Operating Systems

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hms
http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/OpSystems/Myos/multQueue.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_queue
http://cs.wwc.edu/~aabyan/352/Scheduling.html
http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~yairamir/cs418/os2/tsld039.htm
http://www.mines.edu/Academic/courses/math_cs/macs442/resources/S9schedul-
Part2.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_Feedback_Queue
www.student.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~cs350/S04/notes/sched.pdf
)( Multiple-Processor Scheduling
) ( one CPU
) (multiple CPUs!
(many
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) (homogeneous processor
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...
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-
.
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.
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.
.
http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~jnm/book/book_applets/Diners.html
http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~jnm/book/book_applets/FixedDiners.html

http://courses.cs.vt.edu/csonline/OS/Lessons/Deadlock/index.ht
ml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_philosophers_probl
em

Operating system concepts Book by Silberchatz Galvin Gagne

http://www.math-
cs.gordon.edu/courses/cs322/lectures/deadlock.html

http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~yairamir/cs418/os4/sld003.htm

Operating system concepts Book by Silberchatz Galvin Gagne

http://www.math-
http://www.cs.rpi.edu/academics/courses/fall04/os/c10/index.ht
ml
http://www.math-

http://www.cs.rpi.edu/academics/courses/fall04/os/c10/index.ht
ml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock
http://www.math-

http://www.math-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock
http://www.math-

http://courses.cs.vt.edu/csonline/OS/Lessons/Deadlock/index.ht
ml

:

Memory Management and Virtual
Memory
) (RAM

.

) (processes

.

52
.
)(afnan.s@gmail.com
1 Operating System Concepts by Silberschatz, Galin and Gange.

:

.

) (:

) (virtual address space
) (actual address space

-
) (logical address
) (pages

).(Memory Management Unit
) (

) backing
.(store

,

53
.
) (

.

.
) (

.

) (backing store
54
.
1
en.Wikipedia.org
1 Microcomputer Operating Systems book, Operating System Concept book.

) (
:
Paging
Pages
Demand Paging in Virtual Memory

) (

.

Lazy Swapper
Pager Swapper
Pager Pages .

) ( Page-fault Pager
.

55
.
) - (
55
En.wikipedia.org and www.science.unitn.it

) (Secondary Storage (Physical
)Memory .
)(

.
:
) ( bit
) .(Page Table
:
-1 ) : (valid .
-2 ) : (invalid :
. ) (.
. ) . (
) ( :
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-2 .
) (pager

.
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) (Trap ) (Page-Fault Trap
.
:
) (Frame
.

) (Page-Fault

56
).(Pure Demand Paging
) (

- :

.
- :
.
- : .
- :
)(copy-on-write
,
57
.
56
Operating System Concepts by Silberschatz, Galin and Gange.
57
En.wikipedia.org
:
: )
( PCB
) (valid
) (invalid
.
:
) (

.
: ) (frame
).(free-frame
: .
:
.

: .
58
.
) - (

---
: Copy-on-Write
)( Fork
)( )(
58
Operating System Concepts by Silberschatz, Galin and Gange

)( exec .
) (COW

.
) (process1 - child ) (process2- parent

A B C
) (process1 ) (C
) (process1 .
) (
:

)( .
) (
-1

) (frame ) (victim ) back
(store
.

).(basic replacement
) (
:
-1 .
-2 :
.a .
.b
.
.c
.
-3 .
-4 .
) (
)
(
.

) (modify bit or dirty bit
1

) (
) (

.
)frame-
(allocation algorithm
) (over allocation
).(page replacement algorithm

) reference
(string
) ( .
) (
-2 FIFO

) (FIFO queue
) ( .
) (
:
- 7 0
1 .
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7 2 .7
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3 .
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) (

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) (

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-6

.

- :

.
: -

.

.
) (
:

: 11.1 :
) ( disk
) ( secondary storage :
.1 :

.
.2 .

.
) ( I|O byte
) ( RAM blocks
. block ) ( sector) (59
.

.
:
: .
:
.

