(eo, ~ -co,a) 1

(C) ~I J j..A.:J1~ -.,.lb> . --,.1

W(P) .;1." \.! u"~ 1.<= , eosO'= 10i,.w, ~ =0' O~ (Cp.hAllI\.!
1 W(P)=mgR(l-eo,a) l , "";J,>WI

W(P) =0,025 x9.8 xO,4 (1- co, 60)

W(P )=0,049= 4,9 .10-' J 1

.!B l t"",tI\.!Ee i4b.r-l, .... \bJI, ) t..c ~ 2

Ec.. +W(P)-O=E" , """"..,.illl ;u.;...).c .... \bJ1 b",,",! >Jou.. ~
(A UA ,j)\h;~ll VA=Omis 'O ~ , EeA =OJ ,~

Ecs= mgR(cosP -casa) 1

,Ecc o)4-c
Ecc =mgR (l-cos o.) ' ~! cosO=I,~=O ,(C)t"'~I\.!
 1 1I\>J,\
,
"-.9lbll,9 ~I .:. i ~-I.:> JI

Ee. W 6.."1),9..u1 dJf=.r-JI

'4;1.>\1 ~rJl ;;"'IJ~ - 1
""-!....- - 1
-',ca
~

- ~

5, =MJ1, 5, =MJ1,
(5 ) ...... ., . Ii >kWI ""~..,:J' '''J'}' ''''''''' Ii"" (9 )
~

.JIl.o >'
"'J'}' >kW,
,Q

e ,= ~" OM,) , e i" ~" OM, ) .JIl.oo'

y

:9
','il

(m) ~ ~ .! Q h ~\.AJ !, S
(rad) ~ "'J'}' >kW, . 9
1
( m) ."
5=R9
5'. .;"., ; .R
 ~ 65 =5 2 -5 1
11' D.t=t 2 - t 1

OOm =iI...>~l~,'jJl 6.8 =8 2--e 1

tp....o (.>'j l1t
Vm ,rom ~ ~1 ~ d"j"}laJ\
1

OOm=S =R-68 , ~...u fit=t 2-tl ~jJ4-A~

l1t l1t

1 Vm =ROlm 1

V j Ol ~I ~.,...JI " " i\!')W1

V =ROl 1 . u,...Il (t ) ..,..j Ab..Ji,!

:,>~ )~ ( MF/. ) ~I,o.~ <"r - 2

;...JI~ 1
,hj..ilJ J;Li ,.....,J j>.Il .igJ .,sJoijJCJI J.UlI ,., ' ' ; ~ ~

: .; t; ( 112-~ c,....J l; 0"'; \.;..0. 0__ t.,... 2

MF/ aFl$I F:'~l~~ I..lyb~j.al'~~ .

(_lllli j..o J'" (l j..o)1)
O';,..\JI JY-L>'=- 0#' JAl.> ~ tA l..lyb f' j.all.....,.....~ l...&.
MF/Do 0. d..... '1$1
~ ...... ~)K u,.~ ,,"w,! ~ (=) <,Sjl..OJl jA) If'\s:.o ~";j 'Ct _\.J1 jA) ~
-:;:J MFn =K F.d ~J ' (~j..1l'~I..l>.,u
L

.--<

(.1)
(SI ) 4Jj..\lI':'I~~ 1 >J..;>.,;l
K =1.:.>~
M:-,-, .-=-:p:-.dc=-:,I
r:-

, ~ IjJ( );;)t.:.! ,..J.sll .1>14 ~\ ~1 ~ iJ UI; j.l ~!.:l! lAI .

1 Mp, =F.d 1

M il =ON.m 'r,. J. 14..J\r~\

sine =0. 9 =0 'U~O I)j.JJ\)~ i$jI~ ;;#'J,Ab o lf:. !-

b = Om , o\! (1)jJJ1)p.o u-o ~ ;;#,J..ob ol.f:, Cl!-

1 M' JG=ON.m 1 : ..l..oj
 :.:;,.t )~ J~ u\)~.>ll..l,t; ~ ~ sk ;;:; s~ J.><- t'r 3
. "'P.>" c.>:" ~~~ (il) ">'J.9~ ;_ J? .j"'~">i'-''' ;j-",(5 ) ;fo J.,...;
~ b~ Ab-\~ ml . ml ml J:A.S.l1~ \~.!I F3' F] , FlI..s~ ;)~I .)L. p~ ..
.;"s:.J1-' ~ bl>..;
, ~ S jOll ,.:.., ~j,;.J """l..:J1~ I ", ~j .s~I .:.., ~ j';'" plo.:...;"s:.J1

~:',- ,~~ ~
_
.-.;-..-..
6. .....
' d, F,
. (S)
_
F, F,
m,

L M(F, ! il) ~M(F, ! tJ.)+ M(F, ! il) + M(F, ! il)

,~W\! (J>:.WI) ""l..J I .,.; ~ 4.> ~ ",';j..l "+.>~I ~I ; L,.o.ct,.j

: (F ,F') S~ ;;"~ ~i" t'r 4

CJ.!.--'-' 1

, l..4l "'\; ",I~ (F, F') .s jOli -' Do ...,.. .s jOli 6.;> j~'"
.w~jl":"" )U!.> -

."'~~ "'~ ..
.F=F' ~.!I l...A b ~
-
~. - ,- - - - - - , . -
"'" ~1' .lF ,F ).sj! ",>,p j .,(~) ",,1> ) _ JP' Ul)j..ill J,t> y.L.o l'"'? ~ L;p l li!
......

-
~' ~~.lj..o
.Jll.> '"
ll ,0.Jl.,....J\ .l~ :.} .l! rJ ()0:1~\ J~ ! ..l..i..i:.
$ ~ -
F , ~I '-'"'" iJ _J4l1U';.l-'" 0i-'.!l1bj!

3-
a-

(6)
. ~,..uj ~lrJ .ljA4Jl ~J:JF i h>'i
F' . ~~ I ~I ~~ .l~ I.HJ:J F' 01 ~I h:.. 'i
'.~ "-.. $

-
-a.
,')
,Q

""
- ~ +F ,R + F'r'".R'-::-_ _ _--,
] f-R+----R-l F ,D)~F(2RJ
-
~
~

F'
1M(F F ~ F' .~

','lJ

:a'
-=>
$
',a'
"'..;"
'" A

4~
o~ ~ j> ..,.,.51~ .~i ~\jA o.J..A.;..o (:I~ ~..c.3 Co B. A loU Co"j)\j ~ ~ ~
.>.Jo.>.; ~)l...o .......-JI...,yl iJ Jo.-'j ,b"'-'ll
(Cyclode '~;.Ij-) u~ Ul)l...o I..4lj 'il!lliA ),:,Wb.ll1
)l...o i4J ~1-'.s? I ""'; ui ~ ~j ' ~!.; " Lo)l...o . ( ~ I for lc ~I
)l:-c\~;" qh; i .. ;" qin; ' , o~.P" ..!.l~~lw-o ~t.> Ab..4,j ~ aJU::u.Ilp.J-"

,(..., ...........,;,~, ..s j>J' ~) l,,4ol4- al ,:,.... ~ aJ..". ,....,J' ':'1

, (O,XYZ ) ~,.a...J ~" ~

m10C +m 0 C +m 0C + ... =(m +m +m3 + .. .)oc
1 2 2 3 3 1 2
Lm,oc, ~OC Lm
, ,
mC.
, ___,

,,
" Cl
,- c
OC -
z oc " ....... 3
,
, , ,,
,"
- -- c

, -' oc
,, ,"".,--
, ,,
-- - --.=...oc --
~=
O
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_ _ _-+ y 2
 ,(G) J'LJI fojA ~ 3~3
J'LJI fo.r.J "",~I ~I
.(B) J (A) ~..,. o.i,.;J cSjAA 'M.:G-~

~,- ''-''0
L - b;..,. h.;.JUI..A
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<J~""J-'J"

(1~1 )
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- A 1~1
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(G) J'LJI fojA >.b:.".. >.bA.;.)1 o,io.>.b: ~ l.b""" "",....), ~ I l ~

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tti (G) ~j 0 1 ~ u)~' J:..A C!Ok,,'4, ~l:! ~.3L;-J\ ~ l5:A ~ lAi *

;( .... k;t.; ~--'"" cl..... /--'-'"! ~ ,;J~ \"r - .j

. ~I ~I ";".)o ~ F '~I '-'"""" (JO ",-1 ; ;.. ",",Jo<'..,Lo p.., ,1 b\.:u '"
5.b>).lj \.lu

(M,)

lQ! ", S'.;J1eu:...,...J\ 0-A foi "-cj""' ." jS'~! , (Ml ) ~~1 a1.:iS.l\ ..:J!.~ a".r-Jl QI .b>~

.(M2 ) ~\ J.S.l1..::J\.l 'Y~\

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'I.)j ~'>';.,.u (M,) i\JIb.J' .;>" fol..,W'>.;.,-u

l jE=..JA .;>" .J-'" .( il) .::.,.1> ) _ J.? ",,),..w ",)!.,\> '" u.w.. ",l..>'" ,2 Jo l.:.> "
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(S)..,.l...JI ,-...;-lJ"'"31i>!h; ;hr t...,> ~I J:6>.",.. ........ m, . m, . m ,
, "-+!WI; J4->lu ul=.I (S) ,...,.JI <Il,.,., r:,..

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, y.--j:U,!J'> ",;0..; .;......... J~I
(Il) 1----":':'(M)

(C).:.J\60 foJ" JP- ,-....J16.Jib..o r ~ ,Jl c

d : c
........ _-_.........,, ,lM <IJj> J_ JP- ,-....JI 6.J\60 r ~ , J / Il
,-....JI~ , M

(.) lJj.ll1J _ j (e) 6.Ju...JI foJ" "" .,,>~ I --...JI , d

JI:... ..
r.I ~ lM J_ J P- (. , j4.JI ",",~I) ' ;"00 "(L) >";1~ ~I 6.J\60 r~ y...>1
( ~ I ) i4' 1.ll~ .....1>-' r.I cl,> ,(c l \4ll\60 fo r.I

J Llc = !: MR
2
: 01 ~
2

M L
C
3 ,
J u=- MR
2

: ~ ,..". Wj\~ 4
: c:..-w"
- ~ t:I'- [.>_'i-'""
I -~ cj 'I -
,... y
j

\ ,>:>1(S) ~ Cl,.( c) . p h' -""'" ~ , h,t.:..; ..

, l.J> .:>;'~ ......1> ftl l
li. iFs / c !~I .",., ,(.ftll..,l<: S,o....JI J--l) ..,..-)t;JI.,.
P j l F Tlc .~I .",., ,(.ftll.;! T u'IIJ--l) J>:Ji>,..
 y
1
, (
R
(C)
-
J (S)
oL-.,--+-- + x
-
~,
-p
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<Ii U,1 ~

3-
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- -
R ; jAll J.:. '-""" P ; jAll J.:. l ~ ~!

'.'li

>">J~':"'" ~ ,;.~ (~) u,ob Jj"" Jj> IJJ..ill J,ol> (S) ..,.L.o i"'"? .2b~ ..
(F,F') <5~

IrJ .a.~;';'~I'jAll ~ d J.>

(S)
~ ~J ~I '-""" ~F' J F ~,,...:.
- -
3','11 "
~f =ii"'IM_
.~ F/!J.
+M_
F'J fJ.
,,0 . . . ..
' '''-'~
'W" "u""............... - '

F' ILj'~~\l J41.

, ~I,-"",,~(S)~II.H'" F' JF 'jAl l l?"-"~,)Ib

M _ +M_ ,*O'W.l1
FIt:. F'/IJ. '

jl~ ~, 0 1~ ":i '.lf.!. ' L F= 1o.,.:JI ~ !.lI

,.!l~! .uJlIA ~ ~ =-" (c) i"'"? , 3b~ ..
~ ..... 5j1~t~J4I.

)..!.ll.l~~.

, L..> 'jAl ~I>(c) ~I

R, (.JW ' ~) ..,...)UJI ;~

p, .J.;,,~

- -
R J.:. '-""" PJ.:. ~ l ..,.,." )l~ ~ J
 y
" , ~~Py ~p~ O)~ ..ll::-=J ~
~~; .... 6OJ U=Pl b> ~

,J~"
",
1'---_p_,_=_P_'_i"_U
Cl" x
_--' : ~o" sinn =~:
p_l. \. ., ..I.lI.!.U~
p
y' p
p y= Pcoso. , cosa = -y '1Lo.S
P
,~

o~4A~~ w# lwLb p::. l ~~ 09~~L;..~~ j\~~

F 2 =FI z,..J...:J\ L>'...A.:! L.4l - : 0 11:,51

J.oWI ""'" 14
-F =-F-
1 2 ~~ ~ *

F,
 "',,",~j4JI .io J= ~ l..O (il).~1:.
-
-
~'
~ ' -F'
A'
~
AB lJ"'i4U ~w ~j S...wJl A:..,ib F ojAl!"'::"':'l&:. \,j!
~
AB = R.9 .;,S]
-
. W(F)=F.AB ~ul'
~

.",I}I""', (u~~I"J.':') 9, ~~I"Jo.'....o....; ,R t"

...
- r---::_---::--_...,
W(F ) = F.R.S , """ J """ ~I
~ W!F) = M(F I6J, 9 l ' u'>! M(F l d)=F.R '.;,S]
','il!

-
<3-
~
(il) "",1:. J" " J".. uIJ,.ill..Hl> l'''"?' ~ pj:> ..IoW1""'1:. o~ J=
e 1J,..1 ~,Ij x ;)#\ ,)~?, .J.':. =
,0
<")

~ W(F,F')=W(F)+W(F')
5!' W(F,F')=MF l d.9+MP / d.9
31
','il WcF ,F') = F.R.9 + F:R.9
~ W!F,F')=F2R.9 F = F' ' .;,S]
:a' W( F,F') = M(F,F').9

: ,;)L.uJ4

~ "'JI}I ~"...JI, 00 .(di;".. J"..,.....,..J' <>JlI= ~ ~ ~. J ,

,;""'\A ~ "}l.o ~

1 2 1 2 ,"-JWI; l.>Ju ..... -.

Ec= - MV +- J,OO H ) . . ...,,--

2 2

71
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,.); l..> >.:J,,\;JI )\,uJI 1!'-'>' ,lb> , 1~..,.,..
. >.;L,b (v) ',to..JJI~.J"''''''' .ot,..:,....L ",,,,,-", >.SpJI
. C.,ll:! (v) 4P,?!ll\~.>- ~l,l~ 4 41 l,:"i), JI 4~I..J.I1 ~.r-Jl .!l .

. d4lbii~1 a.,~\.J.I1 ~~' ~":"""b (~) 6 1\,:,>1 1\ ~~ltls..!. .!l .

~ s~ Re ..... (e ) ",,'.>J',(S) ','~;. Il '"-'\AlI,;,,; >..l:lWI

. ~I)j ..\.h..:Jl!::::, ~I J== ~ '(1)j.JJ1~ ~R
.v~ ROl"", .",I.>Jl k"..Jl, (v) ~I k~I .".....,;,,; >..l:lWI
. (rad l s) ..... .",')lk"..J' .",.,
M(F /tl.) ~Fd . )l,uJ~..,.,.., ()u,.b)"..J~~~~je .
.';.J4l'tl) .l '" ,d ~
.I$.r.-?- ) 1..w rj.1l1 .!l

.,-:?,b.:. )I...L.o d.bLJ ~y oj! j&. r !l

.l)j...\J\)~ U-- ~ OjAlIJ..ob. ~ LA...I..i.C. f' j.aJ1r..J.a...i."l !I ..

.ol),-"I)".J .h' #' 0-1> .o~ Lo...<. ~ j.>JI ~.a..;" . '

I} ~ bylJI~ Lo...<. yl..,)1,....,-Jl.o.i'''''
I } ~ .olb ylJI ~ Lo...<. yl..,)1,....,-JI.o.i''''' ~
.L... M(F/)~ O,
.ol>:.o.;l .ou.u;.. .o\J,b;,; .,....,-J (G) JA:JIfo J-" (c) 4.I\bsl1foJ-' .
.~
'.. a..u:l6J1
._ . u-- 1':.- 4...&.5
..
~~ I ., ;.,.'~ .o ~ (G) JA:JI foJ-" (c) 4.I\bsl1foJ-'
-uD)il
.,....,-JI 4.116.: ~ ..... 4.I\bsl1fo J-' . '
. ,....,-JJ "",6...;~ 1 ~~I 4.16.J~ ~ JI 4.I\bsl1~ je
...:....,.b ) L..11u ~ allb1l1 r~ .!l ''

..hJ\

, d. I,;,-,', ,,
 -
~.;J I.J.II ~..roJ1 ~ ,ab:.J J!= ~~ v ~t,:"....1l1 ~.;-J lt ~ ,lb.> .!J o.>

.~ 4I1-t1..> ~1~ , b~ V 4.p. ~ qt,:"jjq Il

-
~' ~ .!J ..:l , ~ .!J .$ 1 ~ .!l b I ~ .!J ,:

~' I M(F! il)=O, IF = Lo.o,-.....JIOjll.)a-'"' OI ~ ~I, . lb> ~ J

~ .!J .JM I ~ .!J ,:J 1 ~ .!J r

aJ\b.J1fo yA loi ,....... ,-.....JI ~ c/' ,-.....JI aJllo<c 0 1~ ~ I" lb> ~ t

. .;.".... ......., i\blU ~ ,,...,.u (c)

- ~l)~.J.II ~..roJl i\.I6Jl,I ~ JI..A i\.Il1-.Il

.,...,(m),-.....JIi.i.> ~~,-.....J(J! il) aJ\b.Jl fj.cOI ~~I" lb> ~ -"

rjL 01 jA ~ l~ 1 lb.> .d .....

r
.i\.IlhsJl jL.fo..i.s..tJI ~ ~ 1 ( tJ. ) OIJ~JJI J~ ~

2~~1

~\!i ac~ '.$.;J\..l JL....o ~.,!J~ lm = lOOg ~ ~..lLo ab;u j)~ ~

\;j...ul ybi ~j ,(405) '.$jW ~j t...;..! ~ '.$.;JIJJI.b.pA ~ ...... '

.R=2m
I,-.....JI";"Jo> ......, c/'Lo ~ 1
.(40s) J.); Lo ....... .>..\> ~ 2
5a.!, .... ,qh ~ l- l

(0 ~jljJl ac..,...JI - ..1 V ~I ac.,.,...JI . -?"'

.('~Ij 'J'~ ~p4.l1 ~ ;,.j~I""'jl,.jC>lI)T """jll J,.JJI-.,....>I ~ 3

<..WI
"'-=~ ~ El l
.~.;JI..l ~..roJ1.:! o~J :'.$.;JI..l J~I,..

.4 qt:, .. i 0 ~.;JI..l 4f:...roJl:O\.! l.JJj qt:, j', 4 ~..roJ1.:! o.lJ:~\!i ~..,...JI ~ ,..
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s=1tR 1

~--,2:::n--,1
L :...
S jl s ~ 3,41x2 1 s ~ 6,28'1
e ~,\jJ \ ~\.AJI ~_ -.,.1

1 6 ~n 1 leS..... J,ol..JI JS:.:JI UA ' 1 ..,p l

6-n 2n
.9 = - .
R
1 6 ~ ~ '~! s~R6 'l,..t>.; , 2 ..,pl .
l

,( 4 _! \,.:"....1Jl)~ l k~ l ~ ..>

v ~-
ru ,l,..t>.;
,
t.t
ru s 6,28
1 v~0,157m/s 1 v ~-~- ~--

t.t t.t 40
ro ~,\j.l\ k.,.,...JI ~
0,157 V
m~ -- , ~~~ '00 = - '() ~
, -__________~--_ 2 R
m~0'0785 ~ 7,85,10-' rad/s 1
, T~jJ\)j.J.ll ..,Jt.....> !.l 3
,'.1>lj ' )j>.!l ~I ~ ~ ~ j)UI UA.:,JI ~T "",.:,JI )j.lll, 1 "';10
405 of u..o ') Cg *'
T=80s of UA jtg,..:i..:!......1

T ~ ln 2 x3,14
0,0785 0,0785
 3 ~,.:;ll
. (.>A Js:J T "",)1 )j..ul ~-'> ~ 1

.u' ~I ~ ~ >Jo.>.:.

-
~.
. Ac.t..... ~ ~\j..ll l ~~ *

. ~ JSJ W"'jl)1 ""~I .,.....,..j ~ 2

~.

-
~ ..hJ1
'.'il .T "",)1) j..ul ~ 1
0-G ab:iu .J.?W _ ~):1 ' :,..h.... ~ ~
r<""""'''''-'-'-=='-'''----'i
T = 23h56min;:::;24h .J!
,_~\,,!,.J.J \ --,.l;-hl ...
, .s1.0..l..>1,9 act..., J')l.> 0Jj,j J..j\j...\JI--:J~ ~
T = Ih = 60min = 36005 1

A
:3'
..,.
w =ln- = -ln- :::1,7.10 , radis
T 3600
~
.:>
',a' 4~ "1
0:
u ~~" '........
. 1 ~ ;.>".(C)
2 j (C) . '.,.L...j. "-'S..IS....o>.l.o>
l ~~r-U-O _ _ _ . . --
'" .R, = 20em cS p. ~lj R, = 10em u'j~I;hO ""'"'" ,(6) "")j..u
,
, a.; ljb.I JS"""~ . ~~ ..
C,
~Ul:6.(B)j(A)~~I~
(0
C, . J;\4.lI ~1 ,;11:"".9-' ~ L.b (m,) j (m,)
.j\I aJb ~ ~1 -

(A (B)j(A)~I ~;p~lcSjOJI J.. ~ 1

(B) m
, .,L..~I
. .~,--- >.l.o> '_.!lJ':";"j
. cr-
m
1
 ~1jb..~lj ~I..,l<o Ojl,:;J1 Ib;-':' ~ ~

. R,j R, j(m,) j (m,) o;,."~-,?-j

.m, =600g, Ol~ (m,) ...... Y'"""I
,.!l~~IJt.o.\.o .o<J6.J .s....j .J4..~I,... ~ (A) ~I""""'; ~ 3
.(c,).(c,HB) .(A) 0-' J'=""'. ~.l.J.> -1
,ro = 2rad / s ~ ()9.jl~)U d."IjljJl ~...-J1 01 ~ ~ - '"""
.(B)j(A) ~10-'J'=""..... Y'"""\O

cW\
' ~ly~ , '-:>J.SJ ,)jJ ,......'..s ~' ~ .!l 1
, t.o. O>'j4lJ ~ ,A ~, .
R
(B)~I J>l , P,
C
::::--" (B) ~ (J.o.,OJI""J') Jj~1 J.o.,OJI"':",j , T,
, t.o.O>'j4lJ~ B~ , .
'" T' , (A)~IJ.:.,P,
T' 1
(A) ~ (J.o.,OJI ""J') ",..WI J.o.,OJI "':",j , T,

T, .,j\..j.,j\j6....)' \ *

l -
T, fA
,CI LlIjb...)'l.,! ~1 i~)o (yG J.:."..;iJl..J..!, b~,

.C, ""jb..~" ...,:.....11..)0 0-' J.o.,OJI"':",j , T' ,

T' l

-P, P, .~Ijb..~1 ~ ..,l<o (M Ol)j.lll)_ J...' .) , R

O~ ~1jb..~1 O~ .~Ijb..~I.)'" Jl.o:> r-l
..,.;jI~\ ~.rJ. .!l 2
 ...,.. ~, .) L.b 6.> ~ ) _ ~ b",-~~

T ,=m, g .... (1) . - T P 2 =0

-
~'
--'---''-''--'--'- , .:U.A j - ;;> +

~'
- . ...,... ~ , .) w= 6.> jl' ) j'"i' ~ b",- ~~
-
','3
l
T,=m ,g .... (2)..
--'---'=---'--'- . .:U.A.9
- -T +P =0
1 l

M (F 1 I!.) ",\:J, b.,.:.J' ~ ~ ,jJ ,)I;j ..ill >J,.t> >.l.o;> ".., ~'jb..o ~' >.l.o;>
.
T =P
l 1

_ M(T' ,1 I!.)+M(T', 1 I!.)+M(RI I!.)=O

~ ._~ ,;,>! jf> (~, p l) _jl' .e,.o~, ,;1-,,,..I;) _~, .e,.o~' ,;1-",..I; T' , r~ u"jJ
t l).il\ x ;)# \ = rj.aJ\ 0 1w=
M(T', 1 ) = +T' ,.R, ,;,>! (R, ) p ' """"'.9" w. t ,)jJ'j
. y.J\,..J' .e,.o~, ,;I ~'jb..o~' -",..I; ,;,i Jj\oo; "' ~ ,y.llo. jf> (T' ,) ~ Loi . r
M(T',II!.)= - T' ,.R, .,;,>!
.';")jjJ,)_,:,.o .JAo! ..... ~j' j ..... jf> (R) r ~ Loi
M(RI )=ON.m ,;,>!

T'2 R2- T '1 R1+O= O ' ~ jl~\ .b~J~~

T'2R2= T'!.R 1 .... (3) -

( J.W.J'
_ .. '-
~I..r- .1JJ' I.T~
-") T l =T' l ~ -- . W u ",i U 'I ....w.;
.

(bp.J' ''''''''' ~ .1JJ,,,,,,o) T ,=T' , ,;,1 w=

T , R, =T , R, ..... ('3) "+l~' .bb...J'v! (3pJob...J'J~ I~j
...,.. ('3) 'bb...J' ,;I (2 ) j (1 ) ~ob...Jl ,;I ""'j l.." l.., j iJ" '-""~~
m2 gR 2 =m1 gR 1
1 m 2 R2 = m1 RJ

m - 0,600xO,1 0 . m,=0,300Kg=300g
,- 020
,
41.10, ' ~ . dJb ~_ ~
- . '\-'"'- ClJb "i'
U) .~ d.4=oJ\
,, - - ,..:.JlS.l.>':i\ Jldil!, -
~

. ?-JI ~ ~ jl~l> 1?'"';I ,.a..J ~l;

.- .Ii.;'" - ." ;",, (A) 0" J'. >.b.J> ~J

. 4 qt,:". ",. :lJ"K~ ~~'jb....:i,~'p" loI
(B) J (A) ~~ , "'.,...J'''''''; - ~

v A=R 2.ro =O,20x2=O,4mls

V,=R,.Ol =O,10x2 =O,2m/ 5

P"I)J.l.U >J.,.lJ. l= 40cm lfI~J . (m = 500g) ~ (AB)...,~ .......... (j

.(A) ~~0" ",.."."..1 (t;)

-~
. F"F, .;,9""~P '
o
.J,\4.l1 ~I i) 1>"'~ J4>
.<SJAI'e--~Ii),J.i... ~ 1
,F '
.
_lgl...Jl .,~ .)I.~' \b~.bd ~

g=9,8N/Kg .AC=~ .F,= 4N.d~F, .JAI'....,.;~I ~

...w\
.sJAl, ~ ~ 1
R (j\.J1 J>:> . P
F, C9l...Jl ~ ( 1)j.J.h ;jo='aA J.19 .j) , R
c 0 B .~\.,I oII.J.."...o ~j'j...y~ ~\..L.:J\~~.!bj",. ':ij

-p
F, .,,;jI~1 \b.,.J. !.l 2
L}=o J LM(P /t;). t...o
 F, ,
,Q
t').ll, X jAll = ~ j.>J1 , l fo=
l)j..l )_.1 .jAl10-Ol> "" <,S>~I.a.,J1 Y> t').ll,
d , Y> P t')~j d,' Y> F, t')~ 'l h>-~
(F, ~ <,S>jA<' d,oI h>-~)d" Y> F, t')~j
...,.JWI .,~~, ~ ~l...J, ~J:l 1J.,l:.oW F 1 bjAl~ M(F 1/ Il) = - F J. d l '.J!

y,>~I.~~I.;t C9WI ft'. 01 JjW F, .jAll> M(F,/ M =+F, .d,

M(P / M =+Pd =mgd ,.:.JJ~
O+F 2 d 2 + mgd - F,d j =O, ~~t.hjl~lb~~uD~

F1d1=-mgd+FJd J

d2= isin60" .1 d =L jd ,= 1..;ftJ

4 2

~J F, ~ sin60 c = -mg ~ +F ,.1 ,~ ""~

F = 4F c 2 mg , F, sin60 c = 4F,-2mg
2 sin 60
 F 2~ 4(4) - 2(0,500) x 9,8 ,..,., ",,""'-lI U""Y"-' ~
0,866 '

1 F, =7,2N
6 .

(t. ) 0
..:.::; (t.)
...................
m,

m3 = 1,2Kg , m 2 = IODg 1 ml = lOg : u--.,

R3 = 15cm . R2 = 20cm , 1 =40cm

..hJl

' ~ ' --.:...l ' 4\Jl.b.c ~

:;;)~'L,I~
2
J /ll=ml I
JI/l =10x10" xI0,40)' , ...,.... u'>Y-'

1 JI!l = 1,6.10" Kg.m ' 1

,o) ~ 4

J//l=%10,100)(0,20)' , 1 J//l=2.10" Kg.m ' 1

 (6)

] 1 3 / ,, = 4,05.10-' Kg.m' 1
~

7 U, .. \

F,F')<5jO>';>,~j4;(m = 50g)~"R =20cm.)o>! ....... , (D)U"..... ..,l.o ".

.(o)'fo.r'(jAr; (IJ.) J_J.?J'"".a;~
(IJ. )
_____r-~ <5,,"' "->,~ j.o ~-'" ~1 ~ 1
o F (t.)J.? M(F, F') / IJ.
F'
F = F'=lON l ~

. ~ J'.l ~ ~.;1aJ' ;,.l:I L.o~ ' ~j.lj.oJl.,.J.4i ".J.?o.- !$.J.u J..-ll...........-l...1

IJ.t = lOs .....j 'pSJ:Il> "->J~jl"4JP ......~, "'Ib>..~, ~I ~ 3
.v =10m/s ~l ~.J-'M..:..i4 L.~~~ ~l),..ul ~.r-J I d,jU::Jl ~I !.l
 N(F,F') I I1 S ' 1 "-> o '

M(F,F')111 =+F.(2R)

MlP,F' )111 =lOx 2(0,20) =4

1 M(F,F')111=4N.m 1

: ~,,j..;,...w l ~....-II.....,;.. .!I

(l ) "'J'';',-...,.J' ) J .1; Lo= .". Fi-.JI J...:
.-_-,-_ _ _-,--'-"= (.:, ,""
W(P,F') = M!F,F' )111 x(l

,-_=-=::-__--'w"'(,."P"',F,-'-',)=4 x 1t , a..:..A j a = 1t ~ ;))j,j ~ } .:I ...:.l ~I (Ji

w(F,F') =4n =12,56J 1

P4b..... ~I <u:.lh::-..)'I -.,.Jl.....> .!l

p = w(F,F') = 12,56
"" >.b..~I'.db;""~1 ") '''' ,.-_
l1t 10

1 P =I,256w

v = Rw . u"l
Ec=!:. (0 ,5 )(10)' ..,....""~
4

Ec=12,5J
-
:b'
-=> ,R =20cm ~yW"""""."M =2Kg~_ ,jl..o -PD> ' .
......
.0. ~ ~" j Jj\... ~ :

-
~'
2
.",,'.u,.! "" j " ' """ (A ) t""~1 -" uAlh;

~'
...
-
. (B) t""~I ,;l ~ j " ' ~ .>.;0-
f = 4N.u..,., ~~~lu.!ll>:-'>~I
3',~ .J / C= 2 MR' 1f'JU= fo.>-' -" j.." J""" J,.. _~I >JU= f j&.
5

-
~
~
,0
..hJ\
r<)

-
]
R, JS:.:JI...,1.o cSfoll J:o..:>
, ...,...S:.:a Ai1,bll b~! aJ.Ju... ~
~

-p -
E", +w( P) -
-
W( f) =E",

1 2 1 2
O+Mgh-f.AB=-Mv +- J / cW '~!
2 2
h v 2 ,
AB = - , 1.<..1, w =- ,oI L..!Oo J/c= - MR
. J R 5
sina

hl
Mgh-f--=-Mv
sina 2
, +- - MR ,)-v'
2 5 R2
1(2
h( Mg _f_ )= !:.Mv' ( l+3.)
smn 2 5
 h(Mg-L)=~Mv'(!.-)
SInQ.2 5

170 h(g_---'M sinn

v =" _
~
-f_ )
v= 107 X2(98'2sin30
4) , ""-" '''L., U"-""
. ,-,- ' .

1 v=J16:6 1

1 v=4,07m ls 1
 1 Il\>-b\
4 ;;..l.>~1
l9\hl\Q ~~\
Ep <A~1 ~\bJI .:

.~ I ~

<.~1 ..Ibll ",1~1 - 2

:( ~...,.JI';';U. I Epp .;y LW 1GlDl.;,;lj;.J1 1 2

8~
or.>r-JItS y......J1
Eppo~\:iilll AlA~\ ~lbU 1 h

[ Epp= Mgh+EPPo [
.or.>r-JI tS ~ <l;Ju.:J1...... I>:ll ..1bJ1..... . Epp 0
<l;Ju.:JI ...... I>:lI .. lbJlJjiU l.lJ ( EPPo = 0 ~ t. .~~ ) ...... a"l oj lb.:! ~ .
. Epp 0 : ~ ~I:! )I..4.,1 ~.J-lL4
.or.>r-JI tSy......JI..,lcI,.....-J1.oIS ! (+) )t.:.~1 .

