Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
312
APPENDIX 1
SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN FORMULAS
(a) The following formulas, in terms of the outside R+t Ro Ro
Zp p p
radius, are equivalent to and may be used instead of R R Ro t
those given in UG-27(c) and (d).
(1) For cylindrical shells (circumferential stress), (2) Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints).
When the thickness of the cylindrical shell under internal
PRo SEt
tp or Pp (1) design pressure exceeds one-half of the inside radius,
SE + 0.4P R o 0.4t
or when P exceeds 1.25SE, the following formulas
shall apply:
where
R o p outside radius of the shell course under consid- When P is known and t is desired,
eration, in. (mm)
1
(2) For spherical shells,
1 2
2 Z 1
t p R (Z 1) p Ro 1
(3)
2
PR o 2SEt Z
tp or Pp (2)
2SE + 0.8P R o 0.8t
where
Other symbols are as defined in UG-27.
SE + 1
P
Zp
1 R+t Ro Ro
1 2 Zp p p
2 (Z 1) R R Ro t
t p R (Z 1) p R o 1
(1)
2
Z
Symbols are as defined in UG-27 and 1-1.
where
SE + P
Zp
SE P
1-3 THICK SPHERICAL SHELLS
Where t is known and P is desired, When the thickness of the shell of a wholly spherical
vessel or of a hemispherical head under internal design
Z + 1
Z1 pressure exceeds 0.356R, or when P exceeds 0.665SE,
P p SE (2)
the following formulas shall apply:
313
1-3 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-4
3 3
R p R t
1
R+t Ro
Yp
1 3
3 Y 1 o
t p R (Y 1) p R o 1
(1)
3
Y
Symbols are as defined in UG-27 and 1-1.
where
1-4 FORMULAS FOR THE DESIGN OF
FORMED HEADS UNDER
2(SE + P) INTERNAL PRESSURE
Yp
2SE P
(a) The formulas of this paragraph provide for the
design of formed heads of proportions other than
those given in UG-32, in terms of inside and outside
When t is known and P is desired, diameter.
(b) The symbols defined below are used in the
formulas of this paragraph (see Fig. 1-4):
tp minimum required thickness of head after form-
Y + 2
Y1 ing, in. (mm)
P p 2SE (2)
Pp internal design pressure (see UG-21), psi (kPa)
314
1-4 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-4
TABLE 1-4.1
VALUES OF FACTOR K
(Use Nearest Value of D/ 2h; Interpolation Unnecessary)
D /2h 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
K 1.83 1.73 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.37 1.29 1.21 1.14 1.07 1.00
D /2h 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 ...
K 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 ...
Dp inside diameter of the head skirt; or inside length (c) Ellipsoidal Heads 1
of the major axis of an ellipsoidal head; or inside
diameter of a cone head at the point under con-
sideration measured perpendicular to the longi-
tudinal axis, in. (mm) PDK 2SEt
Do p outside diameter of the head skirt; or outside tp or P p (1)
2SE 0.2P KD + 0.2t
length of the major axis of an ellipsoidal head;
or outside diameter of a cone head at the point
under consideration measured perpendicular to PDo K
the longitudinal axis, in. (mm) tp
2SE + 2P (K 0.1)
Sp maximum allowable working stress, as given in
Subsection C, psi (kPa), except as limited by
footnote 1 to 1-4(c) and (d), UG-24, UG-32(e), or
and UW-12.
Ep lowest efficiency of any Category A joint in
2SEt
the head (for hemispherical heads this includes Pp (2)
KD o 2t (K 0.1)
head-to-shell joint). For welded vessels, use the
efficiency specified in UW-12.
rp inside knuckle radius, in. (mm) where
Lp inside spherical or crown radius for torispherical
and hemispherical heads, in. (mm) 2
1 D
Lp K1 D for ellipsoidal heads in which K1 is ob- Kp 2+
6 2h
tained from Table UG-37, in. (mm)
Lo p outside spherical or crown radius, in. (mm)
L / rp ratio of the inside crown radius to the inside Numerical values of the factor K are given in Table
knuckle radius, used in Table 1-4.2 1-4.1.
