1

2.HEATING ENERGY NEED

The human body has a "thermostat" that automatically comes into operation at any time
of the disturbance of thermal equilibrium between body and environment
Thus, at low temperatures, skin blood vessels narrowing and reducing flow, thereby
reducing the external temperature of the body and thus heat loss to the outside
Simultaneously close and sweat glands, skin humidity decreases thus limiting latent heat
loss by evaporation of perspiration.
Mentioned phenomena are accompanied by an acceleration of internal combustion and
increased muscle activity with heat production.
Possibility of this system thermostat is limited but the man was forced to intervene to
restore thermal equilibrium with other measures, such as:

- use of adequate clothing

- warm room to achieve a comfortable interior microclimate imposed sanitary
requirements in residential buildings and social-cultural

2.1. HEATING ENERGY CALCULATIONS

The thermal comfort in closed rooms is make by delivering within heat quantity,
heating energy need (Qnec).
For civil and industrial buildings with heating systems we use for that SR 1907/1-
97, by equation:

Ac Ao
Q QT (1 ) Qi [W,] (2.1)
100

where:
QT The heat losses through heat transfer , n W;
Ac affix for compensate cols surfaces effect, in percents;
AO- the orientation affix, in percents.

Qi heating energy need from heat losses by air infiltrations through leaks , in W.
In European Union SR EN 13790-2005
The heat losses through heat transfer
The heat losses through heat transfer QT for a room, heaving an interior
temperature ti, delimited at outside or another unheated rooms by closing building
elements, having the surfaces aria Si, having thermal resistances R and outside
temperature te from equation (1.20) is calculate by :

ti t e
QT =CMmA Qs [ W] (2.2)
R'

where:
CM-correction heat energy need coefficient, depending of building specific weight.
 2

M pi
It is established from specific weight of interior building elements mpi=0,9 A
Where Mpi i represente the weight for all interior building elements, and A is surface
aria of building perimeter by through the heat is dissipated.

We recommend
-similar to residential buildings and their social and cultural buildings with
interior walls made of brick( BCA), brick thickness below 0.125 m, with concrete floors
with thick partitions less than or equal to 0.10 m or other lightweight construction CM = 1
-for other construction CM = 0.94.

m- thermal massiveness of external building elements coefficient, calculated by

equation:
m=1,225-0,05D
Tabela 2.1
Dj 1 1,1-2 2,1-3 3,1-4 4,1-5 5,1-6 6,1-7
mj 1,20 1,15 1,10 1,05 1 0,95 0,90

where:
D is building element thermal inertia parameter, according STAS 6472/3. For
building elements with D4,5 is considered m=1, for exterior joinery is considered
D=0,5 and the building elements in contact with the ground and floors over unheated
basements , m=1.
ti conventional internal temperature is SR 1907-2/97
te,j outside air temperature is element j of the room closing considered
(conventional external temperature or temperature calculation neighboring rooms
n number of elements of different insulating properties closure.

Relation (2.2) applies to all elements of construction: its exterior walls inside, separating
rooms with different temperatures, ceilings or floors - except those placed directly on
earth, windows, doors, etc.
Areas mentioned above A, are calculated as the product of :
-finished floor height measured between two consecutive and width measured at the inner
(light) - for walls.
-width and height of masonry openings for doors and windows.

Outdoor temperatures up to other localities than those specified in Table 2.2 are
given in Annex I.4, the Romanian territory is divided into four zones depending on air
temperature in winter.
Tabela 2.2

Temperatures outside the main towns in Romania account for

 3

Name of village te Name of village te

o o
C C
Alba-Iulia -18 Miercurea Ciuc -21
Alexandria -15 Oradea -15
Arad -15 Petroani -18
Bacu -18 Piatra Neam -18
Baia Mare -18 Piteti -15
Baraolt -21 Ploieti -15
Beclean -21 Reghin -21
Beiu -18 Reia -12
Bistria -21 Rmnicu Vlcea -15
Brlad -18 Roman -18
Blaj -18 Satu-Mare -18
Botoan -18 Sfntu-Gheorghe -21
Braov -21 Sibiu -18
Brila -15 Sighioara -18
Bucureti -15 Sinaia -18
Buzu -15 Sngiorgiu de Pdure -21
Clrai -15 Slatina -15
Ceahlu -21 Slobozia -15
Cluj -18 Sovata -21
Constana -12 Suceava -21
Craiova -15 Tecuci -18
Cristuru-Secuiesc -21 Timioara -15
Deva -15 Trgovite -15
Fgra -21 Trgu Jiu -15
Focani -18 Trgu Mure -21
Galai -18 Trgu Ocna -18
Gheorgheni -21 Tulcea -15
Giurgiu -15 Vaslui -18
Iai -18 Vatra Dornei -21
Lugoj -12 Zalu -15
For building elements that separate a room temperature low temperature other
rooms of your account, your temperature from the relation (2.3) will be the temperature
of the room

