MEENA INTERNATIONAL Training & Certification Division Ri Course Work - 1 1 o In electromagnetic radiation, the distance between a point on one wave to the corresponding point on the subsequent wave called the a Wavelength B. period c Wave velocity D. Frequency Recfilinear propagation is: ~The ability of x and gamma rays to travel in straight lines The ability of x and gamma rays to penetrate certain materials The ability of x and gamma rays to scatter The ability of x and gamma rays to self rectify within certain materials pope The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually measured in’ A. MeV (million-electron volts) (8 Gilg (curies per gram) C. —_Rlhr (roentgens per hour) D. ——_clmin (counts per minute) Radioactive decay is a series of events happening at. .e random B. equally spaced C. interconnected D. controllable Visible light has a frequency that is A higher than x-rays B. lower than radio waves c, higher than infra-red radiation’ D. none of the above the half life of iridium 192 is A. 53 years B Byears C. 7.4 days Do 74 days Which of the following is true with respect te the radiation from gamma ray isotopes.and x-ray tubes? A X-rays are produced at a single wavelength B. Gamma ray isotopes produce a spectrum of wavelengths similar to white light C. X-rays produce a spectrum of wavelengths similar to white light Both B and C are true Page 1 0f 48. 40. a 12 13, 14 15. pre? et Ya The smallest from in which a substance retains all ofits physical properties is a (an) A. nucleus B. Crystal A 10. mA B. 15 mA Cc. 20mA D. 18mA 42% Distortion of a weld through lack of restraint is due to: A. Hot tears 8. Porosity Cc. Electrode material 18> —_Contractional stresses 43. Which of the following is naturally occurring radioisotope? A Iridium 192 B. Cobalt 60 Le Radium 226 D. _Allof the above are naturally occurring 44.¥ Radiographic contrast can be reduced by: A. Increasing the FFD B. _Decteasing the SED ES Decreasing the wave length of the radiation D. Increasing the development time 48. Fine,grain films are B. Faster than coarse grain films C. Used to reduce exposure times D. —_Used to reduce the effect of scatter 46, AS the developer temperature increases A. Development time increases B. No adjustment of time is necessary P — Development time reduces D. Development temperature should aways be 20(C Page 5 0f847, A Satisfactory radiograph is achieved with an exposure time of 10 minutes at an SFO of 1 meter, if the SFD is changed to 700 mm what will be the exposure time 4.9 minutes n= 0 eles B. 6 minutes ho Sr C. 3 minutes D. _ none of the above 48, A method of radiographic examination in which the source of radiation is outside the pipe and the film is close to the inside surface of the intervening wall is called the: A. Double wall method ‘ 8. Double wall, single image method & C.— Double wall, double image method Br Single wall, single image method 49. If a good radiograph is produced with a source to film distance of 200 cm with an exposure of 4 curie minutes, what is the exposure at 600 cm? A Bcurie minutes ° pox bao x B. 24 curie minutes & beer beox 4 C. 30 curie minutes Ronn Zee PT 36 curie minutes 50. The time taken for a film to lose its ‘milky” appearance during fixation is referred to as: Fixing time Development time Clearing time Dwell time 51. The penetration ability of an x-ray beam is governed by: we Kilo voltage or wavelength Time mill amperage Source- to-film distance gee 52. Abasic difference between a radiographic and a fluoroscopic image is that: A, The fluoroscopic image is more sensitive 7X The fluoroscopic raw image is positive whereas the radiographic image is negative C. The fluoroscopic image has higher contrast D. There is no basic difference between the two 53. The radiation intensity of an isotope A Increases with time 3B Decreases with time C. Decreases with use D, Is not affected by time 54.7 Inherent Unsharpness is also referred to as A Geometries Unsharpness Film Unsharpness ©. Penumbra D. Film contrast 455, The slope of a straight line joining two points of specified densities on a characteristic curve of a film is known as the: A Speed of the curve: B,- latiude Lo awerage