Mp a factor in the formulas for torispherical heads Example 1. 2 Determine the required thickness t of
depending on the head proportion L / r a seamless ellipsoidal head, exclusive of provision for
hp one-half of the length of the minor axis of the corrosion for the following conditions:
ellipsoidal head, or the inside depth of the ellip- D p 40 in; h p 9 in; P p 200 psi; S p 13,750
soidal head measured from the tangent line psi; E p 1.00.
(head-bend line), in. (mm)
Kp a factor in the formulas for ellipsoidal heads
depending on the head proportion D / 2h 1
Ellipsoidal heads designed under K > 1.0 and all torispherical heads 01
D / 2hp ratio of the major to the minor axis of made of materials having a specified minimum tensile strength
exceeding 70,000 psi (482 MPa) shall be designed using a value of
ellipsoidal heads, which equals the inside S equal to 20,000 psi (137.2 MPa) at room temperature and reduced
diameter of the skirt of the head divided by in proportion to the reduction in maximum allowable stress values
twice the inside height of the head, and is at temperature for the material as shown in the appropriate table
(see UG-23).
used in Table 1-4.1 2
This calculation is intended only to illustrate the use of the formula
p one-half of the included (apex) angle of the cone herein. Other paragraphs in this Division may have to be satisfied
at the center line of the head to permit use of the full tabular stress value.
315
1-4 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-4
From Table 1-4.1, K p 1.14. Substituting in Eq. (1), Example 1. 2Determine the required thickness t, exclu-
sive of allowance for corrosion, of a torispherical head
200 40 1.14 for the following conditions:
tp p 0.33 in. D p 40 in.; L p 40 in.; r p 4 in.; P p 200 psi;
[2 13,750 (1.00) (0.2 200)]
S p 13,750 psi; E p 1.00 (seamless head).
or PD
tp
2 cos (SE 0.6P)
2SEt
Pp (4) or
ML o t (M 0.2)
2SEt cos
where Pp (5)
D + 1.2t cos
r
L
M p 14 3 + PD o
tp
2 cos (SE + 0.4P)
316
1-4 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-5
TABLE 1-4.2
VALUES OF FACTOR M
(Use Nearest Value of L/r ; Interpolation Unnecessary)
L/r 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50
M 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.22
L/r 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
M 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.39 1.41 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50
L/r 9.5 10.00 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 16231
M 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.62 1.65 1.69 1.72 1.75 1.77
NOTE:
(1) Maximum ratio allowed by UG-32(j) when L equals the outside diameter of the skirt of the head.
317
1-5 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-5
TABLE 1-5.1 and the quantity is larger than the PRL /2 term, the
VALUES OF FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE design shall be in accordance with U-2(g). The calcu-
CYLINDER FOR 30 deg. lated localized stresses at the discontinuity shall not
P/SsE1 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 exceed the stress values specified in 1-5(g)(1) and (2).
, deg. 11 15 18 21 23 The effective area of reinforcement can be determined
in accordance with the following formula:
P/SsE1 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.0091 ...
, deg. 25 27 28.5 30 ...
NOTE:
AeL p (ts t) RL ts + (tc tr ) RL tc /cos (2)
(1) p 30 deg. for greater values of P/SsE1.
Any additional area of reinforcement which is required
shall be situated within a distance of RL ts from the
TABLE 1-5.2 junction of the reducer and the cylinder. The centroid
VALUES OF FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE SMALL of the added area shall be within a distance of 0.25
CYLINDER FOR 30 deg.
RL ts from the junction.
P/SsE1 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.02 (e) Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction
, deg. 4 6 9 12.5 of the conical shell of a reducer without a flare and
P/SsE1 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.1251
the small cylinder when the value of obtained from
, deg. 17.5 24 27 30 Table 1-5.2, using the appropriate ratio P /Ss E1 , is less
than .