Inside conventional designing temperaturs are there in SR 1907/2-97 (see you

Anexa I.3)
In SR 1907/2 are there the temperatures for unheated spaces from outside
temperature, the place of room in building and average thermal resistance Rojm for
adjacent building elements into outside. (v. Tabela 2.3)
Tabela 2.3
Temperatures inside the unheated rooms calculation.
 4

Nr Type of the room.

crt
Conv Average thermal
entional resistance of exterior building
wind speed elements Rojm (m2.grad/W)
Conventiona calculation 0.4 0.4-0.65 0.66-
l external m/s 1,30
temperature
calculation,
te
oC
1. -21 -1
-18 1
Expansion joints closed -15 3
-12 5
2. Expansion joints open {protected sheet} -21 -12
-18 -9
-15 -6
-12 -3
3. Unheated rooms surrounded most of the 8 8 9 11
rooms heated -21 5 9 11 12
4,5 9 11 12
4 9 11 12
-18 8 9 10 12
5 10 12 12
4,5 10 12 13
4 1o 12 13
-15 8 10 11 12
5 11 12 14
4,5 11 12 14
4 11 12 14
-12 8 11 12 13
5 12 13 14
4,5 12 13 14
4 12 13 14
4. Unheated rooms with most exterior wall 8 -7 -6 4
-21 5 -5 -4 7
4,5 -5 -3 7
4 -4 -2 8
-18 8 -5 -4 5
5 -3 -2 8
4,5 -3 -2 8
4 -3 -1 9
-15 8 -3 -2 6
5 -2 -1 9
4,5 -2 0 9
 5

4 -1 0 10
-12 8 -1 0 7
5 0 1 10
4,5 0 2 10
4 1 2 11
5. Lofts located directly under the roof -21 -16
-18 -13
-15 -11
-12 -8
6. Cellars and technical basements below -21 1o
ground level complete -18 11
-15 12
-12 13
7. . -21 7
Cellars and technical basements below -18 8
ground level crossed by hot pipes -15 9
-12 10

Conventional interior room temperature for production rooms are given in Table 2.4

Tabelul 2.4Conventional interior room temperature for production rooms

Characteristics of the
technological process Conventional interior room
Category of work temperature
performed
Production processes -easy 18
without generating heat, -ordinary effort 17
with or without moisture -heavy work 15
releases

Important processes
releasing heat, especially as -easy
radiant -ordinary effort 15
-heavy work 13
10

Interior room temperature ti [oC] , for usually close spaces frecvent we

have in Anexa I.3, SR 1907/2-97.
Heat transfer specific thermal resistances Roj a for closing building elements
(walls, floors, etc.) can be determinated by (1.18) or (1.19) formula, using i and e
 6

coefficients from tabela 2.4, material thermal conductivity , given in Anexa I.1 and
adjusment coefficients b from tabela 1.2.

Tabela 2.4
Convection heat transfer coefficients.

Felul suprafeei i sensul Coeficientul de transfer termic (W/m2k)

fluxului termic-Type of i e
surface and orientation of
heat flow Heat transfer coefficient
0. 1. 2.
Interior surfaces of enclosed
spaces for the natural -
movement of air: 8

external and internal

walls, windows, floors and
platforms to heat flow from 8 -
the bottom up or horizontal

-closures cold
surfaces (lofts, basements), 6 12
average air speed v = 0.3
m/s
-.floors over basements or
cold rooms to heat flow -
down.
-Suprafee exterioare ale
elementelor de nchidere n
contact cu aerul exterior
(perei exteriori, terase,
ferestre)
n timpul iernii. - 24
- n timpul verii. - 12
 7

Thermal resistances for doors, windows, skylights and massive walls without thermal
material is given in Anexa I.2.

A particular case of heat loss by heat transfer is heat losses through land.
If a room is partially underground and has a basic geometric shape, heat loss through the
floor Qp is determined based on a simplified physical model, according to SR 1907/1-97

The base of that, the heat flux transmitted through the floor it has two
components: one for ground water, power lines and constant density parallel to other
power lines outside air density semicircular variable shape with a band width 1 m.

