What is real?

METAPHYSICS
 Metaphysicsisabranchofphilosophythatexplores the fundamental questions, including the nature of concepts
like being, existence and reality.

Metaphysicsseeks to answer, in a "suitably abstract and fully general manner", the questions:
- What is there?
- And what is it like?

Topicsofmetaphysicalinvestigation:
- existence,
- objects and their properties,
- space and time, cause and effect,
- and possibility.

Abranchofmetaphysicsisontology,the investigation into the basic categories of being and how they relate to one
another.

Therearetwoconceptionsaboutwhat"world"isstudiedbymetaphysics.
- The classical: objects exist independently of any observer,.
- The modern: objects exist inside the mind of an observer,

Somephilosophersandscientists,suchasthelogicalpositivists,rejecttheentiresubjectofmetaphysicsasmeaningless.

Theword"metaphysics"derivesfromtheGreekwordsmet (beyond, upon or after) and physik (physics). Itwasfirst

usedasthetitleforseveralofAristotle'sworks,becausetheywereusuallyanthologizedaftertheworksonphysicsin
completeeditions.However,Aristotlehimselfdidnotcallthesubjectofthesebooksmetaphysics:hereferredtoitas"first
philosophy." TheeditorofAristotle'sworks,AndronicusofRhodes,isthoughttohaveplacedthebooksonfirstphilosophy
rightafteranotherwork,Physics,andcalledthem"thebooksthatcomeafterthe[bookson]physics".Thiswasmisreadby
Latin scholiasts,whothoughtitmeant"the science of what is beyond the physical".
METAPHYSICAL CATEGORIES
UNITYPLURALITY
REALITYAPPEARANCE
ESSENCEEXISTENCE
NECESSITYCONTINGENCY
MATTER-SPIRIT
METAPHYSICAL DOCTRINES
MONISMPLURALISM
ESSENTIALISMEXISTENCIALISM
MATERIALISM-DUALISM
 THECONCEPTOFBEING
Everything that exists can be considered a being.
It refers to everything that is real.
Aristotlewasthefirsttorealisethattheconcept
ofbeinghasseveralmeanings.

Elsercomoverbo:
-Funcinatributiva:propiedad sujeto
-Funcinexistencial:sinnimo de existir
Elsercomosustantivo:sinnimo de ente
 SUBSTANCE
Closerelationshipbetweenbeingandsubstance.
Substanceiseverythingwichexistsindependently,wich
doesnotneedanythingelseinordertoexist.

Substanceshavetwotypesofproperties:
-Essential:
-Accidental:

Material substances
Spiritual substances
Absolute substances
 UNITYANDPLURALITY
Thefirstphilosophersarguedthatthepluralityof
realitiesweseewastheresultofaunique
originatingsubstance,ARCHE.Thus,theywere
awareoftherelationshipbetweenunityand
plurality.
Monism arguesthatthereisasinglerealitywich
appearstobeplural.
Pluralism arguesthatrealityispluralbutit
appearstobeunitary
 REALITYANDAPPEARANCES
Allnaturalbeingschange,butsomethinginthem
remainsunaltered.

Carcter esttico de la realidad:

Loquepermaneceesesoquedefinealosseresreales,loqueloshaceserloque
son.Laspropiedadesesencialesnocambian.Parmnides y Platn.

Carcter dinmico de la realidad:

Nohaynadaquepermanezcarealmente,somosnosotroslosquecreamosla
ficcindequealgoesinmutableparafacilitarnoslacomprensindelmundo.
Laesenciadelarealidadesundevenircontinuoeinagotable.Herclito, Hegel,
Marx y Nietzsche.

