Name

NURZAWANAH AKMAR BINTI HASBULLAH

(2017840202)

Course Code CHM420

Title of Experiment EXPERIMENT 4: STOICHIOMETRY AND

THEORETICAL YIELD

Lecturers Name MADAM NURUL IZZA

Partners Name NURAFIQAH BT MOHD FAUDZI

(2017486498)

Date 11 OCTOBER 2017

OBJECTIVE

1. To classify the limiting reactant and excess reactant in experiment.
2. To calculate the percent yield based on formula.

INTRODUCTION

Most chemical reaction requires two or more reactants. Typically, one of the reactants
is used up before the other, at which time the reaction immediately stops. The chemical that
is used up first is called the limiting reactant while the other reactant is present in excess. If
both reactants are present in exactly the right amount to react completely, without either in
excess, the amounts of reactants are said to be in a stoichiometric ratio to each other. The
stoichiometric ratio is the mole ratio of the reactants, or reactants to products, as determined
by the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. Since the limiting reactant will
determine the amount of product that can be produced during a reaction, it is important to
be able to calculate which reactant is the limiting reactant. There are several ways to do this,
but each starts with a balanced chemical equation so that the stoichiometry of the reaction
is known and limiting reactant is identified.

Stoichiometry calculations are about calculating the amounts of substances that react and
form in a chemical reaction. The word stoichiometry comes from the Greek stoikheion
element and metri measure. Based on the balanced chemical equation, we can calculate
the amount of a product substance that will form when we begin with a specific amount of
one or more reactants. Or, we may have a target amount of product to prepare. How much
starting compounds are needed to prepare this amount? These are practical calculations that
are done frequently by chemists. In this experiment, you will prepare calcium carbonate from
the reaction of calcium chloride solution with a solution of sodium carbonate. From the
amounts of the reactants, you will determine which reactant is the limiting reactant, and from
this amount, calculate the theoretical yield of calcium carbonate. From the actual amount of
calcium carbonate obtained, you can then calculate your percent yield of copper.


CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

0.5M CaCl2
1.5M Na2CO3
Buret
Conical flask
Watch glass
Oven
Analytical balance
Suction Filtration Set :
Unfolded filter paper
Buchner funnel
Adapter
Vacuum filter flask
Rubber tube

METHOD

1. Required volume of 0.5M CaCl2 and 1.5M Na2CO3 (as stated in Table 4.1 below) was
dispensed from the buret into a clean conical flask.

Reaction 0.5M CaCl2 1.5M Na2CO3
1 20mL 10mL
2 20mL 5 mL
Table 4.1

2. The flask was swirled and leaved it aside for 5 minutes to allow precipitate to completely
form.
3. The product was suction filtered using Buchner funnel. This was done by folding a piece of
filter paper into quarters and making a funnel. Filter paper was placed inside the glass funnel.
The solution was poured into the center of filter paper taking care not to let it get above the
level of the filter paper.
4. The sides of the conical flask was washed with small amount of distilled water and the
water added to the filter paper.
5. Carefully the filter paper was removed and placed it on a pre-weighed watch glass. The
product was dried in the oven for half an hour.
6. The product (CaCO3) was scraped from the filter paper onto the watch glass. The filter
paper was discarded and returned the watch glass to oven for a further 10 minutes. The mass
of the product was determined. The product was reheated and determined its mass at least
3 times to complete dryness until we get two weightings that were within 0.02g of one
another.
7. The amount of CaCO3 was compared and obtained with that expected. The limiting
reactant, excess reactant and percent yield was calculated.



DATA


Reactions

1 2
Mass of the product, g
1.81 0.468
(1st heat)
Mass of the product, g
1.80 0.460
(after reheating)
Mass of the product, g
1.79 0.453
(after reheating)

Mass of the product, g 1.79 0.460



RESULTS, CALCULATION & QUESTIONS

1. For each of the two reactions:
a) Write balanced chemical equation.
CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)

b) Determine the limiting reactant.

Reaction 1:

Mol CaCl2 = MV/1000 Mol Na2CO3 = MV/1000
= (0.5x20)/1000 =(1.5x10)/1000
= 0.01 mol = 0.015 mol

1 mol CaCl2 = 1 mol Na2CO3
0.01mol of CaCl2 = n mol of Na2CO3
(0.01 mol/1mol) x1 mol = 0.01mol

Excess reactant = 0.01mol 0.015
= 0.005 mol

Therefore, the limiting reactant is CaCl2.

