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MINERALNEGCIOS
Guia do Investidor no Brasil
MINERALBUSINESS
Investors Guide in Brazil
2006
Publicao do:
DEPARTAMENTO NACIONAL DE PRODUO MINERAL DNPM
Setor de Autarquias Norte SAN, Quadra 1, Bloco B, Edifcio-Sede DNPM
70.040-200 Braslia DF Brasil
Editado pela:
DIRETORIA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO E ECONOMIA MINERAL DIDEM
didem@dnpm.gov.br
2006, DNPM/MME
Todos os direitos reservado.
Reproduo autorizada mediante registro de crditos fonte. (Lei n 9.610/98).
Ficha Catalogrfica
146 p. Ilustradas
ISBN: 85-85258-04-7
MINERALNEGCIOS
Guia do Investidor no Brasil
MINERALBUSINESS
Investors Guide in Brazil
2006
Mineralnegcios: Guia do Investidor no Brasil
Mineral Business: Investors Guide in Brazil
Coordenao:
ANTONIO FERNANDO DA SILVA RODRIGUES, Gel.
DiretorDIDEM
Colaborao:
Ana Salett Marques Gulli, Procuradora Federal DNPM/AGU
Fernando Antonio Freitas Lins, Eng Metalrgico SGM/MME
Carlos Schobbenhaus, Gel. CPRM/MME
Maurcio Theodsio Mattos Marques, Eng Civil Casa Civil PR
Celso Pinto Ferraz, Gel.Prof. - UNICAMP
Apoio:
Mariano Laio
Alencar Moreira Barreto
APRESENTAO / Presentation .............................................................................................................................................7
PREFCIO / Foreword . ..........................................................................................................................................................9
Sumrio SUMRIO EXECUTIVO / Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................10
I. INTRODUO / Introduction........................................................................................................................................22
ANEXOS / Annexes...............................................................................................................................................................133
Referncias Bibliogrficas..............................................................................................................................................146
O The
Departamento Nacional de Produo Mineral - DNPM National Department of Mineral Production -
na perspectiva da consecuo dos objetivos estratgicos DNPM Within the perspective of achieving
da Autarquia do Sistema MME, incorporados no the strategic goals of the Autonomous
Programa MINERAO E DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTVEL, Agency of the MME System, included in the Programme Mining
Apresentao inserido na concepo do PPA 2004-2007 elaborou o documento and Sustainable Development, part of the design of the PPA 2004-
MINERALNEGCIOS: Guia do Investidor no Brasil (Mineral Business: 2007 has prepared the document MINERALNEGCIOS: Guia do
Investors Guide in Brasil), com vista a instrumentalizao da Poltica Investidor no Brasil (Mineral Business: Investors Guide in Brasil),
Pblica, visando promover e fomentar o desenvolvimento da minerao with a view at implementing Public Policy, aimed at promoting
no Pas, sob as dimenses democrtica, econmica, ambiental, social e and fostering the development of mining activities in the Country,
do desenvolvimento regional. under the democratic, economic, environmental social and regional-
development viewpoints.
A Diretoria de Desenvolvimento e Economia Mineral DIDEM
procura neste Guia tratar de forma ampla e objetiva todo o espectro By means of this guide the Direction for Development and Mineral
do Setor Mineral: desde a Geodiversidade do Pas e Economia Economy DIDEM tries to deal, in a broad and matter-of-fact manner,
Mineral perpassando pelos aspectos legais supervenientes with the whole spectrum of the Mineral Sector: from the Geo-diversity
sobre as condies de acessibilidade ao subsolo, nas perspectivas of the Country and the Mineral Economy going through the legal
dos Regimes de Licenciamento, Extrao, Permisso de Lavra aspects pertaining to the conditions of access to the underground,
Garimpeira, Autorizao de Pesquisa Mineral e Concesso de Lavra in the perspectives of the Regimes of Licensing, Extraction, Permits
at os incentivos fiscais e tributrios, destacando as vantagens for Artisan Mining, Authorisation of Mineral Research and Mining
comparativas do Brasil. Concessions to the fiscal and tax-related incentives, highlighting
Brazils comparative advantages.
Com efeito, a publicao deste Guia para o DNPM, reveste-se da
maior significncia, porquanto configura-se importante ferramental Indeed, for the DNPM, the publication of this Guide is of utmost
PRESENTATION de acesso s informaes objetivas e simplificadas sobre o Setor importance, for it is an important tool in terms of access to straight
Mineral, fundamental atrao de novos investimentos na minerao, forward and simplified information on the Mineral Sector, fundamental
condio sine qua non superao do grande e permanente desafio for attracting new investments in mining, a sine qua non condition for
do Governo de fortalecimento da economia, gerao de emprego e overcoming Governments major and permanent challenge concerning
equanimidade da distribuio da renda. the reinforcement of the economy, job generation and equanimity in
income distribution.
Por ltimo, importa destacar, o DNPM promove a divulgao do
MINERALNEGCIOS: Guia do Investidor no Brasil por mdias impressa Finally, it is worth highlighting, the DNPM publicises MINERALBUSINESS:
e eletrnica, disponibilizando-o para download, via Internet, pelo Investors Guide through printed and electronic media, making it
Portal-DNPM: available for download, in the Internet, through the DNPM Gateway:
http://www.dnpm.gov.br
http://www.dnpm.gov.br
A The
economia brasileira vem tendo um excelente Brazilian economy has been featuring an
desempenho no que diz respeito a reorganizao de excellent performance in what regards the
Sumrio vrios de seus indicadores na busca de uma slida re-organisation of many of its indicators in
base para a manuteno de um desenvolvimento sustentvel, the quest for a solid basis for the maintenance of an increasing
Executivo embora o crescimento econmico do ltimo ano no tenha sustainable growth, although the economic growth of the last
atingido uma taxa expressiva. A qualidade estrutural da year has not attained an important rate. The structural quality of
economia brasileira se mostra muito distinta e superior a que the Brazilian economy is different and higher than what it was
existia h trs anos. Entretanto, ainda h vrios aspectos crticos three years ago. However, there are still several critical aspects
e desafios que precisam ser superados os quais ainda no and challenges that have to be re-formulated have not yet been
puderam ser adequadamente enfrentados, mesmo j dispondo appropriately tackled, even if the necessary conditions for their
das condies necessrias para superao paulatina. gradual addressing already exist.
A poltica econmica do Brasil tem se caracterizado por um Brazils economic policy tem has been marked by a stern control of
rgido controle da inflao, situao que esteve durante muito inflation, a situation that for a long time has been out of control
tempo fora do controle no pas e desorganizou severamente sua in the Country and severely disorganised its economic life . With
vida econmica . Com a perspectiva de se voltar a uma situao the perspective of returning to an uncontrolled situation in 2003,
sem controle em 2003, foi realizado um esforo de alto custo an effort was carried out that had high social costs, fortunately
social, que felizmente tem sido bem sucedido. Em 2005, a taxa a successful move. In 2005, the rate of inflation was of 5.69%,
de inflao foi de 5,69%, abaixo das taxas de 7,60% de 2004; below the rates of 7.60% recorded in 2004; 9.10% of 2003 and
9,10% de 2003 e 12,53% de 2002. Para 2006 a projeo atual 12.53% of 2002. For 2006 the current projection of the inflation
da meta de inflao est entre 4,5 a 4,7 % (IPCA). target is between 4.5 and 4.7 % (IPCA).
10
Brasil
Evoluo dos Indicadores de Produo Industrial 1998-2005
SETORES DE PRODUCO 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20051
Brasil -2,0 -0,7 6,6 1,6 2,7 0,1 8,3 4,3
Setores
Indstria Extrativa 12,2 8,5 11,8 3,4 19,0 4,7 4,3 10,1
Indstria de Transformao -3,3 -1,6 6,1 1,4 0,5 -0,2 8,5 4,0
Refino de Petrleo/lcool 5,6 -0,5 -1,8 4,0 -2,6 -2,2 2,3 2,5
Minerais No-Metlicos -0,5 -2,9 1,7 -2,3 -1,0 -3,6 4,9 3,1
Metalurgia Bsica -3,7 -1,3 9,2 0,2 3,6 6,0 3,4 -2,8
Categorias de Uso
Bens de Capital -1,6 -9,1 13,1 13,5 -5,8 2,2 19,7 2,7
Tabela 1 - Setor de Produo / Production Sectors
Fonte: IBGE.
Notas: 1 Jan-Ago 2005.
O supervit da balana comercial em 2005 estabeleceu um novo The surplus of the trade balance in 2005 set a new record, with
recorde com o montante de US$ 44,7 bilhes, pelo quinto ano the amount of US$ 44.7 billion for the fifth consecutive year,
consecutivo, superando os US$ 33,6 bilhes (2004); US$ 24,8 surpassing the amounts of US$ 33.6 billion in 2004; US$ 24.8
bilhes (2003); US$ 13,1 bilhes (2002) e os US$ 2,6 bilhes de billion in 2003; US$ 13.1 billion, in 2002 and US$ 2.6 billion
2001. As exportaes em 2005 atingiram um montante de US$ in 2001. Exports in 2005 attained an amount of US$ 118.3
118,3 bilhes, 22,6% acima dos US$ 96,4 bilhes de 2004. As billion, 22,6% above the US$ 96.4 billion of 2004. Imports in
importaes em 2005 atingiram um montante de US$ 73,5 bilhes, 2005 attained an amount of US$ 73.5 billion, 17.7% above
17,7% acima dos US$ 62,8 bilhes de 2004. Esse desempenho the US$ 62.8 billion of 2004. This performance was achieved
foi obtido apesar da queda da taxa do dlar que era de US$ in spite of the drop of the foreign-exchange (US$) rate, from
1,00 para R$ 2,65 em dezembro de 2004 para R$ 2,33 em US$ 1.00 equalling R$ 2.65 in December, 2004 to R$ 2.33 in
dezembro de 2005. December, 2005.
Embora queda bem menor do que a do ano anterior quando Although less than in the previous year, the ratio pubic sector
a relao dvida do setor pblico pelo PIB caiu de 51,7% para debt / GDP dropped from 51.7% to 51.5% for 2006 the
51,5% para 2006, est sendo previsto que este movimento forecast is that this declining trend will continue, with a small
de queda continue com uma pequena queda para 50,50%. O drop to For 50.50%. The primary surplus of the public sector
supervit primrio do setor pblico, em 2005, deve ficar em in 2005 is expected to remain at 4.80%, surpassing the target
4,80%, superando a meta fixada pelo governo de 4,25%. Para established by Government, of 4.25%. For 2006 the projected
2006 o supervit projetado de 4,30%. surplus is of 4.30%.
11
De uma anlise retrospectiva, no perodo de 2000-2005, sobre After a retrospective analysis covering the period 2000-
o desempenho da economia, pode-se destacar como resultados 2005, on the performance of the economy, it is possible to
vrios indicadores macroeconmicos, refletindo na estabilidade highlight as results the following macroeconomic indicators,
econmica pelo controle da inflao. resulted in stability of the national economy through the
control of inflation.
Figura 01- Estabilidade da Economia Nacional pelo Controle da Inflao - IPCA 2002-2005 (Inflations Rate).
Com efeito, considerando-se o trinio 2003-2005, tem-se Indeed, taking into account the three-year period 2003-
nmeros auspiciosos para as exportaes, cujos indicadores 2005, the figures are optimistic for exports, the performance
de desempenho alcanam a ordem crescente de 21,1%, indicators of which attained the growing positions of 21.1%,
32,0%, 27,9 em 2003, 2004 e 2005, respectivamente. O nvel 32.0%, 27.9 in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. The level
de desemprego que atingira 13,1% em abril de 2004, caiu of unemployment, which had reached 13.1% in April, 2004,
para 10,2 em maio de 2005. E o salrio real dos trabalhadores dropped to 10.2 in May, 2005, and workers real wages have
apresentou razovel melhoria desde setembro de 2004. featured a reasonable improvement since September, 2004.
O grande desafio de sustentabilidade da retomada do The major challenge of the sustainability of the resumption of
desenvolvimento da economia, a mais longo prazo, the economys development in the longer run is identified as
identificado como a carga tributria que supera a ordem dos the tax burden, which surpasses 41.6% of GDP, the recovery
12
38,21% do PIB, a recuperao e expanso da infra-estrutura and expansion of infrastructure (roads, railways and ports) the
(rodo-ferrovias e portos) os altos nveis da taxa SELIC1 (16,5% high levels of the SELIC1 rate (16,5% per annum; 08.03.2006)),
a.a.; em 08.03.2006), que comprometem sobremaneira a which very much jeopardise the decision on new investments
deciso sobre novos investimentos e o posicionamento do Pas and the positioning of the Country in the competitive arena of
na arena competitiva do mercado internacional. the international market.
A situao favorvel da economia mundial cujas principais The favourable situation of the world economy the main
foras motrizes esto na locomotiva americana, e as perspectivas propelling forces of which are the American economy, and the
otimistas para as economias emergentes dos chamados BRICs optimistic perspectives for the emerging economies of the so-
(Brasil, ndia, Rssia e China) so fatores relevantes a considerar, called BRICs (Brazil, India, Russia and China) are relevant factors
na medida em que se espera assegurar pelo menos a sustentao to be taken into account, since one expects to guarantee at least
dos nveis de preos das commodities, tais como: minrios, gros, the maintenance of the levels of prices of commodities, such as:
acar, caf e produtos siderrgicos, setores que o Brasil apresenta ores, grains, sugar, coffee and steel products, sectors in which
reconhecidas vantagens comparativas e competitivas. Brazil has recognised comparative and competitive advantages.
Notas: 1 encargo bsico oficial definido pelo Banco Central Notes: 1 oficcial interest rate defined by the Central Bank of Brazil.
13
Economia Mineral Mineral Economy
A Economia Mineral, em particular, energizada pela recuperao The Mineral Economy, in particular, vitalised by the recovery of
das mineral commodities, passa por uma verdadeira euforia, mineral commodities, is going through a phase of real euphoria,
desenhando um novo boom minero-econmico, com reflexos announcing a new mineral-economic boom, with highly positive
altamente positivos na elevao de investimentos externos diretos effects on the increase of net foreign direct investments, more
lquidos maior confiabilidade do investidores atrados pela confidence on the part of investors attracted by the stability
estabilidade da economia nacional, evidenciado pelas sucessivas of the national economy, as shown by the successive drops
quedas no ndice de risco-Pas (215 pontos, 01.03.2006) e, in the sovereign-risk index (215 p., 2006, March, 01) and,
fundamentalmente, pelas reconhecidas vantagens comparativas fundamentally, by the recognised comparative advantages
das jazidas e minas, condicionadas pela admirvel Geodiversidade of mine deposits, a consequence of Brazils admirable geo-
do Brasil. diversity.
O fluxo de comrcio internacional tem apresentado uma The flow of international trade has been featuring continuous
expanso contnua, mantendo uma balana superavitria expansion, maintaining a surplus balance with successive records,
JAN ABR
Figura. 03 - Risco Brasil Declinante (Declining Profile of the Brazilian Sovereign Risk)
com recordes sucessivos, reflexo positivo da diversificao a positive effect of the diversification of the export schedule and
da pauta de exportaes e ampliao da relao com outros of the expansion of the relations with other international-trade
14 blocos de comrcio internacional alm do americano, em blocks besides America, in particular Asia region. In this context,
particular o asitico. Neste contexto, a Economia Mineral the Mineral In this context, the mineral economy of the country
do Pas tem ocupado posio de destaque na formao da has occupied a highlight position on the trade balance favored
balana comercial favorecida pela recuperao dos preos by the recovery of mineral commodities prices with an expressive
internacionais das mineral commodities com expressivo performance of the mineral extractive industry, concluding the
desempenho da Indstria Extrativa Mineral, fechando o ano year with a 10,9% rate.
com um ndice da ordem 10,9%.
16
BRASIL
Matriz Energtica / Power Sources
Indicadores Unid. 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2004
OFERTA DE ENERGIA
106 tep 66,9 114,8 142,0 190,6 201,9 213,4
% ... 71,6 23,7 34,2 5,9 5,7
Energia no Renovvel 106 tep 27,9 62,4 72,3 112,4 113,7 119,8
% ... 123,7 15,9 55,5 1,2 5,4
Petrleo e Derivados % 37,7 48,3 40,5 45,5 40,1 39,1
GNP % 0,3 1,0 3,1 5,4 7,7 8,9
Carvo Mineral e Derivados % 3,6 5,1 6,8 7,1 6,7 6,7
Urnio e Derivados % 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,9 1,8 1,5
106 tep 39,1 52,4 69,7 78,2 88,2 93,6
Energia Renovvel % ... 34,0 33,0 12,2 12,8 6,1
Hidrulica e Eletricidade % 5,1 9,6 14,1 15,7 14,6 14,4
Lenha e Carvo Vegetal % 47,6 27,1 20,1 12,1 12,9 13,2
Derivados de Cana-de-Acar % 5,4 8,0 13,4 10,9 13,4 13,5
Outras Renovveis % 0,3 0,9 1,5 2,3 2,8 2,7
GW 11,1 33,5 53,1 73,7 86,5 90,7
Capacidade Instalada % ... 202,9 58,5 38,9 17,4 4,9
Hidrelticas 8,8 27,7 45,6 61,1 67,8 69,0
Termoeltricas 2,2 5,8 7,5 12,7 18,7 21,7
Consumo Final 106 tep 62,1 104,4 127,6 172,0 182,1 191,1
Fonte: EPE/MME, 2005.
Nota: 1 US$ em valores correntes de 2004; tep = tonelada equivalente de petrleo; 1 kWh = 860 kcal
Figura 6 - Brasil. Matriz Energtica / Power Sources
Pelo ngulo do parque mnero-metalrgico, compete destacar From the perspective of the mineral-metallurgic park, it is worth
os novos investimentos em minas e usinas de cobre, nquel, highlighting the new investments in mines and plants for the
alumnio, ferro etc. que devem ampliar e reforar a posio extraction and processing of copper, nickel, aluminium, iron etc.
de liderana brasileira no mercado internacional de mineral which will certainly expand and reinforce the brazilian leadership
commodities. position on the international market of mineral commodities.
Enfim, esta anlise permite concluir que o mineralnegcio Finally, this analysis leads one to conclude that the mineral sector are
atravessa a melhor fase da histria recente do Pas (arrastando- going through the best state in the Countrys recent history (after
se durante a dcada perdida de 80) superando o amargo choque having dragged through the lost decade of the 80s), overcoming
de concorrncia pela paulatina melhoria de produtividade e the bitter shock of competition and entering a stage of gradual
competitividade industrial. improvement in industrial productivity and competitiveness.
17
Perfil-Brasil: Indicadores Estratgicos On The Brazil Profile: Strategic Indicators
Lngua: Language:
Portuguesa Portuguese
Moeda Currency
Real (R$ US$ 2,342) Real (R$ US$ 2.342)
Territrio: Territory:
8.514.876,6 km2 (5a maior rea poltico-geogrfica do mundo) 8.514.876,6 km2 (5th largest political-geographical area in the world)
2
Taxa mdia 2005. 2
Average Rate 2005.
18
Economia Nacional - 2005 National Economy - 2005
PIB: GDP:
2004: R$ 1.76 Trilho (Mdia 2004: US$ 1.00 =R$ 2,65) 2004: US$ 605 billion (Average 2004: US$ 1.00 = R$ 2.65)
2005: R$ 1.93 Trilho (Mdia 2005: US$ 1.00 =R$ 2,34) 2005: US$ 828 billion (Average 2005: US$ 1.00 = R$ 2.34)
PIB per capita GDP per capita (Note.: R$ at prices and US$ at current prices).
2004: R$ 9.743 2004: US$ 3,331
2005: R$ 10.519 2005: US$ 4,495
PIB por Setor da Economia (2005): GDP per Sector of the Economy (2005):
Total - R$ 1,938 bilho Total - US$ 828 billion
Industrial: Industrial:
R$ 691 milhes (Minerao: R$ 84.3 milhes) US$ 317.86 million (Mining: R$ 33.03 million)
Agropecuria: Farming:
R$ 145.8 milhes US$ 86.35 million
Servios: Services:
R$ 985 milhes US$ 558.44 million
Generalidades Miscellaneous
50% do territrio da Amrica do Sul (Mercosul = 70%)
50% da populao da Amrica do Sul (Mercosul = 60%) 50% of the territory of South America (Mercosul = 70%)
50% do PIB da Amrica do Sul (Mercosul = 65%) 50% of the population of South America (Mercosul = 60%)
50% of the GDP of South America (Mercosul = 65%)
Ademais, o Brasil reconhecido que, ao lado de EUA e China, apresenta
os cinco principais fatores determinantes ao desenvolvimento sustentvel, Furthermore, Brazil is recognised as, together with the United States
como: and China, featuring the five main factors that determine sustainable
development, such as:
rea do Pas: Territrio maior que 8 milhes de km2;
Economia: PIB superior a US$ 800 bilhes; Area of the Country: Territory larger than 8 million km2;
Populao: Superior a 185 milhes de habitantes; Economy: GDP above US$ 600 billion;
Potencial de Demanda: 185 milhes de consumidores 7 maior Population: Above 185 million inhabitants;
mercado; Potential of Demand: 185 million consumers 7th largest market;
Populao Urbana Economicamente Ativa (2004): 69.8 milhes. Economically active urban population (2004): 69.8 million.
19
Fluxo de Comrcio Exterior - FCE Foreign Trade Flow - FTF
2005 2005
FCE BRASIL:
FTF BRAZIL:
US$ 191,9 bilhes FOB 22,6%
US$ 159,3 billion FOB 22,6%
Exportaes:
Exports:
US$ 118,3 bilhes FOB 17,1%
96,5 billion FOB 17,1%
Importaes:
Imports:
US$ 73,6 bilhes FOB 33,0%
US$ 62.8 billion FOB 33,0%
Saldo Comercial:
Trade Balance:
US$ 44,764 bilhes FOB 20,4%
US$ 33,7 billion FOB 20,4%
Exports:
Exportaes:
US$ 23,2 billion FOB 36,1%
US$ 31,6 bilhes FOB 36,1%
Imports:
Importaes:
US$ 19,0 billion FOB 15,1%
US$ 21,9 bilhes FOB 15,1%
Trade Balance:z
Saldo Comercial:
US$ 4,2 billion FOB 130,9%
US$ 4,2 bilhes FOB 130,9%
20
21
O Brazils
Brasil por sua Geodiversidade privilegiada e extenso privileged geo-diversity
continental (8.514.876,599 km2), ocupa uma posio and continental extension
de destaque pela reconhecida vantagem comparativa (8.514.876,599 km2), it
de suas jazidas e minas de classe internacional3, posicionando- occupies a prominence position for the recognized comparative
se competitivamente na arena de mercado internacional de advantage of yours lied and mines of international3 class, being
commodities minerais, ombreando Austrlia, Canad, China positioned competitiveness in the arena of international market
I. INTRODUO e frica do Sul, concorrentes detentores de grandes reservas4 of mineral commodities, with Australia, Canada, China and South
minerais. neste ambiente da Geodiversidade do Brasil, que se Africa, competitive detainers of great reservations4 minerals. It is
projetam as Provncias Minerais de Carajs, Mapuera (Pitinga), in this Geodiversidade of Brazil, that are projected the Mineral
Estanfera de Rondnia, Quadriltero Ferrfero etc. Provinces of Carajas, Mapuera (Pitinga), Estanifera of Rondonia,
Ferrous Quadrilateral etc.
A posio geo-poltica do Brasil o torna porta de entrada para
o Mercosul, porquanto faz fronteira com 10 pases (Argentina, Brazils geo-political position makes it the gateway to Mercosul:
Bolvia, Colmbia, Guiana Francesa, Guiana, Paraguai, Peru, it has borders with 10 countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia,
Suriname, Uruguai e Venezuela). French Guyana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay and
Venezuela).
A Geodiversidade privilegiada do Brasil que insere os Crtons
Amaznico e Brasil Central e vrias bacias sedimentares, Brazils privileged geo-diversity that inserts Amazon and
destacando-se a Grande Sinclise do Amazonas condiciona Central Brazil Cratons and several sedimentary basins, standing
vantagens comparativas s jazidas, muitas de classe internacional, out Great Sineclise of Amazonas links comparative advantages
com destaque no ranking internacional (2004) das reservas to international-class deposits, highlighting in the international
de Nibio (1; 97%) e Tntalo (1; 46%), Grafita (2; 27%), ranking the reserves of niobium (1st; 97%) and tantalum (1st;
INTRODUCTION
Provncias Geolgicas
Geological Provinces
3
Reservas superiores a ordem do milho de toneladas, com vida til acima dos 100 anos 3
Reserves higher than a million tones with useful life higher than 100 years.
(ceteris paribus). 4
The mining code uses the USGS methodology about the reserves classification
22 4
O Cdigo de Minerao (1967), assim como a maioria dos servios geolgicos de outros
pases, adota a classificao de reservas (medida, indicada e inferida) estabelecida
U.S. Geological Survey, ainda na dcada de 40.
Alumnio (3; 8,3%), Vermiculita (3; 5,7%), Estanho (4; 12%), 46%), graphite (2nd; 27%), aluminium (3rd; 8.3%), vermiculite
Magnesita (4; 9%), Ferro (5; 7,2%) e Mangans (5; 2,5%). (3rd; 5.7%), tin (4th; 12%), magnesite (4th ; 9%), iron (5th; 7.2%)
and manganese (5th; 2.5%).
O Setor Mineral por transversalizar os trs setores da economia
Primrio (pesquisa mineral e minerao), Secundrio Since the Mineral Sector is a cross-section of the three sectors of
(Transformao Mineral: Metalurgia, Siderurgia, Qumica etc.) e the economy Primary (mineral research and mining), Secondary
Tercirio (Mercado, Comrcio) apresenta grande amplitude (Mineral Transformation: Metallurgy, the Steel Industry, the Chemical
e heterogeneidade de segmentos, com diferentes estgios de Industry, etc.) and Tertiary (the Market, Trade) it features a
desenvolvimento que vai do precrio (garimpagem, minerao wide scope and is highly heterogeneous in terms of segments, at
artesanal) ao moderno (pesquisa mineral e minas planejadas na different stages of development, ranging from precarious (artisan
perspectiva da excelncia tcnica da Geologia, Engenharia de mining and extraction) to modern (mineral research and planned
Minas e Economia Mineral) - Fig. I.2. mines within the perspective of technical excellence in Geology,
Mine Engineering and Mineral Economy) - Picture I.2.