.or.>r-JItSy......J1Ji..1,.....-J1.oIS ! (-) .)t.:.~I.

Mpp 4u..:J1"-'-o\S:.l1;"j\bJ1~ .) J\.,.L. !l

. - ~
...... 1>:l1. .1bJ1~ ~
(h 2 ) tu.:.) ~I U '1. (h 1 ) tu.:.) ~I 0-A~e-jA~
. . " t.=
944JU1:J\
Epp, = Mgh , + EpPO' h, ~I ,) .
 . "" ~ """,,, . flEpp ~,
EPp, - - - 8 .-
j

Epp , ................ . . . . . . . ... . h,

EPPo ________'1. ._.:'1___

flEpp = Epp,-Epp ,

flEpp = Mgh,+Epp,-(Epp ,+Epp, !

flEpp = Mgh , - Mgh,

flEpp =Mg(h,-h,!

:Epe ""-,..>".-JI "'-.:..-LlJI <lj;J1 l l

.i.4~.!Uo oeL!l.!x 1-\b..G~ 1 . li 1 . '_~ . _.\..o..L.:u::.
u~ . ) \...li.....JK4:
. J1"" ..:.ut,
. ~ "j ~ ~

. Epe ""j.JA

1
X .. ,
-
2 ,Ep ~,~, ~\S.I1 djlbJ\ ;, )~
-=> I ~ ~ ~j~1 a.lA\S.I\ 4.ilbJl ;))~ ~

._. . l_--=-l_'--.l
Epe=-Kx
2
~Wl ~Jr..:.yU

~l:Jl ~
:K
j i dJ\b.:.....\ ,x

~
~

l
<J. Epe =-C9 '
~ 2

87
 l u,~\

,~~ d..:J.::::al;Jl0)4sJ'~-' I tb:;J\0A ~\ ~J.>.

tl4:.;1 ~ h ~Epp =mgh + EPP a ."",, Epp <"Ju.:JI ....... ~I ....\bJI 'J'"' ~1
.<"Ju.:JI ....... ~I .... \blJ ~;ll <S ~I 0" ,-...,.JI
. .,Il!! )\~ ~~ a,.J1LJ\ 0...0\s:J\ "-i\bJ\ !J ~

.EPPa~ r-l' <S~\;~ Epp .... \bJI ~ .,...

.EPPa~ ;ll<S~I.).c..w..." ~ Mpp <"Ju.:JI ....... ~I ....\bJI.".;:. ~ ~
~ ~I i.S~1 ~ I ~\ ~ \.l! Epp = + mgh iltll4~..h <...o\s:J\ a.9tbll !J j:,
.Eppo = OJ ~j 4LJ1 AlAIS:J\ d.jlblJ
~r-l'<S~' Ji..l ,-...,.J'lSl Epp = - mgh <"Ju.:JI ....... ~I ....\bJI ~ j
.EPPa = OJ t" <"Ju.:JI ....... ~I ....\blJ

..hJ\

,4:0. y> oh a"l?- '1\ y..>J

. ,,",,(B) Ji(A)AJ=;,-...,.J Mpp'J,", ~ 1
. Mpp=+w",(P),Mpp=-w,,(p)
.~u ~ ~,
. ~ ~
..... 1.:11..1j-J
'" ,a.JlLJla.;,.,.\s:JI..uAUo
..
\lt. ... , .. _\I'_ A, Lo~...J2
UI""\--.- ~

.lI,l"
~.~", 4..iC! .... :a.JlA:Jla.:....olS.h~lb UI""
'''WL9IL-.>
. ~ 1':.~Lo~ .::.I 3

.~

,I.4;OJ ~4 'il ....!~ 'i ~ '4Jlllll 0...01S:l1a.i\bJ\ !J 4

. " ~).dv"" l
, ~)"~I ",' , ~1 "
 ..hJ1
. tillpp = ~W A,B (p), ~ ~"" ' o h b)",~.aJ\ ~ 1
. ~ 4Uilll <u..~1 ....\b l" ~I ~ lA....., ~ 2

- .~. b ~
~ '" a...JI.:
'" .h ~~I ..w.i\b a. 1;,.1....:4.91
i"" '" ~ _ \1~
\--.- 1,,-. : lA~ ~ 3

~!
3-
0-
3u,,~1

',j!!

,0 3!n, (A )
-.-L--8---- 2
?.l..t~.h d.jlbU~yU\ .s~lJ ~ Y . 1

~ 4~ 1 '-',:;....JI.9" 4Uilll
','il .!!~_______ .,. a:....olS.l\ djlb.U~yU\ !.S~I )~y. ""'"'

2 '-',:;....JI .9" 4Uilll

~ 3l5~ 1 ~ ~l:lll1 a:....olS:l\ a!lb.U ~yUl LS~ I )~y .-?

."A ~ I "hl.;-JI )l,.:i>l,> ~ 2

.g = ION/Kg,b..~ aA,lWI ..;> , -.,.J .1 ..::J'ibJll; Epp ~I

..hJ1
" " ~~yEpp~l.....>
~)I~\ .!J 1
Epp =mgh + Eppo' "" 4Uilll <u..~1 AjIbJI ' )4.0 l ,-L
Epp =mgh , l' Epp = OJ )~l,>,
.4Uilll <u..~ 1 Aj\b1J ~ .,lI '-'S=l' ~I ~ ~ I l >.lb ~ 1';'"
, ~tllJ l a:....o\SJ\ 6..i\bU yr-?- yU! l5~\ J.4...1 ~ ~I ~ \,j! lAI .
,-----~

1 Epp =-mgh l 'l'

h = 4m 1:" Epp = + mgh Aj)l,jl J....:;....; ,1 >.lWI ~

Epp =+8J l' Epp =0,2 x 10 x 4, >1

89
 2 '-'~I """'" .;! (A) ~I, .... AlbJl .;!
Epp =OJ l ' h =am . "'~!
,-_ _--,--=1jEpp =-mgh "-':lW1~ .;> AlbJl .;!
1 Epp = -6J l ' Epp =- 0,2 xIa x 3
, ~Epp 4)u.:. <u.o\S "-'\Jo 0" ~I u4.> ~ "-'l' ,,~I
, " AJ..,.JI ) l;.l>" ~
2

4 " ,"

>.;....>.1" (A) """(>"vo = 10m/s ~ V o " ' _ m = lKg~,...". ""'0""1 1

,,( S) ....,)~I (>" ,,(B) >.b>J.J1.;! h;""J' ,,<\JG.kJJ-,i'" """)U
Vo

B
(5)

, 4)l>.lJ1<u.o~1 "-'1.hIJ ~rJl '-'~I J" (S);y:..c." ~

" Ee. j Epp. (>" J!io.....=-I

.( B &:4.ll!:;) V B ~1 ~~~~ I, AAthll JQ~! I.J..,LAJ~4 !1

-l.>J\
.Epp . ....1..> 1
'" jS.., Epp 0 .,>14)l>.lJ1"-'1.hIJ .,r>rJl '-' ~I J" (S) )y:..c."
h =2m tA Epp. =mgh

1 Epp, =20J 1 EPPA =-1 x 10 x 2 '.l!

 ,E'A ~I......>
1 ,
vA =v0 =10ml s ,"u-
<' ECA="2MvA , ~..I.l

-
~'
Ee, = 50J

~'

-~
'"
.;; BeA+ EPPA = BeA + EPP B
.c"J\>:J' "-"'~, "\J..lJ ~ .,..J' cS~' ~ (S) ~ Epp B =OJ , ~
1 Ee , = 70J l , Ee =50 + 20
=:9
','il
>3
;~
l mvB,
EC B=2 ' 1 ~I
lI B =V----;;;- :WSJ
v,=~2X/O 1 v.= l1 ,Bml s 1

,:...... ~i (A ) >J.W.J',)A c"J'..I:i,>1""J"" j-Y M = 500g ~.~ "-!~ )....."

~ . ! ~U ...l.?-~Lr-'I C 9 B JoJl,I~ , Il = 20 "'-40 ,lj\j ..!J~?l! .:W~ , -.uLo
.K =200Nlm =j.r'.;:.,1>
D>J.W.J,..u..oxo ~
_e..,~, . ,,,', .<. , . WLiu "- - " -
~ :r-:j ~ . ..J-" 1-

(,jS:.:J' p l)
A

~B C D

1
9
 Il Il

~U-~)I- ~-",=, ~' )~~ :!J l

.(D}j (A) ~~I "", <U..,.u .,.~Ib!I "J'O~JI .,G.. . 1
x a d.....,d ..1?- a51bJ, l:::t\..A:Jo.j! dJ.lb... ~~ ""'"'
g= 9,8NI Kg . AB = 100cm .~
" li
~u - ~~ ~') ~4 :!J

.(D )j (A ) ~~I "", <U..,.u .,.~1b!1 'IJ ' o~J' .l,i~ UA Ji.. . 1
S~t..j ' ~....I.?-u-oxa ~I ."",",

,'''. .r-
,, ,, CT"-
,- '-"" .r"
. WI"..,, ., ' "1
<,r "" ".", .......
_ j~:r- _. ~ I- ~
.

cWl
~ (D ) j(A ) J:.....~.lI J>,> .,.~Ib!"I! 0> " ~ . ~ 1

Eco =OJ
Eppo =OJ
1 2
Epe D =- Kx
2
 X o ~ I ~\ -.Il....>. -.1

, ....l::o.,j ~lb,,11 bl..h.:!\' aJ~w d..J1.:iS..J

, " ,

-
~ , ECA + EPPA+ EpeA= EC D + EPP D + Epe D
,. ~ , l
'0 O + MgABsjn(X + D = O+O+ - Kx ~
a- 2
3
-
Mg ( AB)sina
l
=-Kx:
',~ 2
2M g( AB)sina
x o=
K

2x O,5x 9,8x 1 xsin20

x o=
200

"0=0, 129m 1"0= 12,9cm 1

~
','il

~l+J\j d..,.I\o.4l\.} d..Aj..J.sA (E) :i b..4.! ...l>\j..l~ ~ ~jilb.l \ 4!.!" a...J! ~b \~j
- - -
w'" (P) ~Wm L,4;\40~.?' ~ i\4;oJl ~j

W m=W ..,(P)
-. m Epe,

-----0\. . . . . . EpPA=O
BeA + EpeA + Wm = EC
D
+ Epe D
1
O+O+Mgh = O +- Kx ~
2
M gh( AB)sina ~ ~K x :
2

x ~ !2Mg( AB)sina
' 'i K

.(x, ~ 12,9cm) ~I '"'"'" .jW",.)4>J1 '"'"'" "",

, (~')'I .

~b.J~,~\ ..:.ul!::.~~\ ~J ! I.j~~Ailb.l'b~! dJ..:al.aAl ~

Il Il
.(.j~j.,> ","",) ~ .>'1.b, ...,).4J1 ;,>\Ii,I1 ~w.. 0A ~ ~ ~I
, (X)~:rI~I..J",.;..J:.~, .......... .)#,d......,! .:;,..

F ~ Kx.) Lulu>..u
. _
. . j..,..-::r''1 ._"'......_ t....-.
U"-""""'"

F=Kxo : .l! x=x o l.:..4.-,

F ~ 25,BN , F ~ 200 x 0,129 , ~u'>-'"
 1 o~\
5 O...l.> jll
09\hl\9 ~~\
Q E. 'il ,1':"'1..u1 ;,j\bll :
, 1 -

~,
~ Ec~ ~\ o~ Ajtb i h>)l.J ,( ~) "Ll ~ iu:~~ "Ul ~ ~ ~JJ

.!? E = Be + Epp + Ernie : ~ ~ ~ I d.Alhll9 .l! Erne jEpp 9

:; . ~} ~a,........J4 " W1~ J~4~3.h.4~~EClAt .
'.'B ~ 0A,::,;1:0 t ) uk >4;-}1 >J\b.o fo.J-" ui ) w..ol uk <u.1:o t.,~ Epp loi.
'~J ~\
..\.:i..,Ib ~l ~~ Emic \.!~b ~ n)\~1 :~..:.ulb 1.l13 '"
$ ~ \ ~~ ~ ~ ~.ll l ~;) )I.r-Jl ~ ) ..l ~~ tll uSJ . .
J ~ c..#9 ~ j> \..9tb .)l:Jl,I9 k~~~~j.?J\ :r 1~,Emic ~ -4Si ...
.~ ~ Ernie ~ \.JJ\ AjIbJ \1
d4J ~1.>l1"1bl1
. ~ '4)\~I41 b.l l, O..ll.t.1J ~~ I ~4 ~ ~ '4l>IJJI \..9lhll

: "-!..r~1 ~I - 1- 1
<$j\i:. - JjL... - ~ : O.lWJ~J:il ~";i6J4~.;J\ ,a..ut.!.J+AlI~1 ~ l
..
\ )~

. O.lWl ~I) .l..:J:,lbL,)'i'~~ ,~~\~1 .!.l 2

. (~w,.J-l.l " ~U~,.r.J,) ~4j-\ ~ kl.,) ':il,l Jh: '~HJ\ ~1 .!l 1

: -,I~ ,

"-.,I~\ ~~ \, ~~ I,~ 4.J..,!..iU\ Ul-ll'Y~ I ~.rJI' ~ l~ I ~.ro-J '

. ((~I ~G.) .,.j~ 1 >JWJ

.'4)\~\ ~ rJl d..,J~ L~

:~\...\;;"'!lb.U 4)1~\ ~.;11 .!lI
Q" ~ J.or--"' .... ~.;- ~L.'~, .
' ~~ I..S;I?~~~
 Q CL (S , - S ' )OI,,1 S, cI!S,,yS ' ;t.,..J' '-?J>':'''';:;'
"...,.,...,l...J! ';) w,! ~n , (l

Q a mol l$l m O..lW\ ~"::"~'"

Q o.col l$1 c';..lW \ ~~ '"
(o.JW! t.I) O.:lWJ ~ \ "-:I;I~1 ~1 :C

1 Q = me(Sr - Si) 1

(0 ) iy~1 "-?- )..I.ll,llo.J'"'U .9 O..lL..1J (initial) ~I...,1~1 ;; ;1.r:-Jl ,,-?-) .:J , El i

(final ) >.;.J'<I'J" J'rol' '-?J>' S,

( Kg) ~ I,)"'U-, 1$1plO.h J::1~ o.J..iU!, dl : o"',,, '\ O.lUI ~ 'm
J I ( Kg.cO) ~ I,)'"'w j ~ j O..lWJ ~1 ~Jl~1 "--.JI ,c
a
Q > '~! 9 f>8 ; , 1$1.:atJp l.tPJI? A:>J..l \. ;; )1.r-- O..lWI ~ lA~ '"
Q< a . eJ<9 i 0 \.5 b)1?- uWI..J..A..j Lo~ '"

Jj> J......! ' .>

R .... ,t;,. ..,.,1J-Ll \) (I) ""....:, "'~~ Je,:. J'-,"" JO'" ".;J,
"J'rol' w.~' jO>
8 J J ! 8 / ()-" O..lWI ;;JI? ~)..l ~ J ! l$..l~j t ~ j 0..1..0 J':Y.>

1 Q = me[S ,-e.J= RI ' t=We 1

:~~~\ - ~4j.,.t.Al'AJGJJ4,.~'~y11 .!l 2

...!.l...~\ 4.i\..6 ~ A , O..lWl "::"~.i-:> ~ ~ ~I !
.~~ I ~ I;J\ ~Ilo ~ ~ 1 O..lWI ..::.JI).l ~ ~ t..Jlj
 1 Q = m~ , a,JWiO) t.,.Jt. ~ ,Q
,[JIKgI.",.. <O"""'jj >JG.J'~~, d....J'""" ,L ~
, 4IJ6. ~ j)) ~\ ~

-
-;3'
,)~)U~,
.~)\? A.ilb....:J...lJI.3 o..lWld ~
d....J' Ji.; L,, ~Q, = mL( ) ~~"
J.J:j ~ Z,; Wr'i1Q s = -Q,= -mLt~' .
~' .. ~ .,,,;w:;s], d....J' .T'
~ -
,~L , ,~Q
_ =mL \1 ,,
'~"""
~

.Q1 =-Q.. =-mL \1c..

, .~.. ,'Ii ,

,Q
Le = -LSUb
LR = -Lv
L, =-L,

1> ......
,~, , I~' ... ,d.!\b . ~
;a.J' .. ~- t...o.sy>u..,.........j
tl.:i~-~ . 1 ..<" . a..J~
___ 6., .... < '. '. .~ Jd,;:;''''......- lA=
,j;.r---r..,r--
ct ~.~.H.~.~ \ b,a\~\ A.i1..6 tbl \ (j~~..o . ~ ~~j~ \ a.r...o\SJ1d.Alb.I\ j~

~ .,,-'J' .";1,,,.)' J;j>l' a..,.; ." jl..:l j

.yr.-) l;.J\ .b....y\ (>A ~Jl? ~lb ~ \ . . ,, :,;4....\!.:lJ;;)\~ ~La 'i~\~ *

'..r-)GJ\ .b...,j1l\.&..t..l,jj a-n!J>?jlb ~\ ..I.!!.l1 o;1.r-!l ';~ .::./i~\~ '"
\.,1)1. 6.Jjj.aA ~ t>~ ~J!..T" )I.:;,J\ b....jl\ tA a.i1.bJ1 J..l~ 'i ~U:.j ~ ~1 ~
(~j3\b)

".....J' u;,o .)'.r-J' D?- j l J,..,j ~ y.?')\;.)' , t.oJl' ~t.oj "" '-"lu" """'" ~
(jlA.,.~, Al ~~~, ~ "" ~ lA ."l .,., ,t.oJl' lAl y.?')\;.)' b..JI'j
..".>+l.i )'f"''''j y.?'l,>.i (1W..)
~ .u! w= z,.ll.1 I.j>':iC ~)\.r-l\ 6..s...J\ U"4.A:a ~ ~\ . d.:i..l3 ~
a..blf:. >J..,> "'! "" JI:4' .:r.;'!v., ~ u;,o "')'.r-J' J.i>ll ;u"..j
. S.Adiabatique ~I,.~"! >J..,> j!

( 97
 c

c = m c

/ ~
~Jlr-J l 4u...Jl ~Cu
~ _J l- - tl
.;-- eu....Jl

IJ/ Kgl IJ/ Kg.cl

.~ .,.-.Il ""~' ..... ~I ~

. ~I .u.,w..! " .:.JI" Jlpll J,o~1 "'"'" ~.jJ1 , W I ~ ~
 ~ .l ;-> ~J~t:!-~~ d..tj!lbo:J~~ cu.,.) fo~l . 1
.~1 ~cU.:>I..l.,1..!l~ 1$.1.11 LA .ce)~ J';> ~J~ ~'j ! ....,.,
~~ 1$..lJ' ~4~' }..J..4l\..9-"l.A .ce) ~ J'.,r> ~ J~ ~ 1.:11 ~
cWl
.;II'~.) JI ]>~ ; Jt!j..J:~~ 1 ~~I.bJ I ...... ~po:Jl .!l

,Wm ..,s:...;I5:,;..J' J,.~ ' '

We .;t.~' J,.~"
,Q <?)'.r-J' J,.~' '
, (Wr ) ji Er ""~~, J,.~"
, ~~.? ~jiJ'{ ..!..l.I~.~ Ei ~ '.J.J ' ~lb ~ , 8~ itJ'.P" ~J ~~\j 1~! .!l ......

.!ll.:.sj Ernie "",p:..j ;S;.l' ~r-l ' ~Ilo.,,>:u ';l:JL.j ,,,.,, '4!>'..Il' <lijS:Aj
, ~ , ~ U" .::.t:.,..:,;.J' .i< L,:.JE pm ie "'" p:.. j;S;.l' "-" IS:J, ~Ilo

..}; ~ lb;.J, ~j ,lb;. j l ~..,..,.. I

,8 itJl.roJl 4l~ .!l l

. a.....3J..J..4.J1~ ~jS:.....j~\ <.Uth.ll ~ )1..J1lA ~. 1
(~ 1) 4 1bq 11 ~ ) .J.Jl,Ij (\.J""~ ) d..t~ 1 ~J.J.Jl,I L,)"'~ .-...,..1

.Q <?)'.r-J' J,.~' ~ 2
, ~ W ~ .E <ci\bJ' .h>.?' U" __ ;1""" ~ . 1

(J) J~L. v-u" .."

.A.:I ~ 1 ~ ~ ;1....1.44 itJl..roJl .!l 3
," ' 1<I4..J
v.,r> . '.', '--', i<4>
.....),.,r>~ . ~ 4
 ~.-.,.I ~. 1 ~ 1
~.-.,.I ~. 1 !l 2
'L~ !l 4 .~ ~3

3 ~fil\

. ~/.l\.l..i? (~jS.-,~\) ~L1l\ ~Uo v\.! <....,..J oJI.r-J1 <l:>J.l~!.:l! 1

.a.!Uo ~ /-'." "i4! ~\! aL.:> OJ'P Cl:>J .l ~.l'j!.:l! .-.,.1

,a.!Uo l':' /~! d",j\! d.:yl:! O;\p ~ J.l ~ , ~ \ albJ, JI J.jl..u J~ Lo...L -?-
.a.!Uo ~ /~, d",j\! d.:yl:! 0J'P <l:> J .l ~ ,~jl.1l\ albJ\ JI J.jl.... J~ Lo...L .l

~ ~ l..lll ~Uo v\! aL.:> 0;\..,.,.. <l:>J.l ~ \..ll i

.a.!Ua ".' ,', .;...,' ~\! aL.:> 0JI..,.,.. <l:> J.l .llj l..l! .-.,.1
.a.!Uo ..w d",j\! d.:yl:J SJI..,.,.. <l:> J.l ~ .~\ albJI J! J.jl..u J~ Lo...L .-?-
.a.!Ua ~ ! d",j\,! ~l:I;)JI..,.,.. <l:> J.l ~ 4 ~jl.1l' 41b.1l J! J.jl..u J~ Lo...L .l

',;';4-- (Fe)..!;. 6.sb>J ,,\bel ~ j')!JI Q <'s;Iy..JI J;~I ....,.."..Lo ~l

\(S r 9Sc)c!1 (Si =2Sc).)Iy..JI ......>'.;,.ol4'}.r-6.;>.>'~",~, m =O,SK.
(m = O,SKg)~ , UI0-'~c!IQ<,S)I.,..JIJ;~I....,."""'~ ~
~"W, SJlp <l:> J.lt-'.,,;ar-n ,(15c) ~~~\ ~J'''''''' A:> J.l
' '''~
 .hJ\

- Q=m F, cF.l9 f -fJi)

Fe...\,!..blI ~j ~)\~1 ~1.' C = C
Fe
= O,460KJ.Kg 1 .cO-1
:~!

Q = 0,5x 0,460(95 - 25)

_ 1 Q =16,lKJ 1
-a.
~
,0 , L.ll e -.JI......> !J 2
Q = mc(9 f -fJi) ....t..JI;)\,uJ1 ~ ~ ,t.Jj \?;1;,.)''-''-",,"'
Q=m ,Lo c ,1...0 (9 f -fJi) ,u.>
:9
',\;l :~!

1 9 fi' 22,7'c 1

: t...jl:i...iJI ~ !I 3'
o;lp "-?- ).l\':! ,Ul~ ...\,!.J.:oJlu-.o ~\~,-:?)I.r-Jl~~I~ J?1UA A.ji h>'>W".
.95c Li! 25c 0A ~j.iA .J.,I...bJ1
~ ~ l..J.4Ij22, 7c u!ISoc A ~ll.l1 \~ 41.P"" ~).l~ rJ.:9 ,WI Loi ".
d...:!)w o~ j:I.ll:.4,lJo~ \J~ ~)Ij> ~ ).l~~ (~U: ~.lW1J) ...\,!...bJ\ t
.,U4
 5~~\

, :'..u,.~' \4'>;1.,> "-~ ~I (.>A(m = O, IKg) = ~jYJI<,S)..".JIJ,>y.JJI-,.....>

" ,:?~!~\..:..,.~:aj,.I!I-, .(25"c) 4/:i)I.;-> ~)..l ~...,:i> , (8i= - 15c

....= 335KJ,Kg'.c" .
."
=4,I8KJ.K"'.c"
b
c....=2,IKJ.Kg'.c'
-- ---~-

..w\
Q .$f r-J1..H ~ I -.I\.....>
"-lb.ll d ~ 1..lfi ' (8 ,= 25c) Li! (Si = -15,) (>A ~ UI ~ li? ~) ..l vl l..e. ,I
(Ij'}Wl JLW.-L " , "i!.:LI .CillW\ 4.I6J1 U''I. A.U...::J\ i\.I6..Il" '- ...1.J.blI d...1..J "- ,,:'11
....,.." . (.>A "" '. " ~
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3

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B, =2,57 .10' .10-' T

1 B, = 2,57.1OsT 1

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T

1 By =3,06.10' ~T 1
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p .. m

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1 Bl=B}, tanal '.l! ,tana=!J :~.JJ

h

lB, =3,46.10" T l ,"~! , B, = 2 .10" tan 60' ,...,.; ,-",,~L.

:B ..,.wl~~l ~ , ~..l..O. -..,..11--> ~

B=JB~+ B! :~....!.l)~~~
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B
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B

._ ,'.. .
: ~L)Q~ '
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cosa

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l =5A .,?t,.~, ;\,ilJ' ,.....: ,,1 L.l.c ~G.J',;! B 4,.l..,->1 3
R=4cm 4""10",, H~jll)o!~jN=1000 ~,~~l:Ab,:j~

.J.1,= 4 .10" T.m / A t'.r<J' .,,~W ~ .L=60cm a.>,.J.G.l' Jjh,

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B
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l ...,r.+41J.:> J ,91 ,~\ ..l,iJ\ o~1.!

.
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~
-
:
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.
: bb " ' Q h ~,u ~ 4-
1: B= 7
41t.lO- xl000xS
lB=7,85.10" T 1
2(4 .10-' )
7
B:= 47t .l0- xl 000 xS
_'r- . .
,L; '.1 _ 11 o......;Jt.. .

1 B =1,05.10" T 1
60.10-'

JS )o.>~ ,a for-l'..,..o..; \o4J (A, ), (A, ) ~w.. ","'h", ' ~,.".;...;

~, JS.~ ~ "".lAt.>. (n ,) , (1t ,) ""~.;; .:.r:;....l" R=8cm ~
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JS:l N ~UJ\.l..l.c ~l!I=3J2A.u.J..1. ~.9Jf::.J~I$.ll\ )4ll\ i ~ \~! .!I l
.~ ,= 41t . l0-7 S.T ,..,6>,> .~,

.J,.\4..l1~I ';; ~~ J"~ ,(2),1(1)~, JS';; )l,,-'ll '4?- J.,.; ~ 2

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J~ (1) .t,.:;~1 J~ (1) .t,.:;~1 (1 )dJWI
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(1) .t,.:;~1 (1) .t,.:;~1 (3) ;,.)WI
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p ,
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iJ~ JI,. .,..". ,0 ""foJo',;I w.";,, .,s,j.JI..,...,.,l.a4.JI,jA,.J1 ol! hb", . ""':'~I 0 1t..,.
,; J4all,. ~ ,r "'...:. ~I,.~
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2
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41t .l0-1 x3,2

J.=...-.' ......,..,l=...>' ~' ..P'l...> ~ J

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18 = B, +8;1 ,B, ,B, Jhll""I..:JI~I~B ~r.l',jA,.JI,
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B
1 :0
i (2)~1
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~
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1;
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y y -

B:sJ'
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B,
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- =0 -
BI ! ! BI

y' y'

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1 .n =1000 ..... Jljb ~I .1>j ~ .....,~\ .;:,~
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JAo-lI bjb> ~I ~ ~~I .t,.:;~1 ~ . a".;j.Jb.l' )~ i)L,:. J..,.; Lo""'" ..,

)~I ~. 1 :~~""".,r--H
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J.i.... ~\ ~. ~
lop".. ~ ."....,..~I JAo-lI .a".;,.Jb.l1 )~ I=20 mA J..,.; ..,
. 2,5.1o-'T. ~ 25 fi T ' .." 2,5mT _ 1
~1 ~ - 1 : ...:s~ d b , ; h.H)U~l4..Wl ~l !l

)I.......:!J \ ~.-..,J

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......~_~ o li "'\;> ~I .)W\,>, ) l.."J1""'" u~ JAo-lI b jb> 6,,1,

Bb =J.1 o nI d,j)l,J4~ 8 6 ~ !l 2
B.=25.10-<T B.= 41< .10"x1000x20.10" ''''''1.'' :'
.
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4.,I,,?"~ I ~j .
B.- 25 J!T .
'W.l.
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'

--
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y 4.,I4--";i1yIb j 'J~' ~ 0~ ";i1 "":'1~! ~ .lJ

tanQ J~\,I ~ "":'I~";il ~jlj .ll 4
B 25.10"
- tanCl = -" = =125
~ BT 2.10' '

(~f"-'""';".. r".. ) 16 "';"""1

.. ,....

rrrmrrrmrT11 /

T
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I(A) 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,5
B(rnT) 3,4 3,0 2,7 2,0 1,4 0,7 0,4
\..,..,)~I ~w...JI~1 )""",~Iu;.a; ':'>~I ",,~I .a,;l.,s).9~I ()A J.> " 1
!~,;,.... B= f (I) ,,\,<.,JI,.....;I " 2
' 0,;l ~w...J1 J>..ll ",,~I') 4aJ1bool . 1" 3
. ~jj6.1JN~tiuJl ~~I .y
"Jj~l> ,~j1J ~L\4J1 J'>o-ll ~\.4i ..,..,) :;1 ~L\4J1 J'>o-ll JW>! ~ ~ 1
100.)1_ Jj:;l0A fol ~ ",.:.JI (3,4mTI>j-.l> " ..>~Ij (20I'T=2.lO" n >j-'>

B= f (I) l,,; ,, 2

, [lll.l..~ 1

y=ax ,JS,.:J\(>A ~.lw ,!~I-4 ~ '~jA ~ , !",~;,j" , o b> ~ 4-,J\l

.a~.':A~,,1o)l,...c :b),~ll\ .,.a~'f"lt;"Q !i J.:..o~a.!.y.> B=aI 1 l '~l
o -""", ~ AI . & .r J ~L..:L..J! ..J.'iI.:-.U 11..,1 y.b.J1,, )~, . J!J 3

B = al ..... ~4,lbJ4c- ,~~)Q.lJ I, ~~ I ~)l.,ull~ a:,I~4

N
B=I1, - / ..... "'.~.A:!o" z,)~
L
[Sj =aL
-
Il,
., '.
: ......u...I(.A ..
J
, a= ~
N , ' . ". , "
11 o ~ , ..l:ILJd.4.I~u
L
. . .

,Q ~J;''' ''' Il J.;.o , '" >0) 1', =4" .10" 5./ . L=40cm=0,4m ,ll,>..Il
/
-~. a= B =3.4 - 2.0 03mT/ A
N l!J 5.0 - 3.0

-
~
a=O, 7.10" T/ A=7.1O-<T/ A

3 '1N-=-22'31
".,.::) 1
17~Fl\
i
:' ~ d1.:J1~1 ~i Ah ', ; . . z,..Hl~~ . ~~~ O)~AB 1410;",4 ~h,J~
A B r=4cm..l.z.,l
J_ ~<>~K>..Io\4ll ~Lo= ~ 1
,0
.~I~ 1:"',..'"
~..,...I ~j ~ '.J'~I
,
S..J'~I
. <\J ~......-
. "-.sI
. "-lli,o v-_
"0. K (AB) ..:JJ,.;.)I ~ ..,>\,0J4S JI.,> <s~ ,>..Io\4l1 ~ ~ 2
.I =1OA .:....:.
S4h , ; ... ~I0.H)U~uu _ 1
. ~l \.o-,S~~I~.l4.~Lo .",,:-,

.J'~I ,,?-I,,:> >.b;u ~.!.U.JI ~ 1!'lWI ~ll4l1 Jhll ....; ~I . 1 ~ 3

, Ab c. , .. 1) oy'';i\~\~! )I..14A.l~ "":-'

.B,=2.10"T ......J~I~ll4lIJAo.ll ..... ~1 >..;SrJl~

J.,J\
 -~)1 4,l~- 4,I~1 t~ ~ '-'

)t,:.) ';\'>-*,I Jh)1 ",l u;,. ,lS20 fl.<. ......) "" ~ ~ .~):; ."...,11fl
. .
c,....,lo~ ~..Ilj,' ",1~ '(';\'>Y#=

,...!.lL...Jl ~ :"::'W1B ~\.:&..Wl ..J..A=oJl .)~ ~ ~I . J.l 3

i..u.; """ ..u..,:; ;u,;,; J J"jb f2;;" ' .!IL. 0" ~WI """""lilll Jh)1 "":' ",I ,-h>
, , B ~ ~ , T .)t,..J\,>~r
21< r
411: .10. 7 xl0 ._ '.:'" . .
lB~ 5.lO 1j S
B=
211:.4 x 10-2
' ''''"':'"-''-"'~~

, ~,.,..u a -:Sl~ ';il ) u.:;... ~~ ...,..

li

~
:---- B 5.10'5
.:, .... '.
'.
'.
tanCJ. = - =
Bit 2.10. 5
= 25
'
'li..!..IJ
1 a '.
Bh
1 a. ~ 75,S' 1

'",,",)~I..,....,.,lilll Jhll B, .... ~I ""'"rJl ~.J! .,.~I ,.;., J%- .:,.- ~

.!lb J;>.I .:,.- . ~ ;>A"'" ~ (rhostat) B, >JJ...oJ ..,....,.,\li.oJ1Jh)1.!lJ':"=,
,4u..lUJl
,
d...J .y."""
_ -;ll
L4""<'.
LS~ vL=- '.$:J~ o,r->:i l ,)~)?A 1 (Solnode) S ~~jl.> J>I.l d.L.o"" F
."""""lilll JI,.:,JI
, '.r- .;-r
d...U '.1_1\ '.~ JL:....l.....! , ral~
" 1....
cr- " . " , .
- Al..!1:!d.:!..J...:.I ) t.....:.Ab..u1
,
d...U
j,', '.r-
. I_ll~.li:I

.Bs=l, 7.1O~ T .,....:...,....,.,~ Jb.