) . ( 11.1
59
( & 4,069 s cWn U !S&UQ Z vXu( &UQ U (S vXu"! sector 32(Om &
( = 4. (& (S ( $~c 512(.
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11.2
11.2.1 :
1-on-disk
2-in-memory
on-disk:
boot ,
) , ( blocks , .
:
: boot control block

). (boot . UFS
.boot block NTFS. partition boot sector
: volume control block blocks
FCB . UFS
superblock NTFS master file table
: UFS
NTFS . master file table
FCB
blocks UFS. inode NTFS master file
table
in-memory:
: in memory mount table .1 .

: in memory directory structure cache .2
.
system -wide open-file table .3 FCB
.
per-process open-file table .4 system-
wide open-file table .
FCB :
UNIX
.
WINDOWS NT
) ( system call .
: 11.2.2 ( Mounting and Partition) :
:
: .
,
.
,
1 24 C: . z:

.
) (GB30 GB 25
C: windows 2000 GB5 D
.
.
.
:
MBR(Master
) Boot Record ) . (Partition Table
, ) boot
. (sector MBR .
MBR BIOS .
MBR , .
) active( ,
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, .
.

.
) . (volume boot sector ,
, .
, .
: ) (primary .Extended
. .
:
,
. MBR .
. windows 9x
, FDISK .
Microsoft .
, . windows 9x
Linux , windows 2000

.
,
RedHat : .
. Linux,windows98,windowsXP , windows2000,
,
system Commander 7 .
windows 2000, Linux , system
. commander system commander MBR
.
,
.
windows 98 . C: , Linux
. windows 2000
, Linux
.
:
,
MBR ,
.
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. ,
,
. .
.

) . (Extended Partition
, .
. .
, .
.
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.
, ,
.
:

.

.

.
FAT32 EXT3
NTFS FAT32 LINUX

NTFS
...

,
) (C,D,E,F,G,H,I
ATA
.hda1 , hda5 , hda6 , hda7 , hda8
, partition

$fdisk -l
Device Boot Start End

Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 1 388
2933248+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda2 389 557
1277640 5 Extended
/dev/hda5 389 557
1277608+ b W95 FAT32
) shell
( :
$mount
/dev/hda1 on / type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-
ro)
tmpfs on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs
(rw,nosuid,mode=0755)
proc on /proc type proc
(rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs
(rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
procbususb on /proc/bus/usb type usbfs (rw)
udev on /dev type tmpfs (rw,mode=0755)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs
(rw,nosuid,nodev)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts
(rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=620)
nfsd on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw)
rpc_pipefs on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type
rpc_pipefs (rw)
, , hda5
:
mount point
.
dev/hda5/
mount
point
mount :
/mnt ,/media

. root
$mkdir /mnt/xxxxx
hda5 :
$mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/xxxxx
11.2.3 :
:
) ( kernel
system calls

,
windows,
mac os & linux
.
) ( ,
.
sun os unix
sun microsystems
unix UFS NFS
:
http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html
http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:VkZOKtxXbiwJ:wapedia.m
obi/en/Virtual_file_system+virtual+file+systems&hl=ar&ct=clnk&
cd=31&gl=sa
Operating Systems Concepts
Directory implementation 11.3

) ( Linear list

block
,
.

..
:
0 ) ( mark
\
0
0
.
.

)( Hash Table
hash data structure

, .
) ( linked list
.
:

11.4 :
..
-:
-:
(Contiguous Allocation) -:
) (address
)(block
-:
) (disk address ), (disk
)( accessing contiguous
.
)block
(address of first ) (
) (blocks
) (blocks .