%#/./-)! -).%2!,
3%0!2!/
%80,/2!/ ,!62! #/.#%.42!/ %4#
'!2)-0!'%-
)&
2%#)#,!'%-
Figura I.2 Diagrama do Setor Mineral Brasileiro / Brazilian Mineral sector framework.
Notas: 1 II = Industrializao Intermediria (ustulao, reduo, refino, etc.); Notes: 1 II Intermediate industrialisation (ustulation, reduction, refinement, etc.);
2
IF = Industrializao Final; 2
IF Final industrialisation;
3
Local de interao entre produtores e consumidores. 3
Place of interaction between producers and consumers. 23
Minerao & Globalizao Mining & Globalisation
O interesse de corporaes transnacionais pelo Setor Mineral The interest of trans-national corporations in Brazilian Mineral
Brasileiro est estreitamente associado Geodiversidade do Sector is closely associated to the Countrys Geo-diversity, to the
Pas, ao potencial de crescimento da demanda por commodities potential for growth of the demand for mineral commodities, on
minerais, nos mercados interno e externo, assim como as the domestic and foreign markets, as well as to the growth of
vantagens comparativas do Brasil enquanto plataforma de Brazils comparative advantages as an export platform for Latin
exportao para a Amrica Latina e frica. America and Africa.
As vantagens comparativas das jazidas brasileiras de classe The comparative advantages of Brazils international-class
internacional, resultante da combinao da qualidade (volume e deposits, deriving from the combination of quality (volume and
teor), custo operacional e disponibilidade de energia, oferecem content), operational cost and availability of energy, account for
as condies elementares de competitividade do Pas no mercado the Countrys basic conditions of competitiveness on the foreign
externo, a exemplo do alumnio, caulim, cobre, estanho, ferro, market, such as in the case of aluminium, kaolin, copper, tin,
nibio, nquel, tntalo etc. iron, niobium, nickel, tantalum etc.
Ademais, a movimentao das corporaes minerais com a Furthermore, the movement of mining corporations due
globalizao e a necessidade de escalas de produo cada to globalisation and the need for increasing production
vez maiores, associadas s exigncias de inovaes e de scales, associated to requirements related to innovation and
integrao tecnolgica, transcendem as fronteiras geogrficas, technological integration, goes beyond the geographical
consolidando conglomerados transnacionais por processos de borders and consolidate in trans-national concerns, mainly by
fuso, formao de joint ventures e aquisies. Globalmente means of mergers, joint ventures, and take-overs. Globally these
essas operaes cresceram 30% no primeiro semestre de operations have grown by 30% in the first semester of 2005,
2005, alcanando US$ 1,2 bilho. having attained US$ 1.2 billion.
24
Admitem-se esses movimentos como uma tendncia irreversvel These developments are taken as an irreversible trend, which
que se verifica em diversos setores da economia, inclusive no occurs in the different sectors of the economy, including the
mineral, no qual se destacam as fuses com reflexos nos pases mineral sector, where highlight mergers, with consequences for
emergentes como o Brasil. emerging countries such as Brazil.
%STRUTURA DA )NDSTRIA -INERAL n
)NDUSTRY 3TRUCTURE
6ALOR DE -ERCADO 53 BILHES
-ARKET VALUE
6ALOR DAS MAIORES 53 BN ^
6ALUE OF TOP
%STRUTURA DA )NDSTRIA -INERAL n
)NDUSTRY 3TRUCTURE
6ALOR DE -ERCADO 53 BILHES
-ARKET VALUE
6ALOR DAS MAIORES 53 BN ^
6ALUE OF TOP
27
Desenvolvimento Econmico Sustentvel Sustainable Economic Development
O reaquecimento da economia mundial e os resultados da The re-acceleration of the world economy and the outcomes
Poltica macroeconmica do Governo tm impulsionado of Governments macroeconomic policy have been propelling
a economia domstica do Pas, descolando-a da inrcia em the Countrys domestic economy, rescuing it from the inertia
2003, com um crescimento do PIB-2004 (R$ 1.375 trilhes recorded in 2003, with a growth in GDP-2004 (R$ 1.375 trillion
US$ 605 bilhes) da ordem de 4,9%. Em 2005 o PIB ficou US$ 605 billion) of about 4.9%. In 2005, the GDP was US$
em R$ 1.93 trilho, um crescimento de 2.3 %. Esse montante 828 billion (R$ 1.93 trillion), with a growtn of 2.3%. This
projeta o Brasil na 10 economia mundial. increase places Brazil as the 10th world economy.
A propsito, o Brasil insere-se no mercado mundial, destacando- By the way, Brazil fits into the world market, highlighting as
se como maior exportador minrio de ferro, nibio, de caf, the greatest exporter iron ore, niobium, coffee, orange juice,
suco de laranja, acar, soja, carne, aves e tabaco e; o quarto sugar, soybeans, beef, poultry and tobacco and as the fourth
fabricante de avies; oitavo produtor de ao e software e oitavo manufacturer of aeroplanes; the eighth producer of steel and
maior mercado de telefones celulares. software and the eighth largest market for cell phones.
Neste contexto, importa enfatizar como principais fatores Within this context, it is worth emphasising the main factors
condicionantes: that led to this situation:
Poltica Fiscal austera e consistente; Austere and consistent Fiscal Policy;
Inflao sob controle: 5,69% a.a (2005); Inflation under control: 5,69% a.a. (2005);
Relao Dvida Pblica/PIB declinante: 51,5% (2005); A declining Public Debt/GDP Ratio: 51,5% (2005);
Risco-Brasil declinante: 221 p. (maro de 2006). A declining sovereign risk: 221 p. (March 2006).
28
Tabela I.1- Evoluo dos Itens de avaliao do PPI - Frasier Institute
Itens 2002 2003 2004 2005 Mdia
Tributao (Taxation) 64 45 68 59 59
Regulamento Ambiental (Environmental Regulation) 85 85 69 64 76
O fluxo de investimentos estrangeiros diretos em 2004 na The flow of direct foreign investments in 2004 in Latin America
Amrica Latina e no Caribe, aumentaram 44% de 2003 a Latina in Caribbean, they increased 44% from 2003 to 2004.
2004. Neste contexto, Brasil e Mxico juntos receberam mais In this context, Brazil and together Mexico they received more
da metade dos investimentos destinados Amrica Latina e ao from the half of the investments destined to Latin America and
Caribe em 2004: 27% e 25% do total, respectivamente. Caribbean in 2004: 27% and 25% of the total, respectively.
Retorno do Investimento Return of the Investment
Em mdia, admite-se que nos ltimos dez anos a taxa de retorno On the average, it is admitted that in the last ten years the rate
de investimentos estrangeiros - IED no Brasil foi de 26,4% o of return of foreign investments in Brazil was of 26,4% what
que demonstra, claramente, que lucrativo investir no Brasil. it demonstrates, clearly, that is lucrative to invest in Brazil. It
Ademais, importa enfatizar, o Brasil no oferece restries legais is added that, imports to emphasize, Brazil doesnt offer legal
transferncia de lucros para o exterior. restrictions to the transfer of profits for the exterior.
100
2005-2006
90
Current Mineral Potential
Assuming Current Regulations / Land Use Restrictions
BRASIL
2005-2006
80
70
Incentivo ao Investimento Neutro ao Investimento
60
Encourages Investment Neutral for Investment
50
40
30
20
10
0
Mali
Peru
Utah
Brazil
NWT
Chile
Spain
China
Alaska
Yukon
Ghana
Alberta
Bolivia
Quebec
Ireland
Finland
Ontario
Sweden
Arizona
Ecuador
Montana
South Africa
California
Tanzania
Manitoba
Venezuela
Botswana
Washington
Queensland
Nfld./Labrador
South Dakota
New Brunswick
31
Fonte / Source: The Fraser Institute, 2006.
Nota: Percentual daqueles que consideram esse fator como impedimento para investir / Percent who consider this factor a deterrentt to invest (%).
!S -AIORES %CONOMIAS EM
4HE ,ARGEST %CONOMIES IN
53BN
0)"'$0
Fonte: http://www.gs.com/insight/research/reports/report6.html
ON the Countrys
Geo-Diversity
& Mineral
Potential
Fig. II.1 - Mapa Geolgico do Brasil Picture. II.1 - Braziss Geological Map
34 Source: CPRM, 2005. Fonte: CPRM, 2005.
devido institucionalizao da CPRM (Companhia de Pesquisa field of geo-sciences is linked to the creation of the Company
de Recursos Minerais), hoje servio geolgico do Brasil, of Research on Mineral Resources CPRM, currently Brazils
associada poltica desenvolvimentista vigente a partir do Geological Service, associated to the development-oriented
final da dcada de 60, a qual destinou investimentos aos policy that began in the late 60s with the preponderance of
levantamentos radargamtricos executados pelo projeto investments meant for the basic geographical (RADAM project),
RADAM de mapeamento geolgico bsico, estrutural e structural and metal-genetic mapping of the Amazon Region and
metalogentico da Amaznia e do restante do pas durante a the rest of the Country throughout the 70s.These circumstances
dcada de 70. Essas circunstncias favoreceram sobremaneira made easier the generation of new studies and the subsequent
o avano na gerao de trabalhos sistemticos e o subseqente discovering of new mines and lodes in the country.
descobrimento de novas jazidas e minas no pas.
This effort may be seen in the different publications containing
Esse esforo pode ser traduzido nas diversas publicaes a significant density of geo-scientific information that allowed
com significativa densidade de informaes Geocientficas for the publication of important works by the DNPM and the
que permitiram a edio de importantes obras pelo DNPM CPRM, highlighting: the Geological Map of Brazil and of the
e CPRM, destacando-se: o Mapa Geolgico do Brasil e rea Adjoining Oceanic Area (1982), in the scale of 1:2.500.000;
Ocenica Adjacente (1982), em escala de 1:2.500.000; Mapa the Hydro-Geological Map of Brazil (scale: 1:5.000.000);
Hidrogeolgico do Brasil (e: 1:5.000.000); Geologia do Brasil Geology of Brazil (1984) and the Main Mineral Deposits of
(1984) e os Principais Depsitos Minerais do Brasil, srie iniciada Brazil, a series started in 1985, segmented in four volumes:
em 1985, segmentada em quatro volumes: Recursos Minerais Energetic Mineral Resources, v. I, 1985; Iron and Metals of
Energticos, v. I, 1985; Ferro e Metais da Indstria do Ao, v. the Industry of Steel, v. II, 1986; Basic Non-Ferrous Metals,
II, 1986; Metais Bsicos No-Ferrosos, Ouro e Alumnio, v.III, Gold and Aluminium, v.III, 1988; Gems and Ornamental
1988; Gemas e Rochas Ornamentais, v. IV-A, 1991; Rochas e Rocks, v. IV-A, 1991; Industrial Rocks and Minerals, v. IV-B
Minerais industriais, v. IV-B e v. IV-C. and v. IV-C.
Com a publicao de GEOLOGIA, TECTNICA E RECURSOS With the publication of GEOLOGY, TECTONICS AND
MINERAIS DO BRASIL - 2003, resultado do Projeto GIS do Brasil, MINERAL RESOURCES OF BRAZIL - 2003, the outcome of
a CPRMSGB, sistematiza o conhecimento geotectnico e de Project GIS of Brazil, the CPRMSGB, systematised the geo-
recursos minerais do Pas acumulado nas ltimas dcadas, nas tectonic and mineral-resource knowledge of the Country
escalas de 1:2.500.000 e 1:1.000.000, incluindo edies de accumulated in the last decades, in the scales of 1:2.500.000
cartas geolgicas e bases de dados em ambiente SIG Sistema and 1:1000.000, including the publication of geological
de Informaes Geogrficas. maps and databases in the SIG (System of Geographical
Information) environment.
Portanto, a concepo desta obra, com verses atualizadas
em bases georeferenciadas dos ambientes geolgicos e Therefore, the design of this work with updated versions, on
dos recursos minerais do pas, associada Carta Geolgica do a geo-referenced basis, of the geological environments and
Brasil, publicada em formato texto e em CD-Rom6, torna-se um mineral resources of the Country associated to the Geological
importante instrumento de consulta sobre o estado da arte Map of Brazil at 1/1 Million documented in text format and in
da Geologia no Brasil, tanto para a Academia, quanto para o CD-Rom6, becomes an important instrument of consultation on
mnero-inverstidor. the state of the art of Brazils geology, both for Academia and
for investors in the mineral sector.
6
Edio em CD-ROM dos resultados do mapeamento dos recursos naturais do Pas realizado pelo Projeto RADAMBRASIL, com base em interpretao de imagens de radar (35 vol.). Consiste de
estudo integrado dos meios fsico e bitico das unidades cartogrficas, composto de textos analticos e mapas temticos sobre geologia, geomorfologia, pedologia, vegetao, uso potencial
da terra e capacidade de uso dos recursos naturais renovveis, na escala 1:1.000.000 (Disponvel em: http://www.ibge.gov.br/lojavirtual/fichatecnica.php?codigoproduto=8726).
CD-ROM edition of Brazils natural resources mapping, result of RADAMBRASIL project. It is a product that contains a broad information about the geology, geomorphology, environment,
potencial use of land and use capacity of renew natural resources (Available at http://www.ibge.gov.br/lojavirtual/fichatecnica.php?codigoproduto=8726)
35
Carta Geolgica do Brasil Geological Map of Brazil
A Carta Geolgica do Brasil ao Milionsimo composta por The Geological Map of Brazil, 1:1 Million scale, is composed by
um mosaico de 46 folhas articuladas, com dimenso de 6 em a mosaic of 46 articulated map sheets, with dimensions of 6
longitude x 4 em latitude, no formato cartogrfico da Carta longitude and 4 latitude, following the same articulation of the
Internacional do Mundo ao Milionsimo-CIM. Esse conjunto International Map of the World, 1:1 Million scale. These map
de folhas constitui o Sistema GEOBANK. sheets constitute the GEOBANK System.
O GEOBANK um acervo de bases de dados geolgicos The GEOBANK System is a collection of bases of geological
operado em um Sistema de Informaes Geogrficas SIG, operate in the Geographic Information System named GIS of
denominado GIS do Brasil. As informaes traduzem o estado Brazil. This information represents the state of the art of the
da arte do conhecimento da geologia do Brasil, na perspectiva Geology of Brazil at the end of 2003, in the perspective of the
do Servio Geolgico do Brasil-CPRM, ao final de 2003. Brazils Geological Service CPRM.
Produtos
Products
Os produtos apresentados em 41 CD-ROMs e contendo 46
The products presented in 41 CD-ROMs containing 46 geological
folhas geolgicas, foram gerados a partir do sistema de bancos
map sheets, were generated using the data bank system in
de dados em Oracle o GEOBANK , permitem modelagens,
interaes e atualizaes de fcil manuseio. Oracle GEOBANK , which allows mathematical modeling,
interactions and updates in an user-friendly environment.
Os seguintes produtos podem ser acessados em ambiente SIG:
The following products may be accessed in GIS environment:
(i) Unidades litoestratigrficas;
(i) Lithostratigraphic Units;
(ii) Estruturas;
(ii) Structures;
(iii) Recursos minerais;
(iii) Mineral resources;
(iv) Imagens de satlites Landsat-TM (Thematic Mapper) e ETM+
(Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) com resoluo de 100 m (iv) Satellite images Landsat-TM (Thematic Mapper) and ETM+
(Geotiff); (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus), resolution 100 (Geotiff);
(v) Imagens de integrao dos satlites Landsat-TM, ETM+ e JERS1- (v) Integration images Landsat-TM, ETM+ and JERS1-SAR satellites,
SAR, para as folhas da Amaznia; for the Amazonia map sheets;
(vi) Modelo Digital de Terreno com resoluo de 100 m (grid ArcInfo); (vi) Digital Elevation Model, resolution 100 m (grid ArcInfo);
(vii) Modelo Digital de Terreno com resoluo de 500 m (imagem (vii) Digital Elevation Model, resolution 500 m (Geotiff image and
Geotiff e grid zipado); zipped grid);
(viii) Imagem Geotiff de Aeromagnetometria, campo total; (viii) Geotiff image of Aeromagnetometry, total field;
(ix) Imagem Geotiff de Aerogamaespectrometria, contagem total; (ix) Geotiff image of Aerogamaspectrometry, total counting;
(x) Imagem Geotiff de Gravimetria, anomalia free air; (x) Geotiff image of Gravimetry, Free Air anomaly;
(xi) Dados fisiogrficos e geolgicos da rea ocenica adjacente; (xi) Geological and physiographical data of the adjoining ocean
floor,
(xii) Stios fossilferos;
(xii) Paleontological sites;
(xiii) Dataes geocronolgicas;
(xiii) Geochronological dating;
36
(xiv) Geoqumica de sedimentos de corrente e de rochas; (xiv) Geochemistry of active stream sediments and rocks;
(xv) Base cartogrfica digital; (xv) Digital cartographic base;
(xvi) Dados de altimetria e pontos cotados; (xvi) Altimetry data and bench marks;
(xvii) Batimetria; (xvii) Bathymetry
(xviii) Principais fontes utilizadas na compilao da cartografia (xviii) Main sources of information used in the compilation of
geolgica; geological cartography;
(xix) Arquivo com 3.328 referncias bibliogrficas relativas geologia, (xix) File with 3,328 bibliographic references related to geology,
tectnica e recursos minerais do Brasil. tectonic and mineral resources from Brazil.
Na rea ocenica adjacente foram incorporadas as seguintes The following information, structured in GIS, was incorporated
informaes, estruturadas em SIG: batimetria, ispacas, in the adjoining ocean floor: bathymetry, isopachs, salt
ocorrncias de sal, arcabouo estrutural das bacias sedimentares occurrence, and structural framework of sedimentary basins
offshore, entre outras informaes. offshore, among others.
Os arquivos de impresso de cada folha vm acompanhados de The printing files in each map sheet include information as
encartes marginais, com a representao cartogrfica de temas marginal attachments, like the cartographic representation of
especficos, alm de outras informaes adicionais. Os encartes specific themes, in addition to other information. The attachments
so apresentados na escala de 1:5.000.000, com o mesmo are presented in the scale 1:5 Million, with the same cartographic
corte cartogrfico das folhas da Carta ao Milionsimo: Encarte cut of the map sheets of the 1:1 Million Map: Tectonic, Mineral
Tectnico, Encarte de Recursos Minerais e encartes Geofsicos. Resources and Geophysics. Additional information includes,
Informaes adicionais incluem, entre outras, mapa de
among others, a map of structural provinces, a list of selected
provncias estruturais, relao de recursos minerais selecionados,
mineral resources, a list of macrofossils, geochronological dating
macrofsseis, dataes geocronolgicas e principais fontes
and main sources used in the compilation of the geological
utilizadas na compilao da cartografia geolgica.
cartography.
A base de dados de Recursos Minerais foi composta a partir de
arquivos contendo informaes de recursos minerais compilados A Mineral Resources Database was built from files containing
de diversas bases de dados, de propriedade da CPRM (que incluem information compiled from several databases that belong to
tambm dados obtidos de documentos de domnio pblico), e do CPRM (which also included public domain data) and National
Departamento Nacional de Produo Mineral-DNPM. Department of Mineral Production DNPM.
A possibilidade de se superpor os recursos minerais com a The possibility to overlap mineral resources with geology, allied
geologia, aliados aos seus ambientes tectnicos, uma das to their tectonic environments, is one of the most useful tools
ferramentas mais teis para as interpretaes metalogenticas, in metallogenic interpretations, which can be used either by
sendo de grande utilidade, tanto para pesquisadores acadmicos, academic researchers or users interested in selecting areas to
quanto para usurios interessados na seleo de reas propcias invest in mineral prospection.
para investimentos em pesquisa mineral.
On effect, The Geological Survey of Brazil by distributing this
Com efeito, o Servio Geolgico do Brasil, ao divulgar seu produto product using its own software, free of charge, aims at offering
atravs de um software de livre distribuio, de sua propriedade, ample public access in a modern format to all the data generated
busca democratizar o acesso de todos aos dados gerados pelos over the years, thus fulfilling its institutional mission.
trabalhos de levantamento geolgico bsico, desenvolvidos ao
longo dos anos, disponibilizando-os em formato mais moderno,
cumprindo assim sua misso institucional.
37
A The
Geodiversidade, a extenso continental e as condies Countrys geo-diversity, continental
geogrficas privilegiadas do Pas, lhe asseguram dimension and privileged geographical
oferta abundante dos mais variados recursos minerais conditions grant it an abundant supply of
e reconhecida vantagens comparativas das jazidas e minas de the most varied mineral resources and recognised comparative
classe internacional, a exemplo das encerradas nas Provncias advantages of international-class deposits and mines, such
Minerais de Carajs (PA), Estanfera de Rondnia (RO), do as those contained in the mineral provinces of Carajas (PA),
Mapuera (AM) e Quadrilatero Ferrifero (MG) etc. Estanifera de Rondonia (RO), Mapuera (AM) and Quadrilatero
III. SOBRE O Ferrifero (MG) etc.
CONHECIMENTO
Figura III.1 - Mapa Geolgico da Regio de Carajs / Geological map of Carajas
GEOCIENTFICO
DO BRASIL
ON BRAZILs
Geo-SCIENTIFIC
KNOWLEDGE
38
Contextualizando a Geodiversidade do Pas, tem-se que Putting the Countrys Geo-diversity into context, one realises that
cerca de 60% do embasamento pr-cambriano da rea circa 60% of the pre-cambrian basis of the continental area are
continental coberta por rochas sedimentares fanerozicas covered by fanerozoic sediment rocks (in part of volcanic origin),
(em parte, vulcnicas), formadas no Paleozico, Mesozico e formed in the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cainozoic periods,
Cenozico, onde esto inseridas grandes bacias intracratnicas, where there are large intra-cratonic basins, represented by four
representadas por quatro sinclises maiores: Solimes, major syneclises: Solimes, Amazonas, Paran and Parnaba,
Amazonas, Paran e Parnaba, bem como bacias relacionadas a as well as basins related to tectonic processes that led the
processos tectnicos que presidiram a abertura do Atlntico: (i) opening of the Atlantic Ocean: (i) large basins of the continental
extensas bacias da plataforma continental, (ii) bacias marginais platform, (ii) marginal coastal basins deriving from aborted rifts
costeiras originadas de riftes abortados e (iii) pequenas bacias and (iii) small interior basins of the Northeast. The generation
interiores do Nordeste. Aos processos de abertura do Atlntico of countless ultra-mafic alkaline-carbonatic complexes and
relaciona-se tambm a gerao de inmeros complexos kimberlitic intrusions is also related to the processes of opening
ultramfico-alcalino-carbonatticos e intruses kimberlticas. of the Atlantic Ocean.
Na perspectiva do potencial mineral das bacias sedimentares From the perspective of the mineral potential of the sediment
(em parte, vulcnicas) destacam-se depsitos de carvo mineral, basins (in part, of volcanic origin) highlight deposits of mineral
folhelhos betuminosos, urnio, gemas (Paran); leo (Campos, coal, bituminous sheets, uranium, gems (Paran); oil (Campos,
Solimes-Amazonas, Sergipe-Alagoas, Recncavo e diversas Solimes-Amazonas, Sergipe-Alagoas, Recncavo and several
outras bacias costeiras); gipsita (Araripe); sais de potssio e other coastal basins); gypsum (Araripe); potash salts and rock
sal-gema (Amazonas, Sergipe-Alagoas e Recncavo); enxfre salt (Amazonas, Sergipe-Alagoas and Recncavo); sulphur
(Sergipe); fosforita (Pernambuco-Paraba); barita (Camamu, (Sergipe); phosphorites (Pernambuco-Paraba); barite (Camamu,
Recncavo-Tucano); depsitos de calcrio (pozzolonas naturais Recncavo-Tucano); deposits of limestone (natural pozzolones for
para cimento e corretivos de solo) e significativos depsitos de cement and soil correctives) and significant deposits of clays for
argilas para cermicas nobres. Importa destacar que, todas essas noble ceramics. It is worth highlighting that all these basins have
bacias possuem importantes reservatrios de guas subterrneas, important deposits of underground water, especially the Aqfero
com destaque para o Aqfero Guarani (Paran). Guarani (Paran).
Por outro ngulo, os complexos ultramfico-alcalino- From another perspective, the ultra-mafic alkaline-carbonatic
carbonatticos esto relacionados a depsitos minerais de complexes are related to mineral deposits of relevant economic
relevante interesse econmico, que ocorrem, em especial na interest, which occur, in particular, on the edge of the Basin of
borda da Bacia do Paran (Arax, Tapira, Poos de Caldas, Parana (Araxa, Tapira, Poos de Caldas, Jacupiranga, Anitapolis,
Jacupiranga, Anitpolis, Catalo e outros): bauxita, fosfato, Catalao and others): bauxite, phosphate, niobium, titanium,
nibio, titnio, barita, vermiculita, fluorita, urnio, nquel e terras barite, vermiculite, fluorite, uranium, nickel and rare earths.
raras. Centenas de corpos de kimberlitos representam a rocha- Hundreds of kimberlitic bodies represent the source rock of
fonte de diversos depsitos de diamantes (MG, MT, RO e RR). several diamond deposits (MG, MT, RO and RR).
No Cenozico, os principais depsitos minerais encontrados In the Cainozoic, the main mineral deposits found derive
so decorrentes da alterao latertica e da concentrao de from the lateritic change and from the concentration of heavy
minerais pesados em placeres: bauxita, caulim, nquel, ouro, minerals in placers: bauxite, kaolin, nickel, gold, tin, diamond,
estanho, diamante, titnio, terras-raras e zircnio. titanium, rare earths and zirconium.