..J-"rv ' . l..Jl )~1
'.c.... .'tu\h Q.J..J. ~!,..9-:I . U\) ~\..~
.. 1 d...U
.,~
. I_tl~dJ~I
. 1 1 .,~
Wu .

B w: i.......b~ ~ <LuJ.,...-..
r .,.-. _ " _" _

. .. w= ' ~I ..., _ II ..
.."., U' , . .y.""" ~
-
~.

.~ u-'.;!j B, J
u 1=83,4 ~,lj.,l ~j-,J\....:s.~ .1 .J~\~' O)I.J.JI J.i.!U u..J...iL.

- , ~WI~~I

for (.>A d ,j,t..ll ~I u-' ~l .>"';j.JW1 ) _ ~ ~>~ >Ji...JI)_

~..lj4C 4b.l\~.l4. ~ Br ~.I J~\ ~ ~yJ4SJ\ O)I.J.J\ J.i..:.U, (0) ~,jbJ\
.0. 2=82,9 44,lj.,I aLa~\...:s~, B H J ~jl~ d...:.s:J, Bs ~

>J~-" B, .)""' (1) ,,-!~I(.>A >.l,.. _ 1

(( l ,BH,B s
>J~..u B, .)t,..o (2) "-!~I (.>A >.l,.. _ 2
.a :d BH ' Bs
,O)1.,<.:4~BH i..:....,.!ll.! .!J 3
B _ B,(l+tano:,)
R-
tana /1 + tanCt. 1)
,
Ll.,
l

J.>JI
 ,u .. "B H , B s AJ".:I'J..,iB , 3)W: ~ 2
,.;, l.> JS:.:JI ,....J ..",..,
B,

-L'
B"
B,
tana .. =
Br +BH
L.;..I.JJ

(2) ... 1 B B, - B 1
. ' Br + BH H

;)lb:.....Jl 5 ) u'1 h ~~I ! !I 3

,,""S:,>( 2), (1) .:J!l1j..JI '" ""yb ~I ",,",::>WIV"

BH(l+tan<X , )=B'(l + _l _)
tana ..

B,(l+~)
BH (l+tan<X , )

B, (1 +tan<X,) ,...m . ~I.)~

Bu tan<X , (1 +tan<X , ) . .r::>
BH ~""""'I..-.> ....,.a
1,7.10-< (1+tan82,9)
BH , ~;;\bsli ~4;; ~l..J' z,)~\ 1; ~~
tan82,9(1 +tan83,4)
j. 1 B.,"1,98.1O-' T
-:::>
N B __ ~

B,=1,98.1O-" a"83,4 - 1,7. 1O-' 'u'>~ B, =BH'arn ,-Bs ,Wo,..>J (1 ) JIj..lIU-

-~ 1 B,=I,I3.lO-< T 1

~ (<i,p.\"~l ~j) 19 ~y:;l\

"j ~" .L=50cm \fljb, ,R=O,5cm lo."w....o....; ,a..,.:., ,~.HOl' >u..1~1 .
;~' .).o\?""" Ju,.~J"""";~I~USlIJI,jJl<5~~t.jI,lo.J_ ~~
_ ,dJ...I.zA &...Ij,I,)~ ~ ".:",t.1"":'4~ ) 411..1l.,...

~ ~ ...., ,J,.l4J1JS:.'JI ~ 4 1; 1.4J1~,9lI.:..l>U. ,a..,.:.,9l1 fo".. ~ >.L.oj;~,

. (I=OA) ~"'~.>F= ;4> J'''''~..LC >.l6.
a..,.:.,9l1 1 .).o J"'.)ll ..:.t,,6..J1~\.o 1J 1
, (5 ....,jI >J,.jb a..,.:.,~ >u..~l lo.~ I .)l1

~) ~' ~I.l.i1'JljyJ, <.S~~14 -'":-1

.~~ illA -
I=OrnA s,~ ~~, l.lt..J ~1.J-:1 , ~~I d.f.? ..l~ ~

..,..Li .!Il';';", .(U) >.L.oj;ll '-'1-,,",1~I,j ..,..t.;.;" (1) ;L,:;ll .>.:....,....", >u..~1 u,. ~ 2
. a..,.:.,9l1 fo.J-' ~ c,.:.WI B s ~USlI J>..ll
,!-;lUlI L,..,l1,....; ,
Cl rad) (T)
(a (1) L,..,l1
1t ..... _ ....... .:---~ 2.10" 1--7""--- (b)

-,J-.,..,....~---'-::--+'(. mA) -.!"_--:-!:-_.....

' (mA)
0102040 o 20

, ~Wl~!i'~~, I.!LA~,
.<u...:.
_ :r .. IIBs ~
.... I...w....I1u---
"-'1U'"' W.u
" " <5.iJI
, {'J _ ''''' 'Ir-
J..,.... .. -\.o. 1
..>'",oJIt-' Bs=g(I) , Bh=f(I)u-JS w (l)L,..,lIU-~':"".""
.~. J ~1 ~
.. L..w....I1 v"_II
- - ' ......
_ ~I .......
" -B"=-I
J..- ''1I.?'""" " _
 u=h(l) <,Si (2) WlI..,Jj,>- ~....,. ~
'-4,>j JAl>.."-",, ~ . ~ ",-,,;..JI ~tli.J1 ~I >.L.o~I ~ Jio
. ~~

~,jhll~)~'),.J-A 4p~' - .
.I=O,02A ~\ ....L.:u:. )~\ [,.J...:, ~ ~ , d.L.::.j+1l..!J~ 14 - 1 Il

=4n: .10- 5.1,~ . ~j1JN o.:Jl:4bJI..l...lJ::. ~I - ~

7

DL , <,SI.L=50cm ~jlo " ~ .,...,1

cS~I,~tli.JIJ'jjJlcS~","" . ~

~tli.J 1 J4o.lI J.o.:." <,S.:.JI .).,01.:.11

. Bn,...":')"
. ~tli.JIJ ljjJICS".... ,TI
.~)~\ ~\..l.M.Jl ~ Bh ~iil ~r-Jl ~ ~~I ~ ~

..... ..,..1cS".... 'J .!I~ '<1'1~ J':'" L...o

.;..-:l(..:J1 jo> ~j1J ~=I J4o.lI <..>"I.,.i ... ;.:. <,S.:.JI j lP.Jl 1 ~ 2
,01 h>\U 4.,Jl!jA . -."J

~~,,*, ,2.1OsT ~1 ="",,b.u..,.;Hj.l>A "-40~,' ; " ,b> jo> (b)~1

~
L..tli.J1 v"-"jf
- - ' It ......
_ ~Ia..b
. '1 ........
J-- _ ~ , ....
>,,, ., .. , ,,, .[ WJI.~
...-:;e- )_
:;e- ........

B =a JS..:J'!jA .\1b\.a.A ,1..10;&."..l1!jA ~ ' ~y ~ l"'_'Qi . .. b.> jf.! (al ~\ t,.1

...... jb.1J ...,-.lotli.J1J4o.lI . 0' .. .;JI, B = Il, N [ ..,~I ;";..JI lb.. ... [
.j .. - p" . L ~ . 7"""

Bs= g(I) ) L,1J"~ ~

(a)~ljo> B,=g(l)I,>!
j. . >J....~, ~
B, ,B. ~~, ,,,,,,,,,, ~ . i ~ 3
-:::> ..,4l. b> > a = h( I) (2) \;.,J'w-o
N .
~j."..' ~j~ ..... >J....~'l .LW '':'''j ' a =0 ,LL,..u .I< 20mA ;Jb ~ '
_ Bh < Bs :i ...,L=. J. l..ll..J.Jbj Eh
~ ,
~ ......
_~ >. ~, ,~
.. " 'b ~j-l
. " v_'"""-= ." ...... w.. v
." "-L. u___ '.,,-,
_- ~ , .. >J....::r.-
.. ,1:0 . ~,
..)w, JS:.:J' ~ '.s!;s,.. J
-Bs ~
li
"-+
B
- -
B=B,,- Bs e;.oBs ,BJ, ~~B :i h>':i

~ -.:....!~l ~jo,J\ 1 ol:..:....o \.JJb, ' a = 7t :~.JJ ,1 > 20mA iOl> ~ -

0
,180
1 . iU6JI,,~ ~ Bs ) Bh :1...,L=. J..l.:1 \~, Bs 6.p. ~ ~t-,
,0 1. L.S
<.?"'
."_11 ...
U . - (':="-'
>J.... ~
.. ,1:0 , ~ ,
.-<
B, B
--'-:.:-='"~-
li

~
-
j ~j 'Jl......rl\ J l, ~i ,Bs JAl>, d.p ut h>).li ~W\ ~bJl l.:i..l.=:. J
1. J;~' JS:.:JI~ ~JA ,.. L.S ,(I) "P j<J ~I -'<l' ;-"'~

0Ah>).b ,1=20mA t$iI=O,02A ~\..J...:u:.IJ~\~..J..:.,~~ e l .!l 4

I B,= B ,=2.lO'5T I 'I$ w,,\A.4(b)j(Q) ,,'o>;~' (l) \;.,J1

B, B
..--= - ...
 BsL N
N =-- 'u.l! B="r, -L 1
1', 1

I=O,02A = Bs=B, .~
 2~\
ruJu ~fI \ ,tJ \<j,\il '
_ .~

Laplace (1749-1827) : ",,'i.;~w~\9 - 1

: ~\ili,9,.l1l1\ ~ <tJ.,p.il\ ,l.4i>y\
Jh J.>.I. )~ ..... ' ? 'f,.....,1, 1..,.6...; -' "t..

: ~\ili,q,.lIl1\ ~\ >ll>.
.;r.,o..l""',;":;",,IAl~ ""'" ........,w..'~1 .jAJl"-4,>' ..... 1>
1~' .J.t.!1o..l,d j .!l l
.:w ,(Index) .".;....JI -
. 1 )""" "-4,>
JhlI"-4,> .:w ,(Majeur) ub-jll -
, 1

.B (Magntique) ~L..J1

.F (Pousse) 0#1~.l~ ,(Pouce) ~lf,!:r' -

@ii
, ~ i J.?) .!I 2
,t..)0:3)l,1':i ~1,j fi'

.".l~~ )I,.j...."~!. -",, .J."-'(l) '?~ .pj..JI,: ........,w..'~I.jAJl

')I,.&I~ )""" ~ A>~I (i) J.""'t"e "',Ij~ , ii~w..)~ ~"I
. F=Il xB ~\.s.:J'
 : oo~~ o~ tclJa>
. B.......,J.ol.>.4ll J;".JI J>I.. ~l l J3WI ' ? ' ;'0;; ' . ~I >Jo;,o -

..,,-..Inl.>.4l1J;".J1,J3WIe>- ...AJ~I<s,o.....J1 ~ "oj4C ,.j.A\..J1~

.~T W ! .91~, ~I o..u:\A,I ~~ , ~, -

IF=I1B sinij ")4>l~~, '.!;11 ~

(, ) ""'..,"}' ..... 8,,,1e = ( ,) 'C:"

J t..o..!.J! " ).JII ~ 4>~1 e>- ~ ~ ~ , 64)1~ ~I,, li, F..,:.:lCJ1 ~ ifo.>
. B .,,-..Inl.>.4l1Jh1l , 0 (.>Jj.ojJl
~~ "oj4C' ~JWI ").JI' e>- :;1> .,,-..Inllill J;".J1':'1 .,;u; ,B 0 'j.ojJl
~ ~ "oj4C"~ JWI " ) .JII ~ J>IO.,,-..Inl.>.4l1J;".J1':'1 .,,;u; ,B 'j.o jJl
 -
B ~la.
~ _ J J_ .Jj.4.1A.J
. lb ~I ..!JY...I
(JI)j.>J1 Al..,.:....o , o.,....,bla.j~ CS~ ;lb~l ~ (I) ""~~;4O ""j~ lA=
.I)J~JP"

~
3
,~

.?-

:!l
'-:3.
~

;a

'-'UM
~1...li.4 ~ o)l.,a.cj41j :( Stator) .:...,aWI~..).?JI
. 'u . c.... ... '-la. 1
' " . ~v-<- j
.;I" JJl
,,1 ~j ~ ,))I.,a.c ~j :( Rotor) ..!.I~\ ~ j.?J1

al.,Il! '4.J..!.J.>. ';I~ J.? 6..!~ ~j(>A ~i

.~b)yc.o J.? 1)j.ill
cS,> t.:..u ;lj.>J1 ~j" (I) ",,~~I ; 4Ol1 j4,! lA=
' .Hj..~ J...,;; o.,....,bj~
 l '

. ~4J4f=';~ joAl\ ".lA~..u ~

. ~)4~ bj-i 0#' o.i.4l~..u !.l

F = 1 10 B si ne ~)W\..,I'; JAl!o.l4! .;J ~ ~ !.l

..,b.-y I; li ..,b.-y I; Jhll -? j< Lo= .~I .1;31~14;\; Ii . ~I iIp ~.:"., ~
. i\,IL.WJ4?~ )"""~ I
. -
.F =I1 B"'jb:.j .,."",, .:>jS:l'~I,,1' ..l'WI~ \,~ B Jhl'.:>~ I~! ~
F=ON ....j .... ..l'WI \fJ ~ .;J" ~'.:>I' ..l'LW ~jl'y li Jhll.:>~ I~! ~

..!.>JI
.
. (,-",)l;~ .~ j l) a.,...."blli4j.fo.~ '~I .a~.. , ~ c-, ,.,,,,,lIj ' J. ~ 1
. -~ !.l
0 '

~j F= IlB sin9 6..i ~4 b#I ".lA ';J ~ ~ , ~ ~ Ij , ~ !.l

,10..,.,.Jj .Jhll \,l ~ ) j44J1~ (1) f , O ", ..JI,.J,> ,:>~ 10

. ~ !.l "l
~
1t. . -
~W 4-,9 = - \.! I J. W I ~ 1.!~j4' B~ \..o ~ d,..j ~ : : _~ !.l ...
- 2
.F = IlB . .l! sine = 1
.)l:iJl,Ij 9 = O~ ?~\i JjWJ 4j1jA B~ \..o~ c.1.:l ~ '~:I !.l ()
.F = ON,t6..:J.A j F = lIB xO'u.:a!, sine = 0
. -~ :J
-~. ~~----------------------~ 2 Wefill
N ~ .i"...1u.o,....9" j ,u"jl~ ...,.,6.lJIv- u.o ~ EE' j AA' U")\;~ ci...
.(J>:.:JI) ~ jW .!l~l j.!.,> l.4>,,>.!l~ l..,..6.lJIV- CD ('g\.J

\.Jo"Ib..J\ 0A 4u; ~ (9Wlj ~, ~ W ~ !l 1

. CD = 1=15cm,~ U")\;~ .j!,-"",L..>~.b ~ 2
('g\.JIJ.4.'.'; lA= w(F) ~llibj~l'jAll .j;>.. ".ill J., JI..,....> I ~ 3
. d=L=60cm ..\...0
..wl

'--I--+-"'----E'
E -
r.;<--.. F
1
A'
A C
-
~~I, B "- ........yl ",?-I = ~ I ..c,ll ~~\; l.l~ ~Ij J,06J1
M('g\.J1 , ;'o; .. ..."t.;.)I>lo; . '>l .1,,-
~ "jI.9" ,J,06JI
J>:.:J1,)~.9" ~ w=A ' JlAv- ,~I.
F = liB sine U")\;~ ~l>,>"""" ,~I .
 I=CD=15cm=O,15m , B=20mT=O,02T , I=4A,l:."..Il

1t -
Bj (CD cSl) j i ~ "'jl}1 '-'"
- - -
e
9 =2 'ul> ' CD (il.Jlj ~I cSJ'-A ~ c,'0j4<' c,'J'-A .;I~lj Bul L..,j

F = 4xO,15xO,02 x sin~
2
1 F =O,Ol2N = 1,2.10" N 1

W(F) = Fdcosa '")WI;J,...JI'J''' ~

J=~I ~ .;l'j4J1 uI L..,j F'j4Jlj dJ=~I ~ "'jl}1 "" ,0 ta
W(F ) =FdcosO ~! ,n = 0 'u\.!
1 W(F) = Fd 1

IW(F) =7,2.10'3 JI
3 ~fill
~~~ISj@i-'~.;I-_ - " 'j~"j4Jl.;.ol>j ~ 0-'"
.o#!o ~u !(jt...J
1

80 (1) 80 (2) @ (3)

1 1
- 1

(4)
- 8
(5)

1
l 8

cWl
. ~ I...l.,!J' J.C.I.! JL.u.:i...uI..,L=. I~ ~j....l..l:l oi ~
F""'" ~",~Ij l ""'" ..,t;..Jlj ,B""'" ..,J<>..~I";'#
 ",.~~, .IfALoI Li! ....)yl '-'1> .;,.0 ~l> ..,....,.,lli.J1Jhll l ~ ;,.yll B 0 -
.~ ",.ill cS~1 ~
~, . \4AI>.;,.o~, .. . )yl rLo1.;,.o J>I ..,....,.,lli.JI Jhl' l ~ ;"yll B -
,.".. w= (4), (3), (2), (1) -:.~bJl .."b <#,,,,.~
1 1
--'"-1--:-
80 1 F 8l 1 8
80 f: . --+

-t;J1 ~ ....)yl ~ ~ .".~ .~I

Ji, i ,)!..JI "'" .",I.;JI l ~ .Ji >.p ,.,..., lfl u.;WI >.p (1) >.p l' (5) <lJbJl J loi
1 F =0 1 F =II B sin D= 0 ,..,.,., U")y~ ";l> ~ l' .)l>J\,>, 8=0-.",..

. ~>4'i ~jA J ! Cg~\ ~ ";;i dJ6J\ o ~ ~

;ll 4 ci>fill
3 r=_-----------------------------------------;
." B ~"""""u... Ji> \) "'~,. ir l .2.3 t-'AiCi lliWI .:J:Il..~I .;,.o "'''''''
-">-
:!l , '4ll>JIJ ~ ~I \)~,.jO>w=

-
~

::3. o8d
.......... ........ ...... .....
n
;a 1 O,8d
08 0B
0 8
d
3JO
J1 8
, , 4S
C, C, C,
( 1) (2) (3) (4)

. Ji Jhll ..... ~ ",.ill cS~I JS,.:. ~ \) .:.... ~ l

lfl ~<?' ~u...'~I .~I.!lL. j,;. ~,Ji. ~ 2
B=50mT .1=5A . d = lOcm .
,o\ w.., '~1 .a""'~1 ~ 3
 ..w\
B j:i:tJI ~~ ..$,jJl..s~' ..l.,a..l.;or.,j Ll l
,,~.-, , ~L41 j'Li "')~I '-'b. 0-' ,,-?-,. "I,~t> BJhlI' (4)j (2)j (1) J~~I,;!

.""'~ '-""
8=45 ...,Ij,o .!lJ.J1u<' J.,...,j "')~I,,~,;! tl', BJhlI ,(3) JS..:.JI,;!
F ~c..... j~';j>JI ~ ~ 2
1
A

0B
F

CI C,
(2)
A ,(3) JS..:.JI ,;!
4 i\jJ.,Jll5~ ~ i.$~~ l$,:w...o ~ ~\~ F ;)#1
(3) Fe> J P.!lJ.J1 JA> .". ~ If.'l J,S1 ' J>uJl j'Li ,,-?-,. j
45 B .F ;...,)t,. i4J ;...~
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(":ill )~t.,o,. .... Lob) >.;J".w..:.......Jj
(4 0B

.)#' ~~t.....:.. .!1 3

F = I1B sinS '~j ~6JI0-' >lb J>= il J..I"')I.,.~ ~Li ~
- 1t
1 =d = lOcm , S =- ,(l ) >l6J1
2

F=2,5.10-2N l, F =5XO,10X50.10-3sin~ '.l!

 , 9=~
2

1= d d
30"i d , cos30o=-, ~.J.l .1 ".. .,.J
1
- 1
cos30

"'
-,
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- P=I
cos 30
dB. ~
sm~=-=
2 cos 30
..::" P=S x 0,10 x SO.1O-'
IdB

:a' 0,866
F = 2 .B9.1O'N
-
""do
~
1 1

P=ldBsin4S0 ~! l=d ,9=45 ,(3".JI..J1

,0 ,
N P=Sx O,10xSO.1O- xO,707

~ IF=l.77 .lO'NI
3
P=I(O,Bd)Bsin ~
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. ?-

:!l
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:: F=5xO,8xO,lOxSO.l0-3 xl
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~ 1 F = 2.10"' N
1, 5~~1
j
1: ...b.,I ~ a ~ t)..!.U..Jl \,jA ~ t$.lJl Bl ~~1 J4:-.\1O.J..:. ~I e l .!! 1
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l, . BI J4:-Jl J1..o ""':-1

h MN' '2;; " , >..J,.j . 0, 0 ;'" ~9 ~ 2
n.!.ll..JJ 4..J.J.,"" w~ - . 0
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149
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21tr

,8 ~ . --,J
<,.:l cS~1 ~ <,o~':;""",;1 ~ tl..:JII.ioj ,(0) >J.illJ1,;I tL..:.,.J4,
~ ""?--Y o~ BI ol-! l ~)jl\ I.S~ ~ t9\j..!.U...J\ 01;.-l!::1 1,j1-! ...!.U...J\ ~
.B 10 j..4.)4:t\..ill...o \.l.I ,I;;;J..C. I,$.:J~ j \j )jll J..>\.:J

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cil t';";"~ l.: , B, ~U4JI,)hl1 ,;1 ,,-"-,Ijj ,l,)"" "'jw,.; .MN a.b>J1
F,=I , (MN)B , sine U":I\;~o~\:iu~~~j.J4S''''

BI ~~.:J~MN~l ~9 = ~ 1...:...41

1 F, =1,25 .1O'N 1
.F ~~--4....\,.:1o.j . ~
,~ I -4-\1Z,~li.:J~
.a >J.illJ1 <,l MN a.b>J1 "0;;' ,~I ~
F,
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.J,.jbJl.!lW1~ ,~I

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. ~jb.ll ..!.U...J10A ~~ MN 6..ah4Jl ~ F 1 o~1 ~~
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~ .;J\ ~u..uJ~l O#\ O.J..1.~t ~ 1
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3
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l' d '1

cW\
:~l..J1 '-4J ~..;,JI ~w...u j~l 0 ~\ o~...,.J1.....> .!.l l
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10
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FAM = l.AM.B sinn = 0 ,1,j!

FNe =I.NC.B sin" =0

1 FMN= I.MN.B*-O 1 .' FMN=I.MN.Bsin~ :~\.iJ

_J_0
LI _____________
A ___ ____________
C _ )\b~1~)0' >J,;.....J' "'" .jAl"':"',

-B
M " - - - - t r- ---' N

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1
1
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", 1,33 1,33

D = i - r = 30 - 22
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.u'j~"''''#l,o ....,...,..1.1 ~I ""'" y,ji..,o> n = - (12,8) "- 2.65em
- - 29,9
(30em).la,>uLo , ..,....,:..,lI';;~I ) j'"ll ~"~'" .(2em) ",,\>:0)1 (AB) l'-?' ~ 1
.f = 10em "'.r-\I ",.la,> "":,... ..."'" IY'
. a......l.1l \ ~.;Jou-c diS ,, ;, I\ b)~\~~~

.~l..u,;.Jy ...,.a '~y 1

Jlp.JIl)"lI.a>';;'" .~( 8em).la,> uLo, .....>.>ll ~\.oI.;,l..JI ,.....,-JI~I ~'" ~ 2

-!>JI

2cm l B
l~ , ~)~I ~l...:L>~ .!1
"""'..JI .
l

Af'::""-~--I-.
F" A'

B'

, OJ~I~ .

~ Ol.wl,y. ~ (A'B') ;)~101 b>~) "",u.., d,',,> (A'B') ;)~I

.JS..:J\~ ~j.4 ~ ~ .A......uJ\.:>-" bj)L,J\ ~'w
,')~I J'"
'01~ i'-)I I.,)"'l.,.l..o J~4j ' A'B' ~a,Sem ~ ...,..t.;AJ4
I A'B'=lem l . A'B'=2xO,S
, (p') ....>.>ll,y. ; )~I"';
.....;.s:;
. '.11 w.. J~, P' -> l,Sem .....
""".J"'V"~
:AJ.
, 1.>"'-
. 1 P'=lSem 1. P'=1,Sxl0

1 1 1
-+-=-
P P' J ,......
..r
k.l...lolJ ..~ I>..i~ ' . '.'.
'-" . u--
 , A'B' -> Sem""", ""t,,:4Jt. .JL,,;JI JJb
A'B'=10em, A'B' =Sx 2 ....A;
. w..Jt..o...t..,
1'-)1 V".

. 1 A'B' = IDem 1 :~!

-
~
. P' ~ 4cm I ~ ...,..,l;iIJ4
[ IPI= 40em
1 i\.......I.1lI UL P' j; )~ I ~

-'\ [ """'''''), ""c,... Jt..o...t.

,-".lt-.:.Jl.J -.1

-1 1 1 1
. -p+p
- '=J
- .::.Lo..J.slJ
'
'
L.wJI"~ .. --'.
...". v--

:a' f = + IDem: 011$1.\.p- jA ~ .i>iJ (f) ~rJ.\..u..,J1 ~ y.J.1l.o d.......u.J\ 1L...,i *

.~
. '.wJI"~'
...". . j1'
... U" ' . (P = + Bem)

1 1 1 8-10 1 -2
P.=-10 -'8=-8-0- , P' = 80
 4 ~I.:>J, \
1 ...l>jll

~W.I j WI ~.ij4J .:.

Oij\i)\ ol~\ ~ O)\,\,\ ~ ~ iW.

: ~I h..i>~,ll - 1
9l1..lLo.lJ ~1..:,,'ibJ' ~\..G : U"'
(-1 ~jll) i"j~I,\.,IjWI.dJ.jWl,~I: ~j iu,I)\,(

. 1 - A_~J1'
%..lUI J.>.I.l (~~j.;r.J\j ~\J.l,h)'4J~l.lI~:il ~j.:J ~' <JM
b..u::.1..,.A ~ au~1 6.16..Il;;j .\~ "-.,I)lA:i..o ~~\ .l1~~1 ~ ,~I 6J6.J\ ~ ,(
.(2 ~j.h) ~I).l.l\ .l~4 4.:.)W 1~ O...l.l::I..,.A ~ .\.,IjW\ 6Jb.h (J lAi

:"-'~j j"- b;...6 ,.,.0. -2

:,;WJ "",,;L-,I c4.,.JI - 1 -2
-tl.;.AJ'.J W!..l ~I~ ~Y al\> ~ ~~? ()-4....4.1jA jWI
.~ ~'+i..RJI.l~l.a d.,jJw ~ iJ' o. .I.d.,..o jl.iJ\~~"p'-
. ~t:Jl ~ )w:Jl..::Jw ~ .33...1..>.J jWI o:J~"p'-~.J"""'

~
1":""1":"" ~tl dJ..Jt.!
. ~ . ,," ~ . ~('"-. .sjJ\
.. U:r--_ ~1...44I1 1('"
1...-
,, .l.>b 1".)':'
L .. ,A..j ... WI..:JI.:u "
.. jA~) _?
 .......
. . . .... ,--. . . . ..
.. ..,... ,.. . .

-~ (jWI ..;:,t:."j>~.:,.o >.4J~ ) Jf=.

~ ~ jAl 1.l4!JI '.T-'>?
"~Lo
~.J> A:! fA-O ~ 'roI:! ~ ,jW I ....A.,gJI !
<U.o,> ,)~\,,,4,o~,foLo j WIw...".J! ~ l
,p
....... .jl.i.h iUl> ~ ~~ . ~~ WD IjW \ dJb. ~~~, ~4.J.t.Al ' ..H.:I\.:4J\ ~ ~
,~ j:I.:a\.:4Jl o.i41 JI

, ( t Jll) T )\..11 ;;JI. ~ J.l .II

;I.ro-.JI, j WI "" ~t,....J1 ",,~y .;I.ro-.Jy ~~,.:..,
.(K) ~I ,I (C) "~I "').;JI """ h..JI "')~'''''''.l'
(V) )' WI i'?">
.jLiJI ~~j.I !$.J.Jll'wjil ('?'> ~
.(m') .l' (L) ;Jl1"'" ,..,..,.JI>...,.. .l
,(n) jl.iJl ;;.lt... ~ .II

.jW I..:,,'l'jA.l....U: .J~j

'--==-.::....:==----'
Imol____.. 6 .10 23
1
'u. ! ,.;:,t:."j>ll.:,.o ,)~l! ~I ~"" ~ I,S~ (moll) ~
.

,(Pl j WI hW.
.
'4l 1~ 1 '".o..oJ1~ .....,)~ Jo..> ~,
jl.l:i...
"'"" "-".b~ F ~W.'~~ '~1' .:,.o ' (S) ~I
-F , P lbi".:, jli.U (JI J~ 'jlill ~ ~
Sj \.iJ1.\o.i..Q ~ ~ 'U"'
~>b (jb- ~ jL.h l.a ~~? r"..ll....:a:! ~ ~ jliJl ~ , ~

.jWI r.$~ r.$.llll'lJ)'1(:"

 b~I~I ~ ,",""w.JI '~ I """",jt.."hi..>l 1
F _
p=-
, , ';4-JI,.~
.- . ,,1.," iJ""uu,F
(N) lJ-I.!f':!""'"'
-F (m' ) ~ rJl;...J1,. ,-",UU , S
(Pa) J"'-LJI,. ,-",1>,. ,p
~.9...u' ~I ...I.>~ 1 ~~ , ~I;;.J.>J *
(Pa) J"'-\,>JI,. hi..>l1,-",1>,.

: ~J ~\ iJ""t;tl.S~I ..:JI .J.>.J~ lA z,.lu:.

Ibar = 10' Pa ,( bar) ; \,>JI-

latm = 1,0123 .1O' Pa, atm [",,,-JI hi..>l1J, ,,-JI-
latm = 76cm Hg , ~)uj4-0 -
~
'"l<.J1 hi..>l1 iJ""L... .. . . . ) . W I
" " ~jJ..J+4-JJ J'-AjJ
.,._ .
~ ) '1t":'":"' iJ""
.." )\ill bi..o -

<II... . '1
( ...,..--- hi..>l1iJ"" L...
_ ,

j-AJJ \.,J\ ~ j lP.,J iJ""4 ~1j4l 1 .b...i.w3 -

H = 76 cm
",,,-JI hi..>l1,-",1".9, .",u.:.,.; J' "-!.&

-
d...oJt:A..J\ ' j1l1l.l ...w.l ll) ~~.J.+.4l' 6....::l1.,> ~ p j:l ~ Z,JIj-> ~).l !::I
.( ... >.;.ll,..#l'
J ~I J~ , ~)I..r'" ~).l l.S,I.....:.;;..IA ...b,I..u\.! ' ~iJ""4JJ ~ ~ I.l! !J
-'.$;I? jII
, tyAj j lill \.IWI l~ ~ aj~ ..l4-=! 17 ~1 ~ ~~-HAl' JjL>
M ariotte) b j;)Lo, (BOYLE 1662)J"j;(>A JS.:JJ> J IJ">.9' ....' , n , T , V , P
(Charles 1778) y)w., ,(1676
T ~)Ij ~)..l ~ ~ j l.il V j P .b..a.,:,..11 a..!~
~. 'L

, bl..:U ~ 1 ~ l ~4

. TO}r-J' ~)..l~ jI.ilV jP~aj~..l4-=! od...i...o~1 ,*

. ~\:, (T) j ill! O)1j ~)..l~ ul' ~j .~IW'~ (n ) ~ ~ ~ '*

1438 + f- P ,...1\:;.11 J,..I;<J

"hI\
t <.J"J J .Lo j \.S:-

I
1
1

P (Pa) 0,5.10' 1,0.10' 1,438.10' 2,0.10'

V (rn' ) 100.10-' 50.10-' 33.10" 25.10-'
P.V 5 5 5 =4, 7 5

~)I..r> ~)..lj .jl.ill ~ (n ) ~l,a~ (cte).;Il.lll Jl..I..Aj ! PV =

Sr
ct~ l ~ , (
I.llo ' ->"

.T
PlV l = P2 V 2 = .. ..... = cte I ,~ i...a..lj
,,,,"""' ~~ 2 ~l ~ 4
jl.il l ~ ~ I...1.?-~b. ~ .'U,lU TO;lj ~)..l~j .j ~ ~ n ~ ~J.?I ~
" PV = ete , I$i ~u iJ\..l..A.. V ~ 1) P
 P al ~~~f-) 0'" ~ 3.1 ~ 4
,_~ ..... _-- U-.9"0~101 ~)l;
JS..W10-' 4:iJ..lW ,1..41\ I,)A ~
l ~ \.J..t.j l
,,--t"-------.. .!.(m')
o v

-
~ ~aJ' ~ (>A ...,.a~j dQ~)L.. - ~.j,I u~1.! ~y ~
- 'J C!.loiio .....11 lj\.i.ll ..

. 1~~~
"Gaz parfait:' "I.?'l4.Il) \ilI" ~~)
- Jo lA -,);_-'" -,",
. . \0 ~
-: .,.:.JI
_ ) \ilI .

. ..l~ jA .r.i- jlill \.l4.

v' ~ .:!"~\ T' CC.... I..,... ~ .... -'-:' IPI ...:WI..l.,j';";Jiu:. - 2 -l
: 1Charles 1778 1cJ.... L: c.Jy";
,J"w..;~ 1 ~ 1 ~-t
6;,114 Il O.;l~' "-?-J.)~l,)Aj ,(t) y~1 0Jl.r-Jl ~ )..lj (P) ~ a.!~ .l~! .a..:...o~, ..
.j"'.r....,...~<n
,~~ , (IL) ..... "",.l>j0~"'
.o.J.,}.r.J j l .t. ., .d.....,j ~ , ~I.wt.a

J.>lo il_P)\ill ......., W

V"'. .. < -. -
(J"""""'o"

,~ I

t (oc) OI};-:o- ~ J .l ...,...\.:.! ~ L6

(JS.WI)
-3' ,t).J \ J,.J.;oJ\() ~...jll.:J' ~..J:! +

.."
~ p(Pa) 91200 94600 97400 99800 100600 1102001
, 0, -10

:1-
0 8 15 20 45
-- P (Pa)
-- -
p ,P= ((,) ,,41
'
"00

---- -,, 91200

-- , WC)
-273 -10 0

: ~u.:.J' '*
.( O"C ) 1..,'+4_11..:.,,0 ~ ':i ~J.A ~("'J;,; ,,' 4.b.> ",,~4..J \ ~' ~
~...l?-; i\..l .;..si ,"':.A... ~.9 ,t=-2 73, ~l! 6..b.4.:a 0-" ~ '("'J Oj,, ' Q h .)1......G! !l

., = -273,15,
,= -273,15, Lo= P= 0 Pa Lo ....... ~ j\iJlhi.Q ul l )l.;,

!Lo ....... j \iJ1hi.Q ~ ,,11,,4<. ~ J.l> ','-'"

.~1 ,,~ J.,t.L! i ~"i "i: It
! , = -273,15, ""-)~IJ! J,...J1' "il ~ J.l> 'P
.""-)~I ,.l.o J!J,...~ ",,)~I 0-" 'Y..".:;,sL ~ ~ , ~
'1;::.u.,..,! ..
<,>L ~! J,...J11 ~ ~.! ~ I ~I ~ T = -273,15, ;;\;.,.)1 .".)~
. 4.,I~
OK == - 273,15, . T = OK "'~! ';".H ~ I ~I

. KELVIN ~)~I J! "-'.:...AlS~ , K

,J)"":' ..:~\.! .!l 2 !l 2 .!J 4

y = ax + b ,JS,.:J' (>A ("' 1;" '" aJ..l\.a..o ~'-~W\ ~l A1..:aI.a.o.
4

P=a,+b ,<,>1
(DOc) '0)1.;> ~)..l rJ P J~ ~ ("'JO"" ' q Il ~U 6..b.4.:a ~~ j4I b , ~
P=at+P o 'u.l! b = Po '.$ .Po ';"'YYAlj.A~\.lJ
 p ~J:....'+Po ,...,., P 'JL..o.j- (a) U" ""~ t..=
273"

~P, (1+a,) l ,...,... _l_ ~a, F ' p~p

273 '
(_1_'+1) ,oUA,
273

,.,.~I (t) 'h,.]I .....J..., JJt.:. ",~Li 3'"

",IS:. ~ F' ,(-273c) 3"""~ 1,""", ci! (DOc) A J,ol..J1 ,-h.J1 1.w",., t..= *
",\"JI ~ ...,~ A J..=.' ,( ~ ".... ,1) ~I ~I " " , l4l <U>I~I 4,.>J1
,.)\:JI
P(Pa) l(pa)

Ipo
l
l

o ' J273K +283K T(k)

'"""""" """"""""""""",," """. trOc)
DO (DOc

1,--.= a~_l_
, 273
'""~, P=~T
"'-~- 273
",,~I, ~

Tilj.lbq !!oJI;-l!~J...l.:IJ}".~~l,jyt.j

,JJt.:. ",~Li """

.. 'h~1 ""JI. <l,>J>';' i>y!.o ~~ cp' ....... ~ P ~I

- ' --T
'T _2 -- - t
'"""T '' ' ' 'Pl=
...."S:.:d,.<:t...I1
...... ",-ce'. ..3 -P =:cte .T
, 2 T
 . .
,(" ~I ,-!-JI) ",,~,-Looj (J1bl1,-!-JI) ~,-Loo
, ....., T( OK) J_t<> (t OC) J_ "'J~

",,~,-Loo
1 1 1 Wc~
0
273,15c Oc 100 e

~,-Loo T(KL
1 1
OK 273K 373K

-""d-
,., l
-
~
""
1 ...
,0

180' 100'
' '" '"
.~
.~

}d L M'

".
J
W

T(K) =Wc) + 273

-;~;l . .,. ." m

-".
.

P' "~
- - 27.\'

- ' - ' 6~

( Oc)"'~~JJJ4~~\ bJlr-J\ ~),:, : t

"I T ' ..w~I.? ~~-'-! VI ~l.J1 ("c"V ",J,u, 1 .j

' Gay - Lussac 1802 1.J'L.,.J ~ c:.....;t;

lot.:..; ~ 1 ~3~4
(>A ~ ~(t) ,,-:!~1 aJ)\.;> I.:> ).l~ (V) j LC ~ ~ aA~ .l~l 4\.i...G ~I *
VlmL) VI ) VlmL) VI )

-'O~_::"'-_-_--_-_ _t-__..:t(,-+
OC) ~::... -- _-1=.....=.....=:,;. .~"'k)~..........
- _-_--_
273 Oc Wc)
 V=V , (l+at) 1 .
1 ,(,)1 ~ \J-:IW\ 4-,J\ ()A ..

~~1 Jl..r-JI ~)~ , t

1 V=KT 1

:V ~I<.o"""':; ( n ) cC-,L~ ( P ) ,", L<.Ja.L.;,~ - 4 4

,b l.W
~~ J.?-i()A ~..llo ~.3 jW\ b..i...::. 4,j~1 ..l~! oII...i..o ..:sJ411. .
J~ ~ <.?~ (IL) ~ ~ jlL, 'J
0....1.1.0 ()A o~ Cu.b..! ..:.Jpj ,~~I ~

Jd;':; "'j-'> b".:ll; 'J~I 'J b4..:. ~)I

0-' (n) ~ ~ , ~Ij .a..Jl :J":!
~II
r a...b ~.
H
~= , I.J::>
' ',"1 '-:T."....
.,)~ J .,

'0-')' oj r t" Jd'w..,'l'

b..i..,.;:J1 ~ I...>"'~ ~1 1",)-"44A L~