gradient D. density Page 6 of &58. Which diameter wire would indicate 2% sensitivity on a 15mm weld? A 0.1mm B.. 0.125mm = eee C016 mm = = r, D- 03mm i = ete 57. Even with the use of image intensifiers, fluoroscopy in industrial radiography has limited application because J Sensitivity is poorer than film B. No permanent record can be made C. Its not as safe as film radiography D. —Allof the above 58% Electro slag welding can be distinguished from the MMA, TIG and MIG welding processes by what factor? A. Itsuse of gas shielding B. The use of consumable electrodes c. The high degree of operator skill employed DB The use of electrical resistance as its heat source 59. The general method of producing X-rays involves the sudden deceleration of high velocity electrons ina solid body called a A Focusing cup filament C target D. Cathode 60% For high speed films offering low film contrast, the characteristic curve will: ‘A. Have a shallower gradient compared to that for a high contrast film B. Be to the right of that for a high contrast film ©. Have a steeper a gradient than that for a very fine grain film AX Both A and B are correct 61. The Developer solution is: A Reid Alkaline © Saline D. Colloidal 62.x Calculate the penumbra for the following: ‘Source size 3X 4mm, OFD = 14mm, FFD = 280mm, Seuxce 026mm B 26mm C. 0.25mm wy D 2.5mm 63. Xand gamma rays of the same energy. A Have different properties Darken films to differing degrees _8 Are essentially the same apart from their origins c. D. Have differing wavelengths 64. Which of the following are located in the nucleus of an atom? Protons, Neutrons A 8 c. Electrons x Both A and B are located in the nucleus Page 7 of &Gamma isotopes produce radiation A= With a continuous spectrum of wavelengths Se at one or more discrete wavelengths dependent upon the isotope €. —_ at longer wavelengths than 120 kV x-rays D. Both A and C are Correct 66 Rectilinear propagation is: a The ability of X and gamma rays to travel in straight lines B. The ability of X and gamma rays to penetrant certain materials c. The ability of X and gamma rays to scatter D. The ability of X and gamma rays to seff rectify within certain materials 67. A.combination of atoms having a specific structure or form called a (an) Ac element ws molecule crystal D. Chain 68, Consumable electrode, flux shielded, manual process is a description of which welding process TIG MMA Submerged arc MIG 69.+ Using a film with a slow speed and very fine grain size would result in radiographs having:- ‘A. Medium contrast B.__ Low contrast with poor definition —& Very high contrast D. High contrast with poor definition 70. Atoms are usually made up of: A. Alpha particles B. — Radiowaves Protons, neutrons and electrons D. | X-rays. 71, Practical use of radiography was introduced during A 1895 B_- 1898 Early 19208, D. None of the above 72. Gamma rays were discovered by: A Rontgen Pierse Gurie & Marie Curie c. HH Lester D. None of the above 73. PCN Offers how levels of Certification? 5 Levels 2 Levels ahevels None of the above 74, Which of the following documents of BINDT deals with vision requirements? PSL-57A PSL-5S7C aa ie Page 8 of 8: MEENA INTERNATIONAL MEA Training & Certification Division RI Course Work - 2 1 When radiographing a component constructed from 3mm aluminum tubing exposure time can be reduced by:~ A. Using lead screens B. Decreasing the KV Le —_Using a faster film D. Using fluorescent screens Sf The density difference on two adjacent areas of a radiograph is called:- Sensitivity Resolution Subject contrast radiographic contrast 2G a> “Fluorescent screens emit A Alpha particles 5. Beta particles Go light D. | X-rays 4. When radio graphing a weld it may be advisable to grind the surface to a smooth or at least clean surface. The purpose of this is to A. reduce exposure time 8. ensure uniform density over the total surface \f reduce chance of missing defects D. _ improve film contrast 5. The use of a wetting agent before drying is: A. To clean the film .B: To ensure even drying C. For more efficient washing D. To remove developer 6 When radio graphing a large grain material a mottled pattern is observed on the radiograph. How