As rochas do embasamento pr-cambriano so representadas The rocks of the pre-cambrian basis are represented by units
por unidades do Meso-arqueano (3,2 a 2,8 Ga ou bilhes de of the Meso-archean (3.2 to 2.8 Ga or billions of years), Neo-
39
anos), Neo-arqueano (2,8 a 2,5 Ga), Paleoproterozico (2,5 a archean (2.8 to 2.5 Ga), Paleoproterozoic (2.5 to 1.6 Ga),
1,6 Ga), Mesoproterozico (1,6 a 1,0 Ga) e Neoproterozico (1,0 Mesoproterozoic (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (1.0 to
a 0,54 Ga). Os terrenos mais antigos so representados pelos 0.54 Ga). The oldest lands are represented by the Cratons
crtons Amazonas e do So Francisco, alm de reas cratnicas Amazonas and So Francisco, in addition to smaller cratonic
menores, todos de idades mais antigas que o Neoproterozico. areas, all of them older than the Neoproterozoic. These Cratons
Esses crtons foram amalgamados pela evoluo de faixas were amalgamated by the evolution of mobile Paleoproterozoic
mveis paleoproterozicas (Orognese Transamaznica, 2,0 Ga) stripes (Trans-Amazon Orogenesis, 2.0 Ga) and Mesoproterozoic,
e mesoproterozicas, em torno de ncleos arqueanos. around Archean nuclei.
Durante a Orognese Brasiliana (0.7 a 0,5 Ga) as diversas reas During the Brasiliana Orogenesis (0.7 to 0.5 G.a.) the different
cratnicas foram agregadas para formar um bloco estvel Craton areas were aggregated and formed a stable block
representado pela Plataforma Sul-Americana. Nesse domnio, represented by the South American Platform. In this domain,
os greenstone belts e cintures vulcano-sedimentares similares the greenstone belts and the volcanic-sediment belts, Archean
arqueanos ou paleoproterozicos so fatores condicionantes or Paleoproterozoic similar are determining factors of the
dos depsitos de ouro, prata, ferro, mangans, cobre, nquel, deposits of gold, silver, iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt
cobalto e cromo. Ademais, essas reas cratnicas tambm and chromium. Furthermore, these Craton areas also have
possuem coberturas plataformais arqueanas-paleoproterozicas, coverage of Archean-Paleoproterozoic platforms, made up of
constitudas de formaes ferrferas bandadas (minrio de ferro) ferrous banded formations (iron ore) of extraordinary dimensions
de extraordinrias dimenses (Provncia de Carajs, no Estado do (Province of Carajs, in the State of Par, and Quadriltero
Par, e Quadriltero Ferrfero, no Estado de Minas Gerais). s Ferrfero, in the State of Minas Gerais). The Paleoproterozoic
seqncias paleoproterozicas associam-se extensas coberturas sequences are associated to large sediment coverage represented
sedimentares representadas por quartzitos e metaconglomerados by quartzite and metaconglomerates (with detritus deposits of
(com depsitos detrticos de ouro e urnio) e, s vezes, de rochas gold and uranium) and, sometimes, of carbonatic rocks (with
carbonticas (com grandes depsitos de magnesita). Os cintures large deposits of magnesite). In general, the Paleoproterozoic
paleoproterozicos esto constitudos, em geral, por terrenos belts are made up of lands with a high metamorphic degree and
de alto grau metamrfico e representam zonas de acrscimo represent zones of continental addition around Archean nuclei,
continental em torno dos ncleos Arqueanos, de grande with high metal genetic importance, encompassing:
importncia metalogentica, compreendendo:
Bedded mafic-ultramafic complexes (occurrence and deposits
Complexos mfico-ultramficos acamados (ocorrncias e of chromium, vanadium and nickel+cobalt and asbestos and,
depsitos de cromo, vandio, nquel+cobalto, asbesto e, furthermore, high potentiality for deposits of metals of the
ainda, alta potencialidade para depsitos de metais do grupo platinum group - PGM);
da platina - PGM);
pre-orogenic ophiolitic association (deposits of manganese,
associao ofioltica pr-orognica (depsitos de mangans, de of copper+nickel+cobalt and of copper+zinc+lead+silver);
cobre+nquel+cobalto e de cobre+zinco+chumbo+prata); e and;
associaes plutono-vulcnicas de arco magmtico (depsitos magmatic-arch plutonic-volcanic associations (deposits of
de cobre+ouro e ouro+prata). copper+gold and gold+silver).
No Mesoproterozico, intensa atividade vulcnica e plutnica In the Mesoproterozoic, an intense volcanic and plutonic
nas reas continentais foi responsvel por numerosos depsitos activity in the continental areas accounted for many deposits
de urnio, estanho, tungstnio, molibdnio, zircnio, tntalo, of uranium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium, tantalum,
40 nibio, ouro e topzio. niobium, gold and topaz.
Sobre as seqncias vulcano-plutnicas desenvolveu-se extensa On the volcanic-plutonic sequences there was wide terrigenous
sedimentao terrgena transgressiva, com fcies continental/ transgressive sedimentation, with continental/fluvial facies,
fluvial, rica em diamantes com ouro associado, e outra marinha, rich in diamonds with some gold, and aquamarine, with high
com alta potencialidade para mineralizaes de chumbo, zinco, potentiality for mineralization of lead, zinc, copper, silver, of the
cobre, prata, do tipo sedimentar-exalativo. sediment-exhalative type.
As coberturas Neoproterozicas, rochas preferencialmente The Neoproterozoic coverage, mostly carbonatic rocks, is rich
carbonticas, so ricas em minerais relacionados a chumbo, zinco, in minerals related to lead, zinc, silver, phosphate, barium and
prata, fosfato, brio e flor. Os cintures meso e neoproterozicos fluor. The Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic belts developed
desenvolveram-se em bacias marginais s reas cratnicas, into basins that are marginal to the Craton areas, submitted to
submetidos a sucessivos eventos tectnicos compressivos (1,2 a successive compressive tectonic events (1.2 to 1.0 G.a. and 0.7
1,0 G.a. e 0,7 a 0,5 G.a.), seguindo-se a coliso, a cratonizao to 0.5 G.a.), and followed by collision, Craton development and
e a formao do supercontinente Gondwana. Os principais the creation of the Gondwana super continent. The main mineral
depsitos minerais esto associados a rochas granticas tardi deposits are associated to late and post-tectonic granite rocks
a ps-tectnicas (tungstnio+molibdnio+ouro), a depsitos (tungsten+molybdenum+gold), to deposits of the skarn type
tipo skarn e a pegmatitos (brio, nibio, tntalo, ltio, estanho and to pegmatites (barium, niobium, tantalum, lithium, tin and
e pedras preciosas). Sequncias vulcano-sedimentares pr- precious stones). Pre-orogenic (of the rift type) and post-orogenic
orognicas (tipo rift) ou ps-orognicas (tipo arco) podem conter (of the arch type) may contain mineralization of nickel+copper
mineralizaes de nquel+cobre nas rochas mfico-ultramficas; in the mafic-ultramafic rocks; titanium+vanadium in the gabro-
titnio+vandio nas rochas gabroanortosticas; e depsitos de orthositic rocks; and deposits of gold+silver+sulphides, in veins,
ouro+prata+sulfetos, em veios, em zonas de cisalhamento. in shearing zones.
Nas reas cratnicas, no estgio tardi a ps-tectnico In Craton areas, in the late and post-tectonic Brasiliano stage
Brasiliano (0,55 a 0,46 G.a.), desenvolveram-se bacias pull (0.55 to 0.46 G.a.), there was the development of pull-apart
appart, em zonas transcorrentes, preenchidas por sedimentos basins, in trans-current zones, filled with terrigenous continental
terrgenos continentais, de ambiente oxidante (depsitos oxidation-environment sediments (deposits of stratabound
de sulfetos de cobre stratabound) e por vulcanismo alcalino copper sulphides) and with acid to intermediate alkaline volcanic
cido a intermedirio (depsitos tipo veio de ouro+cobre). activity (vein-type deposits of gold+copper). Later on, there was
Posteriormente, seguiu-se a sedimentao paleozica das the Palaeozoic sedimentation of the wide intra-Craton basins,
amplas bacias intracratnicas, o rifteamento no Mesozico, the rifting in the Mesozoic, the opening of the Atlantic Ocean
a abertura do oceano Atlntico e novo desenvolvimento de and new developments of marginal basins.
bacias marginais.
Finally, the Cainozoic coverage presents potential for deposits of
Finalmente, as coberturas Cenozicas apresentam potencial para bauxite, kaolin and diversified clays, in addition to alluvial ores
depsitos de bauxita, caulim e argilas diversificadas, alm de of gold, gems (including diamonds), tin, illmenite, zirconite,
minrios aluvionares de ouro, gemas (inclusive diamantes), estanho, rutile, monazite and other heavy minerals.
ilmenita, zirconita, rutilo, monazita e outros minerais pesados.
The Brazils Geo-diversity shown in the diversity of terrains
Com efeito, a Geodiversidade do Brasil radiografada na and geological environments is the Countrys great
diversidade de terrenos e ambientes geolgicos apresenta-se comparative advantage, which makes it the holder of one
como a grande vantagem comparativa do Pas, que lhe confere of the largest mineral potentials in the world, comparable to
o status de possuir um dos maiores potenciais minerais do those of the United States, Russia, Canada, Australia, China
mundo, comparvel aos dos Estados Unidos, Rssia, Canad, and South Africa.
Austrlia, China e frica do Sul. 41
A The
CPRM Servio Geolgico do Brasil, institucionalizada CPRM Brazils Geological Service, created
pela Decreto-lei n 862/69, transformada em empresa by Decree-Law n862/69, transformed in
de capital pblico pela Lei Federal no 8.970 de a public-equity enterprise by Federal Law
28/12/1994, vinculada ao Sistema MME, e tem por Misso os number 8.970 of 12/28/1994, is related to the MME System,
levantamentos geolgicos e hidrogeolgicos bsicos do Pas. and its mission is to carry out the basic geological and hydro-
geological surveys in the Country.
IV. SOBRE O Dos Objetivos do Servio Geolgico
PROGRAMA The Purposes of the Geological Service
Instrumentalizar a Poltica Servios Pblicos de Geologia e
GEOLOGIA DO Hidrogeolgico; To implement the Policy of Geological and Hydro-Geological
BRASIL Executar os Programas e Projetos de Levantamentos Bsicos
Public Services;
de Geologia e Hidrogeologia; To carry out the programmes and projects of basic geological
and hydro-geological surveys;
Depositria do acervo tcnico sobre a Geologia e
Hidrogeologia do Pas. To be the depositary of the Countrys technical collection on
Geology and Hydro-geology.
Atuar transversamente com instituies federais, estaduais
e municipais afins, contribuindo no Planejamento do To operate, on a cross-section basis, with federal, state and
Ordenamento Territorial. municipality related institutions, thus contributing for the
Planning of the Territorial Organisation.
42
Programa Geologia do Brasil Brazilian Geology Programme
Objetivos Estratgicos Strategic Goals
Levantamento Geolgico Bsico Basic Geological Survey
Atualizao, Integrao e Difuso de Dados da Geologia do Updating, Integration and diffusion of Brazils geology data.
Brasil
Justification
Justificativa
The decision of Government to resume public investments
A deciso de Governo em retomar os investimentos pblicos em in basic geological mapping, is guided by the assumption of
mapeamento geolgico bsico, est orientada no pressuposto knowing for planning, within the perspective of the increase
de conhecer para planejar, na perspectiva da ampliao das of the comparative advantages of the Countrys deposits,
vantagens comparativas das jazidas do Pas, visando a atrao aimed at attracting investments, at rationalising the use of
de investimentos, a racionalizao do uso dos recursos minerais, mineral resources, at regional development, at job and income
o desenvolvimento regional, a gerao de emprego e renda generation for Brazilian society, thus justifying the inclusion of
para a sociedade brasileira, justificando-se assim a insero do Programme Geology of Brazil in the formulation of the Multi-
Programa Geologia do Brasil na concepo do Plano Plurianual Year Investment Plan 2004-2007.
de Investimentos 2004-2007.
Criteria
Critrios
Therefore, within the perspective of the assumption that
Portanto, pressupondo-se que as vantagens comparativas de uma comparative advantages of a Nation are primarily based upon
nao baseiam-se, sobretudo, na Economia do Conhecimento, the economy of knowledge, the following criteria were adopted
observa-se, na seleo de reas-objeto de mapeamento, os seguintes in the establishment of priorities:
critrios na hierarquizao de prioridade:
Stage of Evolution of Geological Knowledge;
Estgio de Evoluo do Conhecimento Geolgico;
Underground mineral and hydric potential;
Potencial Mineral e Hdrico Subterrneo;
Scale re-assessment, integration and deepening;
Reavaliao, Integrao e Adensamento de Escala;
HDI Human Development Index of the Regions.
IDH ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano das Regies.
The Programme is aimed at the resumption of the basic
O programa prope-se retomada dos levantamentos geolgicos geological surveys a sine qua non condition for overcoming
bsicos condio sine qua non superao do hiato de mais the time gap of about over two decades of interruption of
de duas dcadas de interrupo desta atividade finalstica do these finalistic State activities with a view at deepening the
Estado objetivando a adensamento da cartografia geolgica systematic geological cartography of the Country; the generation
sistemtica do pas, a gerao de mapas-sntese geolgicos of Geological Synthesis Maps (in different scales), of geology
em diversas escalas, a produo de textos em geologia e texts and of texts on related subjects of national, regional
temas correlatos com amplitude nacional, regional e estadual and state scope, which are fundamental for the planning of
fundamentais ao planejamento do ordenamento territorial e the territorial organisation and for the development of Brazils
para o desenvolvimento da Economia Mineral. Mineral Economy.
43
Carta Geolgica do Brasil ao Geological Map of Brazil at 1/1
Milionsimo Million
A abrangncia nacional do Projeto o coloca como o maior j The national scope of the Project ranks it as the largest project
realizado em ambiente SIG (Sistema de Informaes Geogrficas) ever in the SIG environment in the domain of geo-sciences in
no domnio das Geocincias no Pas: the Country:
Folhas: 46; e:1:1.000.000 Pages: 46; scale:1:1.000.000
CD-ROMs: 41; utilizao amigvel CD-ROMs: 41; friendly use
ArcExibe: Aplicativo para visualizao e geoprocessamento. ArcExibe: Application for viewing and geo-processing.
Figura IV.1 Carta Geolgica do Brasil ao Milionsimo (Mosaico-Sntese) Fonte: Picture IV.1 Geological Map of Brazil at 1/1 Million (Synthesis Mosaic) Source:
44 CPRM, 2005. CPRM, 2005.
Temas Subjects
Geologia Geology
Recursos Minerais Mineral Resources
Geoqumica Geo-chemistry
Geocronologia Geo-chronology
Geologia Estrutural Structural Geology
Cadastro Paleontolgico Paleontological Registry
Encartes Tectnicos Tectonic Inclusions
Geologia da Margem Continental Geology of the Continental Edge
45
Figura IV.2 Cartografia Geolgica (Projetos em Parceria reas para licitao) Picture IV.2 Geological Cartography (Projects in Partnership areas for bidding procedures)
Programa Geologia do Brasil
Cartografia Geolgica
Parcerias reas para Licitao 2005
Projetos 1:250.000
Programme Geology of Brazil Projects 1:250.000
Geological Cartography Projetos 1:100.000
Partnership Areas for Hidding 2005 Projects 1:100.000
Figura IV.3 Cartografia Geolgica (Projetos em Parcerias reas para licitaco 2005) Picture IV.3 Geological Cartography (Projects in Partnership areas for bidding procedures 2005)
46 Figura IV.4 Cartografia Geolgica (Projetos em Parceria Universidades)
Figura IV.5 Cartografia Geolgica (Projetos em Parcerias Estados 2005)
Picture IV.4 Geological Cartography (Projects in Partnership Universities)
Picture IV.5 Geological Cartography (Projects in Partnership States 2005)
Levantamento Aerogeofsico Aero-Geophysical Surveys
A aerogeofsica aplicativa de Gama e Magnetometria apresenta- The Gamma and Magnetometry applicative Aero-Geophysics
se como importante instrumental auxiliar aos levantamentos is an important ancillary instrument for basic geological
geolgicos bsicos. Ao preceder o mapeamento, otimiza surveys. It comes before the mapping optimising time in
o tempo gasto na cobertura de reas extensas ou de difcil the coverage of wide, difficult-access areas and reducing
acesso, reduzem os custos operacionais por permitir que operational costs, since it allows for the identification of
sejam identificadas anomalias (alvos) de prospectos geolgicos anomalies (targets) of potential geological prospects
potenciais e racionaliza os trabalhos de campo. rationalising field work.
Por outro ngulo, importante enfatizar que algumas regies From another point of view, it is worth highlighting that
dispem de cobertura aerogeofsica de qualidade e, por isso, the regions that count on quality digital aero-geophysical
apresentam verdadeira vantagem comparativa atrao de coverage feature important differences, a true comparative
investimentos em pesquisa mineral e em minerao. advantage in terms of attracting investments in mineral
research and mining.
47
Figura IV.6 Programa Geologia do Brasil (Levantamentos Aerogeofsicos - 2004) Fig. IV.6 Programme Geology of Brazil (Aero-geophysical surveys - 2004)
48
Tabela IV.1- Identificao dos Projetos Aerogeofsicos
49
Minerao Sustentvel Mining Sustainable
A The
ONU recomenda a IU7 (intensidade de uso) como United Nations adopt UI7 (use intensity)
importante indicador de desenvolvimento sustentvel, as an important indicator of sustainable
V. SOBRE O relacionando o consumo de bens minerais ao Produto development, relating the consumption
DESENVOLVIMENTO Interno Bruto (PIB) do pas. Assim tambm, o consumo per capita
destaca-se como indicador usualmente aplicado para aferir o
of mineral goods to the countrys Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). Thus, per-capita consumption highlights as the indicator
& TECNOLOGIA grau de desenvolvimento material das Naes. usually applied to assess the degree of material development of
nations.
MINERAL Importa registrar, a partir de um exerccio comparativo, a
prevalncia histrica do consumo de materiais dos pases It is noteworthy that, starting from a comparative exercise that,
industrializados (hoje estabilizado) sobre os em desenvolvimento not withstanding the historical prevalence of the consumption
EUA: 24,1 t = 17,6 de m&m + 3,4 de carvo + 3,1 de petrleo; of materials by industrialised countries (currently stabilised)
Alemanha: 14,6 t = 10,5 + 2,5 + 1,6 e Brasil: 3,7 t = 3,1 + 0,1 + over that of developing countries the United States: 24.1 t =
0,5. No obstante, o efeito China, pas que possui uma populao 17,6 m&m + 3.4 of coal + 3.1 of oil; Germany: 14.6 t = 10.5 +
sete vezes superior e um PIB per capita bem inferior ao do Brasil, 2.5 + 1,6 and Brazil: 3.7 t = 3.1 + 0.1 + 0.5 the China effect,
implicou na ultrapassagem do consumo per capita brasileiro de this country having a population seven times bigger and a per
ao, cimento, cobre e muitos outros bens materiais. capita GDP quite below that of Brazil, implied the surpassing
of its per capita consumption in steel, cement and many other
Estima-se que o consumo acumulado de um cidado nascendo
mineral goods.
hoje, ao longo de uma vida de 70 anos admitindo-se um
padro de consumo respectivo a cada pas seria: Brasil It is estimated that the consumption accumulated throughout
(260 t); Alemanha (1.020 t) e EUA (1.690 t). Dentro deste life if one admits life expectation at birth at about 70 years
contexto, constata-se que a cesta bsica mineral do cidado and consumption patterns specific of each country would be:
ON MINERALS brasileiro (140 t de agregados minerais; 35 t de petrleo; 14 Brazil (260 t); Germany (1.020 t) and the United States (1.690
t de cimento, 8 t de ao etc.), apresenta-se entre 4 e 7 vezes t). Within this context, one notices that the mineral basic basket
DEVELOPMENT AND inferior s grandezas de seus contemporneos europeu e of Brazilian citizens (140 t of mineral aggregates; 35 t of oil; 14
TECHNOLOGY. norte-americano, ceteris paribus. t of cement, 8 t of steel etc.), appears 4 and 7 times below the
figures of those European and North-American contemporary
countries, ceteris paribus.
7
O indicador de IU-Mineral definido como o volume/quantidade de matria-prima 7
The indicator of Mineral UI is defined as the volume/quantity of raw material consumed
50
consumida em funo do PIB (convenciona-se por IU= kg/US$ 100). as a function of GDP (the convention adopted is IU= kg/US$ 100).
2 % # 5 2 3 / 3 $ ! 4 % 2 2 !
" ! 3 % - ) . % 2 ! ,
6IDA TIL
% NERGTICOS & SSEIS
# A R V O #OAL ND X NA NA NA
'S .ATURAL DE 0ETRLEO
'.0 .ATURAL 'AS ND X NA NA NA
0ETRLEO 0ETROLEUM ND X NA NA NA
- ETLICOS
! L U M N I O !L X X X
# O B R E #U X X X
# H U M B O 0B
X X
X
% S TA N H O 3N X X
X
& E R R O &E X X X
. Q U E L .I X X X
0 R A TA !G X X X
: I N C O :N X X X
& O N TE % R I C K S O N , E E 9 A O 4 I L TO N A P U D 3 U S L I C K A T A L
. O TA S 1 U A N TI D A D E D O R E C U R S O B A S E M I N E R A L E N C O N TR A D O N A C R O S TA TE R R E S TR E TE O R X X
% S TI M A TI V A D E P R O D U O M D I A P A R A O P E R O D O
E
Tabela V.1 Disponibilidade de recursos minerais na crosta terrestre. / Mineral Resources on the earth.
A exauribilidade uma condio inerente aos recursos minerais. Concerning the innate condition of exauribilidade of the mineral
Se ocorresse, por exemplo, um crescimento de 5% ao ano resources, being admitted a growth of the medium consumption
no consumo mdio de qualquer mineral, isto resultaria na of a certain resource the order of 5% a.a., it will result in the
duplicao do seu total demandado em, aproximadamente, 14 duplication of its use in just 14 years. For other angle if the
anos. Admitindo, adicionalmente, que as reservas disponveis available reservations assure 100 times the annual consumption,
representem 100 vezes as necessidades anuais, ento a it implies in the exausto expectation in 36 years with the factor
expectativa de exausto seria de 36 anos. E mesmo que houvesse aggravating that same eventual duplication for the discovery of
descobertas que duplicassem os depsitos conhecidos iniciais, new reservations, it would allow a sobrevida for more 12 years
ainda assim tudo estaria esgotado em 48 anos, ceteris paribus. (total: 48 years), ceteris paribus.
Mesmo com o acordo dos pases da OCDE para reduzir em With effect in that weighs the agreement of the countries of
dez vezes sua IU (intensidade de uso) de recursos minerais at OCDE to reduce in ten times UI up to 2040 in the perspective
2040, o crescimento estimado da demanda em vrios pases of the repressed demand of several countries and the consequent
e o incremento esperado comparativamente mais lento da reduction of the supply of mineral commodities from the emergent
oferta devero majorar a IU mundial, uma vez que a elevao economies of BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China), because of
do consumo de minerais condio sine qua non para os the local demand, a sine qua non condition to the ballast of the
processos de urbanizao e/ou industrializao em curso nas urbanization and industrialization, processes is of hoping the
grandes economias emergentes, notadamente os BRICs. world involuo of the intensity of use of the developed countries
is compensated by the growth of the per capita consumption of 51
those in development.
70.000 0,840
Parauapebas-PA
Nova Lima-MG Relao CFEM 2005 vs. IDH-M 0,820
60.000
Itabira-MG 0,800
50.000
Itabirito-MG Ouro Preto-MG Congonhas-MG
Itabira-MG 0,780
40.000 Mariana-MG Brumadinho MG
0,760
30.000 Mariana-MG
Oriximin-PA 0,740
Parauapebas-PA
Nova Lima-MG
20.000 s-PA
araj
Oriximin-PA Itabirito-MG dos C o-MG 0,720
Ca n a Pret IDH-M 2000
Ouro Brumadinho MG
10.000
0,700 CFEM 2005 R$
Cana dos Carajs-PA Congonhas-MG
0 0,680 Fonte: PNUD; DNPM (DIDEM-DIPAR), 2005
Fig. V.1- Relao entre a Receitas de Royalties da Minerao e o IDH dos Municpios
Relation between mining royalties revenues and citys HDI
Conclusivamente, aposta-se que, seguindo o padro similar de Following the similar pattern of materialization of developed
materializao das economias dos desenvolvidos, aqueles em economies, it is expected, therefore, that those developing ones,
desenvolvimento, liderados pelo BRICs, mesmo com o adicional led by BRICs, even with the technological improvement, tend to
tecnolgico, tendem a intensificar o uso dos bens minerais face s intensify the use of mineral goods face the prevailing developing
prevalncias desenvolvimentistas setoriais primria e secundria tendencies of primary and secondary sectors (agro-mining and
(agro-minerria e indstria) e aos desnveis de conforto e industry) and the unbalance in comfort and in quality of life
qualidade de vida das populaes desses pases (infra-estrutura of the population in these countries (infrastructure and basic
e saneamento bsico), ainda confortavelmente assegurados sanitation), yet comfortably ensured according to the exercise
conforme o exerccio apresentado sobre a disponibilidade de presented on the readiness of resources, level of production,
recursos , nvel de produo e vida til/fsica dos metlicos and the useful/physical life of the metals selected.
selecionados.
In this perspective, despite the difficult in pointing out a
Nessa perspectiva, no obstante a dificuldade em afirmar uma direct relationship between mineral royalties and the HDI, it is
relao direta entre royalties minerais ao IDH-M, observa- observed that the Brazilian cities with mining vocation present
se que os municpios com vocao mineraria no Brasil comparatively higher HDI.
apresentam ndices de desenvolvimento humano elevados,
In another angle, opposing the stigma of great environmental
comparativamente aos demais.
villain labeled to mining, it is claimed that it is a great allied
Por outro ngulo, contrapondo-se ao estigma de grande vil to environment, for, as it makes possible the provision of basic
ambiental, rotulado minerao, advoga-se ser uma grande INPUT demanded by the agribusinessin particular the trilogy
aliada do meio ambiente, na medida em que, ao assegurar o nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK)it offers the
provimento dos insumos bsicos demandados pelos agronegcios conditions to increase the productivity by hectare, what inhibits
em particular a trilogia nitrognio, fsforo e potssio (NPK) the indiscriminate progress of agricultural frontiers.
oferece as condies de aumento da produtividade por hectare
It is important to highlight that the Global Reporting Initiative
e inibe o avano indiscriminado das fronteiras agrcolas.