Cele dou componente se calculeaz cu relaia:

ti t p mS ti te t i t ej
Abcj
Rp
QS=Ap +CM ns Rbc Abc+ Rbc [W] (2.6)
n care:
Ap este aria cumulat a pardoselii i a pereilor n contact cu solul, n m2.
is the cumulative surface area of the floor and walls in contact with the ground, in m2.

Abc este aria unei benzi cu limea de 1 m situat de-a lungul conturului exterior al
suprafeei Ap, n m2.
Is the area of 1 m wide strip located along the outer surface Ap of the perimeter, in m2

Abcj este aria unei benzi cu limea de 1 m situat de-a lungul conturului care
corespunde spaiului nvecinat care are temperatura ti, n m2.

Is the area of 1 m wide strip located along the contour corresponding adjacent area that is
temperature ti, in m2.

tp temperatura apei din pnza freatic sau n sol la adncimea de 7m n cazul

inexistenei pnzei de ap freatic n ara noastr temperatura pnzei freatice este funcie
de zona climatic: zona I=+11oC, zona II=+10oC, zona III=+9oC, zona IV=+8oC

tp -water temperature in the soil or water table at a depth of 7m in the absence of water
table. Water table temperature in Romania is depending on the climate zone : zone I = 11
C, zone II = 10 C, zone III = 9 C, the IV = 8 C

Rp -cumulative thermal resistance layer and the ground floor between the floor and a
depth of 7 m from systematic land share, or water table, the formula below is used

1 r
hp
Rp = r [m2.grad / W] (2.7)
i 1 r p
 8

r
r

r 1
-representing the thermal resistance of the layers that make up the floor.
r

hp
-Thermal resistance of soil layer thickness hp and thermal conductivity
p
p 1.16 W/mK

Rbc specific thermal resistance of perimeter band is given according to

foundation thickness and water table depth in tabela 2.5

Tabela 2.5
Specific thermal resistance of perimeter band Rbc

Underfloor Foundation Specific thermal resistance of perimeter band Rbc [m2.grad/W]

depth [m] thickness, Adncimea pnzei de ap freatic H [m]
df ( m ) Water table depth ,H [m]
4 6 8 10
0.20 0.600 0.520 0.475 0.445
0.25 0.634 0.548 0.496 0.464
0.30 0.668 0.570 0.517 0.481
0.35 0.700 0.600 0.538 0.498
0.40 0.735 0.622 0.555 0.513
0.45 0.768 0.645 0.574 0.530
0.50 0.802 0.665 0.593 0.547
0.00
0.55 0.835 0.693 0.614 0.565
0.60 0.868 0.717 0.633 0.581
0.65 0.902 0.742 0.652 0.600
0.70 0.935 0.767 0.762 0.615
0.75 0.970 0.781 0.692 0.632
0.80 1.000 0.815 0.712 0.650

1.00 0.20 0.390 0.352 0.329 0.314

0.25 0.410 0.370 0.340 0.328
0.30 0.431 0.388 0.355 0.340
0.35 0.450 0.399 0.370 0.351
0.40 0.470 0.415 0.383 0.365
0.45 0.490 0.430 0.398 0.377
0.50 0.509 0.445 0.410 0.386
0.55 0.528 0.460 0.425 0.400
0.60 0.548 0.475 0.437 0.414
0.65 0.568 0.490 0.451 0.425
0.70 0.587 0.505 0.465 0.438
 9

0.75 0.607 0.520 0.480 0.450

0.80 0.627 0.535 0.494 0.463
0.20 0.360 0.315 0.293 0.278
0.25 0.378 0.329 0.304 0.289
0.30 0.396 0.341 0.315 0.298
0.35 0.413 0.354 0.328 0.308
0.40 0.430 0.367 0.337 0.318
0.45 0.448 0.380 0.347 0.327
2.00 0.50 0.465 0.392 0.357 0.336
0.55 0.482 0.415 0.370 0.346
0.60 0.500 0.424 0.380 0.356
0.65 0.518 0.432 0.391 0.365
0.70 0.534 0.445 0.402 0.375
0.75 0.551 0.457 0.414 0.385
0.80 0.568 0.470 0.425 0.395