may this be eliminated? A. Lower the KV and use fluorescent screen B. Lower the KV and use lead screens & Raise the KV and use lead screens D. Raise the KV and use fluorescent screens 7. The clarity and sharpness of an image can be improved by which of the following? ;\ h wk Slow speed films ( Y B. _ Longer object to film distances a C. Larger size films #\ \ D Aand B above \ N, Page 1 of 48. When radio graphing a part which contains a large crack, the crack will appear on the radiograph . as: ~& A dark, intermittent or continuous line B A light, irregular line c Either a dark or light line o A fogged area on the radiograph 1 A fadiograph is seen to have grainy leathery appearance and is known to have been exposed to sudden extreme temperature change during processing, This film fault is referred to as A. Polarization B. Characterization “& — Reticulation D. None of the above ” jwrr® ave 10. The purpose of replenishing the developer is to A. Stop streakiness B. Ensure quicker fixation .@> Keep the strength and level constant D. Improve radiographic definition 11. A densitometer is: A. Ameter to measure X-ray intensity <8 An instrument for measuring film density C. — Ameter to measure density of metal D. — Ameter to measure tube current (mA) 12. The equivalence factor for steel/lead using iridium 192 is 1.0 to 4.0. What exposure would be fequired to shoot 1.5 cm of lead if the exposure for the same thickness of steel was 15 curie minutes? A. 3.75 curie minutes B. 7-5 curie minutes crt & be C. 30 curie minutes v& 60 curie minutes 13. 11 sensitivity is A. Used to determine the exposure required -B° Used to assess the size of the smallest defect that can be detected C. Used to assess the radiographic technique D. Calculated by dividing specimen thickness by the diameter of the smallest wire 14, For an area of a radiograph with a density of 3 the ratio of the incident and transmitted light is A 10:4 B. 1001 entilog 3 a loco 2° 1000:1 D. — 10000:1 15. Radiographic sensitivity is a function of which of the following factors? A definition and resolution B. resolution and contrast Page 2 of 416. 47. 18. 19. 20. 21 22. 23 <@° Contrast and definition D. _Unsharpness and resolution The purpose of indicating distance along a weld on a radiograph by means of lead numbers is to correct for parallax Meet code requirements accurately locate defects all of the above oho> Which of the following will affect film contrast? A Scatter -B grain size of the film c radiation energy D. Changes in section thickness E. all of the above will affect film contrast Which of the following will help to reduce scattered radiation? Lead foil screens Masks Diaphragms A and B above all the above oom, The thickness variation that corresponds to the useful density range is known as: A Contrast B. resolution Cc. —_atitude D. _ sensitivity:- You are required to radiograph a 80 mm section of steel which radiation type listed below would you use? A 180 KV X-ray unit B. Iridium 192 C. Thulium 170 WW Cobalt60 ectomve GE now? Splashes of fixer on an exposed film prior to processing will result in:- ‘Areas of significantly decreased density B. Brown staining of the radiograph C. Areas of significantly increased density Dd. no visible effect Which of the fotlowing represents the order by which films are processed? A. Developer, fixer, stop bath, wash, dry LB Developer, stop bath, fixer, wash, dry Ss Developer, stop bath, Wash, fixer, dry D. __ Fixing, stop bath, Developer, wash, dry Scatter with an angle of greater than 90 degrees is known as:~ A Side scatter Page 3 of 4Br back scatter “ C. Internal scatter D. Radiographic undercutting 24. Penumbrais a measure of A. Darkness of a radiograph B. Contrast of a radiograph . Se" Sharpness of image D. Doss received The process by which silver halide is converted to metallic silver is known as: - A. Fixing Be Development . c. Latent imaging D. transformation é 26. Pb screens are not normally required below cA 120 KV B. 200 KV ’ Cc. 300KV D. 150 KV 27. To achieve a luminance of the illuminated radiograph of 30cd/m2, the luminance of the | illuminator, for a film density of 3.0, needs to be:- a 3,000 cd/m2 « B. 300 cdim2 i C. 30,000 edim2 D. 300,000 caim2 « e 28. Which of the following screen types will give the sharpest definition? vC —_Lead foil screens e 8. Fluorescent screens . ‘ C. _ Fluoro-metallic screens - D. —_allthe above will give a similar definition 29. The advantage of double coating radiographic film is A. To prevent scratching B. To stop chemical fogging .