) (blocks
.
) ,( First-fit ), (worst-fit ) (best -fit

) ( First-fit .
:
*
,external fragmentation
,
.
* ,
, ,
!
) (
) (blocks
.
-:
) (blocks
-:
) (metadata .
) (Subsequent .
-:
-:
) (metadata .
( Linked Allocation) -:
) (linked list ) Disk

(blocks .
) (
) (null )(node .
) (block
)(linked list .
) (blocks .
)( external fragmentation
, ) (block ,

).(blocks
) (access
) (access ,
.
,
.
) (reliability
) (pointer
.
)File-
(Allocation Table ) (volume
) (blocks ) (
.
-:
(Indexed Allocation) -:

) (block )(index
,
) (direct access ,
) (external fragmentation

, index block
! .
-:
http://filesystems.palconit.com/filesystems-file-allocation-
methods.html
http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~lib215/lectures/lect_p/lec
t04/6_Extras/bar_fs/index3.htm
Silberschatz, Galvin, Gagne: Operating System Concepts

11.5 ":" management Free space

.

)(.Free space list
)(free disk blocks

) . (

. .
.

.1 ""bit vector
.2 ":" linked list
.3 ""Grouping
.4 " " counting
":"bit vector
" "Block " ."one bit

) ( 0
) ) ( 1 1
0(
:
blocks )(2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,1617,18
blocks bit map

""bit-manipulation instruction
:
.
microcomputers
.
:
block 2Kbyte 1 Gbyte
bit vector 1GB/2KB=32KB
": "blocks
block )( word bit map
block )(bit 1
block = ) bits * word words
( offset + block
:
word 5 bits
bit map :
block =) 17 = 2 + (3 * 5
":"linked list

.

..
, 2 .
3
4 5 8.
* ) (
* .
/
.
* .
* " "block front .
:
blocks ) (2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,17,18
blocks linked list
":"Grouping
* .
* .
blocks n block
blocks ) n-1 (
:
blocks
:
blocks ) (2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,17,18
blocks (n=3) grouping
":"counting

)(contiguous blocks
) contiguous
(allocation
n ) (.
.
:

)+(
.1

blocks ) (2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,17,18
blocks counting
:
www.ece.iupui.edu/~dskim/Classes/ECE408/ln-
os-ch11%20File-System
http://filesystems.palconit.com/filesystems-free-space-
management.html
http://blog.pixnet.net/nixchun/post/7989490
. Khadija akherfi
.
.
: 11.6
Buffer Cache / page Cache / Unified Buffer Cache

) ( :
Memory mapping .1 )(mmap
)(Virtual Memory subsystem
I/O system calls .2 )( read )(Write
(I/O subsystem).
Disk Cache
Disk Cache
Buffer Cache .1
Buffer cache ) I/O system calls ( )

(.
Buffer Cache
.
:
.

.

.bits Sectors
Sectors
)(Blocks Buffer Cache
.
:Buffer Cache
Bits Buffer
Cache .
Page Cache .2
Pages
Block
. blocks
Two cache model .3

Buffer Cache Page Cache
- ) Buffer Cache (I/O system calls
Buffer Cache
.
Buffer Cache
.
- )page cache (memory mapping I/O
Buffer Cache
page cache
.
page cache Buffer

cache .
.1 ) (
.
.2 ) page cache (Buffer cache
:
)
page cache
Buffer cache !(
Unified Buffer Cache
Unified Buffer Cache(UBC) . 4
page
cache buffer cache
.
:
http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci21
1963,00.html
http://www.faqs.org/docs/linux_admin/buffer-cache.html
http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/useni
x2000/freenix/full_papers/silvers/silvers_html/
Operating system concepts-6th ed(page 434-435)
:

Mass-Storage Structure
, : .
.
.

. .
.
.
[im()S(S ( & o"i&W#n [SQX &WZ! . RAID [ )XS ,

.
)(l.bishy@gmail.com
1-12 :
:
.
1-1-12 :
) ( platters
: / , .
,( sectors ) . ) ( tracks
, 512 .
) ( arms ) heads
(
) / (
.
( cylinder ) . :
( Platters ) . ( cylinder
)
) ( .
.
:
( ) :
.