The adjustments at transmision heat losses A have respect to the effect of solar
radiation and cold surface delimiting a room, on the thermal comfort in this room.
It is known that the rooms being south, southeast or southwest orientation have an
additional heat flow (due to solar radiation), compared to rooms with north orientation,
northeast or northwest
On the other hand, exterior walls, with the more solar radiation will have a lower
percentage of moisture and therefore a higher thermal insulation capacity
Given these effects, obtaining the same conditions of thermal comfort in all
rooms, regardless of orientation, the calculation of the heating energy need, Qnec insert
the orientatio adjustment coefficient Ao, is given as Table 2.6

The orientatio adjustment coefficient Ao

Orientarea N NE NV E V S SE SV
Orientation
Adaosul Ao +5 +5 +5 0 0 -5 -5 -5
Addition
[%]
For rooms with more exterior walls shall be properly coefficient Ao wall with the worst
orientation

For the same man feeling hot or cold may be different in a room with the large
glass outside surfaces elements in relation to another room without such items, even if the
internal temperature of the two rooms is the same.
The explanation for this phenomenon is simple: cold surfaces causes a radiant heat flux
man-cold surface, which, depending on their relative position can affect the heat balance
of the human body resulting in feeling cold ..
Limit this phenomenon is through the compensing of cold surfaces effect
coeficient Ac.
 1

Its size is given in Figure 2.2 monogram according to the numerical value of the total
specific resistance of the weighted average number of elements close Rom and exterior
walls, floors, (windows and doors are not considered independent of walls embedded)

AT (ti te )CM
Rom= [m2k/W]
QT

where
AT the total area of the room [m2], composed of the surface of the 4 walls,
ceiling and floor surface area;

QT transmission heat losses, calculated according to relation (2.3)

ti -interior room temperature[oC];

te outside temperature[oC];

In the case of radiation heating of rooms by floor or ceiling, Ac values are

Number of areas in which heat is lost to the outside Ac

1 0
2 2
3 4
Addition Ac of is not given of transition rooms, staircases, storage rooms and generally
those rooms where people staying or passing wearing street clothes.

Also the production is not given room to work specific jobs nonstationary average, or
specific hard work and for rooms whose average thermal resistance Rom is more than 10
m2K/W

Adding the above mentioned additions we get:

A = Ao + Ac [%] (2.9)

Heating energy need from cold air infiltrations Qi

Heating energy need from heat losses by air infiltrations
through doors and windows leaks or openings that, Qi, between outside conventional and
interior conventional temperature, the greatest value between Qi1 and Qi2 , where:
Qi1-heating energy need for air infiltrations, to have respect to air change
rate for an adequate fiziological comfort , calculated by ecuation:
Qi1=[naoCMVcp(ti-te)+Qu](1+Ac/100) (2.10a)

where:
 11

-nao air change rate [m3/s/m3]

SR 1907-1/97 recommend the next values:
-for residential buildings and similary:
-living rooms:

m3 / s
nao=0,22x10-3 tightness -etanseitate, leak-neetanseitate
m3

-kitchens:
-3 m3 / s
nao=0,33x10
m3
-bathrooms:

m3 / s
nao=0,28x10-3
m3

-schools kindergartens, babynurseries, hospitals:

naoV=7x10-3 Np m3/s

where:

Np-number of persons
V-room volume, square metters
cp-cldura specific la presiune constant a aerului[la 20C, cp =1005
J/kgK]

Air specific heat at constant pressure

-air density at temperature ti [la 20C, =1,205 kg/m3]

Qu-thermal load for heating air at the opening of exterior doors, which take
into account only if the doors are opened frequently (shops, cinema halls) and not
provided with air locks or elastic belts

Qu=0,36Aun(ti-te)CM

Au-[m2] exterior doors that open area

n -number of openings in one hour

From the outside, in any room heated cold air entering through leakages of exterior doors
and windows and opening doors (exterior)

Heating air infiltration through leaks of doors and windows and of them entered
through the opening, amount of heat is required to determine the relationship Qi2:
 1

Qi2 ={CM[ E ( L i) v4/3 (ti te)] + Qu}(1+Ac/100) [W] (2.10b)

n care:
which

E is a correction factor for building height-applies only to buildings over 11

floors and halls with height> 5 m
i coefficient of air infiltration through the joints of doors and windows [W
(s/m)4/3 /mK]. Its values are given in Table 2.7.