NOTE:
(1) p 30 deg. for greater values of P/SsE1. The required area of reinforcement shall be at least
equal to that indicated by the following formula when
Qs is in tension:
(c) For a cone-to-cylinder junction, the following
kQs Rs
values shall be determined at large end and again at Ars p 1 tan (3)**
Ss E1
the small end in order that both the large end and the
small end can be examined:
Determine P /Ss E1 and then determine at the large At the small end of the cone-to-cylinder juncture,
end and at the small end, as appropriate, from Tables the PRs /2 term is in tension. When f2 is in compression
1-5.1 and 1-5.2. and the quantity is larger than the PRs /2 term, the
Determine k: design shall be in accordance with U-2(g). The calcu-
k p 1 when additional area of reinforcement is not lated localized stresses at the discontinuity shall not
required exceed the stress values specified in 1-5(g)(1) and (2).
p y /Sr Er when a stiffening ring is required, but The effective area of reinforcement can be determined
k is not less than 1.0 in accordance with the following formula:
(d) Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction
of the cone with the large cylinder for conical heads Aes p 0.78 Rs ts [(ts t) + (tc tr) /cos ] (4)
and reducers without knuckles when the value of
obtained from Table 1-5.1, using the appropriate ratio Any additional area of reinforcement which is required
P /Ss E1 , is less than . Interpolation may be made in shall be situated within a distance of Rs ts from the
the Table. junction, and the centroid of the added area shall be
The required area of reinforcement shall be at least
within a distance of 0.25 Rs ts from the junction.
equal to that indicated by the following formula when
( f ) Reducers not described in UG-36(e)(5), such as
QL is in tension:
those made up of two or more conical frustums having
kQL RL different slopes, may be designed in accordance with (g).
ArL p 1 tan (1)**
Ss E1 (g) When the half-apex angle is greater than 30 A02
deg. (0.52 rad), cone-to-cylinder junctions without a
At the large end of the cone-to-cylinder juncture,
knuckle may be used, with or without reinforcing rings,
the PRL /2 term is in tension. When f1 is in compression
if the design is based on special analysis, such as
the beam-on-elastic-foundation analysis of Timoshenko,
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result Hetenyi, or Watts and Lang. See U-2(g). When such
in SI units. an analysis is made, the calculated localized stresses
318
1-5 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-6
at the discontinuity shall not exceed the following shall be designed in accordance with the formulas
values. which follow.
A02 (1) (Membrane hoop stress) + (average discontinu- (b) The symbols used in the formulas of this para-
ity hoop stress) shall not be greater than 1.5S, where graph are defined as follows:
the average discontinuity hoop stress is the average tp minimum required thickness of head plate after
hoop stress across the wall thickness due to the disconti- forming, in. (mm)
nuity at the junction, disregarding the effect of Poissons Lp inside spherical or crown radius, in. (mm)
ratio times the longitudinal stress at the surfaces. rp inside knuckle radius, in. (mm)
A02 (2) (Membrane longitudinal stress) + (discontinuity Pp internal pressure (see UG-21) for the pressure
longitudinal stress due to bending) shall not be greater on concave side, and external pressure for the
than SPS [see UG-23(e)]. pressure on convex side [see UG-28(f)], psi
The angle joint (see 3-2) between the cone and (kPa)
cylinder shall be designed equivalent to a double butt- Sp maximum allowable stress value, psi (kPa) (see
welded joint, and because of the high bending stress, UG-23)
there shall be no weak zones around the angle joint. Tp flange thickness, in. (mm)
The thickness of the cylinder may have to be increased Mo p the total moment, in.-lb (kNWm), determined as
to limit the difference in thickness so that the angle in 2-6 for heads concave to pressure and 2-11
joint has a smooth contour. for heads convex to pressure; except that for
heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (d),
HD and hD shall be as defined below, and an
1-6 SPHERICALLY DISHED COVERS additional moment Hr hr (which may add or sub-
(BOLTED HEADS)
tract) shall be included where
(a) Circular spherical dished heads with bolting Hr pradial component of the membrane load
flanges, both concave and convex to the pressure and in the spherical segment, lb (kN), acting
conforming to the several types illustrated in Fig. 1-6, at the intersection of the inside of the
319
1-6 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-6
flange ring with the center line of the (1) head thickness
dished cover thickness (a) for pressure on concave side,
pHD cot 1
hr plever arm of force Hr about centroid of 5PL
flange ring, in. (mm) tp (1)
6S
HD paxial component of the membrane load in
the spherical segment, lb (kN), acting at (b) for pressure on convex side, the head thick-
the inside of the flange ring ness shall be determined based on UG-33(c) using the
p0.785 B 2 P outside radius of the spherical head segment;
hD pradial distance from the bolt circle to the (2) flange thickness for ring gasket
inside of the flange ring, in. (mm)
1 pangle formed by the tangent to the center
SB A B
Mo A + B
line of the dished cover thickness at its Tp (2)**
point of intersection with the flange ring,
and a line perpendicular to the axis of the
dished cover (3) flange thickness for full face gasket
S
P B (A + B)(C B )
B T p 0.6 (3)
parc sin AB
2L + t
NOTE: The radial components of the membrane load in the spherical
segment are assumed to be resisted by its flange.
