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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The transformation of strain at a point is similar to the transformation
of stress, and as a result the methods of Chapter 9 will be applied
in this chapter. Here we will also discuss various ways for measuring
strain and develop some important material-property relationships,
including a generalized form of Hookes law. At the end of the chapter,
a few of the theories used to predict the failure of a material will be
discussed.
485
486 C H A P T E R 10 S T R A I N T R A N S F O R M AT I O N
Fig. 101
10.2 General Equations of Plane-Strain
Transformation
y
It is important in plane-strain analysis to establish transformation
equations that can be used to determine the x, y components of normal
and shear strain at a point, provided the x, y components of strain are
Py dy
A gxy known. Essentially this problem is one of geometry and requires relating
2 the deformations and rotations of line segments, which represent the
gxy
dy sides of differential elements that are parallel to each set of axes.
2
B
x
O Sign Convention. Before the strain-transformation equations can
dx Px dx
(a) be developed, we must first establish a sign convention for the strains.
With reference to the differential element shown in Fig. 102a, normal
y strains Px and Py are positive if they cause elongation along the x and y
y
axes, respectively, and the shear strain gxy is positive if the interior angle
AOB becomes smaller than 90. This sign convention also follows the
corresponding one used for plane stress, Fig. 95a, that is, positive sx , sy ,
x txy will cause the element to deform in the positive Px , Py , gxy directions,
respectively.
u The problem here will be to determine at a point the normal and shear
x strains Px , Py , gxy , measured relative to the x, y axes, if we know Px ,
10 Py , gxy , measured relative to the x, y axes. If the angle between the x and
(b) x axes is u, then, like the case of plane stress, u will be positive provided
it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers, i.e., counterclockwise, as
Positive sign convention
shown in Fig. 102b.
Fig. 102
10.2 GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION 487
(a)
When the positive normal strain Px occurs, the line dx is elongated y
Px dx, Fig. 103b, which causes line dx to elongate Px dx cos u. Likewise, y x
when Py occurs, line dy elongates Py dy, Fig. 103c, which causes line dx
to elongate Py dy sin u. Finally, assuming that dx remains fixed in
dx Px dx cosu
position, the shear strain gxy , which is the change in angle between dx
and dy, causes the top of line dy to be displaced gxy dy to the right, as u
x
shown in Fig. 103d. This causes dx to elongate gxy dy cos u. If all three dx Px dx
of these elongations are added together, the resultant elongation of dx Px dx sinu
Normal strain Px
is then
(b)
y
dx = Px dx cos u + Py dy sin u + gxy dy cos u
Py dy cosu
From Eq. 22, the normal strain along the line dx is Px = dx>dx. u
Py dy
Using Eq. 101, we therefore have y u x
Py dy sinu
Normal strain Py
(c)
y
y
u
gxy 10
dy
dy
dx
x
dx
y
y
y
gxy dy sinu g dy gxy dy cos u x
xy y
u
gxy
dy dy x
dy
dx
b dx a
dy
x
dx dy dx u
Shear strain gxy x
(d) (e)
Dividing each term by dx and using Eq. 101, with a = dy>dx, we have
y y
y y
x x
dy u dy u
dx dx
x x
(a) (b)
Fig. 104
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
Px = + cos 2u + sin 2u (105)
2 2 2
= - sin 2u +
gxy Px - Py gxy
cos 2u (106)
2 2 2
The similarity between the above three equations and those for plane-
stress transformation, Eqs. 91, 92, and 93, should be noted. By
comparison, sx , sy , sx , sy correspond to Px , Py , Px , Py ; and txy , txy
correspond to gxy>2, gxy>2.
490 C H A P T E R 10 S T R A I N T R A N S F O R M AT I O N
gxy
tan 2up = (108)
Px - Py
C
+
2 2
Px + Py Px - Py gxy
P1,2 = ; (109)
2 2 2
Complex stresses are often developed Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain. Using Eqs. 96, 97, and 98,
at the joints where the cylindrical
the direction of the x axis, and the maximum in-plane shear strain and
and hemispherical vessels are joined
together. The stresses are determined by associated average normal strain are determined from the following
making measurements of strain. equations:
tan 2us = -
Px - Py
(1010)
gxy
B
g in-plane
max
Px - Py 2 gxy 2
= a b + a b (1011)
2 2 2
Px + Py
Pavg = (1012)
2
Important Points
In the case of plane stress, plane-strain analysis may be used within the plane of the stresses to analyze the
data from strain gauges. Remember, though, there will be a normal strain that is perpendicular to the
10
gauges due to the Poisson effect.
