Peta ‘BLOCK 18106- OFFSHORE ANGOLA LEAK OFF TEST INTERPRETATION il INTERPERTING THE LEAK OF TEST BLOCK 15/06 OFFSHORE ANGOLA Date: _ AUGUST 2012 PREPARED BY : | _ Antonio Gabugo ‘Student 173964 Ts, |APPROVED BY. | Luca Pelicciotta Well Operations Manager | | REGISTERED BY:| Raffaele Romagnoli | Course Tutor “The presartdoauvet is CONFIDENTIAL nds th propery of BW ANGOLA ‘Xena ot be shown of pares nor salt be se forearm hove weh was givenBLOCIC1596- OFFSHORE ANGOLA Po 2am - 7 von Wanda = ANGOLA | ENI ANGOLA LEAK OFF TEST INTERPRETATION eee ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 41. INTRODUCTION.. — 3 2, PERFORMING THE LEAK OFF TEST. nh 2A. Test Procedure.. 4 3. FIELD CASE STUD 6 4, INTERPRETATION OF LEAK OFF TEST. 7 4A. In-situ Stresses Determination. 7 5. CONCLUSION 0 “he pesandocumarte CONFIDENTIAL aise propery of BW ANGOA tenant sawn ta ptr na hall be use of osons ere om fare lo eh # WBS EN,‘BLOCK 1896- OFFSHORE ANGOLA Pp sotto ei anda ANGOLA) ENI ANGOLA LEAK OFF TEST INTERPRETATION haga 2012 | INTRODUCTION “The scope ofthis document isto describe how to perform a Leak off test (LOT) and interpret the fracture pressure of an Exploratory Well and use i fo modal possible development well same area. of Offshore ‘Angola and serves as report for Professional Training ‘The LOT is used to determine the strength oF fracture pressure of an open formaton, usually conducted immediately aftr driing below the anew casing shoe ‘The test consist in pumping the fd in to wellbore and gradually increase the pressure until the formation stars to lak of ‘This report be made up of of 5 chapters in 10 pages, as per requirement for professional raining program. ‘The chapter 2, Is describing the steps necessary to perform the test. On chapter 5, a fed case study is presented and showe the leak off ex plot of the well under analysis. Furthermore inthe chapter 4the leak Of tests then Inierpreted. and the in ~ situ stress dotermined using the resus of est, The last chapter utes the report Block 15/08 has water depth ranging from approximately 850m to 1600m, therefore interpretation of leak of test for normalization or correction is necessary due to large diffrence of water depth and air gap of reference wel in area in ordr to predict te rock mechanics perspective, the fracture pressure fora new ‘wel tobe drilled ie oS “Ie pena docerte CONFIDENTIAL a iis opty of BM ANGOLA ‘Neal tbe shown or partes nor sa be sed eons fret tom those whch a gen‘BLOCK 15106- OFFSHORE ANGOLA Po aio Tuna -ANGOLA ENI ANGOLA LEAK OFF TEST INTERPRETATION as 2012 PERFORMING THE LEAK OFF ‘On this chapter, is presented the procedure to perform the LOT indiling operations and a model for interpeting the leak off test in terms of n~ situ stress ater the wellbore have frecture, using the Kirsch ‘equation “The LOT are performed at each casing shoe ater setting the surface casing, prr to dling ahead the next wellbore section, Pratt fst, a decision should bo taken, to eltherincreate the pressure fo unt Teak of occurs ealed.pre-fallure phase orto extern ( we pus fate, phase For the propose ofthis report only the pre failure phase is discussed, Sometimes the test stop at pre-determined pressure fora FIT and it does nat give any information ‘about the stress magntide a wil be briefly expained inthe next section. 24. Test Procedure ust before to perform the test, we should have a sheet of graph paper to record pressure versus ‘cumulative volumes pumped. ‘Step 1: Dri out the float equipment, clean the rat hole and dill 5m of new hole Step 2: Circulate the mud unt wells lean and have the same weight gong in and come out from well ‘Step 3: Pull the bit ack int the casing sho ‘Step 4 Rig up the cementing unit to the dil pipe, flup the tines and pressure t Step 5: Break ceultion to ensure no obstruction are present Step 6: Close the well ana pump slowly unt pressure stat to bull up Step 7. Once pressure le established, pump uniform volumes (0,25bbl fr small hoe sizes and (0,50bbI for bigger hole sizes) of mud and wait for pressure to stabilize nomally 2 min ‘+ Sep 6: Repeal te step above until two or three points are