NOTE: Since Hr hr in some cases will subtract from the total moment,
the moment in the flange ring when the internal pressure is zero
may be the determining loading for flange design.
(Within the range of flange standards listed in Table
U-3, the flange and drillings may conform to the
standards, and the thickness specified therein shall be
Ap outside diameter of flange, in. (mm) considered as a minimum requirement.)
Bp inside diameter of flange, in. (mm) ( f ) Heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (c)
Cp bolt circle, diameter, in. (mm) (no joint efficiency factor is required):
(1) head thickness
(c) It is important to note that the actual value of
(a) for pressure on concave side,
the total moment Mo may calculate to be either plus
or minus for both the heads concave to pressure and
the heads convex to pressure. However, for use in all 5PL
tp (4)
of the formulas which follow, the absolute values for 6S
both P and Mo are used.
(d) Heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (a): (b) for pressure on convex side, the head thick-
ness shall be determined based on UG-33(c) using the
(1) the thickness of the head t shall be determined
outside radius of the spherical head segment;
by the appropriate formula in UG-32 for pressure
(2) flange thickness for ring gasket for heads with
on concave side, and UG-33(a)(1) for pressure on
round bolting holes
convex side;
(2) the head radius L or the knuckle radius r shall
1.875Mo (C + B)
comply with the limitations given in UG-32; TpQ+ (5)**
SB (7C 5B )
(3) the flange shall comply at least with the require-
ments of Fig. 2-4 and shall be designed in accordance
where
with the provisions of 2-1 through 2-7 for pressure on
concave side, and 2-11 for pressure on convex side.
(Within the range of flange standards listed in Table PL C + B
Qp **
4S 7C 5B
U-3, the flange and drillings may conform to the
standards, and the thickness specified therein shall be
considered as a minimum requirement.)
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
(e) Heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (b) necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result
(no joint efficiency factor is required): in SI units.
320
1-6 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-7
(3) flange thickness for ring gasket for heads with (2) flange thickness
bolting holes slotted through the edge of the head
TpF+ F2 + J (10)
1.875Mo (C + B)
TpQ+ (6)**
SB(3C B)
where
where
4L2 B 2
PL C + B PB
Qp
4S 3C B Fp
8S (A B)
SB A B
Mo A+B
Jp
3BQ (C B)
TpQ+ Q2 + (7)
L
PL C + B ring and the dished head. A more exact method of
Qp
4S 7C 5B analysis which takes this into account may be used if
it meets the requirements of U-2.
(5) flange thickness for full-face gasket for heads
with bolting holes slotted through the edge of the head
PL C + B thirds of the required reinforcement shall be within the
Qp
4S 3C B following limits:
1-7(a)(1) parallel to vessel wall: the larger of
(6) the required flange thickness shall be T as three-fourths times the limit in UG-40(b)(1), or equal
calculated in (2), (3), (4), or (5) above, but in no case to the limit in UG-40(b)(2);
less than the value of t calculated in (1) above. 1-7(a)(2) normal to vessel wall: the smaller of the
(g) Heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (d) limit in UG-40(c)(1), or in UG-40(c)(2).