OBSERVATIONS

Thermal load for heating air at the opening of exterior doors Qu, take into account
only if the doors are opened frequently (shops, cinema halls) and not provided with air
locks or elastic belts

In Table 2.7 it was noted:

Ae -total surface area of the mobile elements of exterior doors and windows
Ai interiordoors surface area

Size of coefficient of air infiltration

i [W(s/m)4/3/mK] Tabela 2.7
1
 1

D
c
Simple cu Cuplate ra
deschider Simple cu Cuplate Cuplate cu 3-4 de
Cuplate Duble
e deschider cu cu randuri de
Simple cu cu
Ui i interioara e acceso- geam geam si a
cu geam accesor
ferestre cu interioara Simple cu -rii si termo- acceso-
deschid fix si -ii si
din accesorii cu geam deschide- garnitu izolant -rii si ga
ere simplu garnitu
si termopan -ri fix

Cuplate Coupled
interioa re exte- garnitu-ri -ri
garnituri
Doors ra rioara Coupl Coupled dup
Ae Simple Coupl Coupl D
and Simple Simple ed with 3-4 lex Doubl
window Ai interior Simple ed ed w

Duble
interio interior with rows of e with
s with external with with 4
r opening fixed glass and access
glass opening access fixed of
openin with glass fittings ories
window ories insulat an
g accessor and and and
s and ing fi
ies and simple accessori fittings
opening fittings glass an
fittings es
ac
ri

Cladiri greu permeabile cu ferestre

<3 0.1570 0.0785 0.1177 0.0980 0.0980 0.0157 0.0667 0.0079 0.0589 0.07 0.0589 0
80
>3 0.1221 0.0610 0.0916 0.0763 0.0763 0.0122 0.0520 0.0061 0.0458 0.06 0.0458 0
LEMN
10
WOOD
Cladiri permeabile cu ferestre
<3 0.2222 0.1111 0.1667 0.1389 0.1389 0.0222 0.0944 0.0111 0.0833 0.11 0.0833 0
11
>3 0.1728 0.0864 0.1296 0.1080 0.1080 0.0173 0.0734 0.0086 0.0648 0.08 0.0648 0
64
Duble sau
Ae simple cu
Simple Cuplate Fixe
Ai etansare
speciala

METAL Cladiri greu permeabile cu ferestre

METAL
<6 0.0785 0.0667 0.0667 0.0079
>6 0.0610 0.0520 0.0520 0.0061

Cladiri permeabile cu ferestre

<6 0.1111 0.0944 0.0833 0.0111
>6 0.0864 0.0734 0.0648 0.0086
 1

Coupled
Simple Simple Coupl Coupl Coupl with 3-4
Simple

Cuplate Couple
Doors interior interior ed ed rows of
and interio ed
Ae opening with Simple with with with glass and
window r with glass external fixed access
Ai fixed fittings
s openin accessor window opening glass ories insulat and
g ies and s and and ing accessori
fittings opening simple fittings glas es

Cladiri greu permeabile cu ferestre

Difficult to

<3 0.1570 0.0785 0.1177 0.0980 0.0980 0.0157 0.0667 0.0079 0.0589

LEMN >3 0.1221 0.0610 0.0916 0.0763 0.0763 0.0122 0.0520 0.0061 0.0458
WOOD

Cladiri permeabile cu ferestre

<3 0.2222 0.1111 0.1667 0.1389 0.1389 0.0222 0.0944 0.0111 0.0833

>3 0.1728 0.0864 0.1296 0.1080 0.1080 0.0173 0.0734 0.0086 0.0648

Duble sau
Ae simple cu
Simple Cuplate Fixe
Ai etansare
METAL speciala
METAL
Cladiri greu permeabile cu ferestre
<6 0.0785 0.0667 0.0667 0.0079
>6 0.0610 0.0520 0.0520 0.0061
 - Prin CLDIRI GREU PERMEABILE se neleg acele cldiri sau
compartimente de cldiri la care, datorit prezenei pereilor despritori fr
goluri, ieirea aerului infiltrat prin rosturile ferestrelor i uii exterioare se face
numai prin casa scrii sau printr-un coridor central (cdiri de locuit cu simpl
orientare, apartamente de col care nu au faade diametral opuse,
compartimentele de hale fr comunicaie cu restul cldirii, etc.)
- Prin CLDIRI PERMEABILE se nelege acele cldiri sau compartimente
de cldiri la care, datorit pereilor despritori cu goluri, ieirea aerului
infiltrat prin rosturile uilor i ferestrelor exterioare se face prin rosturile uilor
i ferestrelor plasate n alte faade (sli cu mai multe faade), apartamente cu
ferestre plasate pe faade diametral opuse, etc.
- Pentru ui i ferestre plasate chiar n colul cldirii sau la ultimul etaj al
cldirilor cu acoperiuri-terase, valorile din tabel se nmulesc cu 1.20.