When the state of strain is represented by the principal strains, no shear strain will act on the element.
The state of strain at a point can also be represented in terms of the maximum in-plane shear strain. In this
case an average normal strain will also act on the element.
The element representing the maximum in-plane shear strain and its associated average normal strains is
45 from the orientation of an element representing the principal strains.
10.2 GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION 491
EXAMPLE 10.1
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a state
of plane strain Px = 500110-62, Py = - 300110-62, gxy = 200110-62,
y
Py dy
SOLUTION
The strain-transformation Eqs. 105 and 106 will be used to solve the dy
gxy
problem. Since u is positive counterclockwise, then for this problem
2
u = - 30. Thus, x
dx
Px + Py Px - Py gxy Px dx
Px = + cos 2u + sin 2u (a)
2 2 2 y
500 + 1-3002 500 - 1- 3002
= c d110-62 + c d110-62 cos121-3022
y
2 2
200110 2
+ B R sin121-3022
-6
2
Px = 213110-62 Ans. u ! 60"
= - sin 2u +
gxy Px - Py gxy
cos 2u
2 2 2 x
= -c d110 2 sin121-3022 +
-6
cos121 -3022
2 2
gxy = 793110-62
(b)
Ans. x
y
The strain in the y direction can be obtained from Eq. 107 with
u = - 30. However, we can also obtain Py using Eq. 105 with gx y
u = 601u = - 30 + 902, Fig. 105b. We have with Py replacing Px , 2
Px + Py Px - Py gxy Pydy
Py = + cos 2u + sin 2u dy
2 2 2
500 + 1-3002 500 - 1 - 3002
= c d110-62 + c d110-62 cos1216022
2 2 10
200110-62 dx
+ sin1216022 gxy
2 Pxdx 2
Py = - 13.4110-62 Ans. (c) x
These results tend to distort the element as shown in Fig. 105c. Fig. 105
492 C H A P T E R 10 S T R A I N T R A N S F O R M AT I O N
EXAMPLE 10.2
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a state
of plane strain defined by Px = - 350110-62, Py = 200110-62, gxy =
80110-62, which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 106a.
Determine the principal strains at the point and the associated
y
gxy orientation of the element.
2
SOLUTION
Py dy
Orientation of the Element. From Eq. 108 we have
gxy
tan 2up =
dy Px - Py
80110-62
gxy
2
1- 350 - 2002110-62
x =
dx Px dx
Thus, 2up = - 8.28 and -8.28 + 180 = 171.72, so that
(a)
up = - 4.14 and 85.9 Ans.
Each of these angles is measured positive counterclockwise, from the x
axis to the outward normals on each face of the element, Fig. 106b.
y y
Principal Strains. The principal strains are determined from Eq. 109.
We have
B
Px + Py Px - Py 2 gxy 2
P1,2 = ; a b + a b
2 2 2
1 -350 + 2002110 2
P1dy
; B b + a b R 110-62
-6
B
- 350 - 200 2 80 2
= a
2 2 2
85.9!
x = - 75.0110-62 ; 277.9110-62
P1 = 203110-62 P2 = - 353110-62
4.14!
Ans.
x
P2dx
We can determine which of these two strains deforms the element in
(b) the x direction by applying Eq. 105 with u = - 4.14. Thus,
Fig. 106 Px + Py Px - Py gxy
Px = + cos 2u + sin 2u
2 2 2
EXAMPLE 10.3
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a state
of plane strain defined by Px = - 350110-62, Py = 200110-62,
gxy = 80110-62, which tends to distort the element as shown in
Fig. 107a. Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain at the point
and the associated orientation of the element. y
SOLUTION
Orientation of the Element. From Eq. 1010 we have
1- 350 - 2002110-62
Py dy
tan 2us = - = -
Px - Py A gxy
80110 2
-6 2g
gxy dy xy
2
Thus, 2us = 81.72 and 81.72 + 180 = 261.72, so that B
x
us = 40.9 and 131 O
dx Px dx
Note that this orientation is 45 from that shown in Fig. 106b in (a)
Example 10.2 as expected.
y
Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain. Applying Eq. 1011 gives
(gxy)max (gxy)max
B
g in-plane
max
Px - Py 2 gxy 2
a b + a b
y
= 2 2
2 2 2 x
= B b + a b R 110-62
B
-350 - 200 2 80 2
a
2 2 40.9!
Pavgdy Pavgdx
= 556110-62
dx
g in-plane
max Ans. dy x