(no joint efficiency factor is required): 1-7(b) Openings for radial nozzles that exceed the
(1) head thickness limits in UG-36(b)(1)
(a) for pressure on concave side, 1-7(b)(1) and which also are within the range
defined by the following limits shall meet the require-
ments in (b)(2), (3), and (4) below:
5PL
tp (9) (a) vessel diameters greater than 60 in. (mm)
6S
(b) for pressure on convex side, the head thick- I.D.;
ness shall be determined based on UG-33(c) using the (b) nozzle diameters which exceed 40 in. (mm)
outside radius of the spherical head segment; I.D. and also exceed 3.4 Rt; the terms R and t are
defined in Figs. 1-7-1 and 1-7-2;
(c) the ratio Rn /R does not exceed 0.7; for
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result nozzle openings with Rn /R exceeding 0.7, refer to (c)
in SI units. below and/or U-2(g).
321
1-7 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-7
The rules are limited to radial nozzles in cylindrical reinforcing plate, and/or nozzle flange divided by the
shells that do not have internal projections, and do not shell material allowable stress is at least 0.80.
include any analysis for stresses resulting from exter-
nally applied mechanical loads. For such cases U-2(g)
NOTE: The bending stress Sb calculated by Eq. (5) is valid and
shall apply. applicable only at the nozzle neck-shell junction. It is a primary
1-7(b)(2) The membrane stress Sm as calculated bending stress because it is a measure of the stiffness required to
by Eq. (1) or (2) below shall not exceed S, as defined maintain equilibrium at the longitudinal axis junction of the nozzle-
shell intersection due to the bending moment calculated by Eq. (3).
in UG-37 for the applicable materials at design condi-
tions. The maximum combined membrane stress Sm
and bending stress Sb shall not exceed 1.5S at design Case A (See Fig. 1-7-1)
conditions. Sb shall be calculated by Eq. (5) below.
1-7(b)(3) Evaluation of combined stresses from
internal pressure and external loads shall be made in
accordance with U-2(g).
Sm p P R(Rn + tn + Rmt) + Rn(t + te + Rnmtn)
As (1)
strength reduction ratio requirements of UG-41 need
R(Rn + tn + Rmt) + Rn(t + Rnmtn)
not be applied, provided that the allowable stress ratio Sm p P (2)
As
of the material in the nozzle neck, nozzle forging,
322
1-7 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-7
FIG. 1-7-2
Cases A and B (See Fig. 1-7-1 or Fig. 1-7-2) Ip moment of inertia of the larger of the shaded
areas in Fig. 1-7-1 or Fig. 1-7-2 about neutral
6 + R R e P
R3n axis, in.4 (mm4)
Mp n (3)**
ap distance between neutral axis of the shaded area
in Fig. 1-7-1 or Fig. 1-7-2 and the inside of
vessel wall, in. (mm)
a p e +t / 2 (4)
Rmp mean radius of shell, in. (mm)
Rnmp mean radius of nozzle neck, in. (mm)
Ma ep distance between neutral axis of the shaded area
Sb p (5)**
I and midwall of the shell, in. (mm)
Smp membrane stress calculated by Eq. (1) or (2),
psi (kPa)
1-7(b)(5) Nomenclature. Symbols used in Figs.
Sbp bending stress at the intersection of inside of
1-7-1 and 1-7-2 are as defined in UG-37(a) and as
the nozzle neck and inside of the vessel shell
follows:
along the vessel shell longitudinal axis, psi (kPa)
Asp shaded (cross-hatched) area in Fig. 1-7-1, Case
Syp yield strength of the material at test temperature,
A or Case B, in.2 (mm2)
see Table Y-1 in Subpart 1 of Section II, Part
D, psi (kPa)
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result 1-7(c) It is recommended that special consideration
in SI units. be given to the fabrication details used and inspection
323
1-7 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-8
employed on large openings; reinforcement often may be Bp factor determined from the applicable material
advantageously obtained by use of heavier shell plate for a chart in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D for
vessel course or inserted locally around the opening; welds maximum design metal temperature, psi (kPa)
may be ground to concave contour and the inside corners of [see UG-20(c)]
the opening rounded to a generous radius to reduce stress DL p outside diameter of large end of conical section
concentrations. When radiographic examination of welds is under consideration, in. (mm)
not practicable, liquid penetrant examination may be used Do p outside diameter of cylindrical shell, in. (mm).
