Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Tandra Pal
tandranit@yahoo.com
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Information & Complexity
simplification of complex problems (decision,
management, prediction etc.)
Loss of information
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Fuzzy
Why ? & When ?
for
UNCERTAINTY Mgmt.
In the Problem
Uncertainty :
In the parameters which define the problem
or
In the situation in which the problem occurs
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Linguistic Imprecision
tall man
heavy guy
long street
large number
sharp corner
very young
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Many decision-making and problem-solving tasks are too complex to be
defined precisely
Examples:
Design of washing machine Fuzzy washing machine
Decision regarding purchasing a car
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Fuzzy logic enables us to
model human reasoning process at a higher level.
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Fuzzy vs. Crisp
fuzzy logic
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Crisp logic is concerned with absolutes-true or
false, there is no in-between.
0
80F Temperature
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Drawbacks of crisp logic
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Fuzzy vs. Probability
Two Mathematical tools to handle uncertainty
Fuzzy Probability
Fuzzy :
partial or imprecise information
Information is not fully reliable
Imprecision in the language
Example problem :
understanding human speech
recognizing handwritten characters etc.
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FUZZY SET YES
WHITE
0
BLACK
A = { (A(x), x) : for all x X} NO
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F
0 1
F [X]
Domain = X
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Example
Uncertainty in
[0, 0.5] and in [0.5, 1]
with maximum at = 0.5.
Average of 20 values of ambiguity
a quantification
of amount of uncertainty, A possesses GLOBALLY
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Representation of Fuzzy Sets
Membership functions
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Representation of Fuzzy Sets
Membership functions
S type functions
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
(x )
(x )
0.0
0.0
x x
A concept
Not unique
Objective/subjective Estimation
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1.0
0.5
(x )
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
(x ) (x )
0.0 0.0
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Fuzzy Hedge
More-or-less Tall
Very Tall
Tall
0.5
(x )
0.0
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Basic Operations
on
Fuzzy Sets
TALL
1.0
0.8 HANDSOME
0.6
TALL
1.0
0.8 HANDSOME
!
0.6
A = 1 A (x )x
TALL
NOT TALL
1.0
NOT TALL
SHORT
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Fuzzy T- Norm & S-Norm
(operations on fuzzy sets)
T(x,y)=min(x,y) ; S(x,y)=max(x,y)
T(x,y)=x.y ; S(x,y)=x+y-x.y
T(x,y)=max(x+y-1,0); S(x,y)=min(x+y,1)
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Fuzzy Variable
We want the value to switch gradually as Young becomes Middle and Middle
becomes Old as it becomes really.
Degree of
Membership
Young Middle Old
1
0.5
0
25 40 48 55 Age
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Product set
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Crisp Relations
Ordered pairs showing connection between two
sets:
(a, b): a is related to b
(2, 3) are related with the relation <
< 1 2
Relations are set themselves :
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)} 1
2
Relations can be expressed as matrices.
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Fuzzy Relations
Example: Color-Ripeness relation for tomatoes
Red 0 0.2 1
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Representation
Bipartite Graph
(Crisp) (Fuzzy)
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Representation
Matrix
B B
y1 y2 y3 y4 y1 y2 y3 y4
x1 x1
x2 x2
x3 x3
x4 x4
(Crisp) (Fuzzy)
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Representation
Digraph
(Crisp) (Fuzzy)
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Operations on fuzzy Relations
Sum: A + B = max[aij , bij ]
Example
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Composition of fuzzy relations
Max-min composition
( x, y ) A B, ( y, z ) B C
S !R ( x, z ) = max[min( R ( x, y ), S ( y, z ))]
y
= [ R ( x, y ) S ( y, z )]
Example y
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Composition of fuzzy relations
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Composition of fuzzy relations
Example
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Composition of fuzzy relations
Example
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Composition of fuzzy relations
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-cut of fuzzy relation
Example
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-cut of fuzzy relation
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Decomposition of relation
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Decomposition of relation
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Projection
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Fuzzy Rules
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Types of Fuzzy Rules
Mamdani-Assilian Model :
R1 : If x is A1 and y is B1 then z is C1
R2 : If x is A2 and y is B2 then z is C2
Ai, Bi, and Ci are fuzzy sets defined on universes of x and y (input) and z (output)
respectively.
Takagi-Sugeno Model :
R1 : If x is A1 and y is B1 then z = f1(x,y)
R2 : If x is A2 and y is B2 then z = f2(x,y)
fi(x,y) is a function of X and y
For example : fi(x,y) = ai.x + bi.y + ci contd.
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Types of rules Contd.
Classifier model :
R1 : If x is A1 and y is B1 then pattern class is 1
R2 : If x is A2 and y is B2 then pattern class is 2
Function approximation
Classification
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Fuzzy Systems
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Fuzzy System
Crisp Input
Fuzzy Input
Fuzzy Output
Crisp Output
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Fuzzification
Two Inputs (x, y) and one output (z)
Membership functions:
low(t) = 1 - ( t / 10 )
high(t) = t / 10
0.68
Low High
0.32
0
Crisp Inputs X=0.32 Y=0.61 t
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Rule base
Rule 1: If x is low AND y is low Then z is
high
Rule 2: If x is low AND y is high Then z is
low
Rule 3: If x is high AND y is low Then z is
low
Rule 4: If x is high AND y is high Then z is
high
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Inference Rule strength
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Composition
Low(z) = MAX(rule2, rule3) = MAX(0.61, 0.32) = 0.61
High(z) = MAX(rule1, rule4) = MAX(0.39, 0.32) = 0.39
1
Low High
0.61
0.39
0
t
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Defuzzification
Max
1
f (t )dt
Min
Low
Center of Gravity High
0.61
0.39
0
t
Crisp output
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Composition Rule of Inference
Let Universe X = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.
A little = {(1,1.0), (2,0.6), (3,0.2), (4,0.0)} in X.
B approximately equal in X Y
1 2 3 4
1 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
2 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
3 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.5
4 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0
C(y) = A ! B
= max min {A(x), B(x,y)}
x
= {(1,1.0), (2,0.6), (3,0.5), (4,0.2)} approximately little.
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Function Approximation
Input X . . Output Y
. .
The system S can be any type of system with numerical input and output
Pattern Classification
Classifiers are functions of special types which do not have numerical inputs but
have Class labels as outputs.Class labels can be coded.
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System Aim
Replace/Emulate
FUZZY EXPERT Human Expertise
SYSTEMS
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Pattern Recognition System (PRS)
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Why Fuzzy Image Processing / Analysis ?
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Uncertainty in Image Processing and Vision
Conventional approaches to image analysis &
recognition consist of
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Since the regions in an image are not always crisply
defined, uncertainty can arise within every phase
of these tasks.
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Thus it is convenient, natural and appropriate to avoid
ourselves committing to a specific hard decision, by
allowing the segments, skeletons or contours to be
fuzzy subsets of the image --- the subsets being
characterized by the possibility or degree to which
each pixel belongs to them.
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Thank You
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