reached where the pressure deviates and falls below the approximate straight tne. The point on the plot where the curve begins to bene! avay from the straight line is caleé LEAK OFF POINT. ‘+ Step 8: Slop pumping, shut inthe well, record and plt pressure versus time until stabizaton (normaly between 18 — 20 min). ‘+ Step 10 Bleed off the pressure and record the quantity of ud returned into the cementing unit ‘and compare t wth volume used in esto evaluate the losses. + Step 11: Open the BOP and calculate the formation strength in tems of equivalent mud weight by Using the formuia below, taking the lowest between the leak off point and stabilized pressure tit [beak off Press(0.52x Casing Shoe TVD Depth(ft)] + Mud Density Used Duving Test (Ib/aa) The present osrvrt is CONFIDENTIAL andi tho propery of EW ELA sna ob shaw opr or shal be ured roan rm ave lo whieh Was gen,[BLOCK 18106- OFFSHORE ANGOLA ENT AN | uantecaneae GOLA LEAK OFF TEST INTERPRETATION aot FIELD CASE STUDY ‘The shallow part ofthe wel is composed with unconsolidated sediment and the weight ofthe overying rock mass, is not sufficient to give enough strength to rock body to Support the pressure offi deny, ‘Therefore, a pre-determined pressure were determined using the offet wells on field as reference, \Which shouldbe suifcent to reach the surface section depth wih soleced mud weight, (On chart below is presented the pressure test chart. These typeof testis called FIT (Formation Integy “Test and should clearly be marked to not be used as measure of fracture strength ‘The remaining part ofthe wel, the leak off test wore performed, inorder to: ‘+ Ensure the cement seal around the casing shoe and fracture gradient of he fst sand below the casing shoe , which considered ( ul not always) asthe weakest point of te well ‘+ lavasigata. the wellbore capably to withstand pressures below the casing shoe during well contra operations + Collect" regional information on formation strengths and stress magnitude for diferent applications, including optimization of future well planing, wellbore slablly analysis and ‘medeing, reservoir application From the points mentioned above, al the aletion forthe intend of his report wil alin the last point hich is one used to interpret the LOT. Theoret durant s CONFIDENTIAL andi the propery of RW ANGOLA sat ob show ou partner Sal te ured romana ren om are lo weh Xa gn,[BLOCK 15106- OFFSHORE ANGOLA Pa sotto | ante ‘gust 212 1ENI ANGOLA LEAK OFF TEST INTERPRETATION “The graphs below are representing the LOT, performed on the 13 28" intermediate casing shoe and on the 85/8" production casing shoe. Both sections were driled with ol base mud, contrary to the surface which were dled with water base ‘mud due to environmental issue. The type of mud play an important role when erform LOT due tots wettability wit formation in test lalaleleitale sists ‘According tothe data for 9 6/8" casing, the total volume lost nto. formation at 3062 m (TVD) was 3.5bbl and the max surface pressure necessary to fracture the formation Is approximately 880 psi with a mud Wwoightof 155g ‘Ater some mathematical manipulation, the ‘facture mud density computed is equal to 1.2559. This value ‘serves as upper bound limi forthe mad density forthe next section( 8") and should not be higher, having the risk of fracturing the wel ‘Similar interpetain could be done with 13 38" casing which resulthe facture gradient of 1.23 6.9. The proto dourent ie CONFIDENTIAL ants the property of BW ANG stata be show ol partes or sha bo se reasons fret hn eee a ith ws Qin,BLOCIC15ING- OFFSHORE ANGOLA Py Tor (area ANGER ENI ANGOLA, LEAK OFF TEST INTERPRETATION [apa 2012 INTERPRETATI FE TEST (On the figure below the LOT pressure are plod versus the depth in tem of is gradéent. Also shown fare the pore pressure gradient and the overburden gradient associated with each leak off point with ‘espectve trend ines. 1900 | - ‘As can be observed the LOT shows an increase with depth as expected and does nt fall on straight line ‘The LOT pressure accurately represen the insitu stress state and the roc tensile strength, that can be sed (o optimize future wel planing, through wellbore stability analysis and modeling. 