Reaction 2 :

Mol CaCl2 = MV/1000 Mol Na2CO3 = MV/1000
= (0.5x20)/1000 =(1.5x5)/1000
= 0.01 mol = 0.0075 mol

1 mol CaCl2 = 1 mol Na2CO3
0.01mol of CaCl2 = n mol of Na2CO3
(0.01 mol/1mol)x1 mol = 0.01mol

Excess reactant = 0.01mol 0.0075
= 0.0025 mol

Therefore, the limiting reactant is Na2CO3.

c) Determine the theoretical yield.

Reaction 1 :
1 mol CaCl2 = 1 mol CaCO3
0.01 mol CaCl2 = 0.01mol CaCO3


Mass of CaCO3 :
0.01mol x 100.0869g/mol = 1.000869 g


Reaction 2 :
1 mol Na2CO3 = 1 mol CaCO3
0.0075mol Na2CO3 = 0.0075mol CaCO3

Mass of CaCO3

0.0075mol x 100.0869g/mol = 0.75065 g

d) Determine the percent yield of the product.

Reaction 1 :

Actual yield(gram)/Theoretical yield(gram) x 100% = Percent Yield
1.79/1.000869g x 100% = 178.84%

Reaction 2 :

Actual yield(gram)/Theoretical yield(gram) x 100% = Percent Yield
0.460g/0.75065g x 100% = 61.28%


2. Was the yield you obtained satisfactory? Justify your answer.

In reaction 1, the percent yield exceeds 100% which is not a satisfied result and theres
possible error occurs during weighing the product. We get a yield that appears to be more
than 100% but this may be due to undetected impurities in the product or inaccuracies in the
measurements of masses of the reactants.
Percent yield is at least less than 100% due to losses, side reactions and incomplete reactions
such as in reaction 2, and this is a satisfied result.







DISCUSSION

In this experiment, double replacement reaction takes place between Calcium
chloride, CaCl2, a soluble ionic compound, and sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, also
a soluble ionic compound, would react to form calcium carbonate, CaCO3, an insoluble
solid that precipitates out of solution, and sodium chloride, another soluble ionic compound.
The balanced chemical equation for this double replacement reaction is :
 CaCl2(aq)+Na2CO3(aq)CaCO3(s) +2NaCl(aq)

Once we mixed the two aqueous solutions, a white insoluble solid, calcium carbonate, will
precipitate out of solution.

From the reaction, we get to identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant and calculate the
percent yield. Based on the balanced chemical equation, the limiting reactant in reaction 1
and reaction 2 is CaCl2 and Na2CO3 respectively because of the reactants have the lowest
mol compared to the other reactant, hence it becomes the limiting factor in the experiment
and was used up first, the excess reactant in reaction 1 and reaction 2 is vice versa to the
limiting reactant. Furthermore, the percent yield calculated in reaction 1 and reaction 2 is
178.84% and 61.28% respectively. From this result, we can conclude that theres an error in
reaction 1 because the percent yield exceeds 100%, percent yields greater than 100% are
because of the measured product of the reaction contains impurities that cause its mass to
be greater than it actually would be if the product was pure.

Next, the product should be cooled first before weighing the mass. The analytical balance is
calibrated to work at a specific temperature, if the object being weighed transfers heat into
the balance pan it will heat things up. Metal expands and contracts with different
temperature, even a slight temperature change can cause enough change in distance of the
internal components to give bad readings.
For the reaction 2, the percent yield is less than 100% which is due to losses, side reactions
and incomplete reactions.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we had successfully identify the limiting reactant in Reaction 1 and Reaction 2
which is CaCl2 and Na2CO3 respectively, and the excess reactant in Reaction 1 and Reaction
2 which is Na2CO3 and CaCl. The calculated percent yield based on the experiment
conducted in Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 is 178.84% and 61.28% respectively.

REFERENCES

1. Stoichiometry and Balancing Reactions
https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_
and_Balancing_Reactions

2. Calcium chloride react with sodium carbonate, https://chemiday.com/en/reaction/3-1-0-
39

3. Matta Staley Waterman Wilbraham, 2012 Pearson Chemistry, Chapter 12: Stoichiometry






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