~~~..!IJ~;""'~ JS:..!Jl) ~l:l ;; I F'"- ~).J ..l.l.C jll.,J\ J.>\.J

//////////////// .(J.,!~ I
Pm(Pa)
. 1\ 'u:. b.i..Q .

,IL 0" ~HW b..i....QJ\ ~

l ..... \.A:Jl .
....... 0" ~HWI >
.
jo..".. 0
'H

n(mol)
'\"lI'JI \".,JI i""'-"j '"~I ofo
PH, = f ( n ) 4,-
' C~!
-
~
,<S;
2
-=>
-=cte
n
-

"<t'
---------------------------------
PV~cte~K,. .. .... (1)
P~KT ................ (2)
V ~ K'T .............. (3)
P ~ K n ................ (4)

PV = K K' Kif l'l.T , A,aWi::. ~ d..i\W1j)~ WA

~-' ~ll4J \ u ljl.ill..:J.,ll:l , R ~ , KK'K" = R: ~
R ~ 8,31451070 Pa .mo/'. K'
PV~nRT 1 ~w...u\ u ljli.!1~Li ~ (J.l!

1R~8,314 Pa .mol"'.K-' 1.l.>L;j

(Pa) ~ j W I ......, ,p
( m 3 )~ jbJ l ~ , V

( mol) ~ j W I O.lLo ~ ,n
(J. KI. mol'l) ~ ~\.1..o.Jl ulj Wl~b ,R
(K) ~ 4;"6 ~1 ;I.r-J' ,,-?-) .l ,T
,,,1\:.11j W I

1.$.l~I.a.jP=OPa~.jWl~r~ , T=OK~I~I ~~I ~L..,1.41) *

. ) _ . - ~..:u'
li.h~..l> 1~ _ .
~ U".il ...:s1 _j........,
. .:.. _ .. ,,:,,1.:...!_.J""'
1~ __ 1\ ......Qj -
~u'1.

ul.:..!j.;oJ\ r l..\b...g! ....Aj~~ , ~~.i-?- ~.J.iM..ll,.l..lj! ~ ~ T j \.iJl o )1;> 11.41) ~ ...

.T=OK )l.r-ll ~J..l~.jW4j.u~~I ~.;-r...l..a..i.,j

. ~WJ.\ j W l ~ , ~I.PJ 1 ;)~ ~ -.>.J.l\ j l.iJl !
\>....,.,.bJ1 " .)l.l..o j~ -'?- ~ J.o JSl
. -
~~ ,=",I.i..o j~...:s~ lf:il ~ ~J ,;"i;'!;'.",I! ..:Jlj li.J l ';il ~J 'i ~\ ;''''

"," j 10 j".:.J1 ~
:Ji;> ~)..l u1 1$1) ~ ~ ..I.?- ~41-o ~ 0 1 ~ j 6lJ d..AJ;....Jl u~~1 ..

. (>..,J ~

.1..1.?- ~ v~ .jWI bi...Q ..
 1 . ..

~ ... ,:,,, ~40-'i'p;;. !

.~' ~ ~4 ,,-=>,;.. _~ ~\.::.. ~ .:"..IljWl ~~j.?- . 1
.:.JI ~ .lj.J.>. ~ jW\ .:"..ILy.i-?- ~..,.... "":-1
. \ ~\ ltl;AJ ' j l.i..11 ~1.:y..J.?- ~ ~~ . -?'
.~ C:S.P.-J' .l6.,.11,jA ~ ', ! .. ~I ~ j l.::. t,)A~..J.?- ~ 5\......o.Jl .l

I...u... ~ ~ (jW'r::..j:J) ~Jl ;'>l s:l J ! l'Ju.- j l.::. ~j-::I ilJb c:, ~

J,J\

2~rI\

ct ct
8 8

._. b j ""JI~ ~ ,,~ " jJl J;\4.I1 ~I " ~~I ~jJl ~

,,>~~ 6.l (c) <,F-\,>j ,",~I >b...Ij,' "6 ' ;"! ' ~j'~ l> (8 ) l (A )

'yi>40- jJl '-:-Ij+-i~1 ~ bj W1 \j W I ~ ';~1 l./j; t,)A ~I

p..,.,.,. J~ ( 1 ) .Jl~l ,",y:..; ,uWJl.:,.o (2 ) j (1) ~t.>.o ~".......
,HCl"""j;-'I4l ;p j UO ~ ,(A ) Jl4J1" Ifl>-"l for-l' """j~'
'
j UO ~ , (8 ) Jl4JI" Ifl>-"l for-ll ;>w.iJ1 J~ lf.o.F' (2) ",p. ~lj
. NH3 ) .lw...:.J\
 (A) (8)
(c)

--
(1) , (2)

. NH,cl r*,~~1 JP .Ib<o~ 1jWI J<ol"-'; .J l

'Uo='jW\ ~ ...!.!.l6..l1~~, ~\Li..h (IJ..ll1A ~t
~ 'W,~J\ - " -.ll~~I - ""1.A .!J 2
6,.'t!w
..". . JO . ~ ""'J
':i,''-. .
J-A' '?'"' - 'T
jl4J1-- '4-.1..,.9 , (c)~j,!i,1,)A ~ 13"~ ';~I..IA1..:..i ,~\b:..J...l..a,I.J 3
.(A)
. Sl,).IjW\ ~L:..:!j.;-J Vmoy i\.b....w~I Cu:: ~\ ~ Jj1 1.;,t.. 1
LHj Wl u~j? 1,)-4~1 r..;r'.,:JI ~.J-~)l!

.~j4..l\ I.S:;I;4=- ~ ~I ;li ...,..

. M "A!jeJl >..,J~I ~j jWI (sjeJ V.'Y ~ ..~...,. '.,..

M(cl)=35,5g.mol"' , M(N)=14g.mo/"' , M(H)=lg.mo/"'

chJ\

Hcl(g) + NH,(g} =NH,cl(g)

...l..a,I ,~jWl ~ll,I~';~ r..r.-l?-)\ ...,..~!il ~ ~jl....h "J! ~ ~~\ '4J~1 ~ ~ 2
(NH,)j (Hcl)",jWI .:.l:.;j.> -' 0>"~I
u~..J.?- L>-!~ J.c. ~'i..l'''~ ';~i J. "".:.0 ~! I>! Il .~ .:.t.I..Ib..o~I-",,)(.
~ ~~ h,:Jl.o\~! ~..!J~ ~~

.NH4 cl ~z,...\,!~
~4J1 -' 41-" (c) ,",,*,~I -' ~.,) .w..,.J1 .A>~I ~ J,-.JI ! ' ~ 1
I~j , d;.bi q '1 .!.l ~ ..:...A:iJ! Hel U~?j (NH3 ) u~..J.?- .:,,1 ~ 4.1 ~..l .(A)
-' f ol (d,)~", .:.1.>1... = b j , NH,':'l:.;jeJl l J ! Jj>lI J ! .,3;
.....jJl.p4Jl...,..;u.,) l.:.oj ' Hcl':'l:.;jeJl ~<?' (d,) 6.b..~ -"I.>I.....JI

d d , > d,_ ~ . Llt

-",,~. , V lmoy > V 2moy U 1~
_.- . V 2 moy=-,
' V moy=- d.' .,)l''-'io:I'
.6.t 1 .le
 .HeI "'1:..,j;.J1 ".>"' 0" fol NH,"'I:..,j;.J1
:' "LiU 1, . ... ~ . ,~. 11 ... ~I~ C'I \ , Cl:! a..W\ ....J
..:..HJ ~ r.- '-'"~::r- '-'................ J::I
M ' _ _

) .
M(NH,! = (14)+(1 x3) = 17g.mo/"'
M(HeI) = 1+35,5 = 36.5g.moP
, - - - -- ------;
1 M(NH,! < M(HeI)

4~~\

F=P.S

1atm =76 cm H~ 1Pa =10'bar 1 bar =lO' Pa.,

1atm =10,13.10' Pa 1Pa =1,013 .105atm
.y.....~W \ .Pj)4J! : ~ jl.i.ll hi..:, U""~ 4Jf .3

.;...-~W\.J'Aj)4JI : ~ ':$j;-.JI ~I U'"'~ iIJi ~

, J! ..l~ r...1.! o~ ~\..ll\ ~1~1 ~ ~1 J
.o..,.s.u ~ \..I.l\ ~ I~\ .).c. ,,'jfl' ~~? r'..l~ ..J~ I .b.i...::J\
.ljfl\ ..:J~.? ~..l~ -.$,.-.1\ ~\ , Li! ..l~ ~.J.4l\ fo t;l>..,u: ~I .!.$

cl.>J\
ib ' .Prl l! ~l,I b :& \

F=P.S p= F . 1
S
 Pa .~

1atm = 10,13.10' Pa , 1atm = 76 cm Hg. 1 bar = lO' Pa ~

.Jo.A~W ' ..l

.;...o.9)41! A

. ~y51J ~,.:u, ....:!1.?l' ...,u: ,'.w' ~~.J.?' ~..:a1...Al -'

.t.? ~' b.i.AJ1 t.?

5~~\

,, ':J .,,1,~ ...,.".,.~.'

.~ I ~I ~ -273.15 C';;I~\ 4?-)..l. \
,0
.(~I ~I "')~ .,s1rO"K "' -.J j..o;; ~I ~I ' ""
.( ~ I ~lll) OK", -.Jj..o;;~I ~I '~

.T=OK = (Pa=OPa ) <Ibi..o~..w., ..,.Jl4.l1jWI ' ~

t =O"c = (P=OPa. . ) <Ibi..o~..w., ~ I j WI ....

, u-_
....~
'WI u_
. ~,- --", '1 - ... \.lI Wl:a.A " li:. -:"':._ "
..... .;-' ~ ' .. ~ ~ )
l...J:.' ,-. <_ .
' W l ). . v--: j
,
. ) W,
. :.._ .l'A .:.._ ....c:l..1>o..1.c.l..lA
~""""".....--.
~I.:...J
-? ..

. I..1.?-~ j W l ~

bj;)1A J"j; ~\3 b,...o)L ~ 1.iJ1~ ..,.Jl4.l1j W I l

_2c j l.C. 0)1;> "-?-) .l ~~ l ~ ..!.1
1000K Ji j " . )Ij> ...)~ J..o:l l .fo; b
-273.15, J! j ~ o)lp- ~).l ~ 0 1 ~ Jo:,

...w\
 ~j:Jj~ d,A,.,...ojLjJ'~!.Y\j ~l4.W\~ s:L-l ~ .!.I 1
J)w" bj,')Lo , ~t..jl.,.<- , J"t' . ~, '-'.:.JI ~l ~l<o J>:;
PV=cte , V = K' , V =V , (1+Ut), P = K , P=P, (1+
T T
,,!lWI ~Ul.!-,J' ~ .!.I

P(Pa) P(Pa) V(m' )

(2) (1
(3)
P
...............
,J . 1 (m") "'.2'=773,""15
- :-1.,.---,(OC) O*---.... Il ' nn ,
V

.'"=""""'u....JI <~I,j 04,1 J.S...a ~;1. 1

a~~J .'-:-I

..hJl
, ~, .$. lJt ..J ~ll\ ,~'" ..j.S..J .)~)' .!1 1
PV =ete , bj,') Lo, J"H j>l>
. (t )>';,:....J")I.,.,.JI>.,';" , P=Pi l+Ut)} , J)w, j>l>.
P .
. (T)A lb' '' ;;J';:-J \ ~)~ , r=K , ..!.I~.,JY',.;l,j ..

(t ) >';~I ;;I.,.,.JI >.,.;,. , v= Vil +Ut ) } .!lt..jl "" j>1>

V K'
(1) iI..il.b.J.\ ;;)I.r:-Jl ~ )~ . T =
, -,-,~ , ,,,~ .... ~ Ll . .::J 1.
0A ..bt....O ,1..41' 0A .,.."..,.".~ ..... f!'; . , b> ~ V =((T) , ( 1 ) ~1
.y =ax , JS.lJI
. ~t..jl.,.<- j>I>~, V = K'T ,.,si
 ,( 2 ) ~1
, JS:.WI C>' "-'l~~ ,u.,....J1C>' .,." ~ -.,.;> ~ .J.,.. f!;; " . b> J'> P = g(')
y =ax + b
''''''W=~'f!;;'''~' J;..oJ'> a,b=Po, /:,P=a'+b ,,).,,1

Po .-.' 1 ~ _ '1' , 'a -

_Po "1 a=
P0 -0
P~-t+P , ~Q.j.l~ l3~j-LI ' - ' Vol,
273 0 - 273 0-(-273)

'P~Po (1 HU )JS:.WI C>' *' P ~PO( l+ -l-

273
t)
J)t.:. " .,.1> J'> 1':"', ' - - - - - - - - '
-0. "-'l~~ .I-.JI C>' .,." .,.,.. ~ .J.,.. f!;; "," b> J'> P ~ h ( ~ ). ( 3) ~I
~ Y = ax , JS:.WIC>'
J,,~ .,.1> J'> 1':"'" 1~ ~ a~ cte 1,':'1.,,1, P ~ a(~ ). >!
,0

loj,')Lo,

"':"""UJ I J..~ . --:.J

P=Po ( 1+-1- ,) , u.,- ( 2) ~I C>" ",",,\,;JI "")-' ,;I

273
P=P o (l+Ctt) ,,;,I W=

7~~1

m=7Kg OJ.;>-~j~, ol.i>, "'lA> M=70Kg d.Ol:.b ~.",.

175cm x 7cm .~t.,1 J!h;",. J'> >';>-~j JS U'"')t z;b !
28cm x 8em ..lj..J.>. J O.l~1 J!h-;",4 t;.b... ~ ...J.>.I~1 ~1.bJ ! lAI
, ~~ l.$.lJtP ~I ~.....-,>I

LL
 chJl
P .b..1..::a.l\ ~ -"JI......>

1p = : l , . )4ol~ (5) ~ ~ F ~ .:,....., ".:.JI(P) J.u.AJI...,b;

, "'bd~I '~I",jS:. ~I ~ ~~.:,J~ dl>.J4.l1bi..o, IA= . 1

F=P ,p.~
+ P ~)'~

F= {M+m}g . F =Mg+mg
. ~~.:,JI .,rob- ~ ",1....,0 5 b ~I (.b..JI lAI
5 ,= 5 , =1 , 75 x O, 07m ' , j'l>6.;>~j JS~
51 = 52 = O,122Sm 2 : .l!

p= (M+m)g ,-(7-,0-:+-:7-',),,-x9",,-,-8 , ~ .....

25, 0,245 . ,

P = 3,08.10' Pa
Jo ~1 ~ , ~ . ~..l:J ' ~ 0; ~4A J'Ij,;"Jl U.H ~.J.M..lI ~ L....L ""'"

.,Ihll <.T' , j .,rob- ~ ",t....,

5', = 5', = 0,28 x 0,08 " hll W"Dj JS~,
S = 25 'l = 0,044 m 2 : ~!

, ..,.os..; ....., ~ ~.:,JI "-"'",,, ~ dl> .J4.l1'" ~ P = Mg , ':'1 w=

p= mg = 70x9,8
1 P = 1,53.10' Pa 1
25', 0,0448

~~.:,JI J>l ",W 6.bi.w.JI '~1 "',. .~I ~ ", L>,> ~.:,JI 10;..0:. IA= ~

P = mg , (J.l!
5=25, , ,,I ~ ~jJI ~,,,1....,Ob~I ~1 1A1
p_ mg _ 7x9 ,8
-25 - 0245 , .....,
, '

P =2,8.10' Pa ,"'~!
 8~~1

.~~ tJ.,.,QjA:J ..s jJ\ , ~ ~ 2 ~1~ d.>t.....o ,~\~ "",)1,j

.40Pa <,5 j t...,. 4:ow,! bi.., ... "'~ ,t'~' ''p- j ..,..1~ ~) ~ ~ 1
.t'~ ' ~ 1;;)1~..,..I .,?' ~w.J I ' ~ I ....,. "",",,"1
Jlt,~I ~U"'uu! y?"jl.jJ 80Pa A4,;0Ft'~I ~1;;)I ""~ ~I';" ~ 2
. 600N ,-,." >'". j t.....~w.J""
"... I ..... '... ~."..
....,... . " 14.1
-

fl ,.:JJ .l;-';oll ,u..;J1""" "",",,"1

chJl
: ~y\ ~.J.>I ..;J\ ~ l~.h Cl~I ~-.,..Jl....> ~ l
1 F =P . si, pJ , l ,.a.;
IF = 400N I ' F = 40 xl0 ' ~u'>Y-'
t\~ ~..J.;oJ1 t.b...J\ ~ -.,..1'-> ~ 2
1 s = 7,5m' l ' s=-Fp , t.u..
-

9~~1

. F=lON~....,;, ~w,;~ ... "'"""" ,;,.;-"-' )t.......:;~

't$,jJ\ ~1 ~~!
5 Sl ~ ,:?.iJ\ )~1 !Y'i; J.c. dj)o.4J\ .u~ 1
5.1
Y0 -:::0,
(~I) S,= ~m' ~
~\ ~ )~S2 ~~\ ~'+llI .u~-..,..
S2= 1 mm 2 0,.1l4k
'

1 ~ 1~ 1 ~~~ \ ~I ~~ O) 1,j . ~
,~ i.lLo - (..,.) j (1)
S''''''';;.J.A.JI .....I; ~ i.,S.jJ\ )~1 ~.l ~ W ~ .:a

chJl
1)~1 iJ""i) ~ \5~ 1 ~ ~ -,JI......> . 1
F
Sl=10m 2 =1 .104 m 2 , F1 =F=10N . P1 =-j- :l,;",!JJ
,
 L ---,P
,-,--
1
=--,I",O,-'...:p:.:a,-----,1. 10-~ , ....... ""~
' P, = 1 . 10

P, =lO' Pa

F )'""-- ~

P, =100P, ,,) b>'llo

ylJ')~ ~..MJl ~lf.1J' ~ 1"iJ'~jl...:L..o F2 j FI ~~\ ~~'l ru:j
~t... <,S.;]I ) L...l1...,.1) ~ ;,;p l " " " '" Jo' 100.; f ol ~I ~ ~t...
.(5,)
>Ij L.l<= d,,~1 r:;b-JI ..,.."., L.l<= ";; ~ L\, ' ~ > Pt ~ 5~ < 51 l L..,~
. ~~'

. .
.4.!..l ~ ~WJy, , ~1 ~ A.lI.>..ll ~ w ..b..i.....::t.ll ~

10 w,.~\
j~ <Ill> ..:w",;J1""~.HAI' ;.'>l4ll; fo> ~ 1
iUWl ~1 'j li1l ~~lpW, dJW\ ~ flI..l\4.l1.,.lA .:.U~ 1.l,! ~ ~ .!l 2
I<\J ...,jS..~.AW'

~\

, .".. j~ <Ill> >.:w",;J1""~.HAI' ;.'>l4l1 "1

. (n)j WI . ~~ (P) j WI ""'" (V) j WI i"?'> , (T) j WI . ;I;->.".
. <Il_ js:.lf-y.; ~ ,)L;.)I;~ ,jW.l...,jS..~foWI <IlbJl ~ ;.'>l4l1, .;." " 2
-
::6. ll ~~\

; Ir---- ' 4UJI "",,", (c' ,,"~1,.) "'~I 6.>).lll J ! J;'" . 1

273K . 273 ,15K . lOk
:a.JWI 0j 1r-l1 ...:JI.?-.Jol I ( K ~4) li ;,Ib q Il 0;I..r-JI ~l?-).l .JI J-.P- ~
.,sj,.J1 hi..>l1 """" -182,96' c.,s,w ~~I"";W j~ ~'J'.P" 6.~ ~ 1
. ~lb.:J 1

. ~u.:..:JI ~~I ~\ ~100,OOc~ ~Wl 4lC 0;1;-> ~).l Al 2

_r..;r4UQ.ij1 ~I ~ 0,00, ~ "Wl )~! (0)1;-> ?-) .l .!J 3
L -______ .~1.b..i..I\
____
~
~1~
__ 961.93, ~ ~I J~! 0 JIJo> I.?-;.l ~ 4

c.W1
. -
J.....l.--l ...,..s..J1, 1" ;1;,.)1"'4>) .ll ~ I ,-kJ1J! .,s~I ,-kJ10-' J.i~
1 T(K) =t'tc) + 273 1 ' ":lW1
Wc) = T(k) - 273 ,,,,i !
t("c)=10-273 , t=-263' c ,~.ll , T=10klU\>.;t.
' .....' ......llI ..:lW1J.....l.--l .T=273,15k lU\>.;t
Wc) =T(k) - 273,15
, ...... " t = 273,15 - 273,15 ,,,,i !
'-'----=--r-----,--:c~
t =100' c t = 373 - 273 , T=373k lU\>.;t.
T(K) t("Cl 273, y:;s..; ..... \,;JI .....).>JI ~ ~
, t= -182,96' c lU\>J ~ 1
T =-182,96 + 273,15 , '1-=T=-
=9"0'=-
,1-=
9-=
K=-
=-=
90
-=-=K::-"---l1

r-:--::-::,:-::t-::: _O,OO' c lU\>.;t ~

=l,--O 2
T=+100,00+273,15=373,15K ,1 T . 373K 1
, t =o,oo'c lU\> J ~ 3
T = 0,00 + 273,15 = 273,15K '1-=
T -=-=-
27=3-=
K,----:,1 -
, t =961 ,93' c lU\>.;t ~ 4
T= 961,93+273,15 =1235,08K T =1235,08K 1
LJwG~.J.j ,Tf I.J> ~).l~ Pl=2.10SPa ~j l V1 =1,5m 3 ~ j~L>--~
~).l ~ oIj.l , P2=4.105 PaJ! 4jl.....o~jWI ~
.d.:i)I..J>
,
I~ "" \-'lI"";I".H'' )1-'4.11jO>U ~ 1
V, ..y..L;IJ1 ~I ~I.....> ~:J'0; "'" ~ "!G!:b', ~ I$.lll O~I.lI ~L. .!l ~
. V2 ~~! ~j Li.U

. TO)I.r-J1 ~)~ jA J; ;i! ~ 1.S,jj1 ~\.,l.HAl1 )~I ~ 1

- -
V,yt......~,b ;" ..,uO-> ,bj,l) u - J,>j,I ".,.;\3 ~~ ~ 2
, V2 ( ,-.-
..............1
..

2.10 5 x 1,5 ._ " lt. ' .

1 V,=O,75 m' 1 ,V = ...,....- U'" j>-'
:1 4.105
>uJ\4.J1
_ ' ' \3'
~I') WI u~ .. 1...-. <.. 'lOlt..j ,I.?''\:0.. )' WI ~
~~'?' - '. >h>)l.,
PV =n RT
T ,= T t" ,P,V,= nRT . (l)\J6.Jl i,I
T,= T t" ,P,V,= nRT . (2pl.l,.Jl i,I
PV
_'_J =1: ,j!
P,V 2
.J,>j,I " .,.;li jO> j ' ~j
 ~_' ..::J~ 'w\ "t:u'
w"~ . ~ IA_
l.i..> ~J ....
,

-
.,:;-- 'H'. J
,----------, .(20) Ub>-'"
~
. c>
2.00 m

J>';-oJ' \)';:'~ J.> ,(n) >W, ~ 1

5~ \j\..o sa" ~ d.:!~!