L - lungimea rosturilor elementelor mobile ale tmplriei (ui, ferestre,

luminatoare, etc.) de pe faadele supuse aciunii vntului, n m.

Valoarea acesteia este egal cu perimetrul elementelor mobile, cu observaiile c:

rostul dintre dou elemente mobile alturate, se ia n calcul o singur dat iar pentru
tmplrie dubl lungimea L se calculeaz pentru un singur rnd. De asemenea, n
calculul lumgimii L se ine seama de poziia elementelor mobile pe pereii ncperii i
de aciunea vntului asupra acestora
:

1. n cazul amplasrii elementelor mobile pe un singur perete valoarea L se ia

egal cu suma lungimilor rosturilor tuturor elementelor mobile de pe acest
perete.
2. n cazul amplasrii elementelor mobile pe doi perei alturai valoarea L se
ia egal cu suma lungimilor rosturilor tuturor elementelor mobile de pe cei doi
perei alturai.
3. n cazul amplasrii elementelor mobile pe trei perei valoarea L se ia egal
cu suma lungimilor rosturilor elementelor mobile de pe doi perei alturai cu
valoarea cea mai mare.
4. n cazul amplasrii elementelor mobile pe doi perei exteriori opui valoarea
L se ia egal cu suma lungimilor rosturilor tuturor elementelor mobile de
pe un singur perete, cu valoarea cea mai mare.

v viteza vntului de calcul (SR 1907/1-97) se alege din tabela 2.8, funcie de
amplasarea cldirii n una din cele 4 zone eoliene ale rii, indicate n harta
prezentat n Anexa I.5.
 Pentru toate nivelurile situate deasupra etajului 12 al cldirilor nalte din orae,
vitezele de calcul ale vntului sunt cele corspunztoare cldirilor amplasate n afara
localitilor.
Tabela 2.8
Viteza vntului v, corespunztoare zonelor eoliene.

zona eolian Amplasamentul cldirii

n localitate (ora) n afara localitii
v v 4/3 V v4/3
I 8.0 16.00 10.0 21.54
II 5.0 8.55 7.0 13.39
III 4.5 7.45 6.0 10.90
IV 4.0 6.35 4.0 6.35

n cazul CLDIRILOR DE LOCUINE regimul de funcionare a acestora

este fie de tip continuu cu meninerea temperaturii interioare la o valoare egal cu
temperatura interioar convenional de calcul, fie cu reducerea acesteia pe timp de
noapte la o valoare de minim 17C, caz n care necesarul total de cldur al ncperilor,
calculat cu relaia (2.1) nu se majoreaz.
 2.3 EXEMPLU DE CALCUL
Utiliznd metoda SR 1907-97 se cere s se determine necesarul de cldur pentru
ncperea din figura 2.3, situat la parter, la un nivel curent i la ultimul nivel, zona
intravilan.

e)

b) BCA
a)

K K
1.80
1.50

1.50

interior
exterior
F2

B
hp=0.90

1,5 10 29 1,5

2.40 42
F1 2.40
5.00

1.50

c)

1.5
- sapa armata

3,5
B

- termoizolatie

12,5
6.40 24
1.30

- beton armata

10
- tencuiala

1.50
K K

1,5
24

c)
B

2,2
0.00

1.80

5
10
15
P

1.52
N.A.S

Fig.2.3 B-balamale : K-dispozitive de inchidere

28 ti C
tR =18,5C

Fig. 2.3

Elementele de construcie aferente ncperii au urmtoarea alctuire:

- pereii exteriori sunt din zidrie de crmid cu goluri verticale tip GVP,
cu densitatea aparent a crmizilor de 1475 kg/m 3, n grosime de 29
cm, placat spre exterior cu zidrie BCA tip GBN 35 cu rosturi obinuite
avnd densitatea de 705 kg/m3, n grosime de 10 cm, tencuii pe ambele
fee cu mortar mixt var-ciment- nisip n grosime medie de 1.5 cm (fig.
2.3.b);
- ferestrele sunt duble, din lemn cu etanare special, alctuite ca n figura
2.3.e ;
- planeul teras este din beton armat ( =2500 kg/m3) n grosime de 10
cm, tencuit la partea inferioar cu mortar mixt var-ciment-nisip, n
grosime de 1.50 cm, termoizolat la exterior cu zgur expandat( =500
kg/m3) n grosime de 12.5 cm, peste care este realizat o ap de
egalizare din mortar de ciment ( =1800 kg/m3) n grosime medie de
3.5 cm;
- pardoseala ncperii de la parter este aezat direct pe teren; grosimea
fundaiei pereilor exteriori afereni ncperii este de 30 cm iar
adncimea pnzei freatice este de 1.50 m;
 - nlime unui nivel al cldirii (distana dintre dou pardoseli finite
consecutive) este de 3.00 m;
- cldirea dat este greu penetrabil;
- ncperile nvecinate din cldire au un regim termic identic cu cel al
ncperii de calcul;
- nclzirea cldirii se face de la o central termic de cartier ce furnizeaz
cldur timp de 14 ore/zi.
REZOLVARE
Calculul necesarului de cldur al ncperii se face cu relaia (2.1), operaiile
sistematizndu-se n tabela 2.11.
Obinuit se ncepe cu etajul curent i se continu apoi cu parterul, terminnd cu ncperea
da la ultimul nivel. Succesiunea fazelor de calcul este urmtoarea:
1. Pe baza arhitecturii construciei se identific i se noteaz toate elementele de
nchidere care separ ncperea de exterior.
n exemplul nostru acestea sunt:
- pereii exteriori (PE)
- ferestre exterioare (FE)
- planeul teras (PT)
- pardoseala aezat direct pe sol (PD)
- banda de contur a pardoselii aezate pe sol (BC)
Elementele de nchidere menionate se trec n tabela 2.11 coloana 1.
n coloana 2 se trece orientarea elementului de nchidere iar n coloanele 3 i 4
dimensiunile lui geometrice.
Coloana 5 se completeaz cu suprafaa elementului, acesta reprezentnd produsul
coloanei 3 cu coloana 4.
n coloana 6 se marcheaz numrul elementelor de nchidere identice iar n colana
7 suprafeele elementelor de nchidere fcnd parte din supraa altui element de nchidere.
Aa spre exemplu, din suprafaa pereilor exteriori nord i vest se vor scdea suprafeele
ferestrelor exterioare amplasate n acetia.
n coloanele 8 se completeaz suprafeele de calcul, respectiv suprafeele efective
ale fiecrui element.
col.8 = col.5 col.7
2. Pe baza detaliilor elementelor de nchidere (fig 2.3.a,b,c i d) cu relaiile
(1.18), (2.7) i (2.4) se calculeaz rezistenele specifice la transfer termic Roj i indicii de
inerie termic Dj ( i i e se iau din tabela 2.4 i sk din anexa I.1 iar b din tabela
1.2):
Ro,PE = 1/8 +0.015/0.87 + 0.10/0.30 + 0.29/0.70 + 0.015/0.87 + 1/24 = 0.948 m2.K/W
DPE = 9.47*0.015/0.87+3.70*0.10/0.30+8.26*0.29/0.70+9.47*0.015/0.87 = 4.980
Ro,FE = 0.430 m2.K/W conform anexei I.3
DFE= 1.00
Ro,PT = 1/8 +0.015/0.87 + 0.10/1.74 + 0.125/0.16 + 0.035/0.93 + 1/24 = 1.06 m2.K/W
DPT = 9.47*0.015/0.87+17.90*0.10/1.74+2.2*0.125/0.16+10.08*0.035/0.93 = 3.270
Ro,PD = 1/5.8 +0.022/0.23 + 0.05/0.93 + 0.10/0.41 + 0.15/0.70 + 1.20/1.16 = 2.678
m2.K/W

Rezistenele la transfer termic obinute se trec n coloana 9.

 3. Se calculeaz indicii de masivitate termic mj utiliznd realia (2.5) sau tabela
2.1 n care Dj au valorile calculate la punctul 2. Folosind tabela 2.1 se obin: m PE = 1.00;
mFE = 1.20; mPT = 1.05. Coeficienii de masivitate termic pentru pardoseal i banda de
contur se iau mPD = mBC = 1 chiar dac din tabela 2.1, pe baza indicilor D PD i DBC ar
rezulta alte valori (deoarece nu este necesar o asigurare la eventuale temperaturi mai
sczute dect cele de calcul, pentru aceste elemente.)
4. Cunoscnd zona geografic de amplasare a construciei, utiliznd tabela 2.2
(sau anexa I.4) i anexa I.3 se stabilesc temperaturile exterioare te i interioare ti i de
calculeaz diferena t = ti - te = 20- (-18)= +38 oC pentru toate elementele care separ
interiorul ncperii cu mediul exterior (PE; FE; PT i BC). Pardoseala separ interiorul
ncperii cu ti = 20oC de pnza freatic avnd ta = +10 oC..
Diferena t pentru PD va fi :. t = ti ta = 20- 10 = +10 oC. Valorile t
calculate ca mai sus se nscriu n coloana 11.
5. Coeficientul de corecie a fluxului termic, CM, pentru cldiri de locuit are
valoarea 1,0 i se trece n coloana 12 .
6. Se calculeaz pierderile de cldur prin transfer termic prin elementele de
nchidere cu relaia (2.3), care se trec apoi n coloana 13;
Col.12 = col.8 * col.10*col.11 *col.12/ col.9