52 (GRI)an independent multi-stakeholder organization based in
Importa enfatizar, que a Global Reporting Iniciative - GRI Amsterdam, Hollandrecommends the adoption of a group of
organizao independente multi-stakeholder, com sede em principles and indicators of sustainability in the elaboration of
Amsterd, Holanda recomenda a adoo de um conjunto de the annual reports, seeking to promote, under the imperative
princpios e indicadores de sustentabilidade na elaborao dos of corporate transparency, the evolution of the traditional
relatrios anuais, sob o imperativo da transparncia corporativa, accounting to a report of management of sustainability in order
propugnando a evoluo do tradicional balano contbil para um to demonstrate the real achievement of the companies in the
relatrio de sustentabilidade empresarial, de modo a traduzir o perspective of the so-called triple bottom line: economic, social,
real desempenho das empresas na perspectiva do denominado and environmental.
triple bottom line: econmico, social e ambiental.
Floresta Am az n ica 35 0
P astag ens N ativ as/Cu ltivad as 21 5
Res ervas Le ga is 55
Lavo uras An ua is 47
Cu lturas Perm ane ntes 15
Ce ntr os Ur ba nos, la gos ,
estr ad as e p nta nos 20
Reflorestame nto 5
S ub to tal 70 7
Outr os uso s 54
r ea A gr icu ltv el D ispo nv el 90
Tota l 85 1
123.2 64.6%
119.3 4.2%
166.7% 11 2.4
8.5%
100.3 97.2
9.6
9.4
82.4 83.0
81.1
78.4 7.7
76.0 76.6
73.6
68.3 6.6 6.7
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
56
A Indstria Brasileira de Bens de Brazilian Industry of Capital Goods
Capital para a Minerao for Mining
A indstria de bens de capital brasileira bastante competitiva. The industry of goods of Brazilian capital is quite competitive.
Com efeito, a maioria das mquinas e dos equipamentos With effect, most machinery and equipment used by the
utilizados pela indstria de minerao produzida internamente, mining industry is produced domestically, either by branches
quer por filiais das empresas de bens de capital internacionais, of international capital goods companies or by Brazilian firms
quer por empresas brasileiras, com tecnologia desenvolvida using imported technology. There are as many manufacturers of
internamente ou importada.
mass produced mass-produced as of tailor-made equipment.
O parque produtor brasileiro de bens de capital formado
tanto por fabricantes de equipamentos em srie, quanto The capital goods company class associations are given below:
por encomenda, vinculados, em sua maioria, s seguintes ABDIB-Brazilian Association of Infrastructure and Base
associaes de classe: Industry, tailor-made equipment; and
Associao Brasileira de Infra-estrutura e Indstria de Base ABIMAQ-Brazilian Association for the Machinery and
(ABDIB), equipamentos por encomenda; e
Equipment Industry; SINDIMAQ - Brazilian Union for the
Associao Brasileira da Indstria de Mquinas e Machinery Industry, mass-produced equipment.
Equipamentos (ABIMAQ)/ Sindicato Nacional da Indstria de
Mquinas (SINDIMAQ), equipamentos em srie.
57
O In
valor, em 2005, da produo mineral brasileira (PMB), the fiscal year of 2005, the value of the Mineral
incluindo petrleo e gs natural, alcanou R$ 84,250 production, including oil and natural gas, reached,
bilhes a preos correntes (dado fornecido pelo an amount of US$ 84.25 billion representing 4.35%
IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica), ou seja, of GDP. This performance is due mainly to the high prices of the
VI. SOBRE O 4,35% do PIB. Tal performance, resultado da manuteno dos mineral commodities, and is very impressive when compared
altos preos das commodities minerais, destaca-se ainda mais to the growth of others types of industries, like the agriculture
DESEMPENHO quando comparada ao desempenho da indstria como um and services. The GNP of the mineral sector in the period
DA ECONOMIA todo, da agropecuria e do setor de servios, que cresceram, 2004-2006, being included the petroleum and GNP, shows a
respectivamente, 2,5%, 0,8% e 2,0% neste mesmo ano. continuous movement of growth: -0.7% (2004), 10.9 %(2005),
MINERAL O PIB da indstria extrativa mineral no trinio 2004-2006, 9.7%(2005-expected).
incluindo petrleo e gs natural, tem tendncia ascendente,
Nevertheless, the real contribution of the Mineral Sector to the
pois apresenta taxas de variao de -0,7% em 2004, 10,9% em
Brazilian economy may be broadly measured taking into account
2005 e estimada em 9,7% em 2006.
the multiplying effect achieved through the value addition of
A real contribuio do Setor Mineral economia brasileira mineral raw-materials derived from industrial processes. To this,
poderia ser melhor mensurada considerando-se a agregao it is used the product of the mineral-extraction industry, that in
de valor s matrias-primas minerais pela industrializao. 2004, reached US$ 69.9 billions, representing 10.5% of GNP.
Para tanto, calcula-se o produto da indstria de transformao
In this context, the main mineral substances that featured
mineral, que em 2004, atingiu US$ 69,9 bilhes, compondo
positive performance in production (2004) were: tungsten (W-
10,5% do PIB.
contained) (773.3%), tungsten (W-concentrate) (766.0%),
Dentro deste contexto, as substncias minerais que apresentaram copper (292.6%), crystal quartz (144.2%), feldspar (116.8%),
melhor desempenho em 2004 foram: tungstnio (W-contido; chromium (Cr2O3-contained) (63.2%), titanium (illmenite)
773,3%); tungstnio (W-concentrado; 766,0%); cobre (58.6%), chromium (concentrate) (57.5%), lead (Pb-contained)
(292,6%); quartzo cristal (144,2%); feldspato (116,8%); cromo (38.3%), lead (Pb-concentrate) (36.2%), manganese (23.6%),
ON MINERAL (Cr2O3-contido; 63,2%); titnio (ilmenita; 58,6%), cromo- magnesite (19.5%), gold (17.8%), zirconium (16.6%) and
ECONOMY concentrado; 57,5%); chumbo (Pb-contido; 38,3%), chumbo bentonite (14.0%).
PERFORMANCE (concentrado; 36,2%), mangans (23,6%), magnesita (19,5%),
ouro (17,8%), zircnio (16,6%) e bentonita (14,0%).
Mineral Resourses and Reserves
Recursos e Reservas Minerais The Brazil occupies an important position in the international
ranking of mineral reserves, highlighting niobium (96.9%) and
O Brasil ocupa importante posio no ranking internacional de tantalite (46.3%) as world leaders, followed by natural graphite
reservas minerais, destacando-se o nibio (96,9%) e a tantalita (26.8%), which occupies the second position.
(46,3%) como lderes mundiais, seguidos pela grafita natural
According to indicators of the RAL-20058, concerning lied of
(26,8%) que ocupa a segunda posio.
international class hierarchization of the most expressive, in
Conforme indicadores dos RAL-20058 a propsito
8
RAL-2005: Relatrio Anual de Lavra. O Art. 47 do CM (1967), estabelece a 8
RAL - 2005 Annual report of plowing. The artic. 47 of the CM (mining code of
obrigatoriedade do titular de direito minerrio (Concesso de Lavra) a apresentar 1967) establish to the obligation to the title-holder mining (plowing concession)
58 ao DNPM um relatrio anual (at 15 de maro) consolidando indicadores scio-
econmicos e ambientais (emprego, investimentos na mina e meio ambiente,
to present to the DNPM an annual report (until march 15) consolidating social-
economical indicators and environmental status (employment, investments in the
produo, comercializao etc.). mine and environment, production, commercialization)
de hierarquizao das mais expressivas jazidas de classe the universe of mineral reservations9 of the Country, it can
internacional no universo de reservas minerais9 do Pas, stand out the 11 substances to proceed: Nb (1a; 97%; Arax-
pode-se destacar as 11 substncias a seguir: Nibio (1o; 97%; MG; CBMM); Ta (1a, 46%; Pres. Figueiredo-AM; Mining
Arax-MG; CBMM); Tntalo (1o, 46%; Pres. Figueiredo-AM; Taboca-PARANAPANEMA); Natural Graphite (2a, 27%; Salto
Minerao Taboca-PARANAPANEMA); Grafita Natural (2, 27%; da Divisa-MG); Caolim (2a, 28%; So Domingos do Capim-PA;
Salto da Divisa-MG); Caulim (2o, 28%; So Domingos do Capim- CVRD); Aluminum (3a, 8%; Oriximin-PA; CVRD); Vermiculite
PA; CVRD); Alumnio (3o; 8%; Oriximin-PA; CVRD); Vermiculita (3a, 6%); I Tin (6a, 7%; Pres. Figueiredo-AM; Mining Taboca-
(3o, 6%); Estanho (6o, 7%; Pres. Figueiredo-AM; Minerao PARANAPANEMA); Magnesite (4a, 9%; Brumado-BA); Iron (5a,
Taboca-PARANAPANEMA); Magnesita (4o; 9%; Brumado-BA); 7%; Itabira-MG and Carajs-PA; CVRD) and Manganese (5a,
Ferro (5; 7%; Itabira-MG e Carajs-PA; CVRD) e Mangans (5o; 2,5%; Carajs-PA; CVRD).
2,5%; Carajs-PA; CVRD).
2%3%26!3 -).%2!)3
"RASIL NO 2ANKINGR )NTERNACIONAL
-INERAL 2ESERVES
"RAZIL POSITION IN GLOBAL RANKING
f ( r ,% )
2 ,5 -ANGANS
5
7 ,2 &ERRO
4 8 ,9 -AGNESITA
5 ,7 6ERMICULITA
3
8 ,3 !LUMNIO
2 2 6 ,8 'RAFITA
4 6 ,3 4NTALO
1
9 6 ,9 % .IBIO
0 20
Fonte: DIDEM-DNPM, 2005 40 60 80 100 120
2%3%26!3 % 02/$5/ -).%2!,
"RASIL NO 2ANKING )NTERNACIONAL
-INERAL 0RODUCTION AND 2ESERVES
"RAZIL POSITION IN GLOBAL RANKING
f ( r ,% )
4,1 Estanho
5
5,4 Caulim
6,8 Criolita
4
8,2 Rocha Ornamental
11,1 Vermiculita
9,6 Mangans
3 10,1 Grafita
11,8 Magnesita
13,4 Ferro
2 20,1 Tntalo
20,8 Alumnio
Nbio
1 91,4%
0 ,0 1 0 ,0 2 0 ,0 3 0 ,0 4 0 ,0 5 0 ,0 6 0 ,0 7 0 ,0 8 0 ,0 9 0 ,0 1 0 0 ,0
2000 55.086 55.839 (753) 12.010 13.317 (1.307) 43.076 42.522 554
2001 58.223 55.572 2.651 12.057 12.728 (671) 46.166 42.844 3.321
2002 60.362 47.237 13.125 14.163 11.320 2.843 46.199 35.917 10.283
2003 73.084 48.305 24.779 17.300 12.629 4.671 55.784 35.676 20.110
2004 96.475 62.813 33.662 23.245 19.014 4.231 73.230 43.799 29.430
2005 118.308 73.549 44.759 31.575 21.876 9.699 86.733 51.673 35.061
Fonte: MDIC/SECEX; DNPM/DIDEM.
Diversos fatores contriburam para a significativa evoluo Several factors contributed for the significant evolution of the
da corrente comercial brasileira nos ltimos anos. O cenrio Brazilian trade in the last years. The international scenario was
internacional foi marcado pelo expressivo crescimento do marked by the important growth of world trade, as well as
comrcio mundial, assim como pela elevao dos preos de by the increase in the prices of agricultural and livestock and
commodities agropecurias e metlicas. No mbito domstico metallic commodities. Internally there were developments due
61
verificaram-se os desdobramentos obtidos pela implementao to the implementation of policies aimed at fostering exports,
de polticas de promoo das exportaes, tais como: ampliao such as: expansion of the number of exporters (greater support
no nmero de exportadores (maior apoio e fomento direcionados and incentive particularly geared to small and medium-sized
principalmente aos pequenos e mdios exportadores), exporters), expansion of the markets of destination and of
expanso dos mercados de destino e da variedade de produtos the number of products exported, associated to the adoption
exportados, aliados adoo de inmeras medidas visando a of countless measures with a view at bureaucratising and
desburocratizao e simplificao dos processos de exportao. simplifying the processes of export.
As exportaes brasileiras destinadas aos seus principais The Brazilian exports meant for the Countrys main trade partners
parceiros comerciais apresentaram acrscimos significativos, featured significant increases, and the main buyer, the United
sendo que o principal comprador, os Estados Unidos, absorveu States, absorbed 19% of the total Brazilian exports (US$ 22.47
19% (US$ 22,47 bilhes FOB) do total das exportaes billion FOB) recording an increment of 12,14 % as compared
nacionais, registrando crescimento de 12,14% frente a 2004 to 2004. However, although the United States and China
(US$ 20,04 bilhes). Apesar de Estados Unidos e China terem accounted for an absolute growth in Brazilian exports in 2005,
sido responsveis por um crescimento absoluto das exportaes there were a slight increase of 1.46% and a decrease of 0.13%,
brasileiras em 2005, ocorreu um decrscimo de 1,47% e um respectively, in the participation of these nations in the total
acrscimo de apenas 0,13%, respectivamente, na participao Brazilian foreign sales, which shows a deconcentration brought
destas naes no total vendas externas nacionais, o que about by a greater diversification of the markets of destination
evidncia uma desconcentrao ocasionada pela expanso na of Brazilian commodities in the international scenario.
diversificao de mercados, destinos das commodities brasileiras
Data obtained from the FUNCEX - Foundation Centre of Studies
no cenrio internacional.
on Foreign Trade, show that in 2005 the quantum index of
Conforme dados da FUNCEX, o ndice de quantum de exports increased by 9.34% it rates very superior to the
exportao em 2005 elevou-se em 9,34% taxa bem superior historical average of the Country and the average prices of
mdia histrica do Pas e os preos mdios das exportaes exports featured an increment of 12.2% as compared to the
apresentaram crescimento de 12,18% em relao ao perodo previous period. It fits to highlight that index was influenced not
de 2004. Cabe destacar que esse ndice foi influenciado only for the increase of the prices of the commodities, but also
no somente pelo aumento dos preos das commodities, for a sequence of similar gains in the basic products (14,2%),
mas tambm por uma seqncia de ganhos similares nos semimanufaturados (11,8%) and manufactured (10,9%).
produtos bsicos (14,25%), semimanufaturados (11,83%) e
On the other side, the growth of the Brazilian imports in 2005
manufaturados (10,89%).
was also influenced by the increase of prices (11.1%), associated
Por outro ngulo, o crescimento das importaes brasileiras em to the strong growth of the quantum of consumption goods and
2005 tambm foi influenciada pelo aumento de preos (11,1%), of capital. The total quantum of the imports presented increase
associados ao forte crescimento do quantum de bens de consumo of 5,4% in 2005 in the face of the growth of 18,1% (2004) and
no-durveis (35,67%) e de capital (21,42%). O quantum total the reduction of 3,7% (2003).
das importaes apresentou aumento de 5,4% em 2005 ante o
The exceptional acting of the flow of external trade in 2005,
crescimento de 18,1% (2004) e a reduo de 3,7% (2003).
allowed to Brazil to elevate its participation (exports) in the
Com efeito, o excepcional desempenho do fluxo de comrcio international trade, developing of 1.1% for 1.2%. It imports to
exterior em 2005, permitiu ao Brasil elevar sua participao register that 0.1% of international trade mean US$ 10 billion.
(exportaes) no comrcio internacional, evoluindo de 1,1% para
1,2%. Importa registrar que 0,1% de comrcio internacional
62 significa US$ 10 bilhes. Neste contexto, admitindo-se que
recentes estimativas do FMI apontam o crescimento do quantum In this context, being admitted that recent estimates of the IMF
mundial em 2005 da ordem de 7%, tem-se que as exportaes aim the growth of the world quantum in 2005 of the order of
brasileiras evoluram 9,3%. 7%, is had that the Brazilian exports 9,3% developed.
"ALANA #OMERCIAL DA #ATEGORIA #OMPOSTOS
"ALANA #OMERCIAL DA #ATEGORIA 4RADE "ALANCE PER COMPOSED
4RADE "ALANCE PER CATEGORY
1UMICOS #HEMICALS
-ANUFATURADOS -ANUFACTURED
3.000
11.000 2.545 2.459
9.919 2.500
10.000
9.000 2.000 1.879
8.000 7.706 1.523
1.500 1.403
7.000 6.575
5.834
6.000 5.537 1.000
5.160
5.000 580 612
4.306 4.285 4.129 400 428
3.980 500 293
4.000 3.344
3.000 2.546 -
2.000 1.705
(500)
1.000
- (1.000)
(21) (1.003)
(1.000)
(1.500) (1.229)
(2.000) (1.557) (1.451)
(3.000) (2.000) (1.847)
(1.965)
(4.000)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (2.500)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
63
Mineral em 2005, tendo totalizado US$ 24,5 bilhes, efetivando percentage points higher then the participation recorded in
um expressivo acrscimo de 32% frente aos US$ 18,5 bilhes 2003. Regarding the Brazilian trade surplus, the mineral sector
acumulados em 2004. Tanto as exportaes (US$ 13,1 bilhes - contributed 12.2% of the total of the Brazilian positive balance
FOB), como as importaes (US$ 11,3 bilhes - FOB) registraram in 2004, which meant a retraction of 6.6 percentage points as
novos recordes em 2005. compared to the participation in the surplus recorded in 2003.
Os saldos da balana comercial da categoria dos The flow of commercial transactions recorded in the category
semimanufaturados vm tradicionalmente apresentando os of primary goods, including oil, was the most important of
maiores supervits comerciais dentre as categorias que compem the mineral sector in 2005, and it totalled US$ 24.5 billion,
o setor mineral nos ltimos anos, tendo contabilizado, em 2005, an important increase of 32% vis--vis the US$ 18.5 billion
US$ 6,3 bilhes, resultado 16% superior a 2004. accumulated in 2004. Both exports, which totalled US$ 13.1
billion FOB, and imports (US$ 11.3 billion FOB) broke new
As exportaes de commodities minerais manufaturadas
records in 2005.
bateram recorde em 2005 tendo atingindo US$ 9,9 bilhes FOB,
representando acrscimo de 29% ante os resultado de 2003. As The trade balance results for the category of semi-manufactured
transaes comerciais de manufaturados registraram acrscimo products traditionally features the highest trade surpluses
de 28%, atingindo US$ 16,5 bilhes. among the categories that make up the mineral sector in the
last years, having accounted for US$ 6.3 billion in 2005, a result
O saldo da balana comercial de produtos manufaturados
16% higher than the one recorded in 2004.
registrou US$ 3,3 bilhes FOB em 2005, dando continuidade
ao resultado superavitrio obtido a partir do exerccio anterior Exports of manufactured mineral commodities struck a record
(US$ 2,5 bilho FOB em 2004). O saldo da balana comercial dos in 2005, having accounted for US$ 9.9 billion FOB, representing
compostos qumicos registrou novo dficit em 2005 da ordem an increase of 29% vis--vis the results of 2003. Commercial
de US$ 1,8 bilho, 6% abaixo do saldo negativo acumulado transactions on manufactured recorded an increase of 28%,
em 2004, influenciado principalmente pelas importaes de reaching US$ 16.5 billion. The trade balance of manufactured
fertilizantes e outros insumos agrcolas ocasionado em virtude da recorded US$ 3.3 billion FOB in 2005, maintaining the surplus
significativa expanso das demandas do setor agrcola brasileiro. achieved starting from the previous fiscal year (US$ 2.5 billion
FOB in 2004).
The trade balance of chemical compounds recorded a new
Exportao deficit in 2005, of about US$ 1.8 billion, 6% below the negative
As exportaes do Setor Mineral Brasileiro registrando US$ 31,6 balance accumulated in 2004, mostly influenced by the imports
bilhes (FOB), em 2005, com acrscimo de 34,4% em relao a of fertilisers and other agricultural inputs due to the significant
2004. A composio da pauta de exportaes do setor, em 2005, expansion in the demand by the Brazilian agricultural sector.
teve como principal categoria os bens primrios representando
42%, seguida pelos manufaturados, 31% semimanufaturados,
25% e compostos qumicos, 2%.
Exports
As exportaes de bens primrios, em 2005, totalizaram US$ The exports of the Brazilian mineral sector closed the 2005
13,1 bilhes (FOB), representando expressivo crescimento de fiscal year recording US$ 31.6 billion FOB, an increase of
11% em relao a 2004. O minrio de ferro, mais expressivo, 34.4% as compared to 2004. The make up of the export
representou 55% do total da pauta, alcanando US$ 7,2, schedule of the mineral sector in 2005 has as its main category
com acrscimo de 55% no valor. A principal commodity na primary goods, representing 42% (US$ 8,4 billion), followed
64 pauta do ferro foi minrio de ferro no aglomerado e seus by manufactured products, 31% semimanufactured, 25%
and chemical compounds, 2%.
concentrados, com vendas de US$ 4,43 bilhes FOB, 45% Exports of primary goods, in 2005, totalled US$ 13.1 billion
superiores 2004 (US$ 3,04 bilhes FOB). Vale destacar as (FOB), representing an important growth of 11% regarding
exportaes de cobre (US$ 303 milhes FOB) e alumnio (US$ the previous fiscal year. Traditionally, the most important
229 milhes FOB), apontando acrscimos da ordem de 77% mineral good was again iron ore, which represented 55%
e 21%, respectivamente. Dentre as 4 (quatro) categorias que of the total schedule, attaining US$ 7.2 billion FOB, with an
compem a pauta de exportaes do Setor Mineral Brasileiro, increase of 55% in value. The main commodity negotiated in
a de produtos primrios foi a que apresentou crescimento the schedule of iron was non-agglomerated iron ore and its
mais expressivo em 2005, registrando US$ 13,1 bilhes FOB, concentrates, with sales of US$ 4.43 billion FOB, 45% higher
evoluindo 57% (US$ 8,3 bilhes FOB em 2004). than what was recorded in 2004 (US$ 3.04 million FOB). It is
also worth to highlight the cooper exports (US$ 303 million
As exportaes de petrleo apresentaram um crescimento de
FOB) and aluminum (US$ 229 million FOB), aiming increments
65 % no valor (US$ 2,52 bilhes FOB em 2004 para US$ 4,16
of the order of 77% and 21%, respectively. Among the 4
bilhes FOB, em 2005). A quantidade de petrleo exportada
(four) categories that make up the export schedule of the
cresceu em 19% (12 milhes de t em 2004 para 14,3 milhes de
Brazilian mineral sector, the primary products was the one
t em 2005). Diante disso, observa-se que o aumento dos preos
that featured the most important growth in 2005, recording
do petrleo nos mercados internacional refletiu diretamente
US$ 13.1 billion FOB, an increment of 57% as compared to
numa elevao de 54% nos preos mdios base exportao.
the previous fiscal year (US$ 8.3 billion FOB in 2003),
Os portos responsveis pelo escoamento das commodities da
Oil exports recorded an increment of 65 % in value (US$ 2.52
categoria de bens primrios, em 2005, em ordem decrescente,
billion FOB in 2004 to US$ 4.16 billion in 2004). The volume
foram: Porto de Vitria, no Esprito Santo, com 33,46% (US$
of oil exported increased 19% (12 million tonnes in 2004 to
4,4 bilhes); Porto de Sepetiba (Nova Iguau), no estado do
14,3 million tonnes in 2005). In view of this situation, one
Rio de Janeiro, com 27,8 % (US$ 3,6 bilho); Porto de So
notices that the increase in oil prices on the international
Lus, no estado do Maranho, com 16,56% (US$ 2,1 bilho) e
markets had direct consequences, an increase of 54% in
Porto de So Sebastio, no estado de So Paulo, com 3,47%
export-basis average prices.
(US$ 456 milhes).
The ports of export of the commodities of the category
O setor de produtos semimanufaturados apresentou um
primary goods in 2005, in decreasing order, were: Vitoria,
crescimento expressivo em 2005, registrando US$ 7,9
in the State of Esprito Santo, with 33.46% (US$ 4.4 billion);
bilhes FOB, evoluindo 19% (US$ 6,6 bilhes FOB em 2004).
Sepetiba, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, with 27.8% (US$
Destaque para a pauta de exportaes da substncia ferro, que
3.6 billion); So Lus, in the State of Maranho, with 16.56%
representou 53 % do total de produtos semimanufaturados
(US$ 2.1 billion) and So Sebastio, in the State of So Paulo,
negociados, alcanando US$ 4,1 bilhes FOB, 24% superior ao
with 3.47% (US$ 456 million).
valor de 2004, com 4% de acrscimo na quantidade (12,6 Mt
em 2004 para 13,1 Mt em 2005), com valorizao de expressiva The semi-manufactured showed a expressive growth in
nos preos mdios base exportao. Por sua vez as exportaes 2005, recording US$ 7.9 billion FOB, an increment of 19%
de alumnio alcanaram US$ 1,96 bilho FOB, com elevao de as compared to the previous fiscal year (US$ 6.6 billion FOB
10%; o ouro totalizou US$ 458 milhes FOB, com acrscimo in 2004), highlighting the substance iron, which represented
de 11%; e o nibio, tntalo e vandio, que cresceram 43%, 53% of the total semi-manufactured negotiated, attaining
totalizando US$ 423 milhes FOB em 2005.. US$ 4.41 billion FOB, 53% higher than the value recorded
in 2004, with a 4% increase in volume (12.6 million tonnes
As divisas auferidas com as exportaes de produtos
in 2004 to 14.3 million tonnes in 2005), bringing about an
manufaturados evoluram 29%, totalizando US$ 9,9 bilhes FOB
no perodo de 2005. A comercializao das commodities de ferro,
expressive appreciation of the export-basis average prices. For 65
principal componente da pauta dos manufaturados, apresentou its time the aluminum exports attained US$ 1.96 billion FOB,
um crescimento de 33% no valor (US$ 3,2 bilho, em 2004 para with an increase of 10% a; the gold exports, which attained
US$ 4,2 bilhes FOB, em 2005) e tambm registrou um acrscimo US$ 458 million FOB, an increase of 11%; and the foreign
de 16% (5,71 Mt em 2004 para 6,6 Mt em 2005). sales of niobium, tantalum and vanadium, which increased
43%, totaling US$ 423 million FOB in 2005.