~
-
'.
#
~ jl.ilJ V} , VI r~\ ~
."'.,.,.:al
.P3-,P2,Pl b~\ ~)l,g--.,.I
U)l! 1

"':>W' J>'r-J'
!.l 2

- . L,lWl .r-I.lI.4J1
,
~ \j').l..c:. ~\ i .!l 3
'S'n;,/;,..,.J ~ ~.J.I1 ytAll j4lLo ""'"
.p ~g( ~ )9 P ~ r(V) ",-,\!+l,,...;i i . 4
.~~!)~ 'S'A.!-*", JS.,I ~.lb.4 ~ ~ ~~1 ~l '-.,.J

..hJ\
(n)5jl4Jl ~ !.l I
,~, J.,<... uk ~ Jl4l' J.,<... uk ,20 Ub>-'" .;:,~ jW'';:'~j-> .;:..-.4.
.jWJ ~~\...7..l'ibJl ~ . i~ ~ ,n=20 .).J.sJl.jl b.>)U 0.l!,.
~\ 'ij (P) lb;";"" 'ij ,(V) jWI ~ ~ ,~ 'J jW (n) 5~Wl ~ 0 1 ~

. (T ) 4';I;> ,,-?-).l~
,4.:WI 6.:I'ib J j W \ ~ V . V2 , V I r~' J...J A.: )~ L . , !.l 2
IV l
V =- ''' .IQ.>.Yo-I
" " '-~:t' - ' " 0-4

1 v_~IV
~4 J
'1 ~cSiV,~~V,
2 ") ~
d..:!').lJIC,),b.J j Wl ~P2 P2 P_ b.~I J....J4.JJ ..A.- ' - -..,.I

Pl=l,OOat m '01 h>)U~~ \ 0-G

P, ~2P, =2,00 atm
P, =2P, =4,00 atm =4P,
 Vi , Pi .H..l~l ~ d,j)l1h 1!l 3
V 2 =! V J " P2 =2P 1 ,I L..,a
2

1 P,V, =P,v, l ,<,SI l

P 2V 2 =2P J x-V 1
2
l
V] =-V J ,P, =4P, , u,...Il.!lJ.:.s,
4

1 PV
3 ] =
PV
1 l
l '..l.'" P]V = 4P x-V
1 , ~
" "
, " Lu"lI"~"l.4. .~~
~)" "
3 1 J
4
1 PlV! = P2 V2 = P l V ] 1 : ~)I~,h~~j.b.-.Jl ~)~l u-o
" lo~).A " JJj,l ~l,j~o lj :>;j'j ,,1 1$j.J l~UJ I ' ....I

p , P = f(v) -,,-'L...J'~ , . ~ !
V
P(alm) P(alm)
P, P, ~

P,
/ P, 1\
1'--.
P, f-
......
I/ P,
1

0 1 0 v

. . bl..o~a.J~, ~~,';" .. b>~ p = g( ~ ) L...J'! ' ~

.bl..o ~ J4.:J' .r' ~' u-;l.)\:iJ~, ,......,.... ~ P = f(v) ~, t....;.",.
u-o tJ.lI ("JO;,,' , 11 dJ..lu... ~ , ~~ 1 o~ o~ l.Sj.Jl LJo<3GJI ~UJ I ~
" ~=Q,, ~ ' .l!,y=ax JS:.:Jl
.bj,l) l. J,.",. j->l> ~ ,o, ~ 1 PV =a =cte l , ..... ,
 .~41J..!.J..l> 14 ~ .!l
1
$~~bJ\';~l.bJ! ~ ~\~\ 0A ~1 .!l 2
(2) 6;,~~~\ J ~\ ~Ul\ ~l.!+l! a....\J.JJ1.,a ,~L..,.I\ o~l.bJ\ c:.i4- .!l 3

"' """,,,'m. L
~ 100
.0
...... 90

~
.~
E:J 80
'f4'...... ~Lo"tooJ\..roJ\

w~\ Ll ~
~J~ ~ Lo ~

j.. a....IJ.JJ\"~ J..4l -?-

)<l

. ~l>1
. . ' .. ~WA
J~ . .. iJ'"'jJ...1.4.J\ J. W!
~
~
-
20
~I~ V = f(t) ,,\;,JI >lot... hel ~ 4
..."
10 ;)lpll ....) oT ~ V=h(t)


250 150 50 0 50 100 150200250300

Oc ';)I.r-JI

chJ\
~j ,..:J.,Il:!.b.i...:, ~j (25c) 4\:9~\ [)}? ~ J~.} C\}~ '.,lL.JJ..!.J..l> i.5.J.J! ~ 1 .Il

u=,
" "

".ill, J.;t.:J1 w;>~p:J1 ~ y>:.;. ,V, ~ ~ "Jl411 " If:. "j;.J1 ~I

~.JJI ~ ~Lo\J~ JS..:y ~ '.,lL,J\ J.:>\~ ~\~I ~ O\.! (~ 196 c) cl..:.J'.J-> ~ J~
~ ~..:J.,Il:! b.i..r.Q ~ 'jW 0IpoJ\ ~J~ ~~\ :J ".!.U.J.J..,.a~ 'JI wi~
 .;; ~l.bll,)oUb ~ 1$.J.l1 j4. .J;t..:. . O~l! .!l 2
;#,Ji "-ll> ~ J.,li, .""t. jWI bi..o ",1 b>)l; (2) "_~yl UA . 1. 3
. ~I,;l i;;-' ~ - J4...l1 ~I J.".., - """w.J1
. l )li,h~ ~?'~..;Jl;;;'~Ia:,j~ . To ""'"
To = -273c ,~.
. Lu.l.l
.. a.uli...o
_ ...... IA-, _.i LAI
,;~\ .r-:-~

1 Ta = -273, 15c l, \ ~ ~..JJI4\.w\),jJ\,

.J...i.J: r~ jliJ\ ~ 1~ ~ 'i!, .4J.o jill! ui ~ a....1)jJ'''~ ~
. ! ~ (Ta) "-:>).J.II
. V = f(t) " !,,,JI ;,J~la.o 4
,JS..:J1LJ-O cU.l~~. \~lA ~ 'i .~".. ~r"1;'-' ,!I h> j41~1

V, ~I ....,. J:...:. '-"'.)W", .(V)

b=Vo '
J_ V=at+b
t' ~!;;
1 t o= Oc
... "
:.l! y=ax+b
~1:iU '"""'J:...:. .b
1 ';;I~I ,,-:.:l~
V
a=-
'
273
(*) V=V o l l+
'\
--=-
273
t) . V=~
273
t +Vo, ~~WI "-J.l'--l\I) ~~
1 V=V , (1 +U ') 1 . ~ . U=2~3'~~
.V = h(T) ( Ull..1
...,., (.) ;;\ .]1,;l ""J"' t =T - 2 73 ,,1 roh'
1
V=V, ( 1+-(T -273) ) =V, ( 1 +T- - 1) =V-,T
-
273 273 273
. V
1 v=KIl
'v":'! K=_o 'F
273

J)L.:.J~I.! ~;:: j "- , !i.J~lA.H .!.l 5

V = V 0 (1 Hl t) "~~1 ';J'r-JI "-:..l.,I ~.:,
. V = KT d ,.110, Il "-:>) .J.ll,i ,
-
- ';! ( '"'"r:; w" ~) 14 w" ~ \
~' ,--------------------------------,
~ 01 ~~ ,~'j4lt.,. ~')..l~ .,s...l>'i (chambre air) ~'j4l' d..!yi:. t...A..i..,a...l.4>I ?,~
. ~' ~...I.z.,ij ,(fiG,',:,Q 11) \.l,It.~ ~1.9fl' ;))I.J> ~)..1
_ .......... .!l,..r-O~~,, ' 1=40cm \4ljb " 'jb.1,. (;,;,.a, ") i;.i;.HJir.:..i
,",~I,. "'jb.~' ~ .\.>.".,., ~ t.f:o a ..6.., (J5:.'JI) "'jb. ~' ';>1>
1

5' = IDem 2
. .l...o J ! ~I t'""',., , <lh.J1 r ...... " ,",~ ~I J l\,o -,<>1rj,!. 1~ 2
,a =20cm
1

.jtill ~~1 ..Q~ t$jJl P l ~\ ~ ~

. a 2 =30cml..!~~1..!l~ #-i~1 ~~ ~-",-I
. ~'.wl ~..,i:. ~ P 2 ~l ~ ~I
J! ",,,l...o i;ilIl "'14l " b~1 > ,> ~ ~I " ~ ~
,'.9fl1 ' h
. 10, 6:J;1j> ~)..l..:..,j~ ~1j41 1 Ui~ U!J.:>LlI1 ~J~lo1 w.c. , t ] = 40,
.~1 ~~~~1~1~~1

..hJ\

~I 1w;, ',",~ ~I 4p " .... "..... i;ilIl 4.1" <$ j"ll b.i..>J1..... ~
.'4-.... b "~-4 ~1.w \ ~~ ~0jl~
1 Pa = IBar = l OS Pa ' , .,)~!
 IF=10' NI , F=10' x(10 x 10" ) , ....... ..;..~
P~l ~ .!I l
~.9-:I ~1j ~ "" .Ml' ~ ~ ~ ~lsl\ j l.. ~ ~\ ~~ 1$.111 ~ l!
~ I ..." J;.9 ,'j4Il ~ lo"J\.4 -
Ip =P,V,
V 1 ',l! PIV1=POVo bj.l)\..o-J..!.". ~\,j~
1
,

p-
10' xO,40 ........ "
,- 040-020'.
, , U"~

P -...:::.J' .J, ....,1

P2 = Po l , ~~~I
.
~.t...l1
" r-~
".
, - - - - - - - - - - , l - a, 5
l
p , = 4.10' Pa =4 Bar ' p,= 10 xO,40 ' .........
0,40-0,30
u'>.1"'"",

. ~ 'i .,I~ J'ljfll 0;I? ~)~ 0I..,....1..",,1.).c p 2 ~ ~ ~I...JI dJW\ ~

'91 t o=10o, ~1()04 ~ o;l~1 ,,-?-),j l ~ 1 ilJb.ll .,~~ ~I ~
t , = 40, .JI.,.,.J"''>J>.J!T, = 283K , T, = 10 + 273
T, = 313K , T, = 40+273 ,<$1
PV = n RT ;Jll..J1 ljWI u";L1 J..:;...;
ft'.ll&..Jl ~ ~ '::il , ~U )1.l4A jA, b~~1 J>l.l t:1J4l1 jU: 4 6 ,n ,..!J..,p.

, T, P,IV
PoVo= nR
T,
 p'V
_'_2=n
T R P' V 2 -- n RT2 ' "" T2 ,))
- 'J-'""'...l..i.a.!
-" .'
, '2 Uo:I..u :

V,=S'(l-a,)j V,= S'Z

P' = P, $'/T ,
. ...,.;.u., . ' $'( / -a,)T, : .l!

P' = 1O'x O,40 313 ~""-'"

, 0,40 - 0,30' 283

P',= 4,42.1O' Pa=4,42Bar

>.b...'" IS""!.'~ .V,=3L j V,=IL ~~ t;~j""'" t;)j)\,jl

J..4; ......,.u1
~ljfl4 ~~j4.0 (1) 0) .9)\411" ..i:.)l! (2) j)l.A.I\ . ~~1 ~ cil..u ~ ')~ ~ ~
.)~1~ t=10c ~)I.J> ,,-?;.l"Po =5 bar~

(1) (2)

V , =IL ,
V =3L
~ ~1j4l1 ;!.J-> 4?-)..1 uI ~ 1..:J9;,,;l:4Il ~ ~ ,,'.)41J ~lflll b..i...AJ\ .....,..u...>I !I 1
.d.1.,iCi

. J"Jl.i J.!= \) .1?-'~1 t:lj4J1 O.lLo ~...,.wo.>1 .!I 2

R = 8,314.Pa.m'. moZ-' .K'. ~
 c.W\
~~ .b1.A:' ..,..,-,> .!l 1
~) eu::)UUl (2) o).,)l4J\ u'! cI.,I ;;~j1.-J\ (1) o)j)UJ\ u-o ~ljfll '":-I~ )~\ ~.....c
. <Ibi..>~ . ( ,,~ I0'

lojJJ\..o - J.!~ ~l! Jl4......4 ~..J.?o.l ' ~1 .l:i.....c . ,,,,.....:J

P V =P V
~ ~ ......... .,.lIt'

Ir ~ = ~t"" l, >!
,

.,.. ( 1) ; J'Ju.JI.;! I.'p'-~ ""' >';I.>.,.JI.;! ,'~lll V ~ =V,=lL , L".ll

'J~I ~ -'-'" ","J'Ju.J1 c.,L.., ,'~lll V", .. =V,+V,=l+3= 4L

Ip,,I\tl =1,25Ba1 ' P . =5xl

",.. 4
:~!'0.J!

~ .J.:..,! (n1+n2)J:I34l' O..l14 ~ '-$jW )~1 ~ J+! (n o) ~1j4l1 O..lLo ~

no = "1 +n 2 : 1$1 )~\
~ ~~;Jl ~ (2).9 (1) ~).9Jt4l\~~j~WJI ".9fl 10.l U ~~" 1' "2
'J~I
PoVo= noRTo :~ 4J\ ~ljliJl~\.j
PV
no =# , :(J.J!
Po = 5Bar = 5.10'Pa
V o=11=1.10'm'
To=t,+ 273 =10 + 273 = 283K
R=8,314.Pa.m' .mol"'.K'
5.10 5 x l.10 -J
a,2125mol , ...,.:..0 u'>~
8,314 x 283

1 no = 2,12 .10-1 mo~ : d...i.Aj

 TI=T, 1':'

-...
~ .
, -_ _ _ _ _-';
!" =
P J= p ~"...

1 5,3 .10' mol .l2

,cI..i...o j
, ~l 'fi .;"j ~,'i ;;;!~\ ~ )..l:i
5
nI = 1.25. 10 xl.IO -3
8,314 x 283

' .
~
~~

, n2 ~

.!lI~
5
1"2= 1,59 .10"mol l :.cU...G j n = Pl V] = l ,25.10 x3 .10
2
3

RT, 8,314.283

, ~l:i~yb

- "2 = 0,212 - 0,053 '..l! . "2 = no - nI , ~..\J

. ~I...J' ~\ ~~, "2= 0,159 mol , d...i..A j

.J __ ""~ j~ ~ <.?~ ,>.>hA >.>6.j .....1.1>j ,, ~Ip.. ~

~t....4! ~ !.S"p'"1,,~ ~,~ d...i..A ~ ~l! .j \.iJ \ b ~ ()-C ~ oI ..ll;

,a,.JW\ ~~\ ~~ .jI.il! iUl> ~ , ~,s:....jfot..

V=153cm' 6..\hJ1';>1> J~ I j WI,-;><> , P=1,013 .1OSPa. t =25
m=86,30g >..0) 1> 6..\hJ1~
m'=86,59g jW" ' ,j4A 6..\hJ1 ~
, '4lUJ\ ljW\ ~ ~ J~\ j W\ tI.l.J.:.. .~I.:i.:JI ;)~....,..w..>

)' w \ N , sa, 0, NO , H,
M(g/ mol) 28 64 32 46 2

cl.>J1
M d.......J _ .'J'" ~ ~
__ lj A..JAq
- _J-!"'" . -~ "" ~'. ..I..I~
. _ )'ti.lI t.....r-

~\j WJ ~W\ ~W\ J ~l,t, n ;;.lW\ ~ ~ ..:IH J.?~r "

PV =nRT . n =-
RT
 ~ 1,013.10'x 1,53.10 ~ 626 O" 1
n , .1 ma
8,314.(273+25)
m Lt m'-m , ,-,.J1 m = m ' - m
~-'-~-- ..... . jLt
n n

M
,i1.oO
~ .86,59 - 86,30. . .. . .
6,26.10-3 ~""~
.

.;! ~i 1.4 -.,.....> (NO,)jWl"':"',;.o.JI4.,Jj11 = '.".., M ,. " 46,3 glmol ... . .,

1
.J,..Iool1

,4.,JW
P ,~ 3, 17 Kg.m" Cl,)~I ",W j ~ .
p, =1,96 Kg. m" CO 2~J""""
q~1 - I..:T W ) ~

p, =O, 71 Kg. m" CH,~lj ~ .

.
j U; J== ()-G lem 3 ~ O....l?'~, " 1' ni n3 O.lW, ~ ~ ~ i
Sb.>\b t:l\..o
.~ .w:! .A?-l.:U..l...l ~ 1$.ll1~U ' j4lLo !l

M(H)=lg.moI-'. M(C)=12g.moz-' ,
M(Cl)=35,5g.mol" . M(O) =16g.mol"

..hJ\
 , Cl 2 J' .U -.......JI...
. .

V=l cm' =lO" m' , M(Cl,!=35,5 x2=71g/ mol

n 3.17 x 1.10 6 ,........
..... .
, n Pl 'V 'u,",\
....
' 71.10-' ' M(Cl, )

n, = 4, 46.1O-Sm::iiJ . u';!

.(CO,)j.U ~~.
V= l cm' =10" ,.,' . M (CO,!=44.lO" kg/ mol
n P2' V ,li...l.J.l
' M(CO, ) .

1,96x l .10-6 AlA

n, J
44,10-'

,(CH ) ,.U -.......JI...

" J . .
V= l cm' =l O-' m' , M (CH,!=16.10" kg/ mol
n = 0,71 X 1.10..-ti : ~ . . n = P3' V ,L:u..JJ
, 16,10-' ' u<'.9-" , M(CH , ) .

nl = "2 = "3 '1$i.1$,\.....o lN.;JCI ~~ ~\ .l..l.t:. (Jl .b>)lj

J!-:'-'fi- ').3\.9,,1~\j j414\.>~' ":,,..s:..... ";J.: I...;~l:Q} !J 2
,.,r, ... .).< ..;....:.., .,,:..1,

~...::...;,I.&:. ! ...7..l~j.;roJ\ .l...!..i:. ~ uL: l$~ , A ;,Ij-".Jl ~ljlaJ \ I,)A ,lj~ 1 ?'~ \

. O)I~1 A:>) .l j b.i...::a.l1.y .:.r...b..,.1J\ ~

 411~\
d.,;.I.AWI U"Y-9 :2 O..l> JlI
1.lai~9><Q oll.bl 0
A .a .G J.,iJbl.1~ O.lUI 4.<;-' U"L,;:i 6 0J.;b

:~kll
.. ..lJb..JI
.. ~ hl"f.JI - 1
.~t j t "",~lA 0-' ( ..jA ~ :.la.,..tll - 1- 1
, ~ I lc~

"il QI '>~I o)~l..9A .:;:,. ;).l ~I.J:1.IY ~I ~ I~! , ~~I ;.:i:. ~I

jj~ .4 ;,1-,-%4-ol\ ').lljA U'::';).l ~I ~y ~I ~ ~ 1.l! :~~1 ~I

.J~I""""
: ~UI d......wl - 2- 1
~.4J1 j ) ~I ~ "WI t ~ , ~1 j! ~..l14 I,)A A ~~ h"J.> ~
.(Solut -..,.I1.4J1 j i) 4.I)6..h~ 4\b...:J1 ~..lUI, foi d,.!Qf-. ~j (solvant
.Jll.o

J-.lI ""lAJ~
V" bUJl..:.Jl:i..!_..r.-"-'
.<"\

:~UI c.J.}WI tl"";l 3 1

~~I.9 (x n- ) '4lWI ~y~\ .li~1 -"..:J::.'=.~ I,)A oF ,~.l)l.:J\ ..,4JWI Il
",,~~I ;4Ollllil> (M" ) ""j
"cu 2+ +S02~ U"bUJ\ ~~fo J~ 'Jl:a...t ri
. ';y~1 Jt.;al ?Jj~~,~y~ AJ.l~ ~t:.:?OA oF : ~.P.oJ' ..kJb..l ' Il

4y>:..J~ .Jll.o.
 :a,.l>Wl j o.jlWl 2
:R Cu"Lai 1 2
. .
CA.,!.r'
..;,,~ I -".9'lI ....... .,sjL..;.:;,!.iL; "" ),...,... .,s~;I.':' J~ -' (~) ,:,;.. "'jW
. J~I ,:,;.. il ) W I.I ul,,~ 1 )4'JI.~ J !( U) ~
[Dl ~j~~ ..,..I>:.j ;"jWJI ,R 1 Rra): ~l ,.,sI
[V] b)jOlI,. ..,..t;,.j .:;,!.iWI ,;l.,b "" ..;"~I -".9'l1,U
..;"~I )4'JI .~ .[

-
j3.
3 .
(Ol..".ul) o:ll3WI .
:3 CA.,! .,...,
~,
1 G: ~ l ,.,sI (V] ~ (1) 0.....;,)..>1> J~ '4l-!WI

-
.[5] ~ c?' .!.>j,' ..,..I>:.j '4l-!WI ,G
IG J"w '4l-!WI..,..I>:. .........
. ' ......)'tt"':'":"'
~
. , , - . iuljWI
_ \.J'"'1>:.
1< -
(~ '1) iuljWI
_ V"' W
__<W>

'.:,.0 ~W, o)u...4.l~

~.a..,Jlj( 5)~~~~"""'iJ!-~!;'O
A)--~GBm-~ ""I,>~I.;1.ll1 -s.:wj .,s~)WJI J~' ,;l o l...4.;:; ,(L )
1----{v'}-----1 ~ t.S~ ,GBF 4",0.;,, ", . JI ~l~jJ.ll..uy d.b...ljo,l

L (lt ),?;i.I'<..J..!.W""U.~...,.,,~~l,a~J~
..,..lA> ~ , b) jOli ..,..4'u loi . (A ) ",..,i..,..4'u .....Ij,'

5 .( U, ) 1:...wI O~I,j'"
.J.iWJI 2 Js:.:.JI il !:....j-' ~ ~
 (O hmtre ) ~j~I...,..L,:A.o J~Y G...,..4> ~.
R iujl4.ll ..... ..,k ~ '';,'-~J' ' ;''',;lob ~ <Ib,..H
.,........;,..,. C>-'j (2 JS:.!J1 ,;l~,.. ~ w;,.) ,,)t.:.JIJ~

S- S
1 G = ~ l , ")WI C>-' l;)\b.;! G

"","~J"Q" C>-' u,/),ul' ~.:".JI "" )~Ij ,,)t.:.J1 J~I C>-' V=S,L ~I

G(s)

S(m')
"'oi"---+

G(s)
 Is]"" L..Jo"' , >..J,.WI,
_ G
Is.m']...,.\J'"'J a...c .'.11 >..J,.WIoCJ
_ ::J"""'_

b.:o 'o h u-o ;,.w' ~..).?JI ~ ,$

lm']..., ..,.t:;,.J Jp.J1 i)
{ mJ~ ~;>!o!oh~ -U.tJl ,L

1 G= Ka 1 ~ 1.)~! ,~,.,I~

: G"'-U. ~~ q-,~UI.:J~ IC .r,3'..;l1 ~ .. ;[j

-~ J~ (C) j..6>;JI~ 1.)o ..,...="s.)w,Jp.J G '4!>WI.

7 o...;.)I).>'1

.0
~LJI ",,1> -'" ,a, 1G =C, Cl
.HI>4JI~G=f(c) l"..Jl ..........
. s..,.W.
. >..J,.WI .
icJ;.)

al e =CJ ~ ,o,j! G = a3 C ,':'1 ~ G =0 L L'A,I'- W...I.:>j

>.,.IJlI "",,~I '4!>WI"""""j = C~ L 'F ' " = ~.C '' ~ dJ,.oj

(S.m') ~ ..,.j "",,~I '4!>WI ,cr Icr = . cl '~ ~!
(mol.L') u-;Jj ( mol.m ')~ ..,.t:;,.j j..6>;J1,C
(S.m'.mol') ~ ..,.t:;,.j >.,.IJlI "",,~I '4!>WI.

C 5.10-2 mol/L~...Jl ~~ dJb j ~ ..:.J!.j~l..II /).a ..

.
>.,.IWI )1~lj ,(X ') ~ JlI )I~I , .)I~I -' "'"J' ul.c "sJ'.>o; "s.)w, JJlo.- ~
..
\ "I j\,.. 1~L; <l l! l.:j ,(X ' )
1\. l
. x+
+ IlJC .I ,~
'
dJ,.o.J = (x .) , lX-) .
.~
l.:
i) rX)>.,.IWI .;I~I .>..Le "sjL.." ~ (X') ~~I .)I~I .-'" l! ,"'WI ;,J\ooJ1 i)j
'''''.l.?- -' ~ J ,w:.;.. ,s., IX'] j IX] t.<I>j..6>jl l! l.:j ."s.)WJI Jjbll

l . ,. IX']+,JX '] 1

~)L,uJ4 (4,Il...Jl ~1~ W\! '..l;I.,.:.J'u-o ~~u-o .;..s.:.l,\.S..l W.hJ 'Jo\ti:. l,

.(Kohlrausch) ""j;Jfo. J'1O ~j ,, ="Ll,[X) .>.,.IWI
 ,II;;,..) ~ ~.
: 25C.1))- ~),..-~
1- '.11 ~_.I ;;,]--11
.. 'r d,c- ;11 dillWI
.. ;r .. ~
.. J 9
'""" 4
Na' ;).l) .:J\

j .! i ; <, ,ul ) fo:J I ..... ~ I

10,7 7,63
(s.m' .mo/".lO' )
HO', HO' Fe"
~~j)~1 ~3) ~ \ ...y,J.;.J\

(~~~ ~I) ~WjJI

35,0 19, 9 10,7

:~~I 5
:C ~I,..;..JJ c)~l.;.,Spl 'i

~
\ ,, 1 . L=j
Jjbll

n. [mol]JjA-l1;
V. IL];JJI;
c. rmoVL] ;J/JjA-lt.
.
[8 C=~
V
-
j. :J.,lb.Jl
.. . -- 6
~
~ ,-.:. .. " JAI_A ,. '-- ".' clS ~Q .L.ow?uJ..:........J _.:-q.~ ~..l<Uo"'\ "-.UL...o.....S.:JI ..l1"'1 ,:.,
-.:t<V.- ,.- J>-"-" . . J -""""" ~:r . .. "..... v
~b.I\ 1J") ..u p% cCI jW ~J..l, .M 4 j4J1 ~ .A....,JI..i.o 0-'" V ~.3 Co j.#=~
,,,,,,,"w,

:~ " 1... cj.J t;,J-\l>+=J..,.v ~ - 1- 6
:Ai).W1.., ~ lliS.I\ .,~ ~ .~\ ~ O..lU\ 0A m' ~ .:s.L

, IOOM.V.C
, "t... ,~~
(g) f'J-" . ,- '--'.~,
. - , m r,,-
- P%

m' d..l:4S.l1;)~)..lA,I .J.j -

V,,-=->
.
.,.)J,
"
Lalt... ~
J . . Y-.J \4"c- j4J
. "-l> " .
JlpJlb>~ ~I ~W4J.W

V 0..;.>, C 'p;O(A) >w,.:>" Jj6.-'-'"" J=...<:.,~j..l1Uj ,i;>~'....,;u.

@Elli Bil
~\;::i.:;~U\
nr' .. 4,75g

P% ,+,1&:."-:.1
M ..,,, ,,,,,",,

:.;,..eL .,,1... cj.J t;~! c:J..,.v ~ - 2- 6

P%<jl>.> 6.>j d ..... ~ .,s) ~ Jj6.-.:>"C 'p;OjV 0..;.> Jj6.- ~
."-.JW,,,,,_L..~'
. :r-- , &'"
:. M"-.J".:a:.b
. :r j

~'j .. ~' .:>" ...... ..,,1..> -"-! .(~~'Jj1>.l').,s)~'Jj1>.l'.:>" V' ~.i>t.; .

, _100M.v.C .( ntL ' ~ ""- , __

V( L)- 1. ----.....-.--
'" P%.d
.V J Lalt..
. ~
. "-l> F-'iJ" ~
~
...

.)L,..J' b>.;o.>".......' ,wt.. j..S.l .

..."foo..J' Jj1>.l' '-'"" J=...<:. (..,j1' U,i;>~I .:,...; .
 1--4~1

,~~d.:J.:.GJ1;;)L,uJl~"tb>.9i~,",=""?,,i ~

~1 ;;..l~l l ~Y ~ ,~1.91.:J:9.3lA UA ~j.A ~ , ~~I ~1 1

.I..4l..lI~~

"'" ~I ~ ~ ~I jl ",,"lA "" ~j.o ~ ,-,",I;-:lll ~ ~I Y

,O..l..,..-ll ~4 l4I..ll~

'~J'o,>jCl\I~\u:aj~.l~ .!l 2

NaC
'---..-1

J.,J""' ~ J-=.:i.ll J.,JWI~ ~ , 2 J,obJI JI~I ~ ill.ll y)1;-OJ1 ~ ~ 3

. ~!'~lA
Jj~1 JI ~ ,,1A20mL -'>Ij Jb ~ )L>! ,""",,,\.;1 3 ,.;; lA ~ ~ 4
.J~ 30mL .!Jl:JJj ,J~ 20mL "";Wlj J~ 5mL
,Jj..l;oll \lA!
,-:-,~:JI~) 1 2 3
J;-..l 1 ~!

aJ)b.h~!

'--_ _ _ _".~~J yl.ll1) iU'l6.J 19J..,.,..4JI) JWI"", Jt.o ~ lA lot.;,.

J,Jl
jA ~\,. lb.>. .!l 1
"'" ~I " ".r-\' ~'" ~ ~ ~I jl ",,"lA "" ~j.o ~ '-'"'t;.:..JI ~I
.IA.lI,9A

~ ~1 ,i .:J9.llA 0A ~",:!j.A ~ u--J4r11 ~ ~1 , ~ ~ . ~ . -,.I

. Ub.lI.9A ~ ~\ ,O.l~1 ~4
-
~o
..", ~jo::i1 ~J 1
~

2 3
"
~
Jo.lI~! J~I ,UI.9'J~1 ,UI
6J)6.l1('Wil ,UI J~I.9',UI J~I

...
;!3 ~~ o~ ~WI ~ ,~~ <.......I.l..G+ ""':-I.:I.i.o) ~ \.9 H,UI ~ ~.ll1 0~ !.l!
- 0

.!I
~ 0

0-
.~
.,..
] 0 "",", 0

4 3 2 1 ~I

J..oyI~ + ~a..:. ~\.A..!, I,;?"O'! C9;jl d"jjl

""'~ -'" ""'~ ""'~ ""'~ ""~

.J~I 0-' fo' '6', .S,,~ .,;J' .OW, ,.. (Solvant .,....:wl) ~I
.J~ I " J" ,,,, .s ,,~ .,;J' .OW' ..... ,( Solution aqueuse ."...JI) >J::.6J1
~, .,WI ,...,....llI ..... ~<,S.llIJ~I,.. , .."W IJ~ I
a

~j,'o~IJ~"".... ~j,'o~IJ~Jj6-0
Na' CI- (Na' + Cl)
.1:t,.......lI(;"jl.; ..,...,.o.,s,,, '" 1
'J.9.>"' ~~.9 (Na'(.,,+Cl(.,) J~I " ..,,1,o~1 J4JJ1J.9.>"'''''''''' ~ ."
.<,S fo.Jl J~I " .9' '~j,'o~I J~ "".... "
.),Il> J..S' ~ l> ""' ,u., " 2
..... J'I,;JI " ~I ",)lob
..... J.,lb.ll" ~ I ",)lob.
 El:VrI, I r lJ 1I-....(-'1~
f ri !'lIn. i'\4.I M \~ 1#'1~ IMr'l Ir:-{ .i\!' '1r.-6"\!'fl~
r:
?f' r:> Il"""""f"" ,,~ . .. . _" lM ' ilVir
'Z: ri <T"' 1~(l 1~ ~ ~ f(!,! \rf~ ..-('l~~
~ ~ Mrr 1f!T1( Ir:sf' 'i~ r: \jT"{%
f~~t;'rr.~ (~~
t ri 1 "1t:1 c:K ~ ~ I~(Fe: Irn"'in! ~
""'-''1'=' Ir' l -J Irr""rr-. ('0 '"J ' )1 )
10:<1""-'>1>0 '-cC ;('''<"'"''l r:> ~r 9"''='If!'9''''' Ir'(fi' (0 ' HS " osnJ )O~r
~m",,",, ' .,.il r 1r:'>1"""
'7"1'" ..
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"""\ or",,,c~, 'i1'l ~r n~ rr.'\( Ir:st'~~ ~I~r' OS')l Ir:"1.... ,,,,,"
ir"'r. ,r:-er~ l r:\ ~ :
--lm
\\,.-' . t (..lm
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.. <"\--K'=' I~ r: lf'9f'1'1 ~-Irflt"
.. <"\""Kr:" \~ r: 1r.-6"1!'fl ~ 1,~f'5'!'"f '1r:"
z: fi" 191r I~ 1?1r:"
ITI"'< i~I':"I':7f"' ~{, '
1~1I:' ..,..,
" MI l h.....r-
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----"r --rA ' 0 " - -' .
H .J;:'(t:'\"~ " O:; I -",
.......,.., lm - ( h,) ... r'\. ""
.
I~' .... J (" (.lJ+ .VN) "'" ~ '_"'Cq O 'r<'"511' '~mr' ~ ~ if" ~~~.
~f ') \r.'"IC, iq =:;1c:-r:' ~ !5 (5) "ON '" ~ f (5)_D r <"\~ ~l ~(
_ . (/..,) r (bo) '" _ , -
f~&:ln.l r:-6"I( ' . vNv .1Jc:"'""""""'rf(1I'!'T"{ I #'1~
,.:-. . i(ll~{\ r: 1r-'9rl" InM ~ IM ' r'I! ~ ro( Im ( I#"'i~;:it\
('o'./J+(bo' .vN) r:> Ir."""'" l '
T ro l o .,..,il,1"'"l" r <j[11 lr l r lr:'1 r ,,.., '''' ~r -=;;j6'r I~,""J
11"1'
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~ 1

,;)) Ul\ ~ ~4.J4f= ;4=t ~ ~ -J

.~, ~~! i,S.lJ1 ~ , Cr 20 /'(DII) A.,JWl .l)I.,.:J\0~ ~j .jU~l .,uIOl .!l 2
.~' ~ J:4:' i$.lJl ~ CUh,(Q'l) ~~l .l;l.,.:Jl~ ~j (.))):rlj1Jlj
)~1 )jjA ~ ~w.a ~ ~ ~.lJWJl J..,.JG..11 ~ .lJ'~ 1 J\L! .!l .3
. ..I>,j "4,> (J "'" ~ .;:,t;lp:J~' J t>:;.,;l> J.!',oJ,I.OI..,l~~'

4 w"fill

, tb.>ji C~~

J4\'1:i,...J~ ~w'..,..L,> >..,l> J:..o:. ~ l

r--1A GBr....-
.)\;J' JS:.:J' (J
f--------{v:)-----j i...1 lll.o wt. -""- icr'...
...J<r"'" t... ~ 2
~ GBP..il!Jo' <.>-"

L ..>",oJ' ~
...il~, (J;lo"", Ue(f bJ~, ..,..4'u '-"""" ~ 3
. ~l ;;)l..).;,t)WI)~l Jeff ~~1 V"'~~ .!l 4
'--"--_ _-'-_--' )j'o,.J' J~',.J;-l G",~~, ~W'..,.."" ~ 5
leff . .
- - ) t...1t.(
G =Ueff . . U...- ...Y.-
. .",) U'
"
><,.0 1'
u.~

. ';:"..I>j1J "-r..IW, ;u.,.J' (J (S).,.lfJ jA.Hj "~" ~ ~LlJI '..I>j ~ 6

~ 1$.l)WJ\ J~I ~ \J9; j4i.4.Jl l-.... J;, ' oH~j.;> ~ ; j 'O> - ,, ~, 01 .!l
V= S L J t...1t.
. . ~-',_ . "U>LlJl
_ v ..w
__>...1>"
~;>!;, ! o ll ~ .a.,Jl jA L j b.,;, .OUS0-" J~L..b...JI.FS ,~
.~W'..,..L,> ~ (R) ""1\4.1' wfo.o ~(G ) ~W, ~ 8
J,>-;(>A ,(G) ~l>...,Lo(S) "#JI~-""t. ""c.!! "'~I.':"'J%-(>A~
,'4lUl\ ,~\ &1:i db

,(N:"q,+CI-"ql ~jp~I)~Jj6.AJ:..'u..".. .,..I..1j6.A~.