)
( .
: .
250 - 70
:
4200 : IPod
4200,5400 : 7200
7200 :
10000 : 15000
:
):(Transfer rate
) ( .
) ( ):(seek time
) / (
) (track .
) ( ):(rotational latency
/ ) (sector
.
): (Access Time
/
.
= ) + (seek time )(rotational latency

) ( ) :( positioning time
) ( )
( .
) ( .
.
.
.
)
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.
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.

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.

EIDE,ATA,SATA,Fireware,USB,Fiber Channel,SCSI:
) ( Host Controller :
.
:
IDE ATA Internal Hard Disk :
) :( Integrated Drive Electronics IDE
Parallel ATA . PATA
GB 200. 4 GB .

SATA.
SATA Internal Hard Disk :

SATA
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IDE .
SCSI Internal + External Hard Disk :
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( Small Computer System Interface . )
) ( :

" :
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3 .
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.
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IDE
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IDE IDE

.
.
.

2-1-12 :
):(access time
):(random access
,
.
:
.
- - - -

) ( Operating System Concepts
) (CompTIA A + Certification
WWW.IFOREX.COM
http://www.sanabes.com/
http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/stg/pub/D/disk.html
2-12 :
(Hard Disk ) ,
) ( Servers
.

.

) ( Formatting the HDD
.
) ( Low Level Formatting
( Physical Formatting ) .
) ( High Level Formatting
( Logical Formatting ) .
WWW.IFOREX.COM
3-12 :
) ( (I/O ports)
. ) (
.
1-3-12 - ): (NAS
)(.Network attachment storage
- ):( NAS protocols
) (NAS)(servers ) (NFS
) (CIFS ). (FTP
- ): (NAS connections
) (NAS .
2-3-12 - ): (SAN
)(Storage area network
)(WAN)(LAN
)(servers
:SAN
SAN
) (Tape libraries) (disk arrays ) (optical jukeboxes )
(Servers ).( Locally attached
- 2007 SAN
) .( Enterprise
:SAN
: (Fiber Channel )FC iSCSI

.IP-based SANs
SAN iSCSI
.
(Direct Attached Storage )DAS .NAS
redundant
NAS
) DAS DAS
.(Hard Disk
SANs
.
SAN
) (Servers )
( boot ) SAN (.
:SAN
SAN
:SAN
).(Fiber Channel
SAN K$50-60 .
SAN iSCSI ) K$20-30

(
6.
iSCSI
.
SAN
3-3-12 - ) (NAS - ): (SAN
)(NAS) (SAN
:
NAS and SAN

NAS SAN
- ).(NAS - .
- -
. NT .
- ) (server ) - SCSI fiber

(channel ) (SAN ) (LAN
).(WAN ) (fiber channel 10
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storage
http://www.nas-san.com/differ.html
4-12 :
) (
.
.
) (controler

). (queue

.
) . ( scheduling policies

: , .
) : ( acess time
(seek time) . :

( rotational latency). :

) (disk bandwidth
) throughput (
) response time (

) ( scheduling .
head
.
.
: ) : ( FCFS
) ( FCFS ) ( First Come First Serve )

(

, .
.
.
.
) ( queue ) (

)( :
76,65,124,14,122,37,183,98
53 53 98
45
) ( 45=53 - 98 98 183 85
. 67

53 98 183 37 122
67 . 14 124 65
tota head movment = | 53 - 98 | + |98 - 183 | + |183 - 37 | + |37 -

| 122 | + |122 - 14 | + | 14 - 124
| + | 124 - 65 | + | 65 - 67
= 45 + 85 + 146 + 85 + 108 + 110 + 59 + 2
= 640 cylinders
640
.
: 37
122 14 . 124 ( wild jump
).
37 14 122
124 .
: FCFS
.
.
.
.
: ) ( )
: (SSTF
) ( SSTF ) ( shortest-seek-time-first )
(
.
.
.
. (
)
, ,
, .
.
53
| 53 - 65 | = 12, 65
67
|67 - 37 | = 30 37 : . |67 - 98 | = 31:

37 98
14 98 122 124 . 183
| tota head movment = | 53 - 65 | + |65 - 67 | + |67 - 37 | + |37 - 14

| + |14 - 98 | + | 98 - 122 | + | 122 - 124 | + | 124 - 183
= 12 + 2 + 30 + 23 + 84 + 24 + 2 + 59
= 236 cylinders
236
.
37 53
37 14 65 67 98 122 124 183
208 .
) .( starvation
: .
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,
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: ) ( elevator algorithm
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) (
.
, .
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.
tota head movment = | 53 - 65 | + |65 - 67 | + |67 - 98 | + | 98 - 122

| | + |122 - 124 | + | 124 - 183 | + | 183 - 199 | + | 199 - 0 |+ | 0 - 14
| + | 0 - 37
= 12 + 2 + 31 + 24 + 2 + 59 + 16 + 199 + 14 + 37
= 396 cylinders
: ) : ( LOOK
) ( scan ) ( c-scan
.
)(
. .
) ( scan ) ( c-scan LOOK : C-

LOOK
:
tota head movment = | 53 - 65 | + |65 - 67 | + |67 - 98 | + | 98 - 122
| + |122 - 124 | + | 124 - 183 | + | 183 - 14 | + | 14 - 37 |
= 12 + 2 + 31 + 24 + 2 + 59 + 169 + 23
= 322 cylinders
- - - - -
- - -
Operating Systems Concepts book

http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/stg/pub/D/disk.html
http://www2.cs.uregina.ca/~hamilton/courses/330/notes/io/no
de7.html
http://www2.cs.uregina.ca/~hamilton/courses/330/notes/io/no
de7.html
:
http://gaia.ecs.csus.edu/~zhangd/oscal/DiskApplet.html
) 6-12 Swap-Space Management:(

( swapping ) ,
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( external fragmentation ) .

)(disk partition
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swapmem_on, to 0 tunable system parameter
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:
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4(. 4
:
- - - -
operating system concepts

http://docs.hp.com/en/B2355-90672/ch06s02.html
:

)(I/O system
:
.1 ) (
.
.2 ) interrupt

,
) .(( interrupt handler
...
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. .2
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. .4
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: :
. : .
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)(Character-stream or block
) (Sequential or random-access .
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) (Sharable or dedicated .
) (Speed of operation .
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only
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.3 ) (buffer )(disk.
.4 .
.5 .
::
:
.1 ).(switches
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.3 (interrupts). .
.4 ),(CPU,.
Operating System Concepts by Silberschatz, Galvin and

Gagne
)( open(), read(), write:
ANSI C
fopen(), fread(), fwrite() :

:
: , .
: .
(System call I/O).1 .
(stream I/O).2 .

) (
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:
http://cnx.org/content/m12321/latest/:
: interrupt
-1 :nonmaskable interrupt
.
-2 :maskable interrupt

. .
Operating System Concepts by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 7th edition

)(interrupt
Interrupt request line:

CPU & controller CPU
controller
CPU context
switch Interrupt handler
memory
Interrupt handler Interrupt
CPU CPU .
:interrupt
Non-maskable interrupt: -1

.
Maskable.2
CPU
.
Interrupt vector:
Interrupt handler
handler
interrupt .
Interrupt priority levels:
CPU
Boot time .1 CPU

Interrupt vector
Exception.2 Software .
: Operating System Concept

)(interrupt
interrupt
handler :
..1 .
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.4
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:Direct Memory Access

.CPU
:Module .
* CPU.
* ADC, DAC, PWM, memory
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* : DMA
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Memory
peripheral systems data registers
control registers ..
DMA memory bus
memory .
:DMA .. memory bus

independent triggers , memory regions
.. DMA trigger
signals .. signals ..
: DMA controller trigger signal ..

memory bus non-maskable interrupts
Controller simultaneous triggers
:
:/http://cnx.org/content/m11867/latest
.
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) (polling
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controller (write 1 on it)set busy bit

(write 0 on it) clear to busy bit
controller CPU
controller command-ready bit in command register
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Busy bit 0 controller
set to write bit in command register byte
data-out register set command-ready bit
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bit
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error bit busy bit
.

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