Por outro ngulo, as vendas externas de petrleo registraram
elevao de 53% no valor (US$ 1,86 bilho, em 2004 para US$ The foreign exchange obtained from exports of manufactured
2.86 bilhes FOB, em 2005), apesar do decrscimo de 8% na products increased 29%, totaling US$ 9.9 billion FOB in
quantidade indicando mais uma vez um aumento generalizado 2005. The commercialization of iron commodities, the main
nos preos internacionais do produto. component of the schedule of manufactured, featured an
"%.3 02)-2)/3 3%-) -!.5&!452!$/3
02)-!29 '//$3 3%-)-!.5&!#452%$
55,4%
52,9%
24,9%
31,6%
4,5% 7,6%
1,7% 3,3% 5,8%
2,3% 4,4% 5,4%
-!.5&!452!$/3 #/-0/34/3 15-)#/3
-!.5&!#452%$ #(%-)#!, #/-0/5.$3
42,7%
38,8%
1,1%
9,1%
28,8%
6,7%
12,8% 38,4% 5,8%
5,1% 5,6%
66
5,0%
67,7% 8,3%
41,6% 7,5%
7,2%
5,6%
-!.5&!452!$/3 #/-0/34/3 15-)#/3
-!.5&!#452%$ #(%-)#!, #/-0/5.$3
46,6%
34,2% 28,6%
16,2%
14,7% 13,9%
3,8% 4,7% 13,5%
15,3% 1,6% 6,9%
PETRLEO
ALUMNIO
GS NATURAL
SLICA
FERRO
OUTROS
ROCHA FOSFTICA GS NATURAL SAL 69
TITNIO CROMO (CROMITA) OUTROS
As importaes dos compostos qumicos apresentaram reduo which shows an appreciation of 12.9% in the import-basis
de 3%, tendo registrado US$ 2,45 bilhes FOB em 2005 ante average prices, a direct consequence of the continuous increase
os US$ 2,54 bilhes FOB de 2004. Destacam-se, em ordem in oil prices on the international markets. Foreign purchases of
de grandeza, as commodities de rocha fosftica (34% do natural gas increased 8% recording US$ 1.06 billion in 2004
total da pauta), gs natural (29,0%), sal (14%), titnio (7%) vis--vis the US$ 987 million FOB accumulated in the previous
e cromo (cromita) 2%. As compras externas de rocha fosftica period. Iron imports also showed a reaction, having attained
apresentaram reduo de 24% registrando US$ 850 milhes FOB US$ 916 million FOB, in 2005, an increment of 56%.
em 2005. As importaes de gs natural registraram ampliao
Imports of chemical compounds featured a decreasing
de 2% no valor e grande retrao de 16% na quantidade, e as
of 3%, having recorded US$ 2.45 billion FOB in 2005 as
de compras externas de sal apresentaram alta de 52% no valor
compared to the US$ 2.54 billion FOB of 2004. The most
e 9% na quantidade comercializada em 2005.
important items, in order of magnitude, are the commodities
of phosphate rock (34% of the total of the schedule), natural
gas (29%), salt (14%), titanium (7%) and chromium (2%).
Balana Comercial do Setor Mineral The foreign purchases of phosphate rock featured a decrease
por Blocos Econmicos of 24% recording US$ FOB 850 million in 2005. Imports of
natural gas recorded an expansion of 2% in value and a slight
A estratgia adotada visando a diversificao de parceiros retraction of 16% in volume, and the foreign purchases of
comerciais nas relaes econmicas internacionais do Brasil, salt featured a slight increase of 52% in value and 9% in the
ampliou o intercmbio comercial de bens de origem mineral volume traded in 2005.
para 192 pases em 2005. As cifras alcanadas pelo comrcio
exterior continuam batendo recordes, tendo o fluxo alcanado
US$ 53,45 bilhes, representando o significativo crescimento Trade Balance of the Mineral Sector
de 26,48% frente aos US$ 42,3 bilhes de 2004. A ampliao
do intercmbio comercial realizado pelo Brasil com os principais per Economic Blocks
blocos econmicos e parceiros comerciais tem sido benfico
balana comercial. Do fluxo de comrcio internacional de The strategy adopted with a view at the diversification of trade
commodities de origem mineral, foram registradas exportaes partners in Brazils international economic relations allowed for
para, aproximadamente, 190 pases, enquanto foram realizadas the trade exchange of commodities of mineral origin with a
importaes para cerca de 130 pases. total of 192 countries during the 2005 fiscal year. The values
reached by the external trade continue breaking records, having
No perodo de 2005, o Brasil manteve saldos superavitrios
reached US$ 53.45 billion, representing the significant growth
na balana comercial do setor mineral com vrios parceiros
of 26.48% front at the US$ 42,3 billion recorded in 2004.
comerciais, por exemplo: Estados Unidos (US$ 4,69 bilhes),
Brazils commercial mineral exchanges with the main economic
China (US$ 2,64 bilhes), Japo (US$ 1,33 bilho), Coria do
blocks and trade partners were beneficial for the Countrys trade
Sul (US$ 1,08 bilho), Holanda (US$ 784 milhes), Itlia (US$
balance. Brazil exported commodities of mineral origin for 190
576 milhes) e Blgica (US$ 466 milhes). O somatrio dos
trade partners and imported from a total of 130 countries.
supervits comerciais do Brasil atingiu US$ 20,9 bilhes em
2005. Interessante salientar que o saldo superavitrio com os In 2005, Brazil recorded surpluses in its trade balance with
Estados Unidos (US$ 4,69 bilhes) representou 22,57% do the following trade partners, for example: the United States
somatrio dos supervits comerciais .A commodity minrios de (US$ 4.69 billion), China (US$ 2.64 billion), Japan (US$ 1.33
ferro no aglomerados e seus concentrados (NCM 26011100), billion), South Korea (US$ 1.08 million), South Korea (US$ 495
70 foi o principal produto comercializado na pauta de exportaes million), Netherlands (US$ 784 million), Italy (US$ 576 million)
Balana Comercial do Setor Mineral por Blocos Econmicos 2003/2005 (inclusive Petrleo e Gs Natural)
Trade balance of mineral sector for economical blocks in 2003/2005 (including Petroleum e Natural Gas)
EXPORTAO IMPORTAO SALDO
BLOCOS ECONMICOS
2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005
TOTAL 17.300 23.245 31.575 12.629 19.014 21.876 4.671 4.231 9.698
FRICA 528 737 1.390 3.068 6.007 6.453 (2.540) (5.270) (5.063)
(1)
(2)
do Setor Mineral Brasileiro em 2005 e teve como principais and Belgium (US$ 466 million). The sum of the trade surpluses
pases destino: EUA (US$ 6,709 bilhes), China (US$ 3,132 Brazil recorded with its partners amounted to US$ 20.9 billion
bilhes), Japo (US$ 1,545 bilho), Argentina (US$ 1,534 in 2005. It is worth highlighting that the surplus Brazil achieved
bilho), Bahamas (US$ 1,482 bilho), Alemanha (US$ 1,223 with the United States represented 22.6% of the sum of the
bilho), Coria do Sul (US$ 1,157 bilho) e Holanda (US$ trade surpluses .The commodity related to iron ores and their
873 milhes). Dentre os pases onde a balana comercial do concentrates was the main product traded in the export schedule
Setor Mineral Brasileiro registrou saldos deficitrios, em 2005, of the Brazilian Mineral Sector in 2005 and the main countries of
destacaram-se: Arglia (US$ 2,792 bilho),Nigria (US$ 2,234 destination were: the United States (US$ 6.7 billion), China (US$
bilho), Arbia Saudita (US$ 1,104 bilho), Bolvia (US$ 876 3,1billion), Japan (US$ 1,5 billion), Argentina (US$ 1,5 billion).
milhes), Rssia (US$ 642 milhes), Iraque (US$ 522 milhes)
e Chile (US$ 461 milhes). O somatrio dos dficits comerciais Among the countries with which the trade balance of the
que o Brasil estabeleceu com seus parceiros atingiu US$ 11,22 Brazilian Mineral Sector recorded deficits in 2004, highlight
bilhes em 2005. Algeria (US$ 2.72 billion), Nigeria (US$ 2.23 billion), Saudi
A principal commodity comercializada na pauta de importaes Arabia (US$ 1.1 billion), Russia (US$ 642 million). The sum of
brasileiras no ano de 2005 foi o leo bruto de petrleo, cujos the trade deficits Brazil recorded with its partners amounted to
principais pases de origem foram: Nigria (US$ 4,4 bilho, US$ 11.22 billion in 2004.The main commodity traded in the
representando 41% do total), Arglia (US$ 2,57 bilhes; 24%), Brazilian import schedule in 2005 was crude oil, and the main
Arbia Saudita (US$ 1,82 bilhes; 17%), Iraque (US$ 857 milhes; countries of origin were: Nigeria (US$ 4,4 billion, representing
8,0%) e Argentina (US$ 214 milhes; 2%). 41% of the total), Algeria (US$ 2,57 billion, 24%), Saudi Arabia
(US$ 1,82 million, 17%). It is worth highlighting the vertiginous
Cabe destacar a vertiginosa ascenso das importaes increase of imports coming from Nigeria, which recorded an
provenientes da Nigria, que registraram elevao de 29,4% no
increase of 29.4% in value, in 2005, and Algeria, which recorded
valor e quantidade total de 11 milhes de toneladas em 2005,
an increase of 53.9% in value, both strongly influenced by the
e Arglia que teve alta de 53,9% no valor e quantidade total
de 6,5 milhes de toneladas, ambos fortemente influenciados high prices of oil on the international markets.
pelas elevadas cotaes do preo do petrleo nos mercados 71
internacionais.
"!,!.! #/-%2#)!, $/ 3%4/2 -).%2!, 0/2 ",/#/3 %#/.-)#/3
)NCLUSIVE 0ETRLEO E 'S .ATURAL
8.000
7.017
6.007 6.028
6.000 5.534
5.019
4.453 4.460
3.881
4.000 2.682
1.778
2.000 1.575
1.138 1.467 1.499
737
-
(32)
(2.000) (1.483)
(4.000)
(5.270)
(6.000)
FRICA SIA EUA (inclusive Porto MERCOSUL UNIO EUROPIA DEMAIS (inclusive
Rico) ALADI e ORIENTE
MDIO)
&ONTE -$)#3%#% $.0-$)$%-
72
UNIO EUROPIA EUROPEAN UNION
O fluxo de transaes com os pases da Unio Europia (US$ The flow of commercial transactions with the countries of the
7,887 bilhes) apresentou saldo favorvel ao Brasil de US$ European Union (US$ 7.9 billion) featured a balance favourable
3,670 bilhes, com aumento de 36,88% em relao ao to Brazil of US$ 3.67 billion, representing an increase of 36.9
supervit de 2004 (US$ 2,681 bilhes). O fluxo de comrcio % as compared to the surplus recorded in 2005 (US$ 2.7
com Alemanha, o maior intercmbio individual com o bloco, billion). Among the member countries of the European Block,
alcanou US$ 1,945 bilho, resultado de exportaes de US$ Germany was the nation that had the greatest trade exchanges,
1,225 bilho FOB e importaes de US$ 720 milhes FOB. A corresponding to US$ 1.95 billion, the outcome of exports for
Itlia, cujo fluxo comercial foi o segundo maior, registrou um US$ 1.2 million FOB and of imports for US$ 720 million FOB.
volume de US$ 1,125 bilho, com um supervit para o Brasil de Trade with Italy was significant, having recorded commercial
US$ 576 milhes. Este resultado superou o obtido pela Holanda exchanges of US$ 1.125 billion with a surplus favourable to
(US$ 784 milhes FOB de supervit para o Brasil, com fluxo
Brazil of US$ 576 million, becoming the second best bilateral
igual a US$ 962 milhes).
trade balance between Brazil and the members of the European
Union in 2005, bigger than the one gained with Netherlands
(US$ 962 million of flow).
SIA
As transaes comerciais com os pases asiticos (exclusive
Oriente Mdio) vm apresentando saldos favorveis ao ASIA
Brasil ao longo dos ltimos anos, tendo sido registrado,
em 2005, US$ 5,666 bilhes, com acrscimo de 46% em Commercial transactions with Asian countries (excluded the
relao a 2004, perfazendo 4 (quatro) anos consecutivos de Middle East) keep featuring balances favourable for Brazil
crescimento. Nesse intercmbio, o Brasil registrou um volume throughout the last years, having recorded in 2005 US$ 5.7
de transaes correspondente a US$ 8,91 bilhes, 44,6% billion, an increase of 46% as compared to the previous fiscal
acima do registrado em 2004 (US$ 6,16 bilhes). O valor das year, which means four consecutive years of growth. In the
exportaes destinadas China, principal parceiro continental commercial exchanges with Asian countries, Brazil recorded a
em 2005, alcanou US$ 3,132 bilhes FOB 60,6% superior volume of transactions corresponding to US$ 8.9 billion, 44.6%
aos US$ 1,95 bilho registrados em 2004 resultando em above the figure recorded in 2004 (US$ 6.2 billion). Exports for
saldo favorvel ao Brasil de US$ 2,641 bilhes (93,6%, acima China, the main partner in the region in 2005, attained US$
dos US$ 1,364 bilho de 2004). 3.12 billion FOB with an increment of 60.6% vis--vis the
US$ 1,95 billion recorded in 2004 and resulted in the balance
favourable to Brazil of US$ 2.6 billion (93.6% above the US$
FRICA 1,37 billion totalled in the previous year).
74
EXPORTAO MINERAL BRASILEIRA (Quantidade)
BRAZILs MINERAL EXPORTS (Volume)
SEMIMANUFATURADOS, MANUFATURADOS E COMPOSTOS-
SUBSTNCIA BENS PRIMRIOS TOTAL
QUMICOS
DISCRIMINAO 2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005
GUA MINERAL (Mineral water) - - - 215 384 265 215 384 265
ALUMNIO (bauxita) (Al) 4.705.826 7.290.491 7.508.688 2.936.100 3.055.449 3.363.415 7.641.926 10.345.940 10.872.103
BARITA (Barite) 45 882 64 9.186 2.670 3.748 9.231 3.552 3.812
BENTONITA (Bentonite) 2.451 3.420 4.320 15 177 54 2.466 3.597 4.374
BERLIO (Be) 162 - - - - - 162 - -
CAL (Lime) - - - 4.797 2.912 10.538 4.797 2.912 10.538
CARVO MINERAL (Mineral coal) 957 754 1.573 88.801 94.388 127.626 89.758 95.142 129.199
CAULIM (Kaolin) 1.852.376 2.147.980 2.071.563 1.469 1.869 2.546 1.853.845 2.149.849 2.074.109
CHUMBO (Pb) 11.191 22.211 33.121 273 508 356 11.464 22.719 33.477
CIMENTO (Cement) - - - 586.997 949.456 1.320.498 586.997 949.456 1.320.498
COBRE (Cu) - 229.272 387.827 113.531 101.618 134.962 113.531 330.890 522.789
CRISOTILA (Asbestos) 144.343 163.620 143.619 59.340 63.653 80.757 203.683 227.273 224.376
CROMO (Cr) 32 37.341 139.327 7.197 3.832 2.985 7.229 41.173 142.312
DIAMANTE (Diamont) 0,103 0,750 - - - 0,103 0,750
DIATOMITA (Diatomite) 57 104 86 4.370 4.580 5.288 4.427 4.684 5.374
ENXOFRE (S) 417 1.867 11.072 2.725 6.045 3.908 3.142 7.912 14.980
ESTANHO (Sn) - 25 - 4.017 5.987 5.737 4.017 6.012 5.737
FELDSPATO (Feldspar) 54 123 1.151 - - - 54 123 1.151
FERRO (Fe) 174.846.044 204.767.547 224.162.139 17.569.111 18.313.494 19.737.875 192.415.155 223.081.041 243.900.014
FLUORITA (Fluorite) 210 309 249 576 1.451 1.082 786 1.760 1.331
FOSFATO (FERTILIZANTES) 812 730 5.478 599.630 699.271 716.036 600.442 700.001 721.514
GS NATURAL (Natural gas) - - - 229.162 248.065 308.084 229.162 248.065 308.084
GIPSITA (Gypsite) 3 7 17 7.914 9.772 16.419 7.917 9.779 16.436
GRAFITA (Graphite) 13.291 13.301 15.685 10.744 11.721 9.698 24.035 25.022 25.383
LTIO (Li) - - - - - 1 - - 1
MAGNESITA (Magnesite) 90.820 126.111 135.106 42.785 10.096 6.123 133.605 136.207 141.229
MANGANS (Mn) 1.057.944 1.862.358 1.825.761 196.714 176.469 201.020 1.254.658 2.038.827 2.026.781
METAIS PLATINA (Platinum metals) - - - 2 - 67 2 - 67
MICA (Mica) 1.135 712 163 1.301 1.593 1.636 2.436 2.305 1.799
MOLIBDNIO (Mo) - - - 9 6 8 9 6 8
NIBIO (Tantalita / Vandio) (Nb+Ta+V) 186 382 921 33.717 36.542 53.331 33.903 36.924 54.252
NQUEL (Ni) 192 195 - 26.670 29.889 30.764 26.862 30.084 30.764
OURO (Au) - - - 29 31 30 29 31 30
PETRLEO (Petroleum) 12.606.964 12.036.275 14.313.303 8.592.058 9.518.150 8.770.757 21.199.022 21.554.425 23.084.060
POTSSIO (K) 3.657 4.633 3.367 22.890 16.917 16.660 26.547 21.550 20.027
PRATA (Pt) 886 835 717 385 280 298 1.271 1.115 1.015
QUARTZO (cristal) 7.420 18.115 17.858 1 1 2 7.421 18.116 17.860
ROCHAS ORNAMENTAL (Ornamental rocks) 912.763 961.225 1.648.705 613.787 869.646 496.142 1.526.550 1.830.871 2.144.847
SAL (NaCl) 666.477 486.559 804.147 83.841 101.277 108.283 750.318 587.836 912.430
TALCO E PIROFILITA (Talcum) 5.593 6.551 6.981 - - - 5.593 6.551 6.981
TERRAS RARAS E MONAZITA (Rare earth) - - - 215 451 355 215 451 355
TITNIO (Ti) - - 19.801 7.993 9.649 13.234 7.993 9.649 33.035
TUNGSTNIO (W) 8 459 802 7 155 143 15 614 945
VERMICULITA / PERLITA (Vermiculite
4.224 1.395 1.771 1.261 1.846 2.477 5.485 3.241 4.248
and perlite)
ZINCO (Zn) - - - 68.525 60.739 72.570 68.525 60.739 72.570
ZIRCNIO (Zr) 268 839 1.078 396 135 316 664 974 1.394
DEMAIS SUBSTNCIAS (Others) 63.181 44.258 50.649 1.973.397 2.756.907 2.841.095 2.036.578 2.801.165 2.891.744
TOTAL 196.999.989 230.230.887 253.317.109 33.902.153 37.168.081 38.467.189 230.902.142 267.398.968 291.784.298
DISCRIMINAO 2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005
GUA MINERAL (Mineral water) - - - 264 137 277 264 137 277
ALUMNIO (bauxita) (Al) 1.740 4.834 8.488 314.313 360.017 434.079 316.053 364.851 442.567
BARITA (Barite) 281 666 863 2.399 2.044 1.851 2.680 2.710 2.714
BENTONITA (Bentonite) 9.057 10.642 13.363 1.705 1.459 1.492 10.762 12.101 14.855
BERLIO (Be) - - - 33 27 23 33 27 23
CAL (Lime) - - - 545 615 660 545 615 660
CARVO MINERAL (Mineral coal) 949.907 1.423.889 1.647.621 35.994 55.542 49.999 985.901 1.479.431 1.697.620
CAULIM (Kaolin) 3.582 3.949 3.984 4.447 6.322 8.717 8.029 10.271 12.701
CHUMBO (Pb) - - - 34.297 70.469 83.263 34.297 70.469 83.263
CIMENTO (Cement) - - - 22.698 24.195 20.665 22.698 24.195 20.665
COBRE (Cu) 195.258 464.005 413.676 368.155 614.958 834.162 563.413 1.078.963 1.247.838
CRISOTILA (Asbestos) 3.156 8.688 10.899 23.788 23.033 38.722 26.944 31.721 49.621
CROMO (Cr) 5.354 6.142 8.598 33.132 43.256 52.857 38.486 49.398 61.455
DIAMANTE (Diamont) 6.631 7.063 6.487 - - - 6.631 7.063 6.487
DIATOMITA (Diatomite) 1.563 2.521 2.521 7.226 7.799 8.480 8.789 10.320 11.001
ENXOFRE (S) 103.985 131.060 108.738 27.834 25.504 30.563 131.819 156.564 139.301
ESTANHO (Sn) 33 3 1.037 20.319 31.160 31.288 20.352 31.163 32.325
FELDSPATO (Feldspar) 655 376 48 - - - 655 376 48
FERRO (Fe) 1.270 1.729 45 537.445 662.743 1.022.315 538.715 664.472 1.022.360
FLUORITA (Fluorite) 2.078 1.215 2.808 7.012 6.058 5.541 9.090 7.273 8.349
FOSFATO (FERTILIZANTES) 51.562 74.904 59.957 725.536 1.095.220 827.837 777.098 1.170.124 887.794
GS NATURAL (Natural gas) - - - 1.269.917 1.673.741 1.767.766 1.269.917 1.673.741 1.767.766
GIPSITA (Gypsite) 12 400 108 733 918 1.125 745 1.318 1.233
GRAFITA (Graphite) 1.265 1.459 1.796 67.935 74.980 83.618 69.200 76.439 85.414
LTIO (Li) - - - 38 37 103 38 37 103
MAGNESITA (Magnesite) 5.042 5.690 8.375 17.828 27.637 32.778 22.870 33.327 41.153
MANGANS (Mn) 1.674 5.655 3.542 19.344 29.324 37.222 21.018 34.979 40.764
METAIS PLATINA (Platinum metals) - - - 52.294 73.980 113.290 52.294 73.980 113.290
MICA (Mica) 718 1.308 1.325 1.911 2.512 3.760 2.629 3.820 5.085
MOLIBDNIO (Mo) 34.210 92.386 197.522 14.727 35.362 77.162 48.937 127.748 274.684
NIBIO (Tantalita / Vandio)
103 1.067 1.108 11.883 19.414 87.190 11.986 20.481 88.298
(Nb+Ta+V)
NQUEL (Ni) - - 30 153.604 205.105 169.212 153.604 205.105 169.242
OURO (Au) - - - 239 346 223 239 346 223
PETRLEO (Petroleum) 3.777.032 6.768.646 7.666.981 1.938.168 2.225.903 3.049.645 5.715.200 8.994.549 10.716.626
POTSSIO (K) 637.931 1.000.743 975.552 22.092 31.004 31.072 660.023 1.031.747 1.006.624
PRATA (Pt) - - 4 71.694 81.665 87.698 71.694 81.665 87.702
QUARTZO (cristal) 335 380 482 25.863 34.577 40.254 26.198 34.957 40.736
ROCHAS ORNAMENTAL (Ornamental
5.290 6.144 9.097 10.211 10.852 9.750 15.501 16.996 18.847
rocks)
SAL (NaCl) 3.477 4.964 4.982 212.556 220.422 334.822 216.033 225.386 339.804
TALCO E PIROFILITA (Talcum) 1.737 2.673 1.837 - - - 1.737 2.673 1.837
TERRAS RARAS E MONAZITA (Rare
1 - - 7.211 5.837 5.515 7.212 5.837 5.515
earth)
TITNIO (Ti) 1.297 1.311 1.827 140.993 184.571 234.127 142.290 185.882 235.954
TUNGSTNIO (W) - - 2 20.867 24.473 31.556 20.867 24.473 31.558
VERMICULITA / PERLITA (Vermiculite
1.063 1.317 1.433 5.927 9.974 9.659 6.990 11.291 11.092
and perlite)
ZINCO (Zn) 65.804 89.708 102.587 29.417 47.146 47.905 95.221 136.854 150.492
ZIRCNIO (Zr) 8.128 11.884 14.352 8.334 14.965 13.789 16.462 26.849 28.141
DEMAIS SUBSTNCIAS (Others) 37.046 42.850 41.214 456.956 768.284 831.108 494.002 811.134 872.322
78 TOTAL GERAL 5.918.277 10.180.271 11.323.289 6.727.884 8.833.587 10.553.140 12.646.161 19.013.858 21.876.429
79
SOBRE A LOGSTICA PBLICA E INFRA- ON THE PUBLIC LOGISTIC AND INFRA-
ESTRUTURA STRUCTURE
VII. SOBRE A
A The
extenso continental do Brasil (8,5 milhes de Brazilian continental extension (8,5 million
km2) certamente o maior desafio dos governos km2) is certainly the greatest challenge of
EXPANSO E no sentido de assegurar recursos suficientes governments in the objective of guaranteeing
MODERNIZAO para investimentos que atendam satisfatoriamente s
crescentes demandas de logstica pblica. Esta, por sua vez,
enough resources for investments that satisfactorily supply the
growing demand of public logistic. This logistic in its turn is
DA LOGSTICA condicionante das vantagens comparativas do pas, uma vez an important factor of the countrys comparative advantages
que os setores produtivos absorvem as externalidades positivas as its productive areas absorb the positive and negative
PBLICA e negativas oriundas da proviso de infra-estrutura. externalities coming from the infra-structure provision.
ON THE PUBLIC
LOGISTIC AND
INFRA-STRUCTURE
nessa perspectiva que o Governo Federal tem investido It is within this perspective that the Federal Government has
no redesenho da infra-estrutura e logstica do Pas, visando been investing in the redesign of the Countrys infrastructure
a superao dos desafios de incorporao de vantagens and logistics, with a view at overcoming the challenges of
comparativas aos sistemas de transportes rodo-ferrovirio incorporating comparative advantages to the road, railway and
e porturio, como condio sine qua non ao aumento da port transportation systems, as a sine qua non condition for
competitividade da economia brasileira, em particular do Setor the increase of the competitiveness of the Brazilian economy, in
Mineral. particular of the Mineral Sector.