nsumnd valorile din coloana 13 pentru o ncpere se obin pierderile de cldur

ale acestuia prin transfer termic QT.
7. Se stabilesc adaosurile pentru orientarea (Ao) i pentru compensarea
suprafeelor reci (Ac). ncperea avnd un perete orientat spre nord, din tabela 2.6 se
obine Ao = + 5 %. Adaosul pentru compensarea suprafeelor reci se determin cu
nomograma din fig 2.2 funcie de rezistena specific total medie Rom, dat de relaia
(2.8), n care:
ST = 2 [ (5.00+6.40)*3.00 + 5.00*6.40] = 132.4 m2
t = +38 oC
QT = 1790 W, (nivel curent)
= 2503 W (parter)
= 2995 (etajul IV)
se obine:
- pentru parter Ro,m = 2.01 m2K / W
- pentru etajul curent Ro,m = 2.81 m2K / W
- pentru ultimul nivel Ro,m = 1.68 m2K / W
Adaosul Ao se trece n coloana 14 iar Ac n coloana 15.
n coloana 16 se trece factorul de multiplicare corespunztor fiecrui nivel
caracteristicile (parter, etaj curent, etaj 4 ):
1+ (Ao + Ac )/ 100
nmulind QT din coloana 13cu factorul din coloana 16 se obine cldura pierdut
de ncpere prin transfer termic i adaosurile la pierderile prin transfer termic
(QTA) care se trece n coloana 17.
8. Se calculeaz sarcina termic pentru nclzirea aerului proaspt necesar
din considerente fiziologoce Qi1, utiliznd relaia(2.10a),n care : nao=0,22x10-3
 m3 / s
3
, V=96 m3, =1,2 kg/m3, cp=1,005 KJ/kg.K. Dup efectuarea calculelor
m
rezult Qi1,=1042 W.
8. Se calculeaz pierderile de cldur Qi2, necesare nclzirii aerului rece care
ptrunde din exterior n ncpere prin neetaneitile acestuia utiliznd relaia
(2.10).
n coloana 17 se completeaz L , calculat pe baza modului de alctuire al
ferestrelor.
Pentru exemplul dat, considernd ferestrele cu alctuirea din figura 2.3.e, vom
avea:
L = 2*2.40 m + 6*1.50 m + 2*1.80 m+ 5*1.50m = 24.90 m
Pentru determinarea coeficientului de infiltraie i, se calculez:
Se = 2.40*1.50 + 1.80*1.50 =6.30 m2
Si = 1.00*2.40 = 2.40 m2
Se / Si =6.30 / 2.40 = 2.625

Din tabela 2.7 corespunztor unei cldiri greu penetrabile avnd ferestre duble cu
etanare i un raport Se / Si <3 se obine:
i = 0.0589 W.(s/m)4/3 / m.K
care se trece n coloana 18.
Pentru nperea situat la ultimul nivel valoarea coeficentului de infiltrare i se
majoreaz cu 20% (1.2 * 0.0589= 0.072)
 Tabela 2.11
Calculul necesarului de cldur.
 Conform anexei I.5, localitatea Sibiu se afl n zona eolian IV. Din tabela 2.8 corespunztor acestei zone i amplasamentului intravilan se obine:
V4/3 = 6.35 (m/s)4/3
care se trece n coloana 19.
n coloana 20 se trece produsul col.11 x col.17 x col.18 x col.19 = Qi. innd seama de relaia (2.11) din tabela 2.9 se ia (n exemplul nostru =1.07) i se
calculez produsul *(col.16+col.20)= Qnec care se trece n coloana 21.
Adunnd necesarul de cldur de la toate nivelele se obine cldura necesar tuturor corpurilor de nclzire aferente coloanei. Dac instalaia de nclzire a
ntregii cldiri este compus din mai multe coloane, calculul se face similar pentru fiecare din ele.
Necesarul de cldur al cldirii, va fi, evident, suma necesarului din ele.