with nonmagnetic materials and either liquid penetrant or (In conical shell calculations, the value of Ds
magnetic particle inspection with ferromagnetic materials. and DL should be used in calculations in place
If magnetic particle inspection is employed, the prod method of Do depending on whether the small end Ds ,
is preferred. The degree to which such measures should be or large end DL , is being examined.)
used depends on the particular application and the severity Ds p outside diameter at small end of conical section
of the intended service. Appropriate proof testing may be under consideration, in. (mm)
advisable in extreme cases of large openings approaching E1 p efficiency of longitudinal joint in cylinder. For
full vessel diameter, openings of unusual shape, etc. compression (such as at small end of cone),
E1 p 1.0 for butt welds.
E2 p efficiency of longitudinal joint in cone. For com-
A02 1-8 RULES FOR REINFORCEMENT OF pression, E2 p 1.0 for butt welds.
CONE-TO-CYLINDER JUNCTION Ec p modulus of elasticity of cone material, psi (kPa)
UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Er p modulus of elasticity of stiffening ring material,
psi (kPa)
(a) The formulas of (b) and (c) below provide for
Es p modulus of elasticity of shell material, psi (kPa)
the design of reinforcement, if needed, at the cone-to-
Ex p Ec , Er , or Es
cylinder junctions for reducer sections and conical heads
where all the elements have a common axis and the NOTE: The modulus of elasticity shall be taken from the applicable
Table TM in Section II, Part D. When a material is not listed in
half-apex angle 60 deg. Subparagraph (e) below the TM tables, the requirements of U-2(g) shall be applied.
provides for special analysis in the design of cone-to-
cylinder intersections with or without reinforcing rings f1 p axial load at large end due to wind, dead load,
where is greater than 60 deg. etc., excluding pressure, lb / in. (kN/m)
In the design of reinforcement for a cone-to-cylinder f2 p axial load at small end due to wind, dead load,
juncture, the requirements of UG-41 shall be met. etc., excluding pressure, lb / in. (kN/m)
The nomenclature given below is used in the formulas Ip available moment of inertia of the stiffening
of the following subparagraphs: ring cross section about its neutral axis parallel
Ap factor determined from Fig. G and used to enter to the axis of the shell, in.4 (mm4)
the applicable material chart in Subpart 3 of I p available moment of inertia of combined shell-
Section II, Part D cone or ring-shell-cone cross section about its
AeL p effective area of reinforcement at large end in- neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell, in.4
tersection, in.2 (mm2) (mm4). The nominal shell thickness ts shall be
Aes p effective area of reinforcement at small end in- used, and the width of the shell which is taken
tersection, in.2 (mm2) as contributing to the moment of inertia of the
ArL p required area of reinforcement at large end of combined section shall not be greater than 1.10
cone, in.2 (mm2) Dts and shall be taken as lying one-half on
Ars p required area of reinforcement at small end of each side of the cone-to-cylinder junction or of
cone, in.2 (mm2) the centroid of the ring. Portions of the shell
As p cross-sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq in. plate shall not be considered as contributing
(mm2) area to more than one stiffening ring.
AT p equivalent area of cylinder, cone, and stiffening CAUTIONARY NOTE: Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral
ring, sq in. (mm2), where buckling. This should be considered in addition to the requirements
for Is and I s [see U-2(g)].
LL ts Lc tc
ATL p + + As for large end Is p required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring
2 2
cross section about its neutral axis parallel to
Ls ts Lc tc the axis of the shell, in.4 (mm4)
ATS p + + As for small end
2 2 I s p required moment of inertia of the combined
324
1-8 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-8
325
1-8 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-8
The effective area of reinforcement can be determined temperature line for the design temperature, the design
in accordance with the following formula: shall be either per U-2(g) or by changing the cone or
cylinder configuration, stiffening ring location on the
AeL p 0.55 DL ts (ts + tc /cos ) (2) shell, and /or reducing the axial compressive force to
reduce the B value to below or at the material/tempera-
Any additional area of stiffening which is required ture line for the design temperature. For values of B
having multiple values of A, such as when B falls on
shall be situated within a distance of RL ts from the
a horizontal portion of the curve, the smallest value
junction of the reducer and the cylinder. The centroid
of A shall be used.