A expanso da fronteira agrcola brasileira, forte demandante de The expansion of the Brazilian agricultural frontier, a major
insumos minerais (N, P, K e calcrio), associada ao desenvolvimento player in the demand for mineral inputs (N, P, K and limestone),
scio-econmico acelerado do interior do Brasil, tem exigido, nos associated to the accelerated socio-economic development
ltimos anos, a modernizao do sistema de transportes, seja in Brazils hinterlands, has required, in the last years, the
83
para fins de escoamento da produo, seja para atendimento modernisation of the transportation system, whether for the
emergencial s necessidades de sua populao. Como purposes of transporting the production, or for meeting, on an
conseqncia impe-se mais investimentos para melhoria emergency basis, the needs of its population. As a consequence
e expanso dos modais de transportes, com vistas a melhor more investments are an imperative, in order to improve and
integrar as regies geo-econmicas e, conseqentemente, os expand the modes of transportation, with a view at better
principais centros produtores e consumidores de norte a sul integrating the geo-economic regions and, therefore, the main
do nosso Pas. producing and consuming centres throughout our Country.
Certamente, o novo cenrio de retomada do crescimento Certainly, the new scenario of resumption of the Countrys
econmico do Pas, na esteira do aumento dos seus indicadores economic growth, following the increase of its export indicators,
de exportao, tem apresentado como grandes desafios para o means the following major challenges for the Government: to
Governo: recuperar e ampliar a malha rodoviria pavimentada, recover and expand the paved road grid, to eliminate logistic
eliminar gargalos de logstica nos portos e diversificar a bottlenecks in ports and to diversify the transportation structure
estrutura de transportes no Pas, com uma maior participao in the Country, with greater participation of railways and
dos modais ferrovirio e hidrovirio no transporte de carga e de waterways in the transportation of cargo and passengers.
passageiros.
Within this perspective, among the Public-Policy priorities
Nessa perspectiva, entre as prioridades de Poltica Pblica highlights the effort to recover the federal roads in order to
releva-se o esforo na recuperao das rodovias federais para reverse the legacy of deterioration, an effort that involves
reverter o quadro de deteriorao herdado. Est-se falando de a grid of about 58 thousand km of roads, with an average
uma malha da ordem de 58 mil km de rodovias, com idade age of over 25 years, out of which circa 14 thousand km are
mdia acima de 25 anos, das quais cerca de 14 mil km esto contemplated in the Concession Programme, in addition to
contemplados no Programa de Concesses, alm de estudos advanced studies with a view at putting in place the modality
avanados para implantao da modalidade de Parceria Pblico- of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), aimed at adapting and
Privada (PPP), visando a adequao e construo de grandes implementing large ventures.
empreendimentos.
The Investment Pilot Project (PPI) is another important
O Projeto-Piloto de Investimentos (PPI) outro importante instrument for making priority investments, in particular in the
instrumento para a realizao de investimentos prioritrios, em domain of infrastructure. In 2005, budgetary appropriations of
especial na rea de infra-estrutura. Em 2005, foram aprovadas, about R$ 3.67 billion were approved, mainly meant for works
dotaes oramentrias da ordem de R$ 3,67 bilhes, of transportation infrastructure. Altogether, the PPI involves
destinadas, principalmente, a obras na rea de infra-estrutura investments of circa R$ 10.0 billion during the period between
de transportes. No conjunto, o PPI envolve aplicaes de cerca 2005 and 2007. In addition, there is a forecast, for the period
de R$ 10,0 bilhes no perodo compreendido entre 2005 e of existence of the PPI, for the recovery of road stretches in 19
2007. Ademais, est prevista, no perodo de existncia do PPI, federal roads in 17 states, which represent circa 22.000 km of
a recuperao de trechos rodovirios em 19 rodovias federais the federal road grid.
em 17 estados, que representam cerca de 22.000 km da malha
One of the strategic goals of the present Government is to
rodoviria federal.
increase the participation of railways in cargo transportation,
Como objetivo estratgico do atual Governo busca-se aumentar in order to render the Brazilian transportation system more
a participao das ferrovias no transporte de cargas, para competitive. Along this line of reasoning, in order to reinforce the
tornar o sistema de transporte brasileiro mais competitivo. railway sector, the process of economic-financial restructuring
Neste sentido, para fortalecer o setor ferrovirio, foi concludo of Brasil Ferrovias was completed, which will allow for new
84
o processo de reestruturao econmico-financeiro da Brasil investments by the private sector. Incidentally, one can already
Ferrovias, que permitir a realizao de novos investimentos pelo notice an important increase in the volume of cargo transported
setor privado. A propsito, j se pode observar um aumento (from the beginning of 2003 to mid 2005) through a grid of
expressivo no volume de carga transportada (desde o incio de 28.671 km.
2003 at meados de 2005) atravs de uma malha de 28.671 km.
Within the context of the Public-Private Partnerships, important
Dentro do contexto das Parcerias Pblico-Privadas, encontra-se projects for the expansion of strategic transportation corridors
em anlise projetos importantes para ampliao de corredores are being analysed, such as the construction of Ferrovia Norte-
de transporte estratgicos, como as construes da Ferrovia Sul (North-South Railway), of the Anel Ferrovirio de So Paulo
Norte-Sul, do Anel Ferrovirio de So Paulo e da Variante (So Paulo Railway Ring) and of the Variante Ferroviria Ipiranga-
Ferroviria Ipiranga-Guarapuava. Para o exerccio de 2006 est Guarapuava (Railway Variant Ipiranga-Guarapuava). During the
prevista a construo de cerca de 146 km da Ferrovia Norte-Sul, 2006 fiscal year, circa 146 km of Ferrovia Norte-Sul are scheduled
entre Aguiarnpolis e Araguaina, no Tocantins; dos contornos to be built, between Aguiarnpolis and Araguaina, in the State
ferrovirios de So Felix e Cachoeira, na Bahia e de So Francisco of Tocantins; the railway loops of So Felix and Cachoeira, in the
do Sul, em Santa Catarina; e a adequao de ramal ferrovirio State of Bahia and of So Francisco do Sul, in the State of Santa
em Barra Mansa, no Rio de Janeiro; entre outros. Catarina; as well as the adaptation of the railway trunk of Barra
Mansa, in the State of Rio de Janeiro; among others.
Por outro ngulo, no setor porturio, est em implantao, desde
2004, a chamada Agenda Portos que objetiva evitar problemas On the other hand, in the port sector, the so-called Port
logsticos para o escoamento das exportaes brasileiras nos Agenda is by way of being implemented, since 2004, aimed at
principais portos do Pas. Esto sendo desenvolvidas aes em preventing logistic problems in the transportation of Brazilian
10 grandes portos brasileiros, por onde passam mais de 90% exports in the Countrys main ports. Actions are in course in
das exportaes do Pas. 10 large Brazilian ports, through which transit over 90% of the
Countrys exports.
Por fim, importa enfatizar que, alm das aes da Agenda
Portos, o PPI de 2006 contempla dotaes oramentrias para Finally, it is worth emphasising that, in addition to the actions
a rea porturia, direcionadas para 8 (oito) dos principais portos of the Port Agenda, the 2006 PPI contemplates budgetary
do Pas: Santos, Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro, Vitria, So Francisco appropriations for the domain of ports, targeting 8 (eight) of
do Sul, Rio Grande, Itaja e Suape. Ademais, merece destaque the main ports of the Country: Santos, Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro,
a prioridade concedida pelo Governo, desde 2004, para a Vitria, So Francisco do Sul, Rio Grande, Itaja and Suape.
implantao do Sistema de Segurana nos Portos Nacionais In addition, it is worth highlighting the priority given by the
(ISPS Code), derivado dos acordos firmados pelo Pas no mbito Government, since 2004, for the establishment of the Security
da Organizao Martima Internacional. System in National Ports (ISPS Code), deriving from agreements
entered into by the Country within the International Maritime
Organisation (IMO).
85
O The
DNPM Departamento Nacional de Produo Mineral DNPM National Department of Mineral
parte integrante do sistema MME Ministrio de Minas Production is an integral part of the MME
e Energia com representaes em todas as unidades system Ministry of Mines and Energy
da federao (exceto Acre) atuando transversalmente com with representations in all the units of the federation
VIII. SOBRE A instituies federais e diferentes rgos dos governos estaduais e (except Acre) and it operates cross-section wise with
municipais, sempre na perspectiva da atrao investimentos em federal institutions and with different bodies of the state and
MODERNIZAO Pesquisa Mineral e na promoo do desenvolvimento sustentvel municipality governments, within the perspective of attracting
DO DNPM E DA da minerao no Pas. investments in Mineral Research and in the promotion of the
GESTO DOS sustainable development of mining activities in the Country.
RECURSOS
MINERAIS
2'/3 $% !33)34.#)! $)2%4!
% )-%$)!4! !/ $)2%4/2
'%2!,
'!").%4% !5$)4/2)! ).4%2.!
$)2%4/2
'%2!,
02/*5 !33)34
$)!$*
02/#52!$/2)! !33%33/2)! $%
*52$)#! ).&/2-4)#! % 4)
$)2%4/2)! '%2!,
!$*5.4!
Modernization 2'/3 %30%#&)#/3 % 2%'5,!2%3
2'/3 $%3#%.42!,):!$/3
$)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/
$)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/ $)342)4/
02 2. 0" !0 4/ 3% 2/ %3 0) -! -3 22 !,
2%!3 /.%2!$!3
4OTAL #LAIMS
87
Tabela VIII.1 - Evoluo dos Ttulos de Direitos Minerrios
Requerimentos Protocolizados (*) / Permit protocol 12.510 12.929 12.994 16.235 13.823 17.748
Alvars de Pesquisa Publicados / Published Exploration Permit 21.220 11.225 9.390 11.066 11.059 14.515
Relatrios de Pesquisa Aprovados / Approved Exploration Report 890 1.275 1.231 1.282 986 1.369
Concesses de Lavra Outorgadas / Mining Concessions Granted 300 309 362 303 371 416
Registros de Licena Outorgados / Licenses Granted 1.385 1.429 1.315 1.383 1.312 1.728
Total de Ttulos / Total of Titles 36.342 27.175 25.674 30.411 27.737 35.937
A arrecadao da TAH (taxa anual por hectare) relativa pesquisa The collection of the TAH (annual fee per hectare) related to
mineral em 2005 foi de R$ 39,2 milhes correspondendo a 32,9 research in 2005 was of R$ 40,828 million, corresponding to
milhes de hectares, um crescimento de 70 % em relao aos 32.9 million hectares, an increase of 70,82 % as compared to
R$ 23.0 milhes de 2004 e 19 % em relao aos 27, 5 milhes the R$ 23,902 million 2004, and of 19 % as compared to the
de hectares de 2004 27, 5 million hectares of 2004.
#&%-
Implantao da Rede
Corporativa (DNPM-Intranet) DNPM - NetWork
Reorganization of the work routines; (2006)
Redefinio das rotinas de trabalho; (2006)
Implantation of the corporative network of the DNPM
Implantao da rede corporativa do DNPM-Intranet, with interconnection of the 25 regional districts and the
interligando os 25 Distritos-DNPM Sede e ao MME; (2004) headquarter-DF and with MME network; (2004)
Para a implantao do novo Sistema de Outorga On-Line, exige-se For the implantation of the new System of it Grants On-Line,
a reformulao da Legislao Mineral, com a institucionalizao it is necessary the modernization of the Mineral Legislation,
de um novo marco regulatrio para o Setor Mineral Brasileiro. with the institucionalization of a new mark regulatory for the
Brazilian Mineral Section.
Cdigo de Minas (1967);
Mining Code (1967) up date;
Simplificao da Sistemtica de Concesso e Acesso ao
Subsolo; Systematics of Simplified Grant;
89
Expectativa de Resultados Waited Results
Tempo Mdio Demandado para a Expedio de Alvars de Average Time of Expedition of Exploration Authorization
Pesquisa Mineral Permit
Com efeito, os avanos na modernizao com a redefinio With effect, the progresses in the modernization with the
dos macroprocessos de concesso e outorga de reas com redefinio of the concession macro-process and it grants of
coordenadas pr-definidas e georreferenciadas, incorporando areas with pre-defined coordinates and geo-referenced,
os modernos recursos da tecnologia da informao (TI) o incorporating the modern resources of the technology of the
DNPM pretende oferecer aos investidores interno e externo, bem information DNPM intends to offer to the investors intern
como aos cidados-usurios, maior transparncia e credibilidade and external, as well as to the citizen-users, larger transparency
na emisso de ttulos de direitos minerrios, minimizando os and credibility in the emission of titles of mineral right,
conflitos judiciais e aumentando a eficincia na gesto dos minimizing the judicial conflicts and increasing the efficiency
recursos minerais da sociedade. in the administration of the mineral resources of the society.
Macro sistema em
Requerimento Eletrnico Tempo Real
Eletronic Document Grand System in
Management Real Time
Fig. VIII.5- Simulao de Requerimento de Concesso de Pesquisa Mineral on line. Simulation of Requeriments to Cocession on Mineral Exploration on line
91
Cenrios Prospectivos para o Prospective Sceneries to Brazil
Mineralnegcio no Brasil Mineral Business
Estabilidade e Fortalecimento das Condies Poltica- Stability and grow profitably of the Politics-economic
econmica no Pas; Condiditions in the Country;
Reetruturao da SGM Secretaria de Geologia, Minerao Restoration of SGM-Secretariat of Geology, Mining and
e Transformao Mineral, agente formalizador da Poltica Mineral Transformation, agent formalized of the Mineral Politcs
Mineral do Pas, no Sistema MME; of the Country, in the System MME;
Fortalecimento Institucional e Funcional do DNPM, Gestor Institutional and Functional invigoration of DNPM, Manager
do Patrimnio Mineral Brasileiro (Lei n 11.046/2004); of the Brazilian Mineral Patromony (Law N 11.046/2004);
Afirmao da CPRM como Servio Geolgico do Brasil; Affirmation of CPRM as Service Geologic of Brazil;
Atualizao do Cdigo de Minas, na perspectiva do novo Modernization of the Code of Mine, in the perspective of the
Sistema de Outorga e Concesso on line (em tempo real); new system of it Grants and Concession on line (in real time);
Otimizao das Oportunidades de Mineralnegcios, pela Optimization of the opportunities of Mineral trade, for
retomada dos Programas de Levantamentos Geolgicos Bsicos the retaking of the Programs of Rising Basic Geologic and
e Aerogeofsicos no Pas (Lei N 10.848/2004, Royalties da Aerogeofisicos in the Coutry (law N 10.848/2004), Royalties
Energia, assegurando recursos para a pesquisa mineral); of the Energy , assuring resources for the mineral research);
Consolidao do Sistema de Parceria Pblico-Privado (PPP), The Consolidation of the public-private system of Partnership
como condio sine qua non alavancagem e aplicao de (PPP), as condiction sine qua non to the implementation
investimentos na melhoria e ampliao da infra-estrutura do and applications of investiments in the improvemente and
Sistema rodo-ferrovirio e porturio do Pas. amplification of the infrastructure of the rotate-rail and port
System of the Country;.
Uso das vantagens comparativas da Geodiversidade e
Potencial Mineral do Pas com principal diferencial atrao de Use of the comprative advantages of Geodiversidade and
investimentos diretos externos (IEDs); potential Mineeralof the Coutry with main diferentiate to the
attraction of foreign direct investiments (FDIs);
92
Poltica Diplomtica eficiente diversificando e ampliando as Efficient Deplomatic politcs diversifying and enlarging the
condies de acessibilidade a mercados tradicionais de mineral accessibility condiction to traditional markets of mineralcommodities
commodities e novos Blocos Econmicos da sia e frica; and new Economic blocks of Asia and Africa;
Manuteno da Poltica Cambial favorvel s exportaes de Maintenance of the favorable Exchange politics to the
mineral commodities; exports of mineral commodities;
Conformao de um Cenrio Econmico Mundial favorvel, Confirmation of a favorable World Economic Scenery, for
pela recuperao dos preos e conformao de um Novo Ciclo the recovery of the prices and confirmation of a new Cycle
Mercado de Mineral Commodities, verdadeiro Boom Mineral, Market of Mineral Commodities, true Boom Mineral, in the
no incio do sculo XXI. beginning of the century XXI.
93
Geologia e Recursos Minerais Geology and Mineral resources
O The
aproveitamento dos recursos minerais no Brasil tem use of mineral resources in brazil has a
sede constitucional, que prescreve um conjunto constitutional framework that prescribes
IX. SOBRE de preceitos legais que norteiam as relaes de a set of legal provisions that govern the
competncia para legislar sobre jazidas, minas e condies sobre relationships of competence on the enactment of laws on
OS MARCOS o aproveitamento desses recursos ambientais Pas, conforme mineral deposits, mines and on the conditions of the use of
LEGAIS destaques abaixo: (Disponvel em: http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/
legislacao/const e em https://www.presidencia.gov.br/
these environmental resources in the country, as highlighted
below: (available at: http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/legislacao/
MINERAL E const and https://www.presidencia.gov.br/
MINAS
rea de minerao ~ 2%
do total da Flona Carajs
Cangas Laterticas
(Naturais)
O Cdigo de Minerao
The Mining Code
O Cdigo de Minerao (Decreto-Lei no 227 de 28.02.67)
disciplina os regimes de explorao e aproveitamento dos The Mining Code (Decree-law (act) n 227, of 02.28.67) governs
recursos minerais brasileiro. Ele conceitua um conjunto de the regimes of exploitation and use of Brazilian mineral resources.
normas e as condies de acesso ao subsolo por autorizaes, Starting from the underlying concepts of mineral deposit and
concesses, licenas e permisses e estabelece os direitos e mina, it defines a set of standards, the conditions of access to
deveres dos titulares de direitos minerrios. Dispe, ainda, sobre the underground by means of authorisations, concessions,
a competncia do Departamento Nacional de Produo Mineral licences and permits and establishes the rights and duties of
DNPM, Autarquia Federal, vinculada ao Ministrio de Minas e the holders of mining rights. It also deals with the competence
Energia - na administrao dos recursos minerais e na fiscalizao of the National Department of Mineral Production DNPM, a
da atividade mineral no Pas. Federal Autonomous Agency, related to the Ministry of Mines
and Energy - in the management of mineral resources and in the
inspection of the mineral activity in the Country.
96
Os regimes, conjunto de normas que disciplinam a explorao The regimes, set of standards that govern the exploitation and
e aproveitamento dos recursos minerais no Brasil, so os use of mineral resources in Brazil, are the following:
seguintes:
1. The Regime of Authorisation that regulates the stage
1. O Regime de Autorizao autoriza a fase de pesquisa11 mineral
of mineral research11 and precedes the Regime of Concession
e precede o Regime de Concesso (fase de lavra). Depende de ato
(stage of mining-extraction), an administrative act within the
administrativo de competncia do Diretor-Geral do DNPM consubstanciado
competence of the Director-General of the DNPM, on the
em Alvar de Pesquisa;
occasion of the issuance of the deed of authorisation;
2%15%2)-%.4/
$% 0%315)3!
!.,)3% 0%,/ $.0-
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$% 0,!./ / $)2%)4/ $% 02/)")$!$%
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11
A pesquisa mineral ou explorao mineral entendida, para fins deste regime, como a 11
Mineral research or mineral exploitation is understood, for the purposes of this regime,
execuo dos trabalhos necessrios definio da jazida, sua avaliao e determinao da as the implementation of Works necessary for the definition of the mineral deposit, its
exeqibilidade de seu aproveitamento econmico. Considera-se como jazida toda massa assessment and the determination of the feasibility of its economic use. Mineral deposits
individualizada de substncia mineral ou fssil, aflorando superfcie ou existente no are all individualised masses of mineral or fossil substance that emerges to the surface or
interior da terra, e que tenha valor econmico. that exists inside earth, having economic value. 97
2. O Regime de Concesso autoriza a fase de lavra ou o 2. The Regime of Concession that regulates the stage of
aproveitamento industrial da jazida considerada tcnica e mining-extraction or of the industrial use of mineral deposits
economicamente vivel. Depende de ato administrativo do deemed technically and economically feasible, an administrative
Ministro de Estado das Minas e Energia, consubstanciado act of the Minister of Mines and Energy, which grants to the
em Portaria de Lavra party concerned, by means of an administrative decree of
concession, the ability to exploit the mineral deposit and
grants the concessionaire the right to the product of mining-
extraction.
%.42%'! $/ 2%,!42)/
&).!, $% 0%315)3!
./ %.42%'! $/ 2%,!42)/
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2%! 3% 4/2.! DA LAVRA
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98
3. O Regime de Permisso de Lavra Garimpeira autoriza 3. The Regime of Permit of Artisan-Mining Extraction, that
o aproveitamento imediato de jazidas minerais garimpveis, regulates the immediate use of mineral deposits of minerals
independentemente de prvios trabalhos de pesquisa, segundo susceptible of artisan mining-extraction, irrespective of previous
critrios fixados pelo Governo Federal. Depende de ato activities of research, pursuant criteria established by the Federal
administrativo do Diretor-Geral do DNPM, consubstanciado em Government, an administrative act of the Director-General
Permisso de Lavra Garimpeira; of the DNPM, on the occasion of the issuance of the deed of
authorisation;
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$.0- !.!,)3! % %-)4% 0!2%#%2 15!.4/ ! 35! 2%'5,!2)$!$% % $%3/.%2!/ $! 2%!
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!RT
!RT
$.0- %-)4% $%#,!2!/ $% !04)$/ % %8)'.#)! 0!2!
!02%3%.4!/ $! ,)#%.! !-")%.4!,
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02!:/ $)!3 02/22/'6%)3
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99
4. O Regime de Licenciamento autoriza o aproveitamento das 4. The Regime of Licensing that regulates the use of mineral
substncias minerais de emprego imediato na construo civil, substances of immediate use in civil construction, whether in
in natura, e outras especificadas na lei, independentemente de natura or under other forms specified in the law, irrespective of
prvios trabalhos de pesquisa. Depende de ato administrativo previous activities of research, an administrative act that involves
consubstanciado no registro de licenas por prefeituras e rgos licences given by Local Governments (City Halls), environmental
de meio ambiente; agencies and the registration of the licence with the DNPM..
2%15%2)-%.4/ $% 2%')342/ $% ,)#%.!
,ICENA -UNICIPAL %MOLUMENTOS ,ICENA !MBIENTAL
). N DE DE FEVEREIRO DE
$.0- 02/-/6% ! $%6)$! !.,)3%
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!RT
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$)2%4/2
'%2!, !54/2):! / 2%')342/
0/2 -%)/ $% $%30!#(/ 05",)#!$/ ./ $/5
).4%2%33!$/ ./ 2%15%2 ).4%2%33!$/ 2%15%2
2%./6!/ $/ 02!:/ 2%./6!/ $/ 02!:/
!RT
2%! &)#! ,)62% ./ $)!
3%'5).4% !/ 6%.#)-%.4/ $/ 02!:/
100
5. O Registro de Extrao, autoriza o aproveitamento das 5. The Registration of Extraction, which sticks to the
substncias minerais de emprego imediato na construo civil standardisation of the use of substances meant for immediate
por rgo da Administrao Direta ou Autrquica da Unio, dos use in civil construction civil, by bodies of the direct or
Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municpios para uso exclusivo autonomous administration of the Union, of the States, of the
em obras pblicas executadas por estas entidades diretamente. Federal District and of the Municipalities, for exclusive use in
public works directly carried out by said bodies.
2%15%2)-%.4/ !/ $)2%4/2
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101
Compete enfatizar que, sob a perspectiva do interesse nacional It is worth emphasising that, under the perspective of the national
e social; do aproveitamento racional dos recursos minerais; da and social interest; of the rational use of mineral resources; of
minimizao dos impactos ambientais da minerao, bem como, the minimisation of environmental impacts of mining, as well
de assegurar a melhoria das condies de sade ocupacional e as with a view at ensuring the improvement of the conditions
de segurana do trabalhador, ) compete ao DNPM regulamentar of occupational health and security of workers, it befalls the
a aplicao do Cdigo de Minerao e a legislao correlata por DNPM to regulate the enforcement of the Mining Code and
meio de instrumentos administrativos (Instrues Normativas e of the associated legislation, through the use of administrative
Portarias de seu Diretor-Geral). instruments: Normative Instructions and Administrative Decrees
issued by the Director-General.
Neste contexto, destaca-se a figura da Permisso Para
Reconhecimento Geolgico, que uma autorizao outorgada Within this context highlights the institute of the Permit for
pelo DNPM, a titulo precrio, s empresas que optam por mtodos Geological Reconnaissance, which is an authorisation temporarily
indiretos de prospeco area, visando obter informaes granted by the DNPM to companies that choose to adopt indirect
preliminares de amplitude regional, para futura definio de methods of aerial prospecting with a view at obtaining preliminary
prospectos objetos de subseqente requerimento de pesquisa. A region-wide information for the future definition of prospective
rea adstrita ao limite mximo de 12.000 km2 e prazo mximo objectives and ]the subsequent request of research permits. The
de 90 dias areas are limited to a maximum of 12.000 km and the permit is
valid for a maximum period of 90 days
Importa advertir que, a pesquisa e a lavra de jazidas de
substncias minerais objeto de monoplio estatal so regidas It is worth warning that the research and the mining-extraction
por leis especiais, no tratadas neste trabalho. of mineral deposits of mineral substances subjected to state
monopolies are governed by special laws not dealt with in this
publication.
EMPRESA DE MINERAO
Toda empresa constituda sob as leis brasileiras, com sede MINING COMPANY
e administrao no Pas, e que tenha como objeto social
a explorao e o aproveitamento de recursos minerais, Every company chartered under the Brazilian laws, with
est apta a obter autorizao de pesquisa e concesso de headquarters and management in the Country, and having as
lavra. (Lei n 9.314, de 14/11/96). Importa enfatizar que, corporate object the exploitation and the use of mineral resources,
constitucionalmente, est assegurada isonomia de tratamento is apt to obtain authorisation of research and concession for
s empresas, independentemente da origem e do controle de mining-extraction. (Law N 9.314, of 11/14/96). It is worth
capital social, no acesso explorao e ao aproveitamento do highlighting that, from the constitutional point of view, equal
subsolo brasileiro. Portanto, no h, distino entre empresas treatment is ensured to companies, irrespective of the origin
de capital nacional e de capital estrangeiro, exceto em reas and of the control of the corporate equity, in terms of access
situadas em faixa de fronteira. to exploitation and of the use of the Brazilian underground.