10" mol.L-' j#=.i'
) : r - r.-- L ) , ,....,-- ' " 'J- U-" -"
'''1, ---II <l; 1 . < ", - \..JI . - "1 1<", ill.ll iL<bJ1 ,> 50mL Il
I,?' j> e:=
--

...,Lo cAU ,(3cm) ~y (1) .... '.'0 ,-""",,,.)00;) ,(h=O,Ols)

11 j4> .... '.'011 (>A
.4.,I~'~~I!!9-"".!;"oh~(L)~,
..l,I \.l4Ij ,J~1 ~ d.:...,i:a,Q JS(>A )~I,~ (S) b-WIO),", bd' 1 ~ 1
L .(1) j (h)
:E :.0:
r- r- .(5) ~~ I ."':-I
'J'A __ '>'Ij J'AloljOJl "j~ "'b:i..~y ~ 2
~

'..,
1\,;-: leff=lA j Ueff=1,25V ~
.(ms)~~~L:Jl~~l

.)\:JI J9..JeJ1<) 1:ll:J1 j .....j '~ ~'J?"> J,>-I (>A ",~I )fo " 3
""p:..ll Jjb.ll ~ hem) Sem' ) U. 1. G(ms)
(mL) (V) (mA)
50 0,01 1,25 1,0
100 0,02 2,5 4,0
150 0,03 3,4 8,0
250 0,05 5,0 20
."",Wl J-,~1 }Lo! 1
'~\.o , G= (5) ",l;,J1~I 1""')1 w
.(S) j(G) '*-' >.:>W""," ~
 -WI
51 -J.:-.. ~ .J

5=h xl ,AlAj S=Jjbl'x~~ , :(l.l! J.tbj,, JS..:.'-4l4=>Jo o h

5) ~ 1....0..>- .
-'
1 =3cm=3.1O-' m, h = O,Olm ,u.".JJ
S = 3.10-4 m 2 Il s =O,Ol x3.102 ,.lJ

1 G=0,8ms 1 ,-l! 1

=a. G=f(s) ~ t.,... ~ ,,,,,,, J-' ~ ,

~ G(ms)
,0

N
2,4 ............................... j
5(m') G(ms)
3 .10-' 0,8
6.10-' 1,6

!'
~, ---l'---'-~--'',-----+
3 6
i
9
S(m' ).104
9.10"
15.10"
2,35
4,0

.=Ij ,(S) >.."b)1~ .Ij ~ ,c:l:W...I

.",.)\.:JI JjWI >.,;.UU
SI (, ~

6 ~".:;ll
~ >.."b)1 0,0,0 "'" (L) ......1.,,:.1:; ."",1JI >.;~I .l.o J)l.;..:.~ ~ -1
,>.;J"-II "'I~I ~.!lJ;' J?IC>" .( G ) ~U
~ ~,.." >.."b)1.;t , (Na(oq)+Cl-(oq"~-"'.~I)~Jj6..0 C>" 250mL~
...... 1~ ~ , ; -"" J'= .;t , le ,Ue U"4-i e-o >.."b)1.;.~,; 'o "",(L) .a,JI
,(~UJI U>'-~,;,oh C>" ),...sll , j.;.JI ~) ...,I>(5)4;.iy 1O~ ~ e-o(L)

,>.;J"-II t;-l\,;,.;,ll ~ ~.G .... .,......,..;,

 L(m) 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,07
14 9,4 7,0 5,7 4,0

. t..,~(S) >..;.bJ' ~",I 0A.6.,"-, ~ l,.,..,-"",. 1~ 1

.~W, Jj..\;IJ1 )\...) "-:J

!~Lo. G ~ J,G)..,;\",J,.....,.,., ,...;1 . 1~

. ~j (G) "" .....:IW, ~ ~

L

J'j...J'~ 4?;' ;' !IQ II 4!\J.a.U, G = aIS ~j~Wl~.r=J' ~ 4.:IL..."i4 -1

.(..,. - 2 - 1
. G ~cr .~ ,u1 0A.6.b o l
. (~} (a) 0A JS f~jj""! "",1 ..,.

..hJl
. .
J> '~ ~ U>'-~J; ' o " """ ",1,. u,.~ (S) >..;.bJ' ~ ",10A 4+,.-"'" .6.,"-, . ~ l
~ I ~ ~ ~':Il ~ ~.!9 ' o l, u-o (h ) ) j4ill :..RJII..l.p- ~ ,1.~~)t..:J'J~1

.J,>\4.l' ~' J ~y ~ t.s .~..;.,.~ (L )

I-+-+-+--f-i "'Ih

Jj..l..?o-lI,J,. . -..,..1

L(m) 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,07

G(ms) 14 9,4 7,0 5,7 4,0
~(m - 1) 50 33,3 25 20 14,3
L
 G(ms)

9,4- - - - - -
'- 1
,
,
1
1
1 _1
- (m )
! 1 L
o 14,310 25 33,33 50

,(L ) tA ~ _w"G l J# ! .foo,> .)W\,> 9 ' tA i~)o i _= G ~! .."..t;

~ ~ ~ ~Wl i,..l"'l.!-! ~ J..J;" o ~ .;....,J1..lI) ~ , [~1 ..

,Jjh.oJ!
.!, G .J......J .i~I..l~\ . -.,..I
L
,Js:..:Jl r.>'" ~.l6.,. ,U,J.'~ ~ ~y 6Jr..o 1"., ;'1". h> PJ...>l...JJV~J
0

,;Yj1b.JI ":lW1 ""'9 I G =a, ~ 1 'il .y= a,"

G=Q, ~ : ~.ll ~~\'~il,G=alS ~j~t..Jl~~I0-" . II
L -

":lWI ~.".. ..:lW1.:u.9 1G =a, a, ~l 'l ....... "'"':lWIoJO.'''' 0'9

0 =a 1 a 2 G S
tA =0 L
4liJ1..:.ytl,i ~ ~j [s.m -1] ~ ~...I.> J, ~ ~\ ~WI cr ~ . -,J
L -
K = S y:iS..; 9 K..:.,Pol\,> .u j..o"..9 [ml d> ""..1.>99
L -

7 -.u.rll
G ~t;~ \?~)LJJI JjWl j.#=;:....,:.1> ~b,>I Jl ;y...,.oJI .:u. J :lI> 0' ~
,<..JWI<U
- - "lcS
,~ ' - l'0'
_-"'""' .!!Ji ...".-
500HZ);:'ljOJ l ~ (GBF).".. ~9 . ;b4A .\.o( 400mL) ~ 1'"'9,;1~

,(Ueff =1 V) ) \,>lJ1 ;"':'9

 .~;:. (Na ,.,,+C/",.,,l ~j,I>jdl J.#= Jj1o.A UA V=l mL L...>........., ~
., ", jll i)(c,=O,lOmoI/L .')
Jl,ull.. ~C ~ j,I>jd' J.#= J~ ..,.lUI J~I ~;:. ,,1UA .6,\:; . 1
.C ...... .,....,..1.1 C= C, V
400+V

.( G.,...,.....> I,(U. =1V) .1 (l. =0,034mA) ..:.b<:1 4'L,~,.J'..Il 1 ""

V=2mL~ , ",.1 i) ~j,I>jdIJ.#= Jj1o.A UA (lmL) 4'1,...... ........., . 2
. A.;l~' ~"'-I' ~~"" ...... .L<. ~IJfo Gu-+'Uj
V (mL) 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0
G(m~) 0,034 0,068 0,102 0,136 0,170
C(m .moIL' )
.,j,oWI J j.l;-lI )l..1

G= J(c),,"'"',....) '"'
...s.l
. ).:..11~L.J\
. J~C j..#'=jJljG ~L:Jl j.,I <~ \ ...1?- -?'

. ( C)j J~a"'""j-U1 A.;l.l~I "", >.l:lW1~I ' >

j-UI A.;l.lUlI..,.:..I,> ""," .",+> a =. C J5:.lJL, ~ (a ) uI UA .6,\:; -
.(NaCl ~ la) ",,1.J..lJ A.;l,tl
(cz- )A.;lWI >h,JJlj (Na,.q,l ...,..~1 >J'~L,~ ( ) "I ~ I~! ~ 3
'.qi
= Na+ + CI. ' 1,)1 t$I
a = N .INa ) " ClJ CZ-l ,,1 '""-"1>' 1
.\ ,j;..l..o (KOHLRAUSCH ) ~j)j-S ",.l> ~~~ '"'
,J,J\

n = C, V . ..... ~j,I>jdl J j1o.A .>1.. ~

~ ~,;JI >.,.b.J1' "'.1 .J! .....w,! "-'-" ..I,>.l;-ll ~ j,I> j dl J.#= J j1o.A ~;:. ""l..> -
~jJl >.l)Uo J L.>J..,.L,,..,.,)o>.o , 1..400m ~
 O..lUl ~. _.::n_ = _C=C''---
C-C V C=-== -=
~ 400+V'
1
1 ~jlll"'" 400+V 400+V

. (mL) __ L;.oV ~1 .:G.j,>

-
~ C=0,10
I Q
l
400+1
= 2,49.10-' molr'
V=lmL J.>' '-~ C ~ 1"""":"

C>-
o~ C = 24,9 ,10-3 mol.L"' = 0,249m.mol.L"' 1 C;:O,25m"mol.L-1 1

?- G ~....;I..oo.> '
~ 1
C = 0,034ms , G = 0,034mA '~! , G = -off' 01\-_1.'.
IV U'"
, ~ ,~ ~l.o ~ -

V(mL) 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0

G(ms) 0,034 0,068 0,102 0,136 0,170
C(m.mol.L-') 0,25 0,50 0,74 1,00 1,23

J /(C)..:;l.J ....J

G(ms)
O,034ms

L 0,25 m mo1.l,,1

0,034 -1
..,j<<-+=,--L=.L......._"-_c. (m.moI.L )
o 0,25 0,5

C~;JI; G .,-:- _-_ o:..=',~ ' ->

y = ax ~ \ 0A A:i..I.lL- ,1--4110-0 ~~JA ~ l("'lai "' . h> ~ .#1...Jl y.,Jl
.!",J;,"".ul J..!...o~a3 ~ G=a1C I .l)

c ~,... ~ __ _ _ ~. ,Jo.. ' ..l

,~~t..J\ ~)I...ull ~ a4,a1b.oJl,. "C46Jl .,Ib ~ K ~ G = K cr 'u1~

..:.ub ,I.J:U
. ...!:........::
- ,K
a3 = K ~(j
~.
cr K - . K cr = a 3 C
= a3 . C ,,J.;..,j .\..:....00 ,
 ..,.j1h.JI .... ~I ""'j la=c I ~u~!
: ~ I.,IL...;))::.~\ ;; )L.uJ' ~ ~j-U.3 = NA' + CI. Lu...D.3 I.~! 1 !l 3
=( N.. + CI)' C

~J" ",",WI ....~Ij cr =I).;lX) ....~~ ub; ...h,Jp u~lj ~

....,>j"Jp u~lj

8 '-ll.fil\
.),.JI.~>" ,(Ca" 1.,,+2HO- I.., ) r~~1 ~j)"", J~
.C=O,0268 mol/L
[HO- Jj[Ca"J~o)l.WI~>,,-...1 ~ l
""""~ 25C il,>)..ul.,) O)I".:JJ >."l,.J1 "'-'J'oll >..,1iWI...,6> ~ 2
3 2 l
"' Cl?' =11,9.10- s.m .mol-

HO- =19,9.10-3 s.m 2 .mol-l

. a~~I~W\ ~l

.G~W\~..,........:>I.5K=2.103m~\~l!!l ~! !l 3

...wl

C=O,0268 mol/L y. (Ca" 10,,+2HO 10") Jj1>...l1~>"

~.3 lCa 2+ (aV l.l..,.J.I A.:I:s' (1) ~ Ca 2 + ("V rJ "",=",j~\ ~j.Aj.!S'.! "" " H .J~I 0 1.I2a.>'!f
~~= (Ca2~ (1I111+2HO-("q)J~I j.#=~ ~! 2Ca2. ("V
l
Ca +

1 [Ca" j=C=O,0268 mol I L 1 ~i

2HO-,0,' u"..u <~ (2) y. HO- 1o".,) ~j~1 ~J- ,,<,; .." o.1.>l1 uI w;"

1[HO '0,J=2C=O,0536 mol/L 1u~!

 : ~)\,...ua~,",",I ~Wl ...Jt....> ~ 2
cr=co'. [Ca")+Ho,IHO- j 'w~!. " = L), {X),.....,:.,)p w~l>
,
cr = co"C+ H04 C 'w~!' [Ca" ] =C,[HO-]=2C,~
~ l'c-r =
n
-C- (7-",,-. +- 2-:--. - '
o
)'1
... ,......., ,(mol/m' ) ci! (C) .Hf=.jJl J;,..:;.,.,.,.
.~ C ~ O.o268mo/ = O.o268mo/ ~ 26 8mol/m'
~ L l O-3 m3 '
~ " =26,8(11,9.lO"+2x19,9.l0" ) , ~"",~
la=1,38556s.m- ;;;I.39s.m II
I

G 441Jli..Jl ...Jl......> ~ 3
G= 1,39 x 2.10" , ~"",~ , G=K" 'wl ",w
'w~!
,Q

1 G =1,39 x 2,lO" s =2,8ms l

~, 9w.,~\
..
3
;3 r
"-,,1> J~4 ' C=lO" mol I L .Hf=.>' j,!"jd' l P Jj6-oJ A"l.lWI "",
~, tW;'j 1=2,90cm ~ ';.J.>.'j ~ ~j&- '4.J.zA l4l1.l>_';"d '4l!WI U"'~
,.. "'"lt.W1Jj6.lI.,) "'"' l~1 ,.:,..JI
A 1i?- ..u;~Nw.l;UW w" h =5,Ocm
' l';''!.r L=5,OOcm
V
.G=3,50ms ~ I ~ I A"l.lWI "",4!
L
J~ cr "",,~I A"l.lWI ..... '"""'"'1 " 1

~ ~
. ~4b--J l ,)~
rj,!"~I lP J)b.;! ...b\....o 1=1 l ,, 2
.,t.,ll .,) NaCI (s) ..,.J..AJI
ICl'l, [Na' ] [~, . ~

,cr "",,~I A"l.lLill .....~1 ~I.I> ''''':',)p w~\;Y ",ls.;...~4 " 3

,cr J ..... ~I' "'fo!J' ~..~lI"",Wll> ,, 4
NO ' =5,OO,10" ,s,m',mol., , d' ~7,60.lO" .s.m',mol., ,-,,4l=-o
 chJl

a =~ 'w~!
K

X hx 1
..====----:...::._=:
1

~
K=2,90cm

0"
l

1
= 1,21.10 - s.m-
'K=5 2,OO '0>!
l
5
1 0" =
,K=-, ~

350.10-'
'
L
,OI\.i.A
2,90.10-' j

NaCI(s) - - - _ . Na',.,) + C/",.,)

,CI l j INa 1..,.. Jb ::~ , . ,.

[Na' ] = [C/"]= C=10' mol / L = 10 moll m' ,Lu,
: a.J~~,~, ~~ 1 ~

'0>!' cr = 2),[X;l01
, ~

cr =(?\N~ + cr) [Na'] l '0>! [Na']=[ Cn 'u'"

cr =(5.10' + 7,6.10') 10 , ~ u"~

la ~& =l,26.10 1 s,m't 1 :,,),jJ

 1j,.S;J1 '-'"'" \<il S,, S,, S, 4lL..J1 J.,lt.....J1 ~ G l.J.iW,
.. W
1o.J'"'.. ru~
~ll':,.11 ..:.~ .25C "-:> ) ..\ ...L:.: ~j '4LiJI ~ C = 4.1CT' mol.L"
,.};~

G,=1,16ms (Na',.,/CI' ,.,) rj,~I )pJ~

G,=1,37ms (K"." +CI',.,,l r_t;~I)pJ~
G, =1,33ms (K',.",+NO,',.,,) r_t;~1 lJ.' J~
~j:J 01, ~I ~ ~ U"'~, 01 ~ ,G(Na+(Qq)+ NOl - (aql ~1 :!I 1
.2SC 4.;>;-'l1-'-'" C=4.1O" mol I L ~ rj,~1 lJ.' J~
l':''.l' (C') .j,.SJ'> r_t;~1 ljW"" J~ G', =O,S98ms ~ ~ 2
. 25C;)) '--'1
..;- .>..:a
.) ~ '. ~ j .a..JjW\
. ~
.. ~'. d,.j~'.:lu.

.C' ..... ~I
1

c.W\
G(Na' 'TO ) ~~ ~ !
a, = N: [Na' ! + c,- [Cl'! e G, = K a , i> ~I "",\:) K u,.....1~1
a,=C( N : + c'-) ,~l, [Na' !=[CI'! ,(.SJ

1 G,=KC( N: + cr) l , ...... .l

""l,.l "".l ,(Cl j,.S;J1 '-'"'" l.J )I~ l.illl .:n,;!'., h Q!lj6..olJ ~y J:.....ly
,;w;.J1
.. ~
.. G3 ' G2 ,...............
.. , ."1:;
G, =KC( ; + NO'- )' G, =KC ( ; + cr ) '~l
. G + G ,.... -'1.-.,....)\..' ..j ~
G123-~ . , "";i k>-:>L;

; .lc'- .l N: AJ'=Jlfol ~
. G( N: + No,-) ..I;-"""C,b; .... l..f;j NO,- .l ,,; :" ~~.l
'J..4lY.l
(G,-G, +G, =KC( N: + c'-)- KC( ; + cr) +KC( ; + NO"
= KC( N: +)(,-- Y;
+Xc'-+X; + NO")
G, -G, +G, = KC ( N: + NO" ) = G
,....:.s:.; ft>''II''
1G = G1- G2+ GJ l ' 'il'
 G = 1,12ms l '0>1 . G = 1,16-1,37+1,33

G,= KC( ; + . o, ) s, Jjb...U .......\JI,>

G',= KC'( ; + .03) , s', Jjb...U ,,-..\JI,>

G C
-'
C' ---
,
., - KC
G,= - = ~'!:..:~~
C' 'U.l. 1
,
G' KC'

C '= 0 ,598x 4.10-' C'= G', .C .