&- —_To prevent drying marks D. To improve speed and contrast 30. Collimation A, Reduces beam size 8. _ reduces scattered radiation Cc. Concentrates the radiation beam D. -Botha&b Page 4 of eeMEENA INTERNATIONAL Training & Certification Division RT Film Interpretation Course Work - 3 7. When radiographing a large grain material a mottled pattem is observed on the radiograph. How may this be eliminated? A. Lower the KV and use fluorescent screen B. Lower the KV and use lead screen C. Raise the KV and use lead screens ~~ D. Raise the KV and use fluorescent screens An unshielded gamma- ray source produces a dose rate of 1200m Svihr at a distance of 2 meters. What does rate would the same source give at 8 meters? =p, a ees A. 750 mSv/hr mo) oe 8. 2400 mSvhr Hie. a \. Po. re et c 300 mSv/hr he Ey xD \ze0 x 22 Z D 75mSvihr oe The use of a wetting agent before drying is: A To clean the film B. To ensure even drying- —~ C. For more efficient washing D To remove developer To achieve a luminance of the illuminated radiograph of 30cd/m2, the luminance of the illuminator, for a film density of 3.0, needs to be:- A. 3000 cd/m2 B. 300 cdim2 ©. 30,000 cdim2e“ D. 300,000 cd/m2 ‘A densitometer is’ A meter to measure X-ray intensity An instrument for measuring film density ~~ > asece etd fe A meter to measure density of metal ————- A meter to measure tube current (mA) ort” The appearance of light crescent shaped areas on a radiograph would be the result of- Pressure marks due to faulty handling or buckling of the film prior to exposure - B Dust or other foreign bodies trapped between the film and intensifying screens 6 Splashes of water or fixer on the film prior to development D. Pressure marks due to faulty handling or buckling of the film after exposure.» Axle \ tecox So + gom> > What [QI sensitivity has been attained when the thinnest element visible on the radiograph is 0.63 mm and the specimen is 35mm thick? A 0.55% ¢ B. 18% = lee c 20% = D. 5.5% Page | of 42 3. Calculate the geometric Un-sharpness given the following:- Object thickness = 25mm, Source to film distance = 350mm, Source effective size = 3mm A. 0.21mm B. 467mm vq = Bate 2 Soke. C. 433mm ae D. 023mm Sodatuchus SED A source of iridium-192, whose half life is 75 days, provides an optimum exposure of a given test * ‘object today with an exposure 20 minutes. Five months from now, what exposure time would be required for the same radiographic density, under similar exposure conditions? A 10 minutes B. 20 minutes ee ee een C. — Thour and 20 minutes, ~ D. 6 hours Collimation A Reduces beam size — B. Reduces scattered radiation— Cc. Concentrates the radiation beam D. -Botha&b_~ ™ When radiographing a component constructed from 3mm aluminum tubing exposure time can be _ reduced by A. Using lead screens B. _Deereasing the KV C. Using a faster film —~ D. Using florescent screens Calculate the density when incident light source is 5000 candela/m* and the transmitted light intensity " is 70 candelafm*:- A 092 . Leggte te tage Be Bo 1.856 OL ame e 4a Dade Hehe D. 714 Tene cheget = f Te purpose of replenishing the developer is to: Stop streakiness - Ensure quicker fixation ~@ Keep the strength and level constant e~ Improve radiographic definition The purpose of indicating distance along a weld on a radiograph by means of lead numbers is to A ‘Correct for parallax Meet code requirements B. \@7 accurately locate defects —~ D. all of the above The inverse square law is used to:- AL Calculate new intensities at new distances B. Calculate new exposures at new distances C. Calculate image sharpness aeree © Page 2 of 4~16, 17. 18. 19 20. 23 Do Botha & be For an area of a radiograph with a density of 3 the ratio of the incident and transmitted light is A. 10:4 t Fa sp goeeien. B. 400:1 D > begie Fo adileg> \ er 1000:1.