Monismo Estaticismo / Pluralismo - Dinamismo

 ESSENCE AND EXISTENCE
Essenceisthesetofpropertiesthatcharacteriseanentity.Essenceisthe
answertoWhat is it?
Onlyindividualsthathaveandessenceandanexistencearetrulyreal.
Thetypeofexistencefoundinessenceshasbeenquestioned:
-Essentialism: essencesexistasseparaterealities.
Platn y Agustn de Hipona
-Conceptualism: essenceisonlyincorporatedintoindividuals
whopossessit,orinthemindofarationalindividualwho thinks
aboutit.
Aristteles y Toms de Aquino
-Nominalism: thetermessenceisjustanameweusein orderto
communicate(asortofconventionallabel)
Guillermo de Ockham
 HILEMORFISMO
eslateorafilosficaideadaporAristtelesyseguidaporlamayorade
losescolsticos,segnlacualtodocuerposehallaconstituidopordos
principiosesenciales,quesonlamateriaylaforma.Lamateriaprimao
primeraaristotlicaesaquelloquecarecedeforma.Comocualquier
objetomaterialtieneunaforma,lamateriaprimaeselsustratobsicode
todalarealidad.Enelmundomaterial,lamaterianopuededarsesin
formaylaformanopuededarsesinmateria.Mientrasquelamateriapura
notienemsqueunaexistenciaterica,laformapuraexisterealmente:
esladivinidad,elprimermotorinmvil.

Materia:Aquellodeloquelacosaesthecha.
Ej: Silla de madera---> la madera es la materia.

Forma:Loquehacequeunacosasealoquees.
Ej: Lo que hace que la silla sea silla y no mesa.
 To exist is to be in the world. A being exists when it
emerges from the interior nature of its essence, and
shows itself to the world in such a way that it can be
perceived by other beings
Therearetwofundamentalmodesofexistence:
-Realexistence:existindependentlyfromothers
-Idealexistence:whenanindividualthinksthem

ExistenceistheanswertoWhat is real?

Essenceisthepossibilityofbeingreal,andexistence
iswhatmakesthatpossibilityareality.
 Lgicamenteinferimosquelaesenciadebeserprevia
alaexistencia.Peroel existencialismo defiendeque
esteordennoesaplicablealserhumano.Los
humanossomoslibresy,alejercernuestralibertad,
noshacemosanosotrosmismos.Poreso,nuestra
esenciaestenconstruccinmientrasvivimosysolo
alfinaldenuestravidaquedadefinidadeltodo.

Contingent beings mayormaynotexist.

Necessary beings cannotbeconceivednottoexist.
 ONTOLOGICAL DUALISM AND MATERIALISM
Ontological dualismisatheorywichstatesthattwo types of reality
exist:amaterialrealityandspiritualreality.

Materialism rejectstheexistenceofaspiritualrealityandclaims
thatonly a mterial reality exists.

Mechanistic materialism: materiaismadeupofmaterialparticles

wichaffecteachotheraccordingtomechanicallawswichcanbe
expressedmathematically.Modern science XVIII and XIX century

Historical materialism: viewshumanbeingsasmaterialbeings,whose

essenceproducesthesocialconditionsinwichtheirlivestakeplace.
Astheywork,humanbeingstransformnaturalreality.Karl Marx
 THE PROBLEM OF METAPHYSICS
Sciencecontinuestomakeprogresswhilemetaphysicsseemsstagnated

Immanuel Kant (18th)Knowledge is the result of applying the concepts and

cognitive structures in our mind to the information obtained through our senses. The
problem is that it is impossible to obtain data on metaphysical objects with our
senses, so no progress can be made.

Auguste Comte (19th)Humanity had experienced three stages in its intellectual

development:
Mythical:attributinghumanqualitiestonaturalphenomena.
Metaphysical:answersusingabstractconcepts.
Scientific: ourancestorsstoppedaskingWhy?, andbeganaskingHow?

Metaphysics is a discipline of the past.

Neopositivists, CarnapandWittgenstein(20th):metaphysical propositions do not have a

meaning.

There are many present-day philosophers who believe that metaphysics is a type of rational
knowledge, wich could be of great help to us as we try to understand our own lives and the
world we live in.
 Aristteles,Metafsica-https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7toC-PSKUI

Martinheidegger,SeryTiempo-https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptFw8GHcKrU

Loreal-https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4GhTek4uz8

ElSerylaNada:ElSer-https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRxmT6bM6Q4

ElSerylaNada:LaNada-https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6P1tGJVPs6E