1,33
G
, ,..... ,

! C'; 1,8. 10- 3

mol.L 1 1

Il ~~1
J..S;, .>.!,>,?" ~3' .KMnO,(s) r_~~1 -:.tw..."., 1;W1.,.. 7,9g .i>;"
.250ml )~I ~ '....Jo.Al.' ~U4 ~
~~~\ ~~ Lo.F~IJ~II""""~l.o . I .!! 1
.C ~I ..,J~I "j.#=~ ~I .0.,-1

.J~I" ...,..~I .h:.lJ .)~I.;..sjJl ~I 2

3...l?\~' luW\ ~ ~1 ,J~II.l4. ()-O lOOml ~.9~ ~.:G..~ .!l 3

M(K)=39,lg. mol" . M(Mn)=54,9g.moF M(O)=16g.mol"

..hJI
,,,~~ ~I-,,w..... -,,,J""" ~ "..o..lIJ ~' _ , 1
-'
3 V=250mL=0,250L . m=7,9g _u".ll , c=m.M=~
V M.V
; M(KMnO) =39,1 +54,9+16 x4 =158g.mo/"'
C= 7,9 1 C = 0,20mo1lL 1

-
~
.c>
158xO,250
(MnO
. 41"'1)
+K'
.

''1)
) ~)Ir" -"' o..?':r-
' .. l,' . "-jJlr.~l
~ ~
. 2
0-
.~ KMn O.(s) Ul .J ,. K ("'1) + MnO -4 (a'l)
.,.. , (1) <,$.11..." <,$J-'~ ~-" '~)I.:, JS:l 01 k)l;
J 1 [K',,,J =1C =0,2 mollL 1 ->!

1 [ MnO. ,.,, ] =1 C = 0,2 mollL 1 , ~i 9

,J ~I ~.... lOOml J ~..I.>\~I ;).lW, ~ -JI.....> !J 3

....;u ~ >,;-W I ~I ~;:' \> C ,~;:, J jhA A V cc,... l.;-> ~';';'II>!
.J.jl~ ( n ') '~WI ~ l ~ ....... ';';'1 <,$-'l I J~I ~;:'
C=0,2 moll L .1 V'=100 ml =0, 1L 'C:" n' = CV' _~ l-'l

ln' = 2 .10- mo~

2 , n' = O,2 xO, 1 '~!

,~;:, .(FeCl,) (III) ...,.l>.ll )#= JjhA A 50mL":""" ,;,1 <,$""" ~I;I
~ o) j ) \.!...l.?-j ~~~\ .l1j4lJ u."".iuJ\ ...,:gjJ\ ~ ~ LA....\.lc , C=lmol.L-1
FeCl,. 6H,o .)lOJl ~1
~L~' ,)~~ I.A .!l 1
. 100mL . 25mL .:.l.o)Wl .:. :l,>~l A "".,..,..~~I <,$~ . 2
. 500mL j
IJ.I-.II
r-- ~ . ~- " ". .r.---'
.~ . '1"-) w..._ 4b
. 3> .sI
_

J~I ~ ~ 14'':'" l'<,$p...ll ~ """'" ,;J,( m ) = ...... .,.......1. 3

. ~~ \

J~Y '-,?-I~I ~;Ijo:.ll >-.J 7"-'I.J.,6.I.i-~ .,.....,.1 4

M(Fe) =56g.mo/"'. M(Cl) =35,5g.mo/"' . M(H) =19.mo/"'
M(O) = 16g.mo/"'
 J.,J\

~)W\ ~~\ J.#= ~ ~~ ;;;-,;I.4l\ oi ~ Fee1 31 6H 2 0 ~'! ~ J

<JI>;' ~'jl (6H,ol d A -.:.!:..,p. 6 If; b"..:; (FeCZ,) 6.:..;p. J'=j ')~' (IIIl
,,( a,.L..

J.;"'" If;t,b;", ", ~ .)wt,.j 6.> )..IA~j ~'j)"" uLo ~\"s~ ~ >.bp jb ~ 2
"
-1..4iU 'i-' ';;.lYj u,...y ~l,I )~\ J ! ~ I$jJ\ ~ \ 'il
~ 0 1 \.ll.i J~' ~ i.J! ~ J~ \4!)J... 1.l! , 25mL ) 1.pJ\ ~ ~~~

..... h,u.oJt,. J.;"'" t,b;"" ~ , ~I j l ,).il ~ If;.' u...oj ,~! loI. 25mLJ~ '

100mL ~j>J ' Jt.....;...,,,s~.:,s:.,, ~ , 50mL ...... ~ U"~

500mL .1
~;, ~ , ,.;., /:.AIj " Wt,. t.>j!.." , 25mL >.bj>J' J t.....;..., =.. ,J,.l4..oJt,.j
~A1j ,cS"";"I .>" t.>j!..",->( 50mL J.,...l J.,w, ca C>"'~ ~'",l' ,...,.u F
50mL ......,... J.,... uLo ~ , ~ , '-'""';'

4J,;.S..l ~ ~I.....> .!J

1 m=CMV 1
,(JolI , C=~=~ loI ~
V MV

M(FeCZ,,6H,o)=(56)+(3 x35,5)+6(18)=270,5gl moZ

m=lx270,5 x5,10'" '0~!' V=50mL = 5,,10'" , C=lmoZ"L -l
"\4.\.:,...w1"s,,,,;...J'uLo..,..,.,. <?' ~' """j 1 m=13,525g l ,.......1
-... ,....,... ~ ~~ .J

,..,1=; ,\..J,;, FeCZ,, 6H,o J~!

I(Fee '" 6H,O),,,- -_' IFe" \a<l) .30(aql .6H,O
IF"" ,.,) =C=lmoZ.L'" '0~!' (1),., Fe" ,.,) J "sjoA~' ~..uJ' 01 b>~
ICZ"'''I)I =3C=3moZ.L'" '0~\ ,( 3),., CZ",." J "sjoA~U..uJ'01 b>~
 .C=O,lOlmol.L"' .j.fo.';' NH, (0') l.:.;.)1 Jj6.0 ",,(2L ) ~..,."
",,28% <,$,1..:. ~ ",~;,.,....;, d=0,95.:..1:6. <,$)~ Jj6.0 "" l;)!b:.)
..!Il".>,.. ~ I
. ~' ~.,:J.' ~ ~~, ~l:?jj'.P-~' t:!b ' o.l\ j4IL.. ~ 1
J~I ul<- ~ ..P <,$)6.0)1 Jjbll "" .b.1 ,"",,"I~ I ,.,.,.JI -,.....>1 ~ 2
. ~.Jll-J \

.J~I ~~I "",~IJpi',..,JI """' ~ 3

M(N)=14gl mol . M(H)=lgl mol .
...wl
.P% j'L:Jl ~).J~~\ I.,I~I ~?Y\ t: l b ' oQ" I\ .!l l
V' .$_1 ~ j ~l <10.:lI0.>,.... .!l

.~)~1 ) .l\.WJl J jb..o .:; JJ)\.! 0,,)-0 ".J.>.l ~ljJ1V' o.$)~1 J~\ ~ ...,.,~

V'= 100.MY.C
P%.d

.M -':"'fi-lI 4J,..J1~I, . ",,-...;J

M(NH) =(14)+(1 x3)=17gl mol"
P% = 28%, C= O,lmol.L -l , d = 0,95 . V = 2L .u".ll,

V'= 100x17x2x0,1 ul<- J=..>.> . .

28xO,95 U"Y-'

V'=12,78 ;,12.8mL 'u~)

-:r.~ ' ''';,s . .!l

~,u;oi' ui 2L )4<o <U,>",. '" ",,,..,,<,$) 6.O)IJ~II ,,,,12,8mL ~I b. ~

. ~jll U, ,>.b.,?l' .l.U . ) ".)1b> ~).ll ,u"
.P,;" V=2L ~ . NH, l.:.;.)I"" J y,.. ul<- .l.ll...>.". .!l!':"' u~,
.C=O, l O moU'
 M=149,9 g.mol ' '4l~1 =, , P=90,O% ;),t:..J\ ~).3
(Na '+I-) (.) ......,_11........,
_ .r:-' _

I~jjj .,;'JIAJ\ u-o ~ ~I:! ;LJ.,.... ". Il jUa.:J\ ~)..l u--o ~\ >:>~I.l\)t .!J 1
"':>(.JI ~ JoWI ,w\> ~ J..-Slj '~j> " lf'i>1. m'=8,2 g -'?-,>
~C~IJ)~I.j#=;:' 'r"~,..-JI ~,, j)A ~ J~ ~ J=..' .500mL
r,,~,..-JI ~" J~ j)A 50mL <,5J"", t.,.> <,5p...l1 .;>1 ~ :i<
.~W\I,)"'4! '41> ~J.>.lI,,~~ ~" ~1(Na+ (IJq) +r (dq)
.R=200 >....,:4J1-'?-,>J,wI ... Jwc.>"ljj,~ ..,.\>~I')I..I~1
. GJjb..JJ~L;""'~ I . 1
.aJ:r--
.. l_~11 . r ' ?..",,1.!W\4.,..j
~~\I
. . ~. .... l ' '-'

S=4cm 2 ~16-0 ">.';'oJ== ~l.....o, ub'J

L=lcm ~i;'_!;' , o HiJ:,I ....I..s.,J \

>J~..I; ~I Jjb..lJ Cj#=jJl .)y.: -'?- ....,;jyljf=. ~lj J~\> . 1~ :>

-0 ,')." ,.N~'
. C j.#::::.;JI ~ t -..,.1

'-?J4J1 ~~.l~1 .l~ %P ,lA.:Jl ~).l ~ ~\ . t .!! 4

,'i rl .;.~ '..$J~I rj.l.l~I.lj.l ! ~~I...L:>' \,jj ~ ~ ~

,.=7, 70ms.m'lmol . No , =5,Olms.m'lmol ,-:,L,6...

..hJ\
rj.I.l ~\ .l~ .JO lA.iG...o 'i j1:- ~ wl oll)i..$~101 ~ .~I \.lA 0-A ..:s41' .!l 1
:G ~L... ~ -.lt-> . .!J':"
5 10"
1 1 ...
G=5.1O's 1
. G = 20 =' S'~!.G=R'l ~
 5.1 0-2 x 10-2
cr =1,25sm- l 1
,&\.i.A j cr = 4x 10-4 :~~j1t
C~jUl ~ )~ .!.l

cr =Na+[No' !+ t-Ir! '~! cr = L, ,[X,! ~ ,"",YP .9'l>

Na l ft) ,W' J
_ _--"-~.~
Na ' (lIq) + l -(Dq)

:3
~, , C~....JI.....> . ......
C= 1,25 ,.b.,j 4.JW, 0 LaJl . .
5,01,10 '+7,70,10-' . , ), ~U"Y-'

C=98 mO,l = 9,8,1O-'moll L "J .""j C=98mollm'

10' L ,-" ~ -

P% ~,1.A.J1 b )~ ~ _ - > .!.I 1

,100.M'v,C
100.M.V. C .l l m=
P% -_ , ., 1'% .1 ~
.....
m

100x149,9xO,500x9,8.1O-' 896 . . .
P% = - , ~~~
r----, 82 '
1 P% =89,6% l '

0Jl ) lA.lI ~ oll.:W1~ I ~ ~y. ~ 89.6% ,I~1 ~!u..:J1 ~;J':'! . -.J

.1...l'"'4iJ 1 ~ lb> I ..lj ...l.> J ~j . A,1J~I

.CS_J.b,;J" ~ . ~u .... cS
, ",. " ... ',(.. IJA _ ~ -1 ........, .....cc
.~ -" u _ j
 4 !l\),),\
,
~ ,:3 i>..l>jll
i>.J-:!W I ;' ),.,,,,Ij,l i>.JUI 4':6....,
:~L.,~I
.. j ~1..Llb.JIu.u..kIlI-
, .. ". 1
~L.JJI-, ~I c.l,)WI 1 1
, 110"'-' ..
........,
. I.?''l:ll' J j .w,
. "..... '."...,,-
...... . " 1a.Jl:ll'
- I. 'b.ll'
....,. .. W>I' ~l
....', ~j). .. . a.... ) 1~
. .

;yJl:llI1:'\llJI..,L: ~ jlll"";:' J,;",,)j .o;J-"441' ~ ,9l.o...4.:.1S J~ J"

J.,lb.ll

J..,lll..,a.> J~
.;;.J1..,a.> J~
>"...JI J~
, (~,

. .
u.u... jl uI-'-' ...... l.,, ~lj
j1...!I...4.:.1SJ1e-'

9''''''

"':"':';-'.r.' ~ L. c..- L.JJ 1-, __~I
l'''''''';'' 2 1
~~ !ll.!l2!J 1
~I j l H ' 'j.H "" ~I J,o.O; (.,sl.:,jl-~j,>-) ~~ 1Y Jb ~ ..,;...JI
Jcu..JI ..,...o.; , WI ~I j l 'j".,Jl l':'" ~ .,s.iJ1~ ..,.l.,,~lj ~~ Jcli , W I
. ~~ ,

6 J '':u...J\...,4Jb.1\!l2!12 !lI

.".. ~ , Wle-' 'WOli ~jAHjAyt,. ~ .>" jA.H

AH + HP - - _ . (A' + H,o' )
~! .\lI ~ J jb..o

Hcl + H,o - - _. (H,o' +cl)

~j~I).F j\'c' .UI ~ J~
(uA- Jj~ ...,-J ) ..,...., .\lI) .lU JY=>
( ..,..,u;j.J
 HNO, + HP - -_. (H, O' + NO,)
( ':'jj':I ~ ) ~;..:J1.p.- V"u ..!.Lj.iJI ~ Jj6..0

H ,SO, + 2HP (2HP' + 50.')

~I ":""'~I ~ ...,..,1....\ ~~\ ~JJ6..-

CH, COOH + HP (HP' + CH,COO)

~\ ~I ~ ..,..1....1

NaOH (Na' + HO)

(...,..1....1 Jj~..,..al)~.l~1 .l,-lIJjb.A

KOH ,"' ~ . (K' + HO)

'r' ~-,).J..:4l' ;;..l;\..!. ~ ,HlO' ~.l)l.:Jl

(~~~~I) .!1 ~.!J-44l".J~"",", ' (OH ) ;.JWJI
( --+ ) lA"' ~~L , >.",oJI..,.. ..... ~1
H ,SO,. HNO, . HCl>."j-..,....... I 0">.!:..oI,
(= )~""owoL~~, .J .a ll ~l
. !'! ... .;,~J~' ..,.. ..... ~'J&>.! . CH, COOH JO.l, ~ , >.!:..ol,
( - - + ) lA'" ~L~.;JI ,-,"",~I .",.. , >.",oJI...... ~I .
KOH. NaOH , Jl.o -
(= ) ~ "" owoL ~ ~.:.JI U"l..~I .9'" 'J' a il -",l..~1
NH,. CH,NH,. NH" Jl.o '
~,(H3 0 ' ) ~~,)--4fl\ EI.l)l.:.,I A_";,,.,.,JI J..J~I ~ , Cl.b.> ~../

. (OH' )~.!J-44l".Jt.:.,. .....l..~1 J,.J6...J1

:(AH/ A )""LI, c.~ ~L:..:JI >~ 1

AH + HP H , O' + A'
1 .
-~
1...:'::' ;1~ ~r""
t Hp' / HP t
t AH/A'

25
 <>- LI ,' c.~ .,;,.,.;....u 1';..r.' W 1 1 4
1~ 1~4
, "s jA ..,.t..1t" "sjA Jo4>- Jd.i ~
, Jt:...
.(Na +OW) ~~I Jjb.o t" (H , O +cn ,UI J#= Jo4>- Jjb.o Jcl,;:;
, ~~1

=20ml ~ , L...lI J#=Jo4>-Jjb.o ~~F

.,.Jjll o,Hb":;, Va
.,....,~ljllyJjbll~BBT J~I"JI "Jjl ,jA '-"lyW <l"""""
Ca =lO" mol/l
Ch =5.1O' mol/l o,Hb":;~~IJjb.o i>.>b...JI ~F,""

1
Ch = 5.10- mOlli}
Vb=? Na>+OW Jjb.o ....- -

2
Ca = 10- moll l}
Vb= 20mol

~\~"il:\JbJ\ CV C.V. Omal Omal

........ jll >JI..JI CV-X C.V, -X X X

~l4- .h 6.JbJ\ CV-X
mU
=0 CV - Xm. .

X mu X
-
 ~b.j':l\ .~'::i\":;'J<;\9:; - 2
, ] ",~I

-...
~
-* ~ ~~
,Li))1 ..,.WJI "'t:.,,;.60 J,c..
Cu iJ"b..'J\
(Cu :~ +so:~)

1,)"'b..'J1 ..).J''':',,:,jl J! ..l~ (CU]I ... )+S0 2~(.. J)

1 I.L.o
yt"':! 6.>'1".
....... euh r_,I \...U\
.
) jA-il\ ~ j.;>J\..)L Cu 1,.)"b..:J\ 0-" ~ ....,...... ~ ..
~ (Zn) 0-" I..W w....ly, (Zn) ..~,.,Q0-"
.-.:ou..,:.;;->.u,. J,wIClY ~ J,wl

~ ~... -.:ou..,:. """1 J"-'I

!...T'1I""'" ' " l',., ,li)1
or-- :1"~"""'IF:'j ) U"' WJI ~ ),...
l ' ~",- Cu 2 ..,.
~

,~W\~j~f,~;_! ;"o; H~~\ .:.r..~..lW~~

Cu 2+ + 2e Cu
Zn Zn 20 + 2e
: '4JW\ ilI.lt-J\ ~ ~ ~ \ ':;:~.lI.a.:oJ \ ~~ ~
Cu 2 + Zn 2+ + 2e"
Cu 2 + Zn Cu + Zn 2 + , ~.:.:'j;.SJ)', ..l...l.i:. J''';;''>4,
,.,,) (Ag ' + NO,) <w.4J1"";-;J,c..~ CUr>~I..,.WJI 0-" '"""" ~ ,2 ",~I
, A.,)WI :-'''-"1' l=.) pu..,:. J,c..
 ~1 ..:.lj JjL
(Ag"+NO )

":'L~ J~ J4' ';)jl JjL- ~ ~I .....-~

Cu V"~~....... CU1"+SO'l; V"~1 ..r rL . ,s:.JJI <,;..;.JI
V"~I i\b .......'

..,..boJl <Ib"';1~ (Ag) --....JI __ 0"

d..AAII ~\~ Jj6..0 J.>\..l ;;) ".w
. (-':'u..:.JI)

J~I " ,tl b> ~ >..,SIS .lA -'"-! j

..l;1~ ..l,?" ...,L=. al':i..l (9) j:il u.,u'y
.(Cu 2 . ) ~LJ\ \J""6..:J \

, ~~ I ~~\Jc.UW..l l ~ ~1 ...,.,....F : ~\

Ag + (l1q) + le" Ag(s)

v,~1 2~ ;)) .l ~ ~~' \J""6..:JI ~1).l0' t..: (Agt ) cil." " ' '::'! I$.JJI U,,~,!I,
Ag' +le' = Ag,,) ,.)\:JI J<oI.o.]l -,....>
",u" j.> .,. fLA <,S.lJ1 ",lAoJlj ~~ ."...u W\, " ,p>:JI' ,,,,; ,;,,, (Air) .;,1 t.,
t l?-)!
, .~I ",u" j.> .... fLA <,S.lJ1",lAoJl, ~.,.; ,~ 1.lJ ",p>:J12 .lA! "-'\'( Cu ) l.1
tb )~1 <u~t... ~ .~ ~I <u~t... ~ f~ ~I?-) ~I .~ ~I ",u" ~ J~
2 L; J, ~I dJ..lWl ~~ ".iJI~ ~ wJ, ...:J\.j ,;.sJ':i\ ..l~ -4> ~ ...1.1,1 I~"
2 x [AIr ,O,) + le' - Ag,,) ] t l?-)I ",u"
CUl') _ Cu 2
(Qq) + 2 e" ;)~1 Jc.
2Agt (Q.,) + 2e' +Cu(s) _ Ag(,)+Cu 2 +(Q.,) +2 e" , ~ ~]~,j"bWI ~
, ~...:J\.j,~,!\ ..l~ J\~4,

2Ag>(Q'l)+ CU(J) - Ag(.)+CU 2 +(Q4)

~ ,;.....; <U~l.ll ,;!"b JI(NO" ) -"IJUlI ~h':'''''''j " , = rol..;J1~)Ij<!J1 ..w,\' j
: iI..!J~I 41~ ,!1 aJ..lWl

2(Ag' 0 + NO', 0 +Cu , - 2Ag , +(Cu" 0 +2 NO', 0

 ci;~L.:; 1 2
. ~~j.5J:Vl J~l, J.di j4> ~4-- J"i' ~~1 Jd.i ,.

~.,. ~~ 1.;)1J>oUJIJ ~I JI t.;Jfil! ~,?~ >.,0 JS ~ ~~I .

tt;>;! J>oU

:~,.,-' ..w'y .;yUI 2 2

~ :...... ..
j"-
Cu 2+
(Dq)
+ 2e- CUl') ,1 "-.,I~\ ~~1)
t>.J-' ~- Cu (s) CU" (aq) + 2e- _2 i.,.r.--'!'" \.;,,1) L.s
Cu (,) CU" (aq) + 2e- _"'~ ~"'I ~
Cu" / Cu -.,., &::..J-' / ~;.. ""WJll J 3'J
- Ired ~ OX + ne-I
A = A" + ne-I
1

""WJIOX/red ~.9l' t>r-I' ClJ;, 'o', 11 Al..l\..a.QJ \

W IH , W H, 2H ++2e' == H 2

Mn0 ,2- Mn 2 MnO/' +8H++Se' = Mn 2+ + 4HP

Fe'- Fel'

1/ 1- l, /' 12 +2e" == 2l
S 0 2, /S 0
4 6 2 3
2.
, ,2.
S 0 S0 ,, 2-
,,
S0 2' +2e- -
- 25 0
" 2-

:~
- -- cJL:.. 3 - 2'
Na 5 0 ~~.l~!'.::'I~fo~J~~\ j,l..l~ ~-='_~~..Hw
" ] i

- -, " II
~,a. ~ j,'>~ I "","--,fo ~ J~ ; ->-IL... ab..lj,' ~ ~ I ,?"" J.;b- j#= ;O.., ~
. j#=;J1
 ~\ .E ~ 1..lL..:i.c! ~~ , d..b..A.:! ~ ~~1 ...

, ~\-,.'\

,j.Fo}JI J~I, >j"ll ';u:. J~

, ~)..I.A 4>6...... ~ Na ;}S20 3 Jjb.o
."...,..tliA b1;.. ,JAl>
. (,""wA'=> ~_ -S~ '..\CLO)
- . -

>.;.".:;JI
.J'4,>,;! J~0ACo j.Fo.>'I,>j"lI .;u:.J~0AV = lOmL ~F
.C = lO" molll.j.Fo.>' Na ,5p, rj<>~I .:.u"foj<t. J~ "'-6..JI,;! F

-"1 .. ~~-' "L~

.':J""'~ ,- ","1 ~
- .
i.J..U
' ~ejA I~~,.. ~L:.l'..:"I L.k';~ W 0 :;"0; 1\ ~..lW' ~~.
50
:1 3
"/50
4 li
"

, ~ ero lo~;... ~u:J l~l t...lt:. ,)..J......S:::.)u 6 :;"0; 1\ 4.l.llal\ 4.,1~.

I I I'

2S,O';(aq)+I,(aq) = S,O';(aq)+2r(aq)

:~~;}'I ;.,.5JJI c:4lA:l ~.."llI'.r.'WI 4 - 2

, >.;.".:;J10A ~ I
r_ 1:. j"ll .:.w..u..H J~ db..lj<H ,Cp. "4lW=~1 ~ J~ '.Ht...
. (2W + 5 0.'l,b.,ll -'4fiJI ~~1 (K' + M nO;)
-~. , i\..ol4l ~jL. . . .
'" 9~ w.,,1"""':;j) ",\li:u.,JI'W, J! j1J1 >~j \?~ ' ,;,,(K' + MnO;) Jjh> Ji !
. (..:JUi..i....U1
(;?'.r' 1 ..-..b~ u".; Lo:JI uI<W

,tl,>)~Ij ..-..b'>U O;! ;'0 'dl """,jP5:l~1 ;ol>t.....lI ~I

, i\.JlOJl
. "-'t..>lJ1
~- tl.l
, . ~

H 30 +(aq> Ji H+( aq) ~\.....Q~ ~ ,H A.:!jI.JA _

HP "'1..0\,0 ~, 0 "'j'y "

(e") ~-,~~1 ~I...Q\.,I ~ , ~I 4U.JI,.. -

4.!p~1 .:al~:iy ""':-1~y , ...s'p-:il .:.a1).J.Jl d..:Ij1,.. -

, .bt... JS:.:. ~ (;?'.,11..-..b~ ....Lo:JI ~ , ( 1) , ~I
co,

....
j H 2 C2 0 4 == 2C0 2 +2H +

..'"
JI
H 2 C2 0 4 == '
2C0 2 +2H++2e-
1 H 2 C2 0 4 (aq) == 2C0 2 (g)+2H+(aq)+2e - 1 , ~o~:r \ J.-'=- .l!

' ~~pl ~-,

,tG. ,-u
. J.~I v-

~.:al.all ~ ~ e- Jl..l...l../:...l.>~ 0 1~ ~4>J1i' ~:r\ dJ.lb..G ~ ~~-'

.~UQ e- J1J.:U 'i. uI~ , ~ L.o.J...i.J.:.~ I~-,~-! _! ;"oj \\
 , ~(2) :.tl> J ~,
, "b~u
. ~
..
2 MnO~+16H + +I0e- == 2
2Mn ++8H 2 0
'Ii"

{H~)J\fo! ~l~!O.9.J.,!~l:~' ;;~~\A1.l~~~.lW\ ~

.~~, >J~~ ""' UJ..".j ~~j;.l.l~l.l' ~i1 H ' J.;,. H,o";,,,; ,,,',,Jj
: d..tJ1.:i.J1 ~l?-Jf'1
SR :l e 20 .(II/f)+2MnO;("'f' + 6H 30 ;.. / = 10C02 r.) + 2Mn ~;, + 14H 20 (1)

, ;;fo~*

, ~L;J,..,.; ~, JooVl' ~
'---_aA
_ +_b_B_ __
cC_+ _ _ J-l . iI."J~' >J~t.....l' 1
_uD
: "4;""O~, .J\.J..C.:I \ 2
dJc , h, a : ~j wjl,:;JJ d.AjW\ .l1..l.C.:i,.

nA=~= nC =nD
abc d
(.:.~" ~..I<;) .~w, ~ ,n
i~) '4k>J' >JG.), jl""':'}'''~ !.i!

I~
n= Mm~I-.: ......-J' ~
. - ......
_.r.-.. _ " j1....
.) .lJ,>..J""~'
_~
 n= ~Lm7v,~
~.lU\ ~ O.ll4.U A: Q?"....J \ d.llS.J\ O.lU\ ~
~

:~WI c.l,J~ ("'-!,JJ..-lI J-'!..-lI.r.-lPll

 1 ,>~1
. ~ Jl>j ..,.t...~lj ~I':':":',;JI ':'~.fo.JI .'4

.hll
""'j ..,.t...~lj ~1 ""'.J>ll .:.~~ "'~..!.;>-S'
f I887?U:. Arhnus U"~.;i 4.,.i,.,.b...l.
f1923 ~I<o l,S) jl-...:..:.:.j.H ....~
. ..,...jl ....~

~ "-:-Ij~ ~.lLt J== ,H ~ t$~ ~.lLA J!=

~.lJ L.!.~~Ul b.lJL.!. ~ , J: u, ~ "-:-Ij.l::i LA..J...AJ::.j
OH- ~jJ-"4l1 H+ ~J)~l

jl H+~j.H " ' ;S'~I ~.lLA H +~j.H..1,4jU O.lLA J!=

r.;rJ.t.....S
~ ~
'-lA:; , \;.>I .r---'
V- -' "-1 .....t.....S
_ _ v- '-lA:; , \;.>1'"-1
; - - j1

~jpS:J1 U '> ..1,4jU b.lLt J== ~jjoS.ll U .> l , ' ''' jS~. O.lLt J==
..,.Jbi j l .,.Jbl j l

.:.l<I.,4l1J.o'=I

,j ! .,.Jbl jl '.) W.~~I.

~ ~I j l O.lJw, ~ ...,..t-:il .-
.;I~~~ IJ~ I
..lJl~~I?""'t- :ilJ~l .-
~ ~IA:; . ',"ol! ~Ij ~~IA:; I,S~I ~1

~ ~IA:; ,,,o ll ..,.t...~ lj ~ "ld"'I,S~I ..,.t... ~1

 J.,J\

..:Ju=.';4J' ~J..o
'V"c. ~I J! ~I , 1;.''''' ;:......, ~I

.~ I 0A~I,l ;.,,,,, ~V"C.ill

. (W ~) ,I (H,o ) ~~'J~U;l":"'.i+44~IJjWl
. (OH ,~ ,) ~'J~I .;I":"'.i+44 ",..C.ili JjWl
~I:.""" u~ -.Lot>:;. ",,;'II~I, lAl:. u~ -.Lot>:;.,sjOll~ 1
.~I:.""" u~ J-ct>:; . ',,,;'11 V"c.ill, lAI:. u~ -.Lot>:; ""jOli V"c.ili
L.. . '
..,........,... H , ~? {':A J,dA~ ~u, J, .4'1!bh ~ '.Jo> ..I.?-'~ 'i . H u"::,,..r.J' . .
.(H, O )

3 ci>~\

\4:Y~ ~ .&'yl' ..... C.I...,;..> ~ &} ...,,~'.'.r'iI' ,-,,=,.u...I ,)o.:l ~ 1

. Acide / Base .,sl...,;..> /V"C.I .."Wl,,.., 4l~ "'"' ~I ~."Jl,
'-'" ""~ il,
. (C0 2 ,H 20), HSO~(IIII)i CH]COOH(..,,) . NH:(II/f)' H 20 (/) . H3 0(~J

HCO ;(rzq) . SO~ (~q) . NH 3(~q) OH - ("'i)' H 2 (1). CH 3 COO ("'1> ' ~ U"""'""!il
.~/V"'~I ~l.i:I JSJ ClJA'O ',h ~,.PJ';i' iIJ.lWl ~i !l 2

J.,J\

.(CO, .H. 0 )/ HCO;,.. ,

 ~w ~ ~ ~!,jSl:il d..!.ll.s..Jl .!I 2
~L..:J! jt lQ ' n jHa.l.l~\

H ] 0 ;",,) I H 20 (1) H]0 '== H +r",,)+H 20

H 20 m 1 HO - far) H 0 == H+(",,)+ H 0
2 2

NH; (~q/ NH 3("'l) NH:("'l) = H+ ("'l)+NH 3 ("'l)

CHl COOHr../ CH, COO- r..) CH]COOHr.,r-H ' (",,)+CHlCOO r",,)

HSO 4(.,/ S02~r..) HSO;r""J == H +(",,)+S02~(.,J

(C0 2 .H 2 0)1 HCO~(.,) HCO~fIll/J = H ~ (",,)+C0
2
;(I11/)

4~rll

== Fe50 (L) +H
Fe(S)+H 250 4(1)
CuO(S) +H ] 50 == CUS0 (LJ+ H
4m
4

4
2(5)

2 (l) ...,.
1

CH +202(1) == 2C0
4 W+ 2H 0 2(,J + 2 (L) .~

HCOOH +H 0 (/) == HCOOCM/) +H 0 ;"'I )

2

NH ("'l)+H 0 (l) == NH:r"'l)+OH-

3 2 (M/)
3

...
25 0 ;(",/) +[2(",/) == 540 2~(,.,,) +2r
2
2 ("'1)
cWl
~ ~~ V"'L...:i'j~\~Jc.1..i4I! j~~' ~~\ .:, /:i.l~\
,"-'ll:J'
_ , .~ '1...
~::r-'

~14+~ . V"'L...I +~ 1
. ;iSI ,I (W)......,~' 2
-fol ,I(W)~ V"l-~' 3
1 A,a~laJ.l~\~ I : 4U ..l...-.J \
-
~.
-:::>

. (yj1b4JI( ,;)W, ~ ' ( ..> J iI..!.lLa...Jl.

3, 2 ~\;.)I ~ , 1" 1 . . >c...o,
-
~
H,o , W I, H ' ..... HCOOH yb.,..J1>
.H ',' " j4.!

..,...... :;;k~ ~ Jd. AJ.l~ ,j! ~

.c>
1 1

~ W .",;'HNH, -..6>.,..J1> 3, 2 ~\;.)I ~ .(..,) .bt.....)l

] 1 ..,.t..1., ~ J d;':' 6.J"~ l ""'" W ..... H,o yb.,..JI,

.~;.w' ~l~\ 0A ~b I$t ~ ":i , (3) 4l.l ~ 1 .

1...1"t..1., ~ c!'t;,:, 6.J~~ d ""'"

5...u.~)

C. = lO-' mollL .:,.fo>i'.CH,COOH,.qJ ........, i?.lJ1J;.ll w'><> J~ ~ (S,)

C. =8.1IJ' mollL .:,.fo>i" NH" ..)J~I.WJI J~ ~ (S ,)
, (S ' ) ()AV, L.e->e-- (S ,) ()AV. =400mL ~u.:.
.J~~ (w'><>/..,.t..1)",=01;", n d ' ~~t.....)1 .,...;.s1 . 1 ~ 1
. ( S,), ( S,) """ ",->6.)1 ",~I c!'(;,:,J1 6.J~~ ~I Y
! j>1S.;J1>Jo>..; ""' J=.; ~ V, ,...,-JI ~Lo ~ 2
~
,Q
r.illJ1 J.9""" ",L.;...~I; (S, ) ()A V'.= 250mL ~ ,;, .. ; .,J L1 w,,,, ! ~3
.
. ~1 ~LiLI.....J, - 1 , 03..1.>

...-
L... ~'(u' ,,. ~~ _,, ~
. ..... ~~J"" ..
.
~
...,j
.

.~ I ybrll ",..feJ1:,.fo>j\J1 .;>

~J
 CH ]COOH("'I) == CH ]COO;"'I)+ H ;.... )

, NH 4( .... I NH ]( .... ) ~t..:.:J,*

, ;>~I <I1ili...u: J~ ~ j :W1~I ~I...> ~ 2

,'..1>Yl .lA> ~"'\4'" t.>LYbd..,:JI ( 'fo.:uJil J! ty..)L,

c.v.
- - : c.v
- -b
1 1

1 V,: O,5L: 500mL 1

, ~..:;,oJi J,-,> ~ ~ 3
~ \> ' NH" ,,~t.:..\JIJjhA-"V,: 500mL ~ W~I >J\>" ...i J! ~
~JL..1i...uj ~uSJ~~~U..o ~ NH] (.... ) ~CH3COOH(....) ~rJl
.)WL,j ,lAc.:, ~ NH" , J.:l4O.l1\> ' (S,) Jy,.....JI -"v,, : 250mL~, J'i
. u,;,.... >,-,U..o ~
 . ~.=JIJj-,?- (>"
t;:>lb:o! ~~ II.l.> (\:W-! ,"",I ~

-...
~
~
CH, COOH e"'f)+NH,(.. , == CH , COO -(at)+NH ;(aq )
0- ~\....,I ::i' A.J6J\ n =CV "b=C"V /B Omal Omal
.~
" " "
a.,b.. ~I >J6J1 CV -X C"V ls- X X X
.".. " "
~ ~l4-iJl ~GJI CV -X
"" , C, V; - X,=O X, X,

'~: L I_ _ x-',_=_2_.1_0_'_m_o_I_---'

~l
~ n =C V - X ,= 10-' xO,400 - 2.10 -3
.0 " ".

lI:'
1 ri - n,-=- 2- .-10
- --
'm
- o- l- '

~ n" = 0 mol
'"
,Q

n' =X ,=2.10-J mol

 6w,.~1

"-;l! ~ ,C. =O,10moI/L .j,!Sf' Hel J ~i.4 J~ (>AlOOml ~ ~ ~

.".>-J' ~~' (>AO,4g~~ .~", .".JJ', NaOH ~~' J~(>A.~.~
.,i.4200mL ~
. C, .... l..~'J~'j,!Sf'~I ~ 1
1(~/..,.l..I) >"JLW' .l.J-W ~ ~ . 1~ 2
.,u, ~aOH J Hel (>A JS J'h.;! ;')~lu ..,...:;.G=I ."
. .l~ 'j ~u')P ~ J).,c- ~ ~bJ, ~1.A:i.l \ ~.lb..o ~t ~
J~' (>AV,=50mL ~ "'""!= 1!'w'J~' ~~, . 1~ 3
..... l.. ~,
(9)j \ ....A.:.~ 0A ..:J\~1 ~ ~ I..o...u.: ~l.iJ\ J~' Oy ~I..o y
.(BB1) J--'.t'iJ>l'
.M(H}=lgl mol , M(O}=16gl mol, M(Na}=23g1mol

chJl
C, .... l..~' JjW' ...,sf'.,.,...... ~ 1
_ n _ ;;.lUl ~ . 1... 1. ",
Cb - -- \-
V J~' ~

", = 0,4 =O,Olmol 'o! , M(NaOH} =23+16=40gl mol ''J

40

C, =5.lO' moI/L , C, = 0,01 =0,05 ......J

0,200

>"Ju:.lJ ~ "'?-~ ~ NaOH,." .",94)' ..,.l..~' JI (Hel ),." J:... .",94), ~, ~

. ~tl ,u, ~ ' .SSS;", ~.,,~ ..,.l..1",,;W'J"'~ ~ JJ~ l>~ /..,.l..1
-~. Hcl(g''':) + H 20
~
NaOH(I) ~ Na(~) + OH-("'I)
1i'"'t..~1 J~I.9
(H,o'+cl) ~IJ~1 "",J<.l;,;iJl .bLo..o ~
(Na ' +OH)
.f (H,O" "+cl,.,)+(Na'",,+OH,,,) --~. 2H,o+(Na'"" + cl'",)
."..
]

.
. ~>bOA ~Wl J~1 jS" .)W\,o.9 n, = n.
.
':i~ (na - " ,,) d...l..o ~j ~ ~1.ll'J.Jb.1\\.S " " > nbulb. \~~
.
"i,.. ( " II - nal olLi...o ~j 4-1....1~I.lll J~1 lb n" < n \&:. \.!
b

1 ~ A
=10-2mol 1'<lU.AJ n =O, lO xO,lOO
. "
'~!, n "
=C V ,.J..lJ
a" "

n,,=2,5 .10 mol 3

1'4.AJ 2
"b=O,050xS.lO '.l!, " "=C,, V it ,..:.J.I~
 7 --4rl\

: a."JJl ~~I..rAll)u!
..".>t.;...fo> Jd;':; ~ ~I j l jp:]! ......... ~ j\1
..".>t.;...fo> J d.i ~ ~I j l jp:]! 1';>.)1
...:.Ujp:]!....... .". "'" Jd.i -'" .~~I Jd.i
...:.U jp:]!......... .". "'" Jd.i -'" t 6.) ~I Jd.i
...:.Uj;.>:J!......... .". "'" Jd.i -'" "",1,>)~I.~~I J.oo\.i

chJ\

.
.'-?'' l...o..6o
_ _ u- '-\.i ~.r-
. "-1j l UJ.r-.
-<'I ..wu- 1';>J"'1.
.~ jy.s:J! .J.A:! ~ ~ ~ \.A:j ~ ';~ :Vl J.c.U ~
. ~L:.jy.5J! ..,.,~! ~~J.c. ~tl?-)'::i\ J.c 11-

.jjoS.l! J.:l~ ~~J.c.~ ~~J~I ';~ ::V1 J.c *

.,)-; L..,> lb.J1~j ,lb.J1-" ~I >~

l
Cu + (gq) = Cu(s)+ 2- 1
3
Al + ("'I)+3e- == Al(s) ~
2S 2 02~(Qq) == 5 0 -;(<>4) 4 . -?

1 ("'l)+2e- == 2r
2
("'1) ..l

A == An+ + ne ~ .A

OX +ne- == red j

red +' le -.:::: OX t.$

 chJ\

. ~ I . """,

2S2 02~(<>q) = S 4 0-~("q}+2e- , ~~\-, .ib>. . -?-

. ~ ..l

.~ ..A

~ . ,

. red = OX + ne : ~ ~\-,. lb.> ..s

9~~\

Cr + (<>q;+AI(,)~ Cr (,)+AI + (<>q)

2 3

>';";,p>:J~1 <~t....Jl y:6.l, ~WJI ~ u l:a>I.J.II ~>,.l.6,),o ~u:Ju-,> ~ 2

. ~W~ 4 1 ;"Q ',1I

chJ\
. 0
~. : ~~I 41..llMJ\ d...:!.)1,y ~ l
;! ~, (+2) ......:JI ul .,sl Cr" -'>j.! -,"",~I ""pl """ >';";i,>J4'U1......:JI "-'jl,." I..1,'
] ~ w....J (3)~ (+2)......:J1l!.,>.,.... "" (+3)......:JI ul .,sIAl" -',>j.! UA;~I ""p'
.~ .......:Jl ujl~.)\;;.li,>, (+6)~w....J ( 2)~ (+3)......:JI l!.,>J">jl, (+6)
3Cr 2~ + A l _ 2AI]" +Cr: ."..S:.Hl.l
~p l iJ' 3C,-2+ ~~ ~ ~\ ~p l ~ jl~ ~ ~1).lJ\ ..I~ ~ i\JWI o.a ~ 6...:r.SJ
.(3) ~ UA;~I"",,61l Cr""........ J ,1Cr UA;~I
2AI" ""p' ~ <!lJ.:.b
-',>j.! UA;~I
(2) ~ A I ""J"> _ , l.il , lAI -'> j.! _~I ""p' ~,

2Ai -+- ("'I)+3C'(I) : i.lW,\ ,,:,:.b I~-,

3
3e,2+ (<<q)+2AI f i) -

. ~I . :~ UA A,jj\jA 4b6..0 ~-'

 ~~JC:?'.rG ~l.O.:J\ ..I..,I~ .!l 2
3 2
Al + ("'l/ Al($) 1 Cr + ("'l/ Cr(.)

, ~ ~ a~ al" i l! 41.l1..a.G.J1
2
Cr + ("'l)+2e- -----. Cr(s) , (red h 1,>)1 >J>loA
3
Al(.) -----. Al + ("'l) +3e- ,COX) .~I >J>loA

, :d..!JJl ~~I~";;l.lWljlj
10; /1, (~b..j~)
5,0'; /50'; (~b..j~)
MnO;/ Mn" (~b..j~)
MnO ;/ MnO, (.....t..l b..j~)
H ,C,O';CO,(~b..j~)

Zn" ! Zn

-W\
10; - 12 ,a ~a , o,\\ ~~\ ~";;l.l~ljl'y

",",,~I .:op l ~ (2) >.loJI~.,.... (I) <CO;';.. 1...,

2IO; --Joo I ] +H 2 0

,~ lA J'I (0) ""')~ >-'" ..... .,,;,.)1 .:0p l "'1 HP ..w,~ (0 ) .:Jjl"
210; --Joo I 2 +H 2 0
( 1) -,>~ ~ 1;,.) (1) ,:,.,> ~I .:opl ~ -'" j (6) ",",,~I.:opl ~ (0) >-'" 01 b>~

(H ') ~ H ~l ~

"W,I ~ 1;,.) ,(H) ~j,! ~ ",",,~I.:opl ~j ,(12H) ~j,! ,:,.,>~I.:op l~

2I0;+12H+_ I 2 +6H 2 0 (12H+)

p}"" ~\J ..iI 1 J:= .l....u: b.>).I.,j l~ j

-..
~
,
......:. Jo\..;; "", (-12) ......:. u1' ~ (210; ) ......:. .Jl(lOe-) ... l..>l -'-'" .:.,

. , ~.,~I i) a...l-"" ;w.,..:.)1 J...e.; l..A (12H ,)

'~ C-=-;+- 12-:cH=,+-1-'2-e--_-
1"2-:W - I:-,-+-:6-::H-:C,-:0"
>
~ , ~),l. ...

(W) J~l ,"*""0Aw'J ,( W) J..y (H,o') J~I ~

. ( W ) oJ;>jl l.l.o,.,...,.,. b..jll l h>~
.s2 0 2;/ S0 2~ 1r

S, O'; _ SO'; S j\~ l;)~j

S, O'; _ 2S0'; 2'~1
S, 0 '; + 2e - _ 2S0'; .)r->~'\, 3 ~\

, MnO;/ Mn 2.. ft
MnO~ -----+- Mn'" 1 il jb:oJ\
MnO ~ -----+- Mn 2+ +4H, O : 2,')j6oJl

MnO ;+ 8H ++Se- -----+ Mn' ++4H , O

(..... L..l b..,i) , MnO;/ MnO, '

MnO ~ -----+ MMD , 1 .) ~\
MnO ~ -----+ Mn0 2 +2H , O 2 .) ~\
1y1nO ~ +4 H +_ Mn02+2H 20 3 ,) ~\
MnO ~+ 4H + +3e - _ MnO,+2H 2 0 -t.)~\

"""," .co).>J1 J"..,.l.-" .co).>J1Jo\..;;,> ~ 4H\ Jl 4 HO- ~ 5 ' jh.J1

.....L..I b..,.Jl 4HO- "'l..>>-
 , Cr '}O'};/ Cr 3 + ..
, ~~I~ I ~

, H , C, O'; CO, .

11~~1

(W ,.,i+cr ,.,i) ,UI )j1b~ J~.;l2,8g~ Fe .I.,i.J.ooJI0"~.,,;w

C =lO' moI/L 'P'' , v =200mL ~
Fe~~) / Fe ( I J Id &"".]A ...w..==.j..e ~u:J1 (JI ~ l,j! ti ).

tl,~ll.~\U ",,;,;,o;h ~~~I.;,r.:;.JOWI ~\> W ,.,/H,(g) ,

. \."J~),\ i.ll14.Jj ~I,
. ~W\ .l\~j ~~ ~\, ,~\ JLl.A:i.ll ~ .~..J.jWj1 J-,~ "-='~ ti 2
.JLULJ\ 4.,t\4j c:; 410.';' Il .l\~\,

.\."J~)'1 ~.lLalI ~I 1 :!J 3

~lb.lJ\ ~ y:JI ~ J1h;, 1\ j W\ ~ ",,:-,->1 ~

.~W\<;4J'~~l . -?
. M(Fe) =56glmol, M(Cl! = 35,5glmol
 -WI
J. ; !;"O ,h J::4-i"}SJ)"~.lLa...J\ ~ !I l
Fe (s' = Fe +(aq)+2e - , ;;~l Jt:.LiU
2

=
- Fee.) + 2H +( lUI )
2W ,,,,+2e-
, ~b 'i\ ;;~:il aJ..l1.u

= Fe
2
+ (IU/ ) + H
H , ( g) ,t6.)! J<cliU

l g)
~..lL-J l ~

r~lJ,.J.>. ~~ !l 2
Fe(g) 2H'(..J Fe 2+ (0') H , (g)
m
n =-
' M n 2 = C2 V2 = l a" xO 2 J
Omo! Omo!
= 2,8 =O,OSmof n, =2.10-2mo!
56
~jl l 4IJ6J1 n l -X n 2 -2X X X
~lf."Jl ~bJ\ n 2 -X, X, X,

X f=In. ....... j " I

- Xf
= a
~ J Fe "",l,J1
- ., ~I U-
r- '- liUll1 . ..
U ~jA-J

2W ,.. , ,,..L,...,>JI ~.,41l '4l~1 >.16.JI';' ..,.,~X, = O,OSmo! =S .10'mo!

" , - X, = 2.10-2 -S .10' mo! , ...,....
" , - X, = -3.1O'mo!
....,.J~ .l-U: ~ 1 ~ 'i ,j! , ~~ ~~.JA ~ ,...,.JI.... ..l-U: I~J

.r'..,.., FeJA...;..J1J<cliUll.;,L ~~'o?' ''''''-","I> .;,.!

.>.:ob\> ......
~;! ...l.:>~ ~ ,~ o..Jl ,)~ ~ \..:...o.Q~" 2H+(,.,,) .l~' ~ ~l Jt:.\..A.j,lll~\ ~~
n 2 - X,= O ' F~,..!.J l:i

X( =" , = 2.10" mol

 Pe(g) Fe 2+ (aq)
n, - X,
2.10.1 - 5.10~ Omol
-=3.1()"l mol

,J<o= ,.J.;JI >;1jolJI ~ L.; ' >h .:.JI~ ~ ~~ >.,;Jl.> ~1 >J>l...JI

.~l:>) li' ,;...w.==~, ba..- ~)o J!( cI-) .;~)~, ~ 0 1O,j! ~
.., 2H ' \.y.. ....1il >.,;Jl;~1 6..io..:.JI ~ ~ ~ ''''')<>JI,)! (2cl ') .... W,l ~ kW
, .,..A.; -..,Loj , ~';I "'")<>JI

j.Lb..i....J1 )1..:i.J1~ -,-II........> . --,

" H2 =X( =2.10- 2mol , ~ J,!I......I' r...I.:JIJj...l.?- -"

j "H, = 2;4 1
, .,..A.; Oi !jl.C:,.. (H,) 0 1L.;j

V = 2.10.2 x22,4 , ~~pj V= " H2 x22,4, ~ 4..Aj

m
'..l! , n= M , ~l ~.JJj
 M(Fe>' + 2CI) =56 + 2 x 35,5 =127g1mol ' 0'J
1 m =2,54g l ,m =2.10" x 127 , ~"""'j

-
~
." ""~~I "'l;."fo",,UJ~ ' C, '~~ ' (l ,) ~j,!lI .... u;JJhA.",,~ JI .
Il u,r!1

.i .
(Na2S103, 5H 20) ~, 6.:11;*0-4 ~ ~ 1$.:u, (2Na;"'I' +5 2 0;(",,)
:?-- ~ t,.:rl> I~UI ~ ~! ~\jJ'rj.l.l~I~~fo ~1)jl,I ~...,.......,.I ~ 1
. C, =5.1O'moI/L'~~j 100mL "4?'> ,~",,~~I ",w-fo""uJ
.~ 'J 1"""'" C:">"" .""ts.J1 u.,..; ~ ~
- (l, ) JJhA " V, = 20mL
. ~""~~ I "'l;."fo",,U JJhAF ~6...J1 'J
,Q t.;.> ~ 1.= 'p~1 ~ J.=.,; W I li:Il; , ~I ~ ..
. ~6...JI"V, = 15,6mL
b~),' aJ.lb..o ~" ,tl?-';)" j ~)U ~j,:Q , a ',I\ ~.lW.1 ~1
. ~~) ~
.(1, ) ~j,!lI ....u;JJhA C, ~;JI .,....,.I .
,M(H)= lg /mol , M(s):32g / mol , M(Na) =23g/mol
M(O) =14g/ mol
. 12 (..,l r (a'lJ, S202; (...,)/ Sof02~ (...,) 'e:>r/~j..o u~L.J

o.h.Jl
,. .l ~I...:'. ~.r-=-",I.:I.....I' jL ~ ...,,,11.......> !!I 1

m
n= M Wo;lj n=C.V .~W I ~ ul ,-LU

m
M=C. V , m=M.C. V , ~ (n)j (n)o;;.,jt......llC:">j;

V=100mL=O,lL, C=C,= 5.lO" moIlL, u..JJ

M = (23 x2) + (32 x2) + (16 x3) + 5(1 x 2 + 16)

M=284g/ mol
m = 284 x 5.10-2 xO,1 : ~ A.i.A,

.:.r..;lja , o i1\ ~.JW' \,tW= . .!I 2

I ,(g)+2e- = 2r ,,,, ,t\;-)! Jd"
2S202~ (.. ) = S402~(..)+2e-, ~~l ~
, ~~)';Ilo~!iI~~~.J~I ~~

12(~q)+2S2 0 2~( ..,,) = 2r ("q)+S40 2~(aq)

n, Omol Omol
n, - 2X, 2X, 2X,
{1,1O~I ""';'" Jp...l C, ,)~I ;#o;JI ..,>l-> ' ..,>
n, - X,= n, - 2X!, l'.;,;Jjbll,;,;;;'~ J.=-"'It.;
...;.. J.cW ...I.)J:. J-" I..A , ~! o~I ""';'" Jj6.A w.,.lj

! X(="! 1 "l-Xf =O ,~i

... 1 ,.J!

n, - 2X, = 0 l .)J:. J-" I..A~! ~j,'o~1 lO.,foj,'I>Jj6.A l t.s

n, =2n, 'l ~ 2 j 1 " 1L-_n

-",-=_2X
-,-,---,1 H' 2

c = CV 2 2
, 2V ,
C, =1,95.1O'mol/L l, C _ 5.10-' xO,0156
,- 2xO,02
 40\>.1\
,

.....I~I ,::.l,6.;l1 ~ .;.>P:; <) (~I) u~ ySll ~ ...1;

J,;-;Jlj ~Ij u-",..>Jlj ""w.,,:;j.,J1 <) ...1; j&! ""'\,Ullj
~ ~)~l ;'~1 ~j:J I)J>~ ~ ~~1~4>:i19
~~l:9 !. 0,3% ~~1 ~\j41' ~ ~ ~ 01 ~ ~
~...:! ~ I,)-4j ~b4-J\3 ,:lI.,jl~l O!...!~ ~ J>..J:j ~~1
-
~
{)
;J.I>jO
.~.,...:wl ~~1

:'4~1 ,~I ~'4>

,Q
2
~
. ..1!J?"y~..,sJl~ r.$~.jJl ~.,...:wl..l1~ll ~l,!;:,

~J.
!l ;J.I> jO.J>4ol.ll "";y...p:J1 ul ~ "","I~lj ",\,Ul1 ..,~ <) b4!
.:
-
-,. ",""",.Jj ,,,,.... <) \;)~I ~ J~I tlb:i..l
A ,,-=,~1
1882-1800
..lWI "-':,\..:u.:, t~1 cl ~ :f,...:-Jl ..lUI A
j:
- OOR
~j-! .iI.,.~ .l~

l
,3'
4cu....:,j ..,.l~1 ~~I ..:J\j~! ..:.Jl~ ~)\J.l! 1~ o,)Aj
(Berthlot) (1907-1827 jl:l",,) ..1; ~ ~I ",,>I~

.(KEKULE) 4~j
25
:'4~I ~I~~I ~1 3
1..,~1 "
...... .J.-,. h..)l, u.;.c. -,4 (>A "'-,",j ,) ~ I ..,.~I <) (j,sjWl) p:...J1(>A )(,li ~
.p:...J1<) C u~ySll ~ >j>j ~ >J~> , >~~I uj1Jl)j4lO
 . ~I
. . ~
" ......
., w...l
- w.....J--1I1 l' ~ 'I ., .... -"Il:.)'.r~
I-j~ ...... .r -
. 1
-",

.. ...... N. O, H : y.Dli.~.h .lp'30-0...b~ 01 ~~~t "'"="')~''*

..".J'J ' (H) "","j)~IJ (C) j,'.,,>:JI .,s~ ~ <Ub. ......",.,s~ .,~I >I~I
Jl.o .sP.I Y""\.;.c ~. (H) J (Cl J! ....w. ~t,. .,s~ .,~ ..:.~ r
......... (I) .(Br) . Cl. N. (0)

:C w~p.l\ d) ~ ~ - 4
, c, ~ "";JfiJ~1 ~.!j.Jl!' J='
6 C : K 2 L4

C. J" C ~ ,-",",y J.4:>

, ~I'

CH. 1l,.11,S),>
H H H
1 1 1
H- C=C- H H- C- H
1
H
( Clif> J'= ,ib ) if>
~.ll.> l ~~ uti:b,l1.J JS.:u .(- ) ,,>1>1~IS:; h,lj) 4~
.(=) <Wt:.l
~ "-.>1S:;;,h,1
_ . " ....W.VI"
.')u. f' .

H -C~C - H ( H J.:""":"- . .5 -..>

..._>1>1"-.>1S:;;,h,1
_ . )j ( ~)....,~
_ "-.>1S:;
_ ;,h,1 >< '-.
. ) l>"""""""

:~~I ~rJl ,.cl~\ - 5

~ .., . ....,.)1 ,,1
b4>(H)"","j)~lj(C) ~1 .,s~~.,s~C.H, "'WI~.
 (~\..4li\~4S=~\) I.>~\J...~\~\~ ~j)...I.t&I\?,~\ .!I l
, t,~1 "''''' ~ ~ ~ ,>.:i>W "'j , .>~ l4l "",~pl ab!..J1.
d.!!~ , ,,,\~1 ...
CnH2n + 2 ' ~
(cr) l..o.,.. \,,>Ij) ~ ..,~bl " "'j) JS
~yS:.J\ ~\J~.l...IJ::. ~ ~ 4:4,It.... -! 1~ 19...a....l
,'1.;..:.

~,Cl
~!, C2 ~ ~I 1
- ~j.H :

~3:1 '
C3
C4
Les A1canes

~ : Cs
~ , C,

(ane) ci a:4>>4 ~
,>.ll..ol
,C,If" . ~j.H ,C,H B
cu,. ~ , CH4
j:
--
~ :C6 H14 d ,:j3:l,C4HlO
+
~I, C2H6

1,a' CH
n 2n
.:w...
- t..J~1 2
Les Alcnes

1.:.3 (n) tyJl (.lA ........ ",?~Ij ,(cr) tyJl (.lA..,,,.

' . ' ....&, . '
' &'"A~, f'~

. IS:J~ I dJut....
. ~'. lI..u
. - , ~1

(ne) 0! ~ a:4>>4~ .

CH, - CH ~ CH - CH,

0) - 2- ~j,I

28
 , , . ,, ~
:CH, :>-l~1 3
, (cr)~I~;~19 [~J
.~ -'" ~>-' ~ 1.).) , (7t) ~I ~ "'''9
u lS.l:i' I..:.,Il....~ I~ - : ~I

iincl~ .",.. ll>::;" ~ .

CH, -C =C-CH, CH=CH ,ill,,1

,~;;..l.>Ij H ~j)-.l~4I 5J~...:!~ ~wlS.l~' LJ.A r--,- 19~.",.. ~ili 19.hJ1:

0 91 I-C, H,._, . ,.",.. ... WI ~jS:>o.!iJJ.,>9
,.).0 w;", J"~' lSJ~I ,...J ~ ~ ,......J
. J"jll lSJ~ 1 ("",t..) ~ 1-4./ -

.(yle) J; ll>:>UI,> ....., ~ -

-C,H, -CH ,
J-AoJ
,~lJ....~\~I..l ~l.)~\1~' .!l 2
>Al.i.A <.>- ~ If! .....-,,;<JI ;u..w,

DDR H H,!f ~/H

C_C H
' j-A,. H / ",/
H.c....~-H H;\ /C---- H
25 " /, -Cf- H
HH H
CJi" .".>bl' ~1
~~;SJ,~' ) .b.>"J .
(>Al.i.A -.J
 CH 0 ..... W,,,.
y. ~
-
.(0) ~~I j (H ) ~j)..\,!fll j (C) ",~~I >""~ ~ <.?~ " "
. 4J~ ..Al\lOj''''' ~ <.?~ .lf'I,,1
Cn H 2n+1 - OH (!,.aW\ ~ ,~'i,ps:Jl - 1
R-OH jl
H
R _C/ .... W I ~ .':'I.l,;4,>.ll~1 - 2
~C
R'
R_C/ .... WI ~ .:.~l - 3
,0
~O
O-H
R_C/ .... WI ~ " !I! ","'~?' '''''l.>~'- 4
~O

j :
-~

1
,8'

CIfH.,N :4A\...h~
, .:,~ ~ I , lf':.I~1

C"H2"+3N :40W\ ~..

: ~u...:,I .

R-NH, ,.).i~I"",,~1
R- NH - R' ,<.?"WI "",,~I
R"
l ,, IWI '- _.~I
R-N-R' <r ~--
 r

Jo> ~ '"'"' ",~fiJl JS:.4l1 J"W II" I".)lb.,! .... Jl~jbll .,.~I
~ ~4;.:I 0 1 ~ ,Jjbll ~j~ lcl.,;'j ", . ~ L,!-A ~ ,~ ~1~

o o),j ~~j !, le ~fo O),j ~,.. ~I~ ~)b " ~ t:~! -,1 ,~
...,sj,.J1,;l ~~ ,;l u;..:. If'l' N j l

a:ajS:......J l u').l.Il.l~~) ~j.?Jl ~I ~ '4J ~~u~~u4G=:>Lu..Jl

. ....w..',
" ."........'Wu. j .(....w.. ) j"UA
.. t"'"
, ,,)
... ....w..a..:u - 'I'"''.
. _J""" - II
" <'(.:.t:u-~
........ U-

. <W~
___ I j <WU'
__ .",
~U'",- I -~'I

:o;JWI tl"";l
~~1 ~ tl~l ;;~ ...l.:> ~
(Isomrie de position) :~~1 ~I.-:Jl ~ 1
.....w.. ) j.:.,.)1"""""
. _ " <-' ) j.:.,.)1
j u ">.......,l'I>l...l..J1
. <.>""'j _ _ .r "' '.:.~~I
<.>""'... .

L..> ~~ 4f'=L...o <l Clf" yb..;...ll .J~"

CHJ CH]
1 1
CHl -CH 2 -CH l - CH - CH j CHl - CH l - CH - CH l - CHj

u. \,;.U. ~
1. '" - - 2

''
... >.......,l
. ..r ' I ;,.,w.;.)I:.
." ~ U
<I , -
4l.o.l1
. ~1
_ ""'
<.>"'" ... ':'~~I
.
 , ~ 4bk ~t...A d.J C4HlO ~;ll ,Jw ~
CH,
1
~--~ ~ - ~-~-~

y,~ ~ 2 b~1
'~J-l' -.,.bL.lJ1~ 3

CH,
.0 Ji /
CH -CH -C
, ' 'b
CH - C
, ~
o
.,,.,
" "."--......
'- .,
oJ

'u-'#' ~L.lJ' ~ 4

1:- ~..U4J I ~\ ~ ~USJ , <tl,"?"-~I ~\ l4l ~~jA ~ ~~1 ~4==L-.Jl

- ' J~I u.c. s:.~ 1 ~~ I.S.P-~\j~\ ~ s:.~1...:!~ l4.4Il..l>! ,~.J-41l

1,a' ____________________________ ~,~~~

' ~~I~~~
~.~J>~~J~,,=;~~~~~~~=...
. =~~
~=

dl ' .: ... .!,, S:il !-=-, ; ....--'.l.~ l tyoAJl j i C"Hy ~jJ-.44l ' ~~ d..AWl ~I ..l4-=!
,
. CHO
, ,
. 1".! b.!1A1bJI ~. ~
t""_ J . ll
J""'
l&:.GI_
'

,M=29d,
, .
,,'
""".J.>.ll '4l j\1~I

1 2x=..L= 1 6z= ~
 CH, -CH, -CH, ' CFf,
CH, -CH - CH, - CH,

( 1) (2)

CH 3 CH 3
CH,-tH- tH - CH, CH, =CH - CH, - CH,

(3) (4)

CH,
1
CH,-CH - CH = CH - CH,-CH, CH = C - CH,

(5) (6)

(7)

J.,J\

\SJ1-*, ~.J\.:..1 ~''!I) Jf=. '" ..r,..:

.u ~ ~ : C..:JI;.-l 4 do.! '"

, 4jl~jbJ\ d..,I1ZJ1.

CH,
, ,.
leH -2 tH _ 3CH -4CH
 \S.Ji ~ ~..:ab\ c.b,Ilj) J.S *
(C) ')).J ..J..>.t ~ 4l-o-i~j A.U.9-:'fo dl.....L.u Jjbi )~ 4'i.!q i l *

''"'" ~ i""'~' ~ ~j .~";il' .......; tjll\,

Jv ,'4,>Yy'#,a,lOSll. louy'~-21
a
....
" ~; ~ a,~bl '""-'j) js. ,(3) .,6>rJ'
.~lAJ~I~i )-,~I.b.b~ ~~ , ~1 *
TH, TH,
,
4CH -3 CH- 2 CH -! CH ,
- 1 Uy. .~ '-""" 3. 21
,(4) -,6orJl
.Wi ~~_pj.A~IJ~-?~*
~ (=) ""'-j~,;..J'''''')I..,1<o \?~","' C .).il c,""'w .....y.-"', >J...bJ'''';jl ,~"
:
-
j: ! - 1 - "-'JI 1
-~

,(5) -,6orJ'
1
,a' _(.lUi ~ A:>-,.lj-o ~IJ ~ t$~"'
(=) ""'-j~,;..J1 <Ib..') ' ..,1<o \?~","' C ;).il..,b.;j ' ..... y.-"',<.W..J,"';", ,~"

CH,
;CH3 -~tH-:CH=~CH-%CH2-~CH3
,"",- j~.>l' ....';1'..,1<0 \? ~","' C ",).il 3,..;) 4b." .}"-Jlj,,># ,~pli lb> ~
,..,.pli t.; ').:.,.!'-! <Ih.,;l' C.).il 2 ,..;) """'" \?#',..,.pl' ~ .""-'''''''' ~; j-4< ,.il
~Y>' ~j\?#',..,.pl'~j'~")~'""",~ ~~'~ '.il.l4J 5 "';)~.}"-J'
.}"-J' ,..,.;J' yb.:.,.
!-3 - ...&> ,~-2 ,~"
 .~I -", ,,,,)l''bh~\~' (6)...sr-"
JCH;;: 2C- 3 CHJ : ~\ . -.

#'''- ,<4,>~~jbll.,.~I. l '" - 1 - "'I 1

,(-)...sr--!'
l..J\ ~ il?- j.:Jj.4 ~\) ulc !..?~ ..
/'v9', ,<4,>~~jbll .,.~I. I ,;,! - -2,""-,, l ,~I.
2 ci>~1

~4 lf1i. 1" , ~t.J1 .:.L,Syil .;:,~.:,..J )~I ......., ~I ~

.<4,>~~jbl
.,;,.;.yjJP ",,)1; - 5. 3 , 1 .,;, 1:.~
J.l.o ""W -
2.2
.,;, 1:.~ J.l.o - 2 ! . 2-~
.,;,1:.~ J.l.o ",,)1; - 3 ,2 ,

.l>.l\
,Jj ':II' -...f::..r1l,)) ~ I -..:U ~I ty~

11$1 C ~l).l 4 ~ \S.ll ~ 0\:j~ : ~j 1'"'::11 0A ~ y>T WA ~I I~

Jj~1 ,.:,..JI 1.,:..; 1" 'C-'C-'C-'C ) t...,JI ,)A .II ~I.r ~.r' 1" C-C-C-C
.,;JI C 'A, ,;,Ib,.,. - CH, J.,:.l1,)A ,;,I)~ \l ,J.,4A ,""W 2
- CH
,2 ' ~j <,,-~I,)A
\ '
C_ 3 C_ 2 C_'C 'Dol! 2,~)
tH,
~' ~J=.' ,.:.s...j ,b,'j) 4J.S:l ,o.> , ~ ~I H ';:'1,> C'J'JJ.S:ll"
CH,
1
CHJ -CH 2 -C- CH 3 ")~I""""
1

CH,
 CI

CI CI

CH,- CH= CH - CH,- CH, ,~.~t,...

-
j: CH,
/~/" > "

-
y

,
CH - CH - CH - CH
" "", ~r-
1
,3'
CH 3 CH 3
CH, -~1 - JH, - CH,
CH,

3~~\

,.)1ll1'<? JI ..,l=1.A yS"l0;> jo-441' ~u:. ,..." o! ~ 1

CH, -CH,-CH ,

o! - 1 -",,, (1) 'o~!~A,<?j;>J

l-1-""'jj:l (..,.,)
.'" -2-"''' (-,

289
 "",;.JI ~,-".,,-lU; - 2 .1 ~ "I- I - .",-" JI M ~?;;"" ~
,,,:.! ~ M ~?l'
" "'-" ~l-" - 2 (.,,) ."",-" (1)

cW\

~lio:Jl -,=> ,,~I .)=,> ,,!..J'il J! (a;.;.l4II ....... ".)JI) .:&-l;.>,,41I.,,-lu; ,,",,':'1
,.)t:>.J1

.,..b;-.JI ,u=! (,,1 -1-.",-,,) ~;lIJ! ("",-" ~ ,-" - 2) li ("",;.JI);;"" ~ ~ -

''''',..J''~,-".,,-lu; - 2,1
: ~ t,.,~ A,j~'w! 1- -.,..I1H~rl'J! B'1 ?".r.l'~Li:I~ ~ LAi .

HHH HHH
1 1 1 1 1 1
H - C=C - C- H+B - B ->H-C - C-C - H
l ,r 1 1 1
H Br Br H
 4 u,.r'"\
-o'.l,Jl ~IJ..>I aJ..ll:....o ~i !I 1
.""",tbillQ!b.,.:J1 ~ ~l.r 2 00g,jlp~ ~j)U1 ,'J&l' ""'" ~ lo ~ 2
.% 20~~~.9W6.! ,?,,,, "..,.....J~1~\~~)'\~.
M(H)~lg.mol -' ; M(C)~12g .mol-' .
V m = 22,4L.mo/-1 ~ljWJ """,lhlll Q!b..,..:.JI~ .j~I~1

-
~
-1>J\
, ....:~I 0,.; ' ,"->' "-'.l~ !J
.; ~w jU: ~l..l Aj (<L4Wl b~)'I)02 ~ Jd~:Jl ~ '4~ ;).lLo I$i Cglj..> l u!
.(HP) ,UI )G..j (CO, ",,",", j~) 5!PI ~I

omol

6x

m 200 200
n ==:::: = - - = 278mol
, MIC, Hu ) (5 x 12)+ (12 x 1) 72 '

x= n 1 = 2,78mol .J! ,n 1 x = 0 oSJ

", = 8x ~ 8(2,78) =22,22 '>! .", - 8x =0 U;JJ w.,1
", = 22,2 mol.u.j
 V
V=22,2x22,4 , 1V-n,V. I,>! n2 =V- ~.lj~~02d t....,

Vo x l00 .\ V.. x20

V
001,.
= 1
20
~ V0, -- ---""::-:,---
100
V
..
,' = 5 x 4988,8 , ~~~

V .l t! =2489' 9L=2, 49m 3

0-' 82,76% ,.. -.3 .)AIl ,,~I ~;JI ,..,j\>ll 6.J\..J1 ~ ~')_ ~

'",p:!1

.-.3;u.,.l1........;..JI ~1 l=1 J l
.d=2 ~I~ ~l,a AI "-=';b..,J\ "-.!l.lS:.J1 ~
. If.l! ."......"...,~ 6.J.J~.;s1 J 2
.~L...llI ~~...l:..j,I,i..!Q,,,,je--~I;;;~I~~bl:.l .J 3

J.,JI

" ft
12x y M
-=-=--
C% H% 100%
C%+H%=100%
H% =100% - C% =100%-82,76 ,H % ''' ~
H% =17,24%
,yS;-o-III.lfl M ........;..JI...,~I = 1 ., ,,,> ;1.
M =29x d ,M =58glmol
,~ t...;)a;...JI ;I,l.o...Jlil""'j>OJ~ Y ,,,~ .
12x y 58
, 82,76% = 17,24% 100% '>!
 12< 58
x= 4 , --~-

82,76 100
_ _Y_~ 58
y~ 1 0 ,
17,24 1~0::
0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----,

-..
~
"
0'
C.H lO ..... .,;e-j)-';4l1 ~;u.,.ll >";"'.;;.JI ~I""~
'~
:::1 yS.,...J\O >!2n+2=10 w..l;>~ , n~4 ~j~J.l..y C"H," ., J5:.'JI C>"~
~ '~ ~

CH, - CH, - CH, - CH,

CH,
1
CH, -CH - CH,

4j.H ,~. 2

j : 6~
1-- ..
, ~ ,o H-" ~G..I\ ~\J4-aJ\ ~
,8' - C- O- , - OH , ..... ..:.~~ I ~6.Jw.JI>'O~I. ,

- C- O - H , - COOH , ..... ~"."s:J1 ~I ~ 6.Jw.J1 >.o~ 1 ..,.

- H , - NH 2 , ~ ~\..4A:t\ 1) dJl.a4J\ ~~ , .~

_C )1 , ~ ~~..lJ:t\ Il dJl.a4J' ~~, .l

~O - -
H
- C/ ' u'> ..:.w~I il 6.Jw.J1 >.0 ~I ....
~O - - 1
..1J\
- COOH - OH
 , 4l~I l4iIb, o.i> , 4;JllJl~4brll IUPAC ~ ~' ,....1' bd
~ H H - H
1 / / /
CH -CH-C CH -C H-C . 1
3 ~ 3 ~ ~
0 0 0

CfI, H
1
H
1
CH, -C-OH
1 CH, -C-OH H-C-OH
1 1
H H H

CH,
fH,
1 CH, -C-OH
1
CH, - CH-CH, -OH
CH,

/CH,
CH - CH-C
3 1 ~
CH , 0
/CH,-CH,
CH -CH -CH-C
3 2 2 ~O

CH, OH
1 CH-
CHS-CH -COOH 3 ~O

CH,
1
CH, _CH _NH, CH, -CH, -NH, CH, -NH,

CH, CH, _CH, -NH -CH

1
CH, _CH, _N-CH,
CH, -CH
1
CH, - CH -CH, -N-CH,
 ..hJ\

I-CHO- I j 1

~
.C>

CH, H H H
1 / /
/
H-C
,
CH -CH-C~ CH-C~, ~
o
o o
Jl>Yj~~ ' 2 Jl>~!

I -OH- I ,>J~I""~U~ ,2.:.~.,l1

1
-C-OH j l
1
(4~ """j)':'~~'-'"

CH
cr -C-OH
3 H
1
H-C-OH
H
1
.

CH, -C-OH
-' , 1 1

-
1
H H H
j: Jj. 2 Yj~ Jj' ] '~! Jj']'\4>
-~

(\?~~J~) (.)j i J~) (.)ji J~)

l,a' 'CH
,1 '
CH ' CH, -C-OH
3 21 3 l 1
,
CH - CH-CH -OH , CH,
Jj l uj~~ 2 Jj2 Yj~~ 2

I-co- '(;r~
(.;J~J~)

1
,>J~I ""---'u
:r<- . ~.. .,3..:.1..60
==-'"CC'1

,
4 /CH 3
3 2
CH - CH-C
3 1 ~
CH , 0

j2 "9o'~ 3
 , '
6 s 4
, / CH, -CH,
CH -CH -CH-C
3 2 2 ~O

CH, /OH CH,

/
1 CH -C
CHS-CH -COOH ~O
H-C
~O
3

""~~y J+'..o- 2 u'=- ..!L_j-''I.l.i' .

_. <.J"4> ..!l..I_j-''I.l...o .
_ <.J"4>

..,1<0 ..... j -N - j l -NH - j l -NH , ,"'\c~~ ~ oS "'l,6o..,ll