~- = Se D. — 10000:1 ola? ST ‘A good radiographic is produced in 3.0 minutes at 15mA. What exposure time would be needed if the mA were reduced to 5mA? A. 1.0 minute B. 2.0 minute z 4 <2 9.0 minute D. 10.0 minute Radiographic sensitivity is a function of which of the following factors? A definition and resolution B resolution and contrast 8 — Contrast and definition — D. _Un-sharpness and resolution When radiographing a part which contains a large crack, the crack will appear on the radiograph as Ae Adark, intermittent or continuous line ——~ 8. Aight, irregular line C. Either a dark or light line D. A fogged area on the radiograph Which of the following screen types will give the sharpest definition? Ac“ Lead foil screens —~ B. Fluorescent screens C. — Fluor-metallic screens D. _ all the above will give similar definition The calculated minimum source to film distance necessary to produce a penumbra of 0.2mm, when using a source size of 1.3 mm ona specimen with a material thickness of 60mm would be A 390mm “ B. 425mm p= SRoxS/s ExT y, wan 60 Co 135mm ~—~a a Rice. aon P= ce FET + ext? J aesae rays, gamma rays and alpha particles are all: x = A Particulate radiations 231) Se sea B. electromagnetic radiations _ BIO tbe = ast ©. _ Microwave radiations _— = Sex Be led Zoepeser ist liste aS as” 18% t 4 iar a= ey24. 26. 26. 27, 4.28. 29. 30. , The equivalence factor for steel/Lead using iridium 192 is 1.0 to 4.0.What exposure would be required to shoot 1.5 cm of lead if the exposure for the same thickness of steel was 15 curie minutes 3.75 curie minutes _ “ 7.5 curie minutes Isxg 260 2 A B. C._ 30 curie minutes <2 60 curie minutes When radiographing a weld it may be advisable to grind the surface to a smooth or at least clean | surface. The purpose of this is to A reduce exposure time B ensure uniform density over the total surface ‘ \C-~ reduce chance of missing defects, — ‘ D. improve film contrast Splashes of fixer on an exposed film prior to processing will result in:- ' A. Areas of significantly decreased density | B. __ Brown staining of the radiograph \-" Areas of significantly increased density .— 4 D. No visible effect | A radiograph is seen to have grainy leathery appearance and is known to have been exposed to af sudden extreme temperature change during processing. This film fault is referred to as. ¢ A Polarization zB 2Ste tere B. Characterization «S&S — Reticulation = > D. None of the above An acceptable radiograph was made at 300mm for 20 mA minutes? What would be the new expo: -. at 500mm? \ “Soe, > Fan —f, = 2g A. 40.8mAmin he oy ea 8 55.6 mA min. is \ 7 C. 33.3mAmin = - or os D. 42 mAmin aa e 2 ber You are required to radiograph a 80mm section of steel which radiation type listed below would you use? A 150 KW X-Ray unit B, tridium 192 Cc. Thulium 170 Be Cobalt 60 The process by which silver halide is converted to metallic silver is known as:- A. Fixing \B-~ development -~ Cc. Latent imaging D. transformation Page 4 of ‘eae eeeoeeeeneen8 NDT TRAINING & CERTIFICATION SERVICES DIVISION PCN Preparatory Course Review Test - 4 SUBJECT Radiography (RI): LEVEL-2 X-rays and Gamma rays have significant penetrating power due to their a Short wavelength —— b Medium wavelength ¢ Long wavelength d Wide range of wavelengths a he factor that indicates how much attenuation will take place per centimeter is known as 2: Mass attenuation coefficient Linear attenuation coefficient Decay rate Atomic number eocveg Who is given credit for the discovery of X-ray? a Henri Becquerel b Wilhelm Roentgen c Marie Curie d_ Pierre Curie Image quality indicators (IQIs) provide information about the level of: a Resolution and contrast sensitivity —~ b Resolution and film latitude c Contrast sensitivity and latitude d Contrast sensitivity only A radiograph made with an exposure of 8 mA m produces a density of 1.8. The sensitometric curve shows a difference in relative exposure between a density of 1.8 and the target density of 2.5 is 4. What must the new exposure time be to produce a radiograph with a density of 2.5? a 4mAminutes b 2 mAminutes BxG B3R c 32mAminutes ~~ d_ None of the above Attenuation of radiation is due to: a Absorption b Scattering c Radioactive decay