4,1, In-situ Stresses Determination “The kisch equation ie only valid up to the conventional leak off point, called the pre failure phase and should not be applied fo.@ massive hydraule fracturing aso called post alure phase “The model using the ksch equation find thatthe LOT is corecty defined by the in sity stress and the rock tensile strength and is applied to atypical dillng operation described in te next equation: Pray = Ban ~ on Py ‘Where: aj the minimum horizontal tess,¢ i the maximum horizontal stress, and P, the pore pressure. From the data presented below, a good estimate of the in-situ stress state can then be obained from the ‘equation above, excluding the FT at surface casing shoe. “Th presot document is CONFIDENTIAL and its the property of EM ANGOLA shat tb santo bid pro or shal eared for osons eer rom fase OWN Kwa ge.mn BLock 1806 Poaotta = on dso | ENI ANGOLA LEAK OFF TEST WTERPRETATION rs ‘agus 202 Depth LOT Grad. MW used (rn) ( i928 Cat an ae ie nas 30135 435 Having the Puop the and hydrostatic Pp, in term of its gradients and since the wall is vertical, the interpretation i that the two hoczonta tresses are in anisotropic conltion (2, = ay) and therefore the ‘minimum harzonal stress can he computed as Flow For 13.318" casing shoe 0) = OSTACPror +) = OS7L(,23 + 1,04) = 1,306.9. oy = 130/08 = 1625.9. For 9 518" casing shoe O571(4,35 +105) = 1,375.9 ‘As can be noticed, the LOT has not the same strength magnitude with minimum horizontal stress and therefore we can conclude that LOT performed was nol so accurate Inthe 13 38" casing shoe and means ‘hat when conduct LOT we should not consider its value as tue fracture pressure, ad otek aft Test | 0 | - ewe ee | a 7 : | EU . 23900 | at | tqulchmmecifecmaekeg) MM “The in situ tress data shows an increase with depth as was expected. Therefre inorder to estimate the stress for all the wel fora wellbore stabilty analysis and modeling future wal, @ best-fit cuves is. serie fo aban a correlation, “Tha prasont dooument is CONFIDENTIAL and tis the property of NF ANGOLA eet be show a parce nr sat be sn ease Gore Hom sao en wae gen* ‘BLOCK 15106 - OFFSHORE ANGOLA ENT ANGOLA [LEAK OFF TEST INTERPRETATION Wanda ANOUA ug 2012 ‘Attend line generated. from the last square method gives the following expression forthe n- stu sesses! .8550x - 8576 (Min, horzontal stress) and y = 5700x ~ 6695 (Max horizontal stress) ‘The expression above can be used to compute the minimum / maximum horzantal stress gradient as function ofthe depth: Dy 8580 09 ~ 8876 ; Dryo™ 5700 Oy ~ 6695 ‘The in-situ state stresses can then be used to perform post cil wellbore stabilty analysis as shown in the folowing figure. 200 Man Hon gon urea rae zg Gl Median ine 100 114060 ag 202.20 240260 “The ideal mud weight for the future wel inthe same fil is described by the median tne principle, As it can be sean is in between the minimum horizontal stress and the pore pressure In practic, is not possible to increase the mud weight as represented with median line principle, therefore a stepwise increase in mud weight folowing the mesian ine is prefered, “The peeat dort is CONFIDENTIAL nai th pay of A ANGOLA esata sho oe pares nor shat bo se ean dro Hom ese © whch was gen.‘BLOCK 1816 OFFSHORE ANGOLA Pp toott0 . reap [ana ANGOLA | LEAK OFF TEST INTERPRETATION al ‘CONCLUSION ‘The mud weight is fundamental poit on ailing operation, because common wellbore problems are related to this key point. From result showed in figure above, we can observe thatthe method presented can be used fo Interpret the LOT performed i reliable or no, by comparing i withthe minimum horizontal stress. ‘A correct interpretation of reference wels helps determine the best-fit mud weight in the rock mechanic, context. ‘This approach can be used to design wellbore stabilty model basing on the goortechanical parameters and gives fo the deiling engineers oo to interpret the LOT ina very simple and fast way. “he pratent dimen ie CONFIDENTIAL an is he property of 2 ANGOLA hotles br paras nor salt be se reasons dre Hon ose whe Was gen