Therefore, there is no distinction between national-capital
and foreign-capital companies, except in areas located on the
international border zone.
102
LEGISLAO AMBIENTAL APLICADA ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
MINERAO APPLIED TO MINING
Sistema Nacional do Meio Ambiente (SISNAMA) National System of the Environment (SISNAMA)
A Constituio Federal conformou o Estado brasileiro de uma The Federal Constitution gave the Brazilian State a federal
estrutura de Federao, visando compatibilizar a autonomia structure, with a view at the compatibility and the autonomy
dos entes federados, na amplitude (nacional, regional e local) of the federal bodies, at all spheres of the State (national,
e com reserva de campos especficos (privativa, concorrente e regional and local) and with the reserve of specific fields of
suplementar). competence (exclusive, concomitant and supplementary).
Com efeito, nas Federaes, o Poder Estatal que se divide Indeed, in Federations, the State Power which is divided in
nas esferas federal, estadual e municipal organizado sob o the federal, state and municipal spheres organised under
princpio da autonomia poltico-administrativa que pressupe the tenet of political-administrative autonomy, presupposes
o exerccio e desenvolvimento de atividades normativas, the exercise and development of normative activities, through
pela repartio de competncias e responsabilidades the division of shared competence and responsibility.
compartilhadas.
Under this perspective, the Ministry of the Environment-MMA co-
Sob essa perspectiva, o Ministrio do Meio Ambiente-MMA ordinates and formulates the National Policy for the Environment.
coordena e formula a Poltica Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Ao It befalls the National Council of the Environment (CONAMA)
Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) rgo a deliberating and consultative body for environmental policies
deliberativo e consultivo de poltica ambiental do MMA of the MMA to formulate norms, standards and criteria for
compete a construo de normas, padres e critrios para o the control and supervision of environmental licensing, which is
disciplinamento do licenciamento ambiental pelo Instituto carried out by the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and of
Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renovveis Renewable Natural Resources
- IBAMA e pelos rgos ambientais estaduais e municipais
competentes, integrantes do Sistema Nacional do Meio
Ambiente
103
A Poltica de Crdito the Credit Policy
O Sistema Financeiro Nacional The National Financial System
X. SOBRE AS
O The
POLTICAS DE
CRDITO E FISCAL Sistema Financeiro Brasileiro constitudo por uma Brazilian Financial System is made up of a
ampla, diversificada e dinmica rede de intermediao wide, diversified and dynamic network of
financeira, composta por bancos comerciais financial intermediate services, made up of
(tambm captadores de poupana privada), entidades de commercial banks (that also absorb private savings), savings
poupana e emprstimo, bancos de desenvolvimento, bancos and loan organisations, development banks, investment banks,
de investimento, bancos mltiplos, companhias de crdito, multiple-purpose banks, credit, financing and investment
financiamento e investimento (financeiras), seguradoras, e companies (financial organisations), insurance companies, and
corretoras e distribuidoras de valores mobilirios. brokerage companies and security distributors.
A estrutura do Sistema caracteriza-se pela presena de The structure of the System is characterised by the presence
instituies sob controle governamental, de mbito federal ou of institutions under governmental control, at federal or state
estadual, com atuao nos segmentos comercial, poupana level, with action in the commercial, savings and development
e desenvolvimento (financiamento de investimentos), e de segments (investment funding), and of institutions under
instituies de controle privado, nacional e estrangeiro. private control, both domestic and foreign. There is a
Observa-se crescente atuao de grandes corporaes bancrias growing presence of large foreign banking corporations on
estrangeiras no mercado financeiro brasileiro, quer atravs de the Brazilian financial market, whether through branches, or
filiais, que pela participao majoritria ou minoritria em through majority or minority participation in the equity of local
instituies locais. institutions.
On the Credit
A rede bancria possui elevado nvel de informatizao e se The banking network is highly computerised and currently
and Fiscal estende hoje por quase todo o Pas, utilizando para tanto as covers nearly the whole Country, using for this purpose the
Policy mais avanadas tecnologias de telecomunicao. Por outro most advanced technologies in the field of telecommunications.
lado, em resposta s necessidades de um crescente e sofisticado On the other hand, in response to the needs of a growing and
mercado consumidor, notadamente das grandes cidades e das sophisticated consumer market, particularly in large cities in the
reas mais desenvolvidas do interior decorrncia da expanso most developed areas of the hinterlands a consequence of
da fronteira agrcola as instituies financeiras ofertam uma the expansion of the agricultural frontier financial institutions
diversificada e moderna linha de produtos e servios. provide a diversified and modern line of products and services.
O Sistema Financeiro Nacional passou, nos ltimos anos, por In the last years, the National Financial System underwent deep
profundas reformas estruturais, como forma de se adequar structural reforms, as a means of adapting to the Countrys new
nova realidade do Pas, marcada, notadamente, pela reality, especially marked by the stabilisation of the national
estabilizao da moeda nacional, pela queda da taxa de inflao currency, by the drop in the rate of internal inflation, by foreign-
interna, pela flexibilidade cambial e pela crescente demanda por exchange flexibility and by growing demand for long-term
capitais de longo prazo, capazes de propiciar a retomada do capitals, apt to allow for the resumption of the desired economic
desenvolvimento econmico almejado. development.
104
Face ao longo perodo que o Pas conviveu com elevadas In view of the long period during which the Country recorded
taxas de inflao, os mecanismos bsicos de financiamentos high rates of inflation, the basic mechanisms of long-term
de longo prazo colocados disposio das empresas, e do financing made available to corporations, and to Government
prprio Governo, para a manuteno e expanso da atividade itself, for the maintenance and expansion of the economic activity
econmica e o desenvolvimento do Pas, estiveram e continuam and the Countrys development, depended and still depend upon
ainda dependentes de poupanas compulsrias ou parafiscais, compulsory or para-fiscal savings, on governmental funds and on
de recursos governamentais e de poupana externa. foreign savings.
Em sntese, o mercado financeiro brasileiro tem ainda limitada In short, the Brazilian financial market is still limited in its ability
capacidade de prover recursos a prazos e custos compatveis to provide resources at maturities and costs compatible with the
com os requisitos da produo e do investimento, restando s requirements of production and of investment, and corporations
empresas recorrerem ao capital externo, ao Banco Nacional have to resort to foreign capital, to the National Bank of
de Desenvolvimento Econmico e Social - BNDES - a principal Economic and Social Development - BNDES - the main institution
instituio que possui linhas de financiamento a longo prazo no that provides long-term financing lines in Brazil, or to some few
Brasil, ou a alguns poucos bancos de desenvolvimento regionais regional and State development banks, though the latter operate
e estaduais, atuando estes ltimos, porm, de forma cada vez in an increasingly restricted manner.
mais restrita.
BNDES
Sobre o BNDES
The National Bank of Economic and Social Development BNDES
O Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econmico e Social a former autonomous agency - established by Law number
BNDES ex-autarquia criada pela Lei N 1.628, de 20.06.1952 1.628, of 06.20.1952 is a federal state-owned enterprise, with
uma empresa pblica federal, com personalidade jurdica de private-law legal personality and with its own assets (Law number
direito privado e patrimnio prprio (Lei n 5.662, de 21.06.1971), 5.662. of 06.21.1971), related to the Ministry of Development,
vinculada ao Ministrio do Desenvolvimento, Indstria e Industry and Foreign Trade . Its purpose is to support ventures
Comrcio Exterior. Tem como objetivo apoiar empreendimentos aimed at the improvement of the competitiveness of the economy,
para a melhoria da competitividade da economia, a elevao da the improvement of the quality of living of its population, in order
qualidade de vida da sua populao, de modo a contribuir para to contribute towards the Countrys sustainable development.
o desenvolvimento sustentvel do Pas.
Within this perspective the BNDES finances from large industrial
Nessa perspectiva o BNDES financia desde grandes and infrastructure ventures, with an important position in the
empreendimentos industriais e de infra-estrutura, com marcante support to investments in mining, agriculture, trade and services,
posio no apoio aos investimentos na minerao, agricultura, to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as social
no comrcio e servio e nas micro, pequenas e mdias empresas, investments geared to education and health, family farming, basic
assim como nos investimentos sociais, direcionados para a and environmental sanitation and mass collective transportation.
educao e sade, agricultura familiar, saneamento bsico e
The lines of support of the BNDES contemplate long-term
ambiental e transporte coletivo de massa.
financing schemes and competitive costs, for the development
As linhas de apoio do BNDES contemplam financiamentos de of investment projects and for the commercialisation of new
longo prazo e custos competitivos, para o desenvolvimento de machines and equipment manufactured in the country, as well
projetos de investimentos e para a comercializao de mquinas as for the increment of Brazilian exports. It also contributes to the
e equipamentos novos, fabricados no pas, bem como para o reinforcement of the capital structure of private corporations and
to the development of the capital market.
105
incremento das exportaes brasileiras. Contribui, tambm, The BNDES counts on two integral subsidiaries, FINAME
para o fortalecimento da estrutura de capital das empresas (Special Agency for Industrial Financing) and BNDESPAR (BNDES
privadas e desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais. Participaes), established with the respective purposes of
financing the commercialisation of machines and equipment
O BNDES conta com duas subsidirias integrais, a FINAME
and of allowing for the subscription of securities on the Brazilian
(Agncia Especial de Financiamento Industrial) e a BNDESPAR
capital market. The three organisations together encompass the
(BNDES Participaes), criadas com o objetivo, respectivamente,
so-called BNDES System.
de financiar a comercializao de mquinas e equipamentos e
de possibilitar a subscrio de valores mobilirios no mercado Here competes to highlight some special programs of incentive
de capitais brasileiro. As trs empresas, juntas, compreendem o supported by the BNDES that incentives the investments:
chamado Sistema BNDES.
Modermaq (finance machines and equipments with
Compete aqui destacar alguns Programas especiais de incentivo reduced interest)
apoiados pelo BNDES que favorecem o investimento:
Moderfrota (finances transport sector).
Modermaq (Financia Mquinas e Equipamentos com juros
Prosoft (Acquisition of software and equipaments)
reduzidos)
The lines of financial support and the programmes of the BNDES
Moderfrota (Financia setor de Trasnporte)
meet the needs in terms of investments of corporations of any
Prosoft (Aquisio de Software e Equipamentos) size and sector, established in the country. The partnership with
financial institutions, with branches all over the Country, allow
As linhas de apoio financeiro e os programas do BNDES atendem
for the dissemination of credit, thus expanding the access to
s necessidades de investimentos das empresas de qualquer
BNDES resources.
porte e setor, estabelecidas no pas. A parceria com instituies
financeiras, com agncias estabelecidas em todo o Pas, permite Finally the BNDES deems of fundamental importance, in the
a disseminao do crdito, possibilitando um maior acesso aos implementation of its support policy, compliance with ethical-
recursos do BNDES. environmental tenets and pledges to comply with the principles
of sustainable development.
Enfim, o BNDES considera ser de fundamental importncia, na
execuo de sua poltica de apoio, a observncia de princpios The Operational Policies of the BNDES guide and standardise
tico-ambientais e assume o compromisso com os princpios do the granting of financial schemes and facilities, by establishing
desenvolvimento sustentvel. criteria for prioritising projects apt to promote development
with social inclusion, by encouraging ventures that generate
As Polticas Operacionais do BNDES orientam e normatizam
employment and income, thus also contributing towards the
a concesso de financiamento, estabelecendo critrios para
generation of foreign currency, pursuant the guidance of the
priorizar os projetos que promovam o desenvolvimento com
Federal Government. The conditions of financing take into
incluso social, estimulando os empreendimentos que criem
account the variables related to the characteristics of the
emprego e renda, contribuindo tambm para a gerao de divisas,
proponent and of the project, such as: size, location, the origin
em consonncia com as orientaes do Governo Federal. As
of the capital and the purpose of the investment.
condies de financiamento consideram as variveis relacionadas
s caractersticas do proponente e do projeto, como: o porte, a The Lines of Financial Support reproduce the specifications of the
localizao, a origem do capital e a finalidade do investimento. operational policies of the BNDES. These lines reflect the basic
conditions and as different forms of direct support (operations
As Linhas de Apoio Financeiro reproduzem as especificaes
carried out directly with the BNDES) and of indirect support
das Polticas Operacionais do BNDES. Estas linhas refletem as
106
condies bsicas e as diversas formas de apoio direto (operao (operations carried out through accredited financial institutions).
realizada diretamente com o BNDES) e de apoio indireto (operao
In its capacity as a financial institution, the BNDES uses banking
realizada atravs de Instituio Financeira Credenciada).
criteria for granting access to the financing schemes and
Na condio de instituio financeira, o BNDES utiliza critrios complies with the legislation, standards and resolutions that
bancrios para concesso dos financiamentos e segue a govern public financial institutions, being audited by the Unions
legislao, normas e resolues que regulamentam as instituies Audit Court - TCU.
financeiras pblicas, sendo auditado pelo Tribunal de Contas da
List of the financial institutions accredited with limits for
Unio - TCU.
operating with the BNDES:
Relao das instituies financeiras credenciadas com limite
ABC- Brasil, ABN Amro, AFEAM, Afparan, Alfa (BI), Alfa
para operar com o BNDES:
(CFI), Arbi
ABC- Brasil, ABN Amro, AFEAM, Afparan, Alfa (BI), Alfa
Banco do Brasil, Bancoob, Bandes, Banese, Banespa,
(CFI), Arbi
Banestes, Bank Boston (BC), Bank Boston (BM), Banrisul,
Banco do Brasil, Bancoob, Bandes, Banese, Banespa, Banestes, Bansicredi, Basa, BB Leasing, BBM, BDMG, BGN, Bicbanco,
Bank Boston (BC), Bank Boston (BM), Banrisul, Bansicredi, Basa, BMC, BMC Leasing, BMG, BMG Leasing, BNB, BNP, Boncred,
BB Leasing, BBM, BDMG, BGN, Bicbanco, BMC, BMC Leasing, Boncred Leasing, Bonsucesso, BPN Brasil, Bradesco, Bradesco
BMG, BMG Leasing, BNB, BNP, Boncred, Boncred Leasing, Leasing, Brascan, BRDE, BV Leasing
Bonsucesso, BPN Brasil, Bradesco, Bradesco Leasing, Brascan,
Caixa RS, Caterpillar, CEF, Citibank (BM), CNH, Cresol Baser,
BRDE, BV Leasing
Cresol Central
Caixa RS, Caterpillar, CEF, Citibank (BM), CNH, Cresol Baser,
Daimlerchrysler, Desenbahia, Deutsche Bank, Dibens,
Cresol Central
Dibens Leasing, Direo, DLL Brasil, Dresdner
Daimlerchrysler, Desenbahia, Deutsche Bank, Dibens, Dibens
Fibra, Fibra LE, Finep, Ford
Leasing, Direo, DLL Brasil, Dresdner
General Motors, Guanabara
Fibra, Fibra LE, Finep, Ford
HSBC
General Motors, Guanabara
Industrial, ING Bank, Ita, Ita-BBA
HSBC
John Deere
Industrial, ING Bank, Ita, Ita-BBA
Luso Brasileiro
John Deere
Mercantil BR, Meridional, Modal
Luso Brasileiro
Nossa Caixa
Mercantil BR, Meridional, Modal
Pactual, Paulista, Pine, Porto Real, Prosper
Nossa Caixa
Rabobank, Rendimento, Rodobens
Pactual, Paulista, Pine, Porto Real, Prosper
Safra, Safra Leasing, Santander BR, Schahin, SG Brasil,
Rabobank, Rendimento, Rodobens
Sofisa, Standard, Sudameris, Sumitomo
Safra, Safra Leasing, Santander BR, Schahin, SG Brasil, Sofisa,
Tribanco 107
Standard, Sudameris, Sumitomo Unibanco
Tribanco Volkswagen, Volvo, Votorantim
Unibanco Westlb do Brasil
Volkswagen, Volvo, Votorantim The main objectives of the BNDES System include support for
the Countrys industrial development, and for this purpose
Westlb do Brasil
it makes available several lines of financing and equity
O Sistema BNDES tem, entre seus principais objetivos, o de participation.
apoiar o desenvolvimento industrial do Pas, e oferece, para
tanto, vrias linhas de financiamento e participao acionria. Especially in the development of the mining activity, the
BNDES System performs a role of paramount importance as
No desenvolvimento da atividade de minerao, em particular, o the purveyor of financing resources for most of the mining
Sistema BNDES vem desempenhando um papel de fundamental
ventures of different sizes in place or being put in place in the
importncia como provedor de recursos de financiamento para
a maioria dos empreendimentos mineiros de diferentes portes, Country.
implantados ou em implantao no Pas. The Systems lines of credit are available for mining corporations,
As linhas de crdito do Sistema BNDES esto disponveis para as irrespective of the origin and of the control of their capital.
empresas de minerao, independente da origem e do controle
do seu capital.
Criteria of the Bndes System
CRITRIOS DO SISTEMA BNDES Overall, and just for the sake of information, we present in the
next paragraphs a summary of the overall criteria established
Em linhas gerais, e a ttulo meramente informativo, apresentado by the BNDES System in its financings operations.
a seguir um sumrio dos critrios gerais estabelecidos pelo
Sistema BNDES nas suas operaes de financiamento.
Purposes of the Financing
Objetivos dos Financiamentos The policy of the BNDES System includes the support of job
and income generating industrial projects that are competitive
poltica do Sistema BNDES apoiar projetos industriais que in terms of costs, productivity and quality. The BNDES
sejam geradores de emprego e renda, competitivos em custos, System finances investments aimed at, inter alia: industrial
produtividade e qualidade, financiando investimentos que tenham establishment, expansion, re-location and modernisation;
como objetivo, entre outros: implantao, expanso, relocalizao technological training; improvement in quality and productivity;
e modernizao industrial; capacitao tecnolgica; melhoria energy and environment conservation; corporate restructuring
de qualidade e produtividade; conservao de energia e do meio and rationalising; and expenditure in economic and social
ambiente; reestruturao e racionalizao empresarial; e gastos com infrastructure within private projects.
infra-estrutura econmica e social no mbito do projeto privado.
108
Usos-finalsticos dos Financiamentos Final Uses of BNDES Financing
do BNDES Schemes
111
Condies Financeiras Bsicas Basic Financial Conditions
Nveis de Participao do Sistema BNDES - a participao no Levels of Participation of the BNDES System in general,
investimento financivel, em geral, de at 60%, podendo participation in the investment susceptible of financing is of
atingir at 90%, dependendo do produto oferecido pelo up to 60%, but it may reach 90%, depending on the product
Sistema, do item apoivel, do porte da empresa (microempresas provided by the System, on the item susceptible of support,
e pequenas empresas so favorecidas), do setor econmico e on the size of the enterprise (micro-enterprises and small
da localizao do empreendimento nas reas de abrangncia enterprises are privileged), on the economic sector and on the
dos programas de regionais - Programa Nordeste Competitivo location of the venture in the areas of coverage of regional
(PNC), Programa Amaznia Integrada (PAI), Programa Centro- programmes Integrated Amazon Program (PAI), Competitive
Oeste (PCO) e Reconversul; Northeast Program (PNC), Midwest Program (PCO), Program
for the productive reconversion of the southern half of the
A propsito, o Custo Financeiro composto pelas seguintes
southern half and the northeast of RS (Reconversul)
parcelas:
The Financial Cost is made up of the following parts:
TJLP - Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo ou variao do dlar
norte-americano acrescido da Libor, ou ainda variao da TJLP Long-term Interest Rate or variation of the American
unidade monetria do BNDES (UMBNDES) acrescida dos dollar added of Libor, or else the variation of the monetary
encargos da cesta de moedas; unit of the BNDES (UMBNDES) added of the charges of the
currency basket;
Spread Bsico: margem que cobre as despesas do BNDES,
garantindo a rentabilidade da instituio; Basic Spread margin that covers BNDES expenses,
guaranteeing the profitability of the institution;
Spread de Risco: taxa que reflete o risco de crdito, podendo
variar em funo do cliente e da operao; Risk Spread a rate that reflects the credit risk; it may vary
as a function of the client and of the operation;
Spread do Agente: taxa definida pelo agente financeiro dos
Sistema BNDES que realiza a operao (operao indireta); e Agent Spread - a rate defined by the Financial Agent of
the BNDES System that carries out the operation (indirect
Outros encargos: - o BNDES poder cobrar outros encargos
operation); and
em funo das caractersticas da operao.
Other charges - the BNDES may collect other charges as a
Prazo total dos financiamentos: o prazo mximo (carncia mais
function of the characteristics of the operation.
amortizao) varia de acordo com a capacidade de pagamento
do empreendimento, da empresa ou do grupo econmico. Total term of the financing schemes: the maximum term (grace
plus amortization, varies according to the payment capability
of the venture, of the enterprise or of the economic group.
Fundos de Investimentos Regionais
Incentivados Regional Investments Funds with
O Governo Federal, no contexto de sua poltica de incentivo Incentives
ao desenvolvimento regional, criou os Fundos de Investimentos
Regionais, cujos recursos destinam-se, nica e exclusivamente, a The Federal Government, in the context of its policy of
aplicaes em empreendimentos industriais e agrcolas nas reas incentive to regional development, has established the
112
de atuao da SUDENE e da ADA Agncia de Desenvolvimento Regional Investment Funds, the resources of which are solely
da Amaznia, bem como no Estado do Esprito Santo. So eles: and exclusively meant for use in industrial and agricultural
ventures in the areas of action of SUDENE and ADA, as well as
FINAM Fundo de Investimento da Amaznia;
in the State of Esprito Santo. They include:
FINOR Fundo de Investimento do Nordeste; e
FUNRES Fundo de Recuperao Econmica do Estado do Investment Fund of the Amazon Region (FINAM);
Esprito Santo.
Investment Fund of the Northeast (FINOR);
Estes fundos tm como fonte parcial de recursos, dentre outras,
Fund for the Economic Recovery of the State of Esprito
a parcela da arrecadao do Imposto de Renda, oriunda da
Santo (FUNRES).
opo exercida pelo contribuinte pessoa jurdica em aplicar
parte do seu imposto devido nos fundos regionais. Atravs deste Part of the origin of the resources of these Funds, inter alia, is
benefcio fiscal a empresa contribuinte torna-se investidora do a part of the collection of Income Tax, deriving from the option
fundo beneficirio de sua escolha. exercised by corporate taxpayers of investing part of the their
taxes due in regional funds. By means of this tax benefit,
Os recursos do FINOR, do FINAM e do FUNRES so aplicados
taxpaying enterprises become investors of the beneficiary fund
na subscrio de debntures conversveis ou no em aes,
they choose.
de emisso das empresas que tm projetos aprovados pela
SUDENE, pela ADA ou pelo Grupo Executivo para Recuperao
Econmica do Estado do Esprito Santo. As caractersticas destas
The resources of FINOR, FINAM and FUNRES are invested in the
debntures esto regulamentadas em lei.
subscription of debentures, either convertible in stock or not,
issued by enterprises that have projects approved by SUDENE,
by ADA or by the Executive Group for the Economic Recovery
Debntures of the State of Esprito Santo. The characteristics of these
debentures are regulated by law.
As operaes de captao atravs de lanamento de debntures,
conversveis ou no, junto ao mercado financeiro privado, tm
sido bastante utilizadas no Pas, nos ltimos anos, como fonte
de recursos de mdio e longo prazos. Em geral, os custos e os
Debentures
prazos destes recursos so suportveis pelos projetos de longo
Fund-capturing operations carried out through the offer of
prazo de maturao.
debentures, convertible or not, on the private financial market,
have often been used in the Country, in the last years, as a
source of medium and long-term funds. In general, the costs
Recursos Externos de Longo Prazo and the maturity of these resources are affordable my projects
that have long periods of development.
Emprstimo em moeda estrangeira, levantado junto ao mercado
financeiro internacional constitui ainda uma importante fonte
de recurso para as empresas brasileiras. O montante e as
condies destes recursos tm sido bastante favorveis, em razo
Long-Term Foreign Resources
principalmente da crescente confiana do mercado financeiro
Loans in foreign currency, obtained from the international
internacional no Pas.
financial market are another important source of funds for
Tanto os emprstimos diretos s empresas, com ou sem Brazilian enterprises. The amount and the conditions of these
intervenincia de instituio local, quanto aqueles repassados resources have been quite favourable, particularly because 113
por bancos brasileiros, so regulamentados e controlados pelo of the growing confidence in the Country on the part of the
Banco Central do Brasil - BACEN. Nesta ltima modalidade, os international financial market.
custos so normalmente mais elevados que os dos emprstimos
Both direct loans to corporations, with or without the
diretos, visto que os bancos locais assumem o risco de crdito,
participation of a local institution, and those transferred by
alm de imputarem ao tomador os seus encargos e margens.
Brazilian banks are regulated and controlled by the Central Bank
Cabe advertir que os tomadores de recursos externos, qualquer
of Brazil - BACEN. In this last modality, the costs are typically
que seja a modalidade, recebem em Reais, muita embora os
higher than those of direct loans, since local banks undertake
emprstimos sejam firmados, em sua maioria, em dlar norte-
the credit risk, in addition to collecting from the borrower their
americano.
charges and margins. That borrowers of foreign resources,
Importa destacar que, em decorrncia da estabilidade econmica irrespective of the modality, receive the loan in Reais, although
hoje experimentada pelo Brasil e do aumento da concorrncia the loans are mostly denominated in American dollars.
no mercado financeiro local com a entrada, cada vez maior, de
It is worth highlighting as a consequence of the economic
instituies estrangeiras - bancos comerciais e de investimento
stability Brazil currently enjoys and of the increase in
- j se observam significativas redues do spread no custo dos
competition on the local financial market with the increasing
financiamentos externos e maior disponibilidade recursos.
entry of foreign institutions - commercial and investment
banks one can already notice significant reductions in the
spread and in the cost of external financing schemes, as well
Outros Mecanismos de Financiamento as greater availability of resources.