d BothAandBy Exposure to ionizing radiation can be limited: a With the use of shielding b By increasing distance form the source ¢ By limiting the time exposed to the radiaiton d Allofthe above. — Bremsstrahlung production of X-rays produces radiation that is composed of a Asmall number of very defined energies b Acontinuous spectrum of energies over some range c Radiation of only one energy d None of the above10. X-rays and Gamma rays a Are both affected by radioactive decay b Are both produced by a radioactive atom c Have completely different properties d Differ only in their source -— When penetrating radiation is directed at a material, the radiation intensity decreases: a Decreases exponentially with increasing material thickness —~ b Increase linearly with increasing material thickness c Decrease linearly with increasing material thickness d None of the aboveB Iridium 192-74 days C. Ytterbium 169 -32 DAYS 16, What liquids are used to develop a fill? A. Developer B. Fixer C, water 17. What does increasing the film speed do? 18, IQ's should be placed where? Source side 19. What are intensifying screens? Acceleratales 20. for a given thickness, which of the following will give the greatest protection against ionizing radiation? Concrete, Steel, Lead Brick work 21. What is the purpose of a Film Badge? 22. In which part of the body can the effect of oVer-exposure to radiation be first detected? Blood 23. What faults may be present on a radiographic film, which are not from the specimen being radio graphed? Watermark, scratch 24. In General, does X-rays give more, or less, sharp images (than Gamma rays? Under Cut 25, what ore the three common techniques applied to the radiography of plates and pipe? SWSI, DWDI, DWSI 26. A section of film that receives more radiation than the surrounding area will be? 27. Radiation exposure will detected firstly in which part of the body? Blood 28. When does intensifying screen do their work? Exposure to the Density 29. Film badges assess different levels of exposure by using? Filters 30. The ability to detect small flaws is called? Sensitivity SBTIS/SWI/MCQUKEY NOTES/SWI-RT- 1. How is backscatter prevented from reaching the film? Lead screens 2. Static marks are caused by? Drying Conditions 3. Water spots on drying films are caused by? Lack of Wetting agent in fill 4, Lead foil screens intensity primary radiation more than scatter? True/False True 5. A TLD measures? Radiation Dose 6. The difference in densities on a radiograph is called? Casting 7. Who designates that the employee is a classified worker? Employer 8. When using gamma radiography, the monifors:should be? On all the time during exposure Only when winding in/out the source 9. Instant readout of radiation does is given by? Dose meter 10, To find out the safe distance from an unshielded source what procedure is used? Inverse square law 11, before taking a gamma source to site for the first time, how much notice is required? 28. Days 12. What types of warnings are used on x ray enclosures? 1, Alarms, 2.audio 13. What is the purpose of a densitometer? To check the density of the Radiography film 14, What is the purpose of an IQU? To check the overall quality: of the film 15. What is the HALF-LIFE of the following gamma sources? A. Cobalt 60 - 5.3 Years SBTIS/SWI/MCQIKEY NOTES! MOD-2AYRE*31. What do cracks look like on a radiographic film? Dark Sharp Image 32. Sensitivity in radiography depends on three factors, what are they? Density, Contrast, (UG-penumbra) 33. Scattered radiation from walls and floors is called? Back scatter or internal scatter, or side scatter 34, How do lead screens work? Means of emitting the electron 35. Why ore lead letters used for identification when using radiography? 36. Which three liquids are essential for processing radiographic film? Developer, Fixer, Water 37. Pressure marks on the film before exposure ore lighter or darker than the surrounding area after development? Lighter 38. What is reticulation? Emulsify layer 39. A Permanent dose record is maintajned?by using which type of dose meter? Film Badge 40. What are the main steps of X-ray film processing? Developer, fixer, water MOD-122/RE*