Refrigeration Engineering

Introduction
Efren G. Dela Cruz
Introduction
Refrigeration process of removing
heat at a low temperature and
rejecting it at a relatively higher
temperature level.
Introduction
Air-conditioning - the process of
treating the air to control
simultaneously its temperature,
humidity, cleanliness (air quality) and
distribution in order to satisfy the
requirements of the conditioned
space.
Air-conditioning Application
Heating
Air-conditioning Application
Humidifying
Air Conditioning Application
Control of Air Quality

Cooling and Dehumidifying

Refrigeration Application
Food Preservation

Chemical and Process Industries

Refrigeration Application
Blast Freezing

Drinking Fountains
Refrigeration Application
Ice - Making
Refrigeration Application
Ice Skating Rinks
Review of Thermodynamics
State of a Substance
Subcooled/Compressed liquid
Saturated Liquid
Wet Vapor
Saturated Vapor
Superheated Vapor
Review of Thermodynamics
Quality of a Substance (x) percent
composition of vapor by mass

Moisture Content (y) percent

composition of liquid by mass

x+y=1
Review of Thermodynamics
Latent Heat the amount of heat
required to change the phase of a
substance without changing its
temperature.

Sensible Heat the amount of heat

required to change the temperature
of a substance without changing its
phase.
Properties of a Substance
Temperature
Pressure
Density
Specific volume
Specific heats
Enthalpy
Entropy
Internal energy
Review of Thermodynamics
Steady State, Steady Flow
Process (SSSF)
Adiabatic Process
Isobaric Process
Refrigerants
Refrigerant - A fluid (liquid or gas)
that picks up heat by evaporating at a
low temperature and pressure. It
gives up heat by condensing at a
higher temperature and pressure.
www.carrieraircon.co.uk/index.php/in
dustry_terminology/terms/
Refrigerants
Primary Refrigerant - used to directly
achieve the cooling effect in cycles
where they alternately absorb and
reject heat

Secondary Refrigerants liquids used

for transporting heat energy from one
location to another (antifreezes or
brines)
Halocarbon Compounds
Num Des Chemical Name Formula

11 Trichloromonofluoromethane CCl3F
12 Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2
13 Monochlorotrifluoromethane CClF3
22 Monochlorodifluoromethane CHClF2
40 Methyl Chloride CH3Cl
113 Trichlorotrifluroethane CCl2FCClF2

114 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane CClF2CClF2

Inorganic Compounds
Numerical Chemical name Formula
Designation
717 Ammonia NH3

718 Water H 2O

744 Carbon Dioxide CO2

764 Sulfur Dioxide SO2

Hydrocarbon Refrigerants

Numerical Chemical Name Formula

Designation
50 Methane CH4

170 Ethane C2H6

290 Propane C 3H 8
Comparison of Performance
(te = -15C and tc = 30C)
Refrigerant Refrigerating COP
Effect

11 155.4 5.03

12 116.3 4.70

22 162.8 4.66
Properties of Refrigerants
Flammability
R-12 is non toxic in concentration of 20%
by
volume for 2 hours of exposure

NH3 injurious / lethal in concentration of

to 1% for hour durtion
Properties of Refrigerants

Miscibility with oil

R -12 miscible with oil
R 22 partially miscible
NH3 - not miscible with oil
Properties of Refrigerants

When leak occurs

Exposure to halocarbons (negligible
effects for short exposures)
Prolonged exposures to NH3 result to
food tasting
Properties of Refrigerants

Reaction to Pipes
NH3 reacts with copper, brass or other
cuprous alloys (Use steel or iron)
Halocarbons react with Zinc
Properties of Refrigerants

Effect to the Environment