Entre os outros mecanismos de financiamento disponveis para
os empreendimentos brasileiros , cabe destacar:
Other Financing Mechanisms
Recibos de Depsito Americano (ADRs);
Among the other financing mechanisms available to Brazilian
Cditos de Fornecedores externos (Supplier Credits), enterprises, it is worth highlighting, inter alia:
normalmente garantidos por bancos de seus respectivos
pases; American Deposit Receipts (ADRs);
Operaes de Pr-venda de produo, como, por exemplo, Foreign-Supplier Credits, typically guaranteed by banks of
os lanamentos de contratos de pr-venda de ouro por empresas their respective countries;
mineradoras, nos mercados interno e externo; Operations of Pre-sale of production, such as, for instances,
Emisso de Commercial Paper no exterior, com suporte de the offer of Pre-sale Contracts for gold by mining corporations,
instituies financeiras brasileiras e estrangeiras; on the domestic and foreign markets;
Adiantamento de Contrato de Cmbio (ACCs) e Notas de Issuance of Commercial Paper abroad, with the support of
Exportao, amplamente utilizadas pelas empresas exportadoras Brazilian and foreign financial institutions;
e suportadas por bancos comerciais. Advances on Foreign-Exchange Contracts (ACCs) and Export
Cabe mencionar, ainda, a crescente participao dos fundos Bills, widely used by exporting corporations and supported by
institucionais - fundos de penso de empresas estatais e privadas, commercial banks.
no aporte de capital de longo prazo a empresas de minerao. It is also worth mentioning the growing participation of
Embora ainda estejam em fase de implementao, pela institutional funds pension funds of state-owned and private
iniciativa privada, os Fundos Setoriais de Investimento em corporations, in the contribution of long-term capital for mining
Aes do Setor de Minerao, regulamentados pela Comisso corporations.
114
de Valores Mobilirios CVM, pela da Instruo CVM n 171, Although still at the stage of implementation, by the private
de 23 de janeiro de 1992, constituem-se em outra importante sector, the Sectoral Investment Funds in Shares of the Mining
fonte de recursos para os projetos de minerao. Estes fundos, Sector, regulated by the Security Commission CVM, through
que tm caractersticas similares queles existentes no mercado Instruction CVM number 171, of January 23rd, 1992. are
canadense, podero adquirir, por subscrio privada, valores another important source of funds for mining projects. These
mobilirios de empresas mineradoras, constitudas sob a forma funds, which have characteristics similar to those of funds in
de companhias fechadas, que detenham, comprovadamente, existence on the Canadian market, will be able to acquire, by
titularidade de rea a ser pesquisada ou lavrada. private subscription, securities of mining companies, chartered
under the form of closed-capital companies that may prove to
be the holders of areas to be researched or exploited.
A Politica Fiscal e Tributria
A Poltica Pblica de Incentivos Fiscais privilegia a regio The Fiscal and Taxation PolicY
geogrfica e o setor da economia onde se pretende investir. O
investidor pode obter benefcios fiscais, crditos, financiamentos, The Public Policy of Fiscal Incentives privileges the geographical
assim como acesso a programas Estaduais de Apoio e outras region and the sector of the economy in which one intends to
concesses que podem ser requeridas isoladas ou combinando invest. Investors may obtain fiscal benefits, credits, financing
uma srie de incentivos oferecidos pelos governos federal, schemes, and have access to State Support Programmes and
estadual e municipal. to other concessions that may be applied for individually or by
combining a series of incentives provided by the federal, state
Os Fundos Constitucionais apresentam-se como importantes
and local governments.
instrumentos de incentivos ao desenvolvimento do Nordeste
e da Amaznia, que dispem de Agncias Regionais de Constitutional Funds are important incentive tools for the
Desenvolvimento. development of the Northeast and of the Amazon Region,
which count on Regional Development Agencies.
Na Amaznia, rea de jurisdio da SUFRAMA (http\\www.
suframa.gov.br), Zona Franca de Manaus, vinculada Presidncia In the Amazon Region, the area of jurisdiction of SUFRAMA
da Repblica, possvel a importao de bens de capital sem (http\\www.suframa.gov.br) , the Superintendence of the Free
similar nacional, com benefcios de um regime especial de Zone (duty free) of Manaus, related to the Presidency of the
reduo de impostos. Entretanto, todos os estados brasileiros Republic, it is possible to import capital goods that have no
possuem programas especiais de incentivos aos investimentos. national similar, with the benefits of a special tax-reduction
regime. Nevertheless, all Brazilian states have special incentive
Essa seo contm links para as organizaes de desenvolvimento
programmes for investments.
regional. Aqui os usurios podem de acordo com a regio
geogrfica e o setor da economia que eles pretendem operar The Superintendence of the Free Zone of Manaus-SUFRAMA,
- obter informaes sobre os diversos incentivos oferecidos por created by Law number 3.173, DOUt.n. of 06.06.1957, is an
cada regio do pas. Autonomous Agency related to the Ministry of Development,
Industry and Foreign Trade - MDIC, which manages the Free
Zone of Manaus - ZFM, with the responsibility of building um
model of sustainable regional development.
The West Amazon Region made up of the States of Acre,
Amazonas, Rondnia and Roraima, plus the Free-Trade Area of
Macap/Santana, in the State of Amap, performs a strategic
role for Brazils development, because, though it is not very
representative in terms of the Brazilian population, only 3 %,
it represents 27% of the whole national territory.
115
Sobre a SUFRAMA About the Suframa
A Superintendncia da Zona Franca de Manaus-SUFRAMA, The Superintendence of the Free Zone of Manaus-SUFRAMA,
institucionalizada pela Lei n 3.173, de 06.06.1957, uma created by Law number 3.173, of 06.06.1957, is an
Autarquia vinculada ao Ministrio do Desenvolvimento, Indstria Autonomous Agency related to the Ministry of Development,
e Comrcio Exterior - MDIC, que administra a Zona Franca de Industry and Foreign Trade - MDIC, which manages the Free
Manaus - ZFM, com a responsabilidade de construir um modelo Zone of Manaus - ZFM, with the responsibility of building um
de desenvolvimento regional sustentvel. model of sustainable regional development.
A Amaznia Ocidental composta dos Estados do Acre, The West Amazon Region made up of the States of Acre,
Amazonas, Rondnia e Roraima, e mais a rea de Livre Comrcio Amazonas, Rondnia and Roraima, plus the Free-Trade Area of
de Macap/Santana, no Amap, possui papel estratgico para o Macap/Santana, in the State of Amap, performs a strategic
desenvolvimento do Brasil, que embora detenha uma pequena role for Brazils development, because, though it is not very
representatividade em relao a populao do Brasil, 3 %, representative in terms of the Brazilian population, only 3 %,
representa 27% de todo territrio nacional. it represents 27% of the whole national territory.
REA DE ABRANGNCIA
Area of Coverage
ESTADOS POPULAO
REA (km) Part. (% )
States Population
AC 152.581.388,0 7% 557.526
AP 142.814.585,0 6% 477.032
116
A SUFRAMA, em 38 anos de existncia, viabilizou a implantao SUFRAMA, along 38 years of operation, has allowed for the
dos trs plos que compem a ZFM comercial, industrial e establishment of the three hubs (commercial, industrial and
agropecurio e promove a interiorizao do desenvolvimento, farming) that make up the ZFM and promotes inward
pela identificao de oportunidades de negcios e assegurando development, by the identifying business opportunities and by
a internalizao de investimentos na rea de abrangncia do ensuring the inward flow of investments within the area of
modelo na Regio Amaznica (Fig. 01). coverage of the model in the Amazon Region (Picture 01).
119
Incentivos do Governo Federal concedido pela Agncia Incentives of the Federal Government granted through
de Desenvolvimento da Amaznia ADA the Development Agency of the Amazon Region ADA
CSLL Contribuio Social sobre Lucro Lquido The Social Contribution Tax on Profit is owed to the Federal
Government and collected according to the same rules as for
A CSLL de competncia do governo federal e arrecada de on the adjusted net profit, before income tax, under the terms
acordo com as mesmas regras para o lucro lquido ajustado, of the prevailing law.
antes do imposto de renda, sob os termos da leis em vigor.
The general rules for calculating and collecting CSLL:
As regras gerais de apurao e recolhimento da CSLL so as
seguintes: Companies taxed by the Quarterly Taxable Income CSLL
shall be calculated on a quarterly basis and collected from the
Empresas tributadas pelo Lucro Real Trimestral a apurao da
contribution the month following the calculation period. The
CSLL dever ser trimestral, com o recolhimento da contribuio
se dando no ms seguinte ao perodo de apurao. A base de calculation will be based on the book net income per balance
clculo ser o lucro lquido contbil apurado por balancete e sheet and adjusted by additions, exclusions and compensations
ajustado pelas adies, excluses e compensaes estabelecidas set by specific fiscal laws. CSLL is owed on the basis of the
pela legislao fiscal especfica. A CSLL devida calculada com sole rate of 12% on taxable net income, its value not being
base na alquota nica de 12% sobre o lucro lquido tributvel, deductible when calculating the taxable income for income
sendo seu valor no dedutvel na determinao do lucro real tax (IRPJ) purposes.
para fins de IRPJ. Companies taxed by Annual Taxable Income CSLL shall be
Empresas tributadas pelo Lucro Real Anual a apurao da calculated on a monthly basis and collected the month after
CSLL dever ser mensal, com o recolhimento da contribuio the calculation, which is based on the monthly estimated
se dando no ms seguinte ao ms de apurao. A base de income. When calculating the annual net income at December
clculo ser o lucro estimado mensal. Na apurao anual do 31, the monthly contributions are deducted from the CSLL
lucro lquido em 31 de dezembro, as contribuies mensais so sum calculated. The monthly CSLL mensal owed is calculated
deduzidas do valor da CSLL apurada. based on the sole 12% rate on estimated income. This rate is
A CSLL mensal devida calculada com base na alquota nica also used when calculating the annual CSLL.
de 12% sobre o lucro estimado. Tal alquota aplica-se tambm Companies taxed under Assumed Income the mining companies
no clculo da CSLL anual. under this system will calculate and pay CSLL every quarter. The
Empresas tributadas pelo Lucro Presumido as empresas calculation is based on the 12% rate on the gross income of the
de minerao aqui enquadradas, apuraro e pagaro a quarter, plus capital gains and other non-operating revenue by
CSLL trimestralmente. A base de clculo ser o resultado law. A sole rate of 12% is charged on this total
da aplicao do percentual de 12% sobre a receita bruta do
trimestre, acrescido de ganhos de capital e demais receitas no
operacionais previstos em lei. Sobre o resultado deste somatrio
aplica-se alquota nica de 12%.
124
PIS Programa de Integrao Social PIS Social Integration Program
O PIS foi criado pela Lei Complementar n 7/70, com o objetivo The PIS was created by under the 1970 Complementary Law N
de promover a integrao dos trabalhadores na vida e no 7/1970, with the purpose of integrating the workers into the
desenvolvimento das empresas. A Constituio Federal de 1988, operations corporate life and development and growth of the
vinculou essa arrecadao ao financiamento do programa do company. Since the 1988 Federal Constitution, its collection
seguro-desemprego. has been directed to focused on financing the unemployment-
A alquota desta contribuio mensal de 0,65% e incide sobre insurance program.
a receita operacional bruta, isto , a soma das receitas que The rate of this monthly contribution is 0.65% and is collected
resultam no lucro operacional, acrescida das receitas financeiras on the gross working revenue, that is, the sum of the earnings
e variaes monetrias. Este encargo no incide sobre as receitas which result in the working profit, added to the financial
auferidas com exportaes. earnings and monetary variations. This tax is not collected on
COFINS Contribuio para Financiamento da Seguridade income from exports.
Social
Contribution For Social Security Fund (COFINS)
A COFINS uma contribuio que tem por finalidade custear
COFINS is a contribution to pay for aid-related investments
investimentos de carter assistencial. Incide sobre o faturamento
mensal a uma alquota de 3% e 7,5% dependendo do regime of an aid nature. It is charged on the monthly earnings with
adotado. As receitas auferidas com exportaes so isentas an rate of 3% to 7,6%, depending of the conditions. Income
desta contribuio. from Exports are is exempt from such a contribution.
Dentre outros encargos sociais de responsabilidade da Some of the other social expenses to be paid by a company
empresa, cabe destacar: are as follows:
A contribuio para o Instituto Nacional de Seguridade Social Contribution to the National Social Security Institute (INSS)
(INSS) na base de 20% sobre a folha de pagamento; e based on 20% on the payroll; and
A contribuio para um fundo compulsrio destinado ao Contribution to a compulsory fund for the employees and
trabalhador e controlado pelo Governo Federal - Fundo de controlled by the Federal Government - Severance Indemnity
Garantia por Tempo de Servio (FGTS) -, correspondente a 8% Fund for - Employees Indemnity Guarantee Fund (FGTS) -
dos vencimentos pagos ou devidos ao empregados. corresponding to 8% of wages paid or owed to employees.
O ouro produzido por garimpo ou mina e vendido a instituies Gold from small-scale mining areas or mining and sold to financial
financeiras est sujeito ao pagamento de 1% de Imposto sobre institutions is liable for paying 1% of Tax on Financial Operations
Operaes Financeiras (IOF ), visto ser considerado como ativo (IOF), since it is considered a financial asset by the Federal
financeiro pela Constituio Federal e pela legislao fiscal. Constitution and tax law. No ICMS is collected in this case.
Neste caso no incide ICMS. The growing foreign capital flow observed after July 1994, is an
O crescente fluxo de capitais externos, observado aps julho de unquestionable trustful proof from the international financial
1994, prova inequvoca da confiana no Pas, por parte dos investors and institutions to the country.
investidores e instituies financeiras internacionais.
206.954
200.000
" 2 ! 3) ,
) NVESTIMENTOS % XTERNOS $ IRETOS
) % $ S
&OREIGN $IRECT )NVESTIMENTS
150.000
100.000
32.779
50.000
28.578
28.856
22.457
18.993
18.166
16.590
15.194
10.792
10.144
4.405
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Acumulado
A legislao bsica sobre o capital estrangeiro no Brasil The basic legislation on foreign capital in Brazil is consolidated
est consubstanciada nas Leis nos 4.131/62 e 4.390/64, in Laws N 4.131, of 1962 and 4.390, of 1964, regulated by
regulamentadas pelo Decreto 55.762/65, diplomas legais estes Decree 55.762/65, such statutes complemented by Law N
complementados pela Lei n 9.249/95, que dispe sobre a nova 9.249, dated December, 1995, which stipulates new legislation
legislao para o Imposto de Renda. (www.receita.fazenda.gov.br) for income tax. (www.receita.fazenda.gov.br)
* Isonomia Legal e Fiscal * Legal and Tax Isonomy
O capital estrangeiro investido no Brasil, bem como os re- Foreign capital invested in Brazil, and as well as re-investments
investimentos, so registrados no Banco Central do Brasil and foreign exchange remittances abroad are registered at
(BACEN). O registro condio sine qua non garantia do direito the Brazilian Central Bank (BACEN). The concept of registered
de repatriao de seus recursos a taxas de cmbio comerciais e foreign capital is sine qua non for investments in Brazil, gives
the investor the right to convert repatriate his funds local
sem incidncia de tributao adicional. (www.bcb.gov.br)
currency again into foreign currency at commercial exchange
Importa enfatizar que o capital estrangeiro aplicado em rates and without extra taxation. (www.bcb.gov.br)
minerao no Pas, legalmente internalizado no Pas, tem It is worth mentioning that foreign capital invested in mining,
igual tratamento ao de origem nacional, sendo vedada pela once it has legally entered the country internalized, has is
Constituio Federal qualquer discriminao. addressed on the same basis equal legal or tax treatment
O investidor estrangeiro poder remeter para o exterior os as capital of Brazilian origin, and any discrimination is being
frutos de seu investimento, seja sob a forma de dividendos ou vetoed by the Federal Constitution.
ganhos de capital . No h limite para o montante de lucros que The foreign investor may remit overseas the return of his/her
podero ser remitidos como dividendos para o exterior, sendo investment, either as dividends or capital gains. There is no limit
isento do Imposto de Renda Retido na Fonte. on the value of profits that can may be remitted as dividends
128
Contratos de Assistncia overseas, without being taxed, providing that they do not
exceed the sum amount of the registered foreign capital.
Tcnica e de Royalties
As regras bsicas, que disciplinam os contratos de uso de Agreements of Technical
tecnologia ou de assistncia tcnica celebrados entre as empresas
de minerao brasileiras e pessoa fsica ou jurdica, residente e Assistance and Royalties
domiciliada no exterior, esto fixadas no Ato Normativo n0 15
do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI). Segundo The basic rules controlling contracts agreements of technical
dispe este Ato, tais contratos devem ser registrados e aprovados assistance or transfer of technology between Brazilian
pelo INPI e, somente aps este trmite legal, registrados no mining companies and individuals or companies resident and
Banco Central. domiciled abroad are set out in Regulation Act No15 no.15 of
the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), according
O registro no Banco Central permitir as futuras remessas de to which such contracts must be registered and approved by
pagamento pela prestao do servio tcnico ou de royalties, the INPI and, only after this legal procedure, then registered at
previstos nos contratos, sendo elas efetivadas com autorizao BACENthe Central Bank.
prvia do prprio Banco.
Central Bank registration will permit future remittances
in payment of services rendered or royalties, defined in the
Acordos Bilaterais de contracts, and they will be made with prior authorization of
the Bank itself.
Tributao
Com o intuito de evitar a dupla tributao, o Brasil assinou
acordo com os seguintes pases: Alemanha - Coria - Frana
Bilateral Tax Agreements
- Noruega - Argentina - Dinamarca - Hungria - Pases Baixos To avoid double taxation Brazil has signed agreements with
- ustria - Equador - ndia - Portugal -- Blgica - Espanha the following countries: Germany, Korea, France, Norway,
- Itlia - Sucia - Canad - Filipinas -Japo - Repblica Checa Argentina, Denmark, Hungary, The Netherlands, Austria,
- China - Finlndia - Luxemburgo. Vale mencionar que o Brasil Ecuador, India, Portugal, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Sweden,
no possui, ainda, acordo de tributao com os Estados Unidos Canada, Philippines, Japan, Czech Republic, China, Finland
e Reino Unido. and Luxembourg. It is worth mentioning that Brazil does not
yet have a tax agreement with the United States or United
INCENTIVOS GOVERNAMENTAIS Kingdom.
Incentivos Estaduais
Minerao State Mining Incentives
Most Brazilian States grant ICMS tax incentives to companies
A maioria das Unidades da Federao concede incentivos
which may eventually start up in their territories, by reducing
fiscais s empresas que eventualmente se instalem em seus
the calculation base of the tax or defer its collection. Another
territrios, pela reduo da base de clculo do tributo (ICMS) ou
incentive used by some States is to convert the tax to be
diferimento do recolhimento. Outra modalidade utilizada por
collected by the company into financing at preferential rates.
alguns estados a converso do imposto a ser recolhido pela
empresa em crdito e financiamento a taxas preferenciais. As a stimulus to foreign trade and development of the States,
they usually adopt ICMS exemption or reduction policies, within
Como estmulo ao comrcio exterior e ao desenvolvimento dos
its scope of jurisdiction. Such policies vary according to the
Estados, os Governos costumam adotar polticas de iseno
interest of each particular State and have to be unanimously
ou reduo de ICMS, dentro de suas esferas de competncia.
approved by the National Council of Finance Policy Council
A instrumentalizao dessas polticas varia de acordo com o
(CONFAZ).
interesse de cada Estado e deve ser sobmetida aprovao do 131
Conselho Nacional de Poltica Fazendria (CONFAZ).
Constituies do Brasil
- Constituio 1988
Anexos - Legislao https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiao.htm
- Constituio 1967
https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiao67.htm
- Constituio 1946
https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiao46.htm
- Constituio 1937
https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiao37.htm
- Constituio 1934
https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiao34.htm
- Constituio 1891
https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiao91.htm
- Constituio 1824
https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiao24.htm
132
Constituio dos Estados Brasileiros
https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Nova-consti/Main.htm
https://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/lei_principal.htm
http://www.dnpm.gov.br/conteudo.asp?IDSecao=67
Leis Ordinrias
133
- Lei n 8001, de 13/03/1990, DOU de 14/03/1990
Define os percentuais da distribuio da compensao financeira de que trata a Lei n 7.990, de 28/12/89 e da outras.
135
- LEI n 10.743, DE 9 DE OUTUBRO DE 2003.
Institui no Brasil o Sistema de Certificao do Processo de Kimberley - SCPK, relativo exportao e importao de diamantes
brutos, e d outras providncias.
Leis Complementares
Decretos
136
- Decreto-Lei n 227, de 27/02/1967, DOU de 27/02/1967
Cdigo de Minerao
137
- Decreto n 97.632, de 10/04/1989, DOU de 10/04/1989
Dispe sobre a regulamentao do artigo 2, inciso VIII, da Lei n 6.938, de 31 de agosto de 1981, e d outras providncias
(reas degradadas).
138
- Decreto n 5267, de 09/11/2004, DOU de 10/11/2004
Aprova a Estrutura Regimental e o Quadro Demonstrativo dos Cargos em Comisso e das Funes Gratificadas do Ministrio de
Minas e Energia, e d outras providncias.
141
- Portaria n 23, de 03/02/2000, DOU de 04/02/2000
Estabelece quais as substncias que sero abrangidas pelo Decreto Presidencial n 3.358 de 02 de fevereito de 2000.
143
ABAL Associao Brasileira do Alumnio (Brazilian Aluminum Association).
ABERSAL Associao Brasileira de Extratores e Refinadores de Sal (Brazilian Association of Salt Extractors and Refiners).
ABICLOR Associao Brasileira da Indstria de calis e Cloro Derivados (Brazilian Association of Alkalis and Chlorine-
SIGLAS E derived Products)
ABREVIAES ABRAFE Associao Brasileira de Produtores de Ferro-Ligas (Brazilian Association of Ferro-alloy Producers)
ABPC Associao Brasileira dos Produtores de Cal (Brazilian Association of Lime Producers).
ATPC Associao dos Pases Produtores de Estanho (Association of Tin-Producing Countries).
ANDA Associao Nacional para Difuso de Adubos e Corretivos Agrcolas (National Association for the Dissemination of
Agricultural Fertilisers and Correctives).
BACEN Banco Central do Brasil (Central Bank of Brazil).
CEI Comunidade dos Estados Independentes (Community of Independent States)
CIF Custo, Seguro e Frete (Cost, Insurance and Freight).
COOPERSANTA Cooperativa de Garimpeiros de Santa Cruz (Co-operative Organisation of the Artisan Mineral Workers of Santa Cruz)
CONFEA Conselho Federal de Engenharia, Arquitetura e Agronomia (Federal Council of Engineering, Architecture and Agronomy)
CREA Conselho Regional de Engenharia, Arquitetura e Agronomia (Regional Council of Engineering, Architecture
and Agronomy)
CSN Companhia Siderurgia Nacional (National Steel Company).
ACRONYMS AND
CVRD Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (Vale do Rio Doce Company).
ABBREVIATIONS
DECEX Departamento de Comrcio Exterior (Foreign Trade Department).
EAU Emirados rabes Unidos (United Arab Emirates)
FOB Mercadoria Livre a Bordo (Free on Board).
KPCS Sistema de Certificao do Processo de Kimberley (Kimberley Process Certification Scheme)
IBGE Fundao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica (Foundation Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics).
IBGM Instituto Brasileiro de Gemas e Metais Nobres (Brazilian Gem and Noble-metal Institute).
IBG Instituto Brasileiro de Gemologia (Brazilian Gemology Institute)
IBRAM Instituto Brasileiro de Minerao (Brazilian Mining Institute)
IBRAFOS Instituto Brasileiro do Fosfato (Brazilian Phosphate Institute).
ICZ Instituto de Metais No-Ferrosos (Institute of Non-ferrous Metals).
LME Bolsa de Metais de Londres (London Metal Exchange)
144 NYSE Bolsa de Nova York (New York Stock Exchange)
INB Indstrias Nucleares do Brasil S.A (Nuclear Industries of Brazil S/A).
MMA Ministrio do Meio Ambiente (Ministry of the Environment)
MF Ministrio da Fazenda (Ministry of Finance).
MDIC Ministrio do Desenvolvimento, Indstria e Comrcio Exterior (Ministry of Development,
Industry and Foreign Trade).
MDS Ministrio do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate Fome (Ministry of Social Development and Struggle Against Hunger)
MERCOSUL Mercado Comum do Sul (South Common Market)
MME Ministrio de Minas e Energia (Ministry of Mines and Energy)
MTE Ministrio do Trabalho e Emprego (Ministry of Labour and Employment)
MRE Ministrio das Relaes Exteriores (Ministry of External Relations)
NCM Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (Mercosul Common Nomenclature)
OIT Organizao Internacional do Trabalho (International Labour Organisation ILO)
PETROBRS Petrleo Brasileiro S.A (Brazilian Petroleum S/A).
SECEX Secretaria do Comrcio Exterior (Secretariat for Foreign Trade).
SGN-MME Secretaria de Geologia e Minerao e Transformao Mineral (Secretariat for Geology and Mining and Mineral
Transformation)
SENAES-MTE Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidria (National Secretariat for Solidarity-Based Economy)
SIACESP Sindicato da Indstria de Adubos e Corretivos Agrcolas, no Estado de So Paulo (Trade Union of the Industry
of Agricultural Fertilisers and Correctives in the State of So Paulo).
SNIEE Sindicato Nacional da Indstria de Extrao de Estanho (National Trade Union of the Tin-Extraction Industry)
SIMPRIFERT Sindicato Nacional de Matrias-Primas para Fertilizantes (National Trade Union of Raw Materials for Fertilisers).
SINFERBASE Sindicato Nacional da Indstria de Extrao de Ferro e Metais Bsicos (National Trade Union of the Industry of
Iron and Basic Metal extraction).
SISBACEN Sistema de Informaes do Banco Central (Central Bank Information System)
SISCOMEX Sistema Integrado de Comrcio Exterior (Integrated Foreign-Trade System)
SNIC Sindicato Nacional da Indstria do Cimento (National Trade Union of the Cement Industry).
SRF Secretaria da Receita Federal (Federal Inland Revenue Secretariat)
UE Unio Europia (European Union EU)
UNCTAD Conferncia das Naes Unidas sobre Comrcio e Desenvolvimento (United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development)
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Geolgico do Brasil: CPRM, 2003. 692 p. Disponvel em: <http://www.cprm.gov.br
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<http://www.dnpm.gov.br>
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