~~~I ~~ ~~~, o~, <?I> C"--'Ij ",~I> C"--'I '.)jl C"--'I ""':;;JI
.( ........ ~I ........~I)
CH,
, ,1
CH, -CH _NH, CH, _CH, _NH, CH, _NH,
C"--'I ~! J+'..o -1 ~lli:!! a:-01vl4-o
("hl C"--'I) (.) j l C"--'I ) (.)jl C"--'I)

CH,
1
CH, -CH, -N-CH, CH, -CH, -NH -CH,
. I \:.., I .... .
C"--' ..,.... ' "
'w - N . N C"--'I~! J+'..o- N
(<?I> C"--'I ) (", ~I> C"--'I)

CH, -CH
( '. 11> . 1) -I L., ..
N , ...,.,...,.
" " I. N CH _ CH _ CH -N-CH
l '
....- ~-- ~-- . oH..,....
, , ,
 ,~Wl-:JI4=~ ! ..l> 1 1.S~ lt;.i.A ...I.>I,9 J== ,)l..,.>1 ~wl ;u",.)

(A), CH, -CH , -CO-CH , (C), CH, -CHaH -C, H ,

(B), CH, -CH , -CHa (0), CH, -COH -CH ,.
tH,

....,,5=.Jo" JS ~ ~ 1
rU \';'!j , ( +) ;;)W,l l.a.Qj ~WJI ~ \';'1 ,~')~! ..........,,1.:1:1, o~ ~ i,?~ !l 2-
.(4) .J! (1).r 4ir ,""",~I. (-) .Jw,! u.....j ~L "'..."

- 4 3 2 1 .,..,., ~I "" ,

.Q
- + - + (Cr oi- )~Lojfo~bJjbw
2

- - + + DNPH J *,",
- - - + ~J*,",
.-.,.j~iJ==-S~~~

-
1: chJ\
-
~

.......=. .....J 1 .-....: ~

1.a' .( ..,,~ ~j) - (~~)j 2- ~ , (A) ...,,5=.r-J1

.( .,,~.>JI ~j)J\,>j.H ' (B)...,,5=.r-J1

.(,s~I:.Jy6 Jj - 2 -~, (Cl...,,5=.r-J1

.(<?I:.Jy6 -Jj -2- \,>j.HJ.4.0 -2 ,( D ) ...,,5=.r-J1
,..,....,..,.Ll -'\ ~..... !l

,s.ill " -jll ~ _.>J~I ~ , I~L.J ((B) ...,,5=.r-JI) _.>J ~I "",,s~ ,1 ",*, ~I
.~ J*,", j DNPH ,,;:,lA jfo ",,1:. .r JS C:" ~ """
. DNPH C:" J.o.:A> ~""" ~1 ~ ((A) ...,,5=.r-JI) ~I"",,s~ ,2 ",*, ~I
C:" J.o.:A>~""" <?WIJ~l~ ((Cl ...,,5=~I) ,s~WIJ~I"",,s~ ,3 ",*, ~I
. ~lA,fo~b

~I C:"~""" ~ <?WIJ~l~ ((D) ..."5=~I)<?WIJ~I ,,",,s~ .4",*,~1

. ~ J*,", j l ,DNPH ,'-"lAjfo ""I:.'.r

297.
 1- CH3-0H+Na~

3- CH,-CHO+O,(g)---"'-->
4 - C,H,o,+CuO --+CO,+H,O+Cu
5- R-CH 2 -OH +Cr20;- + H+ ~3R-CHO+2Cr3+ +7 H 20
6- R-CHO+MnO; +6W --+2M;' +3H,0+5R-COOH

1- 2CH3- 0H + 2Na~H 2+2 (CH3-0-+ Na + )

2- C"H 2rr +H 2 0 HOJ )C"H 2rr +1 - OH
3- CH, -CHO+O,(g)---"'-->CH, -COOH ~ )

4 - 2C,H,o, +(4x+y-2zJ:uO --+xCO, +~ H, O +Cu

5- 3R-CH,-OH+Cr,G:-+ 8W --+3R-CHO+2Cr"+7H,G
6 - 5R - CHO +2MnO; +6W --+ 2M;' +3H,G +5R -COOH

_ o\"' ~1 ..,.."-.;J1..........1"""" 2, 78g ~"""" ", 4-1<,S,"",,..,6. J-' ..I.6.j"

,CQ,jt.O (>" (H,ol (>" 3,3g ~..";; .,,. )l; CuQ
. uliJ\ o~ ;.rl .1~bA~l .!J 1
: mo ~ ~\ ~j m H ~jJ..l.,!4l\ ~j ,m e ~, ~ ~I .!J 2
,..,6..,.t
, t,. "")G.;JI .....1iS 1Wc ..,6..,.t1 '-41 >J..;.ll """'j;oJl ~I ~I ~ 3
.d = 2,07 , 1

J.,J\
 C. H, O. +(4x + y- 2z)::uO -+ xCO, + ~H , O+ (4x + y - 2z)::u

-
~
.c> m
c
12 12
=-44 m co, =-x
44
6=1,636 1 m, ~1,64g 1

2 2
mfl = - mH 0 = - x3,3 = O,367 1 mH ~0,37g 1
18 ' 18

-
~ mo = m.,.s,l -(me +m H )
,Q

'<:j< mo =2,78 - (1,64+0 ,37) mo = O,77g

,~
, H ~I
.. ; - ...,.,.._ II "-i..W.J1
"-W ' . (, ~ I ~ 3
12x y 16z M
1: -- = - =- = --

--
1
,3 '

M = 29d = 29 x 2,07 = 60,03 1 M~60g/mol l

12x M
-- = -- ,~ ..u ,x ~l....>

x= mc M = 1,64 x60 =2 94
12xm""-)J 12x2,78~_'_~

1 x =3 1
 O,37x60
2,94
m 2,78
........
y=8

162 M
-=-- , l..l.:t..l.l ,z ...... l->

z= "'oxM = O,77x60 = 1 03
16 x m ...... . ,., 16 x2,78 ' 1 z =1 1

-

-
 :~t!lII..A,j)

';>j- '''.H'l' ''''''''.H'l' ~..,." .,t.. <) i.".i, l!)~

~~ ~l.t) \.,ll....>j ~JW~'p'"..u::. rJ -...li.J.;!o.l1t\f.\
. Y->j ~\

.\'
~.)L.; .~9J~~ll \!Qtjl, <1) I~lj o~
. .i!! ~I 4.O.I.JLr9 4l..:!Jt" 4,j~, ,J...8Jl,gJ1

,~ j 41 ..,..Il ..,..IL..; ""+ 1.>-4<> ;! .1-11 ~ ..,..Il ...Ill> "", ...~

.... 1.>'-"-1. ~ ' .... '; S; .b...U .!LI-4. l;I)jl~1 ....., lo. ,LJ,JL4II