of the added area shall be within a distance of 0.25
Step 6. Compute the value of the required moment
RL ts from the junction. of inertia from the formulas for Is or Is. For the
When the cone-to-cylinder or knuckle-to-cylinder circumferential stiffening ring only,
juncture is a line of support, the moment of inertia
for a stiffening ring at the large end shall be determined ADL2 ATL
by the following procedure. Is p
14.0
Step 1. Assuming that the shell has been designed
and DL , LL , and t are known, select a member to be For the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone section,
used for the stiffening ring and determine cross-sectional
area ATL . Then calculate factor B using the following
ADL2 ATL
formula. If FL is a negative number, the design shall I s p
10.9
be in accordance with U-2(g):
Step 7. Determine the available moment of inertia
A
FL DL
B p 34 ** of the ring only I or the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone I .
TL
Step 8. When the ring only is used,
where
I Is
326
1-8 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-8
lated localized stresses at the discontinuity shall not A p 2B / Ex . For value of B above the material /
exceed the stress values specified in 1-5(g)(1) and (2). temperature line for the design temperature, the design
The effective area of reinforcement can determined shall be either per U-2(g) or by changing the cone or
in accordance with the following formula: cylinder configuration, stiffening ring location on the
shell, and /or reducing the axial compressive force to
Aes p 0.55 Ds ts [(ts t) + (tc tr) /cos ] (4) reduce the B value to below or at the material /
temperature line for the design temperature. For values
Any additional area of stiffener which is required of B having multiple values of A, such as when B
falls on a horizontal portion of the curve, the smallest
shall be situated within a distance of Rs ts from the
value of A shall be used.
junction, and the centroid of the added area shall be
Step 6. Compute the value of the required moment
within a distance of 0.25 Rs ts from the junction. of inertia from the formulas for Is or I s .
When the cone-to-cylinder or knuckle-to-cylinder
juncture is a line of support, the moment of inertia For the circumferential stiffening ring only,
for a stiffening ring at the small end shall be determined
by the following procedure. ADs2 ATS
Is p
Step 1. Assuming that the shell has been designed 14.0
and Ds, Ls, and t are known, select a member to be
used for the stiffening ring and determine cross-sectional For the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone section,
area ATS. Then calculate factor B using the following
formula. If Fs is a negative number, the design shall ADs2 ATS
I s p
be in accordance with U-2(g): 10.9
A
Fs Ds Step 7. Determine the available moment of inertia
B p 3 4
TS of the ring only I or the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone
I .
where Step 8. When the ring only is used,
I Is
Fs p PN + f2 tan
and when the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone is used:
R tan Ls RL2 Rs2
Np s + + **
2 2 6Rs tan I I s
Step 2. Enter the right-hand side of theapplicable If the equation is not satisfied, a new section with
material chart in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D for a larger moment of inertia must be selected, and the
the material under consideration at the value of B calculation shall be done again until the equation is met.
determined by Step 1. If different materials are used
for the shell and stiffening ring, use the material chart The requirements of UG-29(b), (c), (d), (e), and (f )
resulting in the larger value of A in Step 4 below. and UG-30 are to be met in attaching stiffening rings
Step 3. Move horizontally to the left to the to the shell.
material / temperature line for the design metal tempera- (d) Reducers not described in UG-36(e)(5), such as
ture. For values of B falling below the left end of the those made up of two or more conical frustums having
material / temperature line, see Step 5 below. different slopes, may be designed in accordance with (e).
Step 4. Move vertically to the bottom of the chart (e) When the half-apex angle is greater than 60 A02
and read the value of A. deg. (1.1 rad), cone-to-cylinder junctions without a
Step 5. For values of B falling below the left end knuckle may be used, with or without reinforcing rings,
of the material / temperature line for the design tempera- if the design is based on special analysis, such as
ture, the value of A can be calculated using the formula the beam-on-elastic-foundation analysis of Timoshenko,
Hetenyi, or Watts and Lang. See U-2(g). The effect
of shell and cone buckling on the required area and
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result moment of inertia at the joint is to be taken into
in SI units. consideration in the analysis. When such an analysis
327
1-8 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-8
328