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Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
The derivative
the Theory Fundamental
theorem of calculus
A Critique of the History of Mathematics
Functions
The New Pedagogy
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
C. K. Raju of an experiment
The experiment
Inmantec, Ghaziabad Results
and
Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi
Calculus without
Limits
Trigonometry
C. K. Raju
Outline
The derivative
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental theorem of calculus Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Zeroism Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Conclusions Results
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Introduction Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I The Indian way to do the calculus is ideally adapted to Functions
numerical computing on present-day computers. Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Introduction Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I The Indian way to do the calculus is ideally adapted to Functions
numerical computing on present-day computers. Zeroism
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Introduction Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I The Indian way to do the calculus is ideally adapted to Functions
numerical computing on present-day computers. Zeroism
Results
Calculus without
Circular functions Limits
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Circular functions Limits
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Zeroism
I This length can be measured with a string, finger Conclusions
measurements, a kamal, a quadrant etc. Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Circular functions Limits
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Zeroism
I This length can be measured with a string, finger Conclusions
measurements, a kamal, a quadrant etc. Appendix: report
of an experiment
I It can be measured in degrees (units of circumference)
The experiment
or radians (units of radius).
Results
Calculus without
Measuring angles with the kamal Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
C. K. Raju
Trigonometry
you can do so.
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Quadrant Limits
C. K. Raju
Trigonometry
you can do so.
The derivative
I Punch a hole in the centre and pass a plumb line Fundamental
through it. theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Quadrant Limits
C. K. Raju
Trigonometry
you can do so.
The derivative
I Punch a hole in the centre and pass a plumb line Fundamental
through it. theorem of calculus
Functions
I You can then measure angles with the vertical with it.
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Function Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Formal definition uses set theory Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Function Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Formal definition uses set theory Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I f A B is called a function if Functions
(1) a A, b B such that (a, b) f , and Zeroism
(2) (a, b) f , and (a, b 0 ) f = b = b 0 . Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Function Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Formal definition uses set theory Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I f A B is called a function if Functions
(1) a A, b B such that (a, b) f , and Zeroism
(2) (a, b) f , and (a, b 0 ) f = b = b 0 . Conclusions
Results
Calculus without
Function Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Formal definition uses set theory Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I f A B is called a function if Functions
(1) a A, b B such that (a, b) f , and Zeroism
(2) (a, b) f , and (a, b 0 ) f = b = b 0 . Conclusions
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Here is the usual table of sine values. The derivative
Fundamental
Functions
0
0
Zeroism
6 2
15 4 Conclusions
1
30 2 Appendix: report
45 1 of an experiment
2 The experiment
3
60 2 Results
6+ 2
75 4
90 1
Calculus without
Modified sine table Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I let us first rewrite the sine table as follows Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
x sin(x) Zeroism
0 0 Conclusions
C. K. Raju
Outline
I let us first rewrite the sine table as follows Trigonometry
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
x sin(x) Zeroism
0 0 Conclusions
C. K. Raju
Outline
I let us first rewrite the sine table as follows Trigonometry
Functions
x sin(x) Zeroism
0 0 Conclusions
C. K. Raju
Outline
I To get sine of intermediate values Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Linear interpolation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I To get sine of intermediate values Trigonometry
I Simply join the points with straight lines. The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
1
Functions
0.8
Zeroism
0.6
Conclusions
Appendix: report
0.4 of an experiment
The experiment
0.2
Results
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I The next idea is that in the process of linear theorem of calculus
interpolation Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Interpolation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I The next idea is that in the process of linear theorem of calculus
interpolation Functions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Interpolation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I The next idea is that in the process of linear theorem of calculus
interpolation Functions
Appendix: report
I We also run into this if we use the elementary of an experiment
Results
Calculus without
Interpolation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I The next idea is that in the process of linear theorem of calculus
interpolation Functions
Appendix: report
I We also run into this if we use the elementary of an experiment
Results
I or similar triangles.
Calculus without
Linear interpolation: continued Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I From the graph for any x value Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
1 Zeroism
0.8 Conclusions
0.6
Appendix: report
of an experiment
0.4
The experiment
0.2
Results
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
C. K. Raju
Outline
I From the graph for any x value Trigonometry
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
1 Zeroism
0.8 Conclusions
0.6
Appendix: report
of an experiment
0.4
The experiment
0.2
Results
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
C. K. Raju
triangles
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I The process of reading off from the graph may involve Functions
errors. Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Method 2: Linear interpolation using similar Limits
C. K. Raju
triangles
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I The process of reading off from the graph may involve Functions
errors. Zeroism
Conclusions
I We can instead work numerically.
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Method 2: Linear interpolation using similar Limits
C. K. Raju
triangles
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I The process of reading off from the graph may involve Functions
errors. Zeroism
Conclusions
I We can instead work numerically.
Appendix: report
I Method 2: To calculate sin(x) for a given x. of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Method 2: Linear interpolation using similar Limits
C. K. Raju
triangles
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I The process of reading off from the graph may involve Functions
errors. Zeroism
Conclusions
I We can instead work numerically.
Appendix: report
I Method 2: To calculate sin(x) for a given x. of an experiment
The experiment
I In the table we first locate x1 and x2 between which x
Results
lies.
Calculus without
Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I To refer to the entries in the table, let us rewrite the
Trigonometry
table as follows.
The derivative
Fundamental
x sin(x) theorem of calculus
Functions
x1 0 0 y1
Zeroism
x2 0.2617 0.2588 y2
Conclusions
x3 0.5235 0.5 y3
Appendix: report
x4 0.7853 0.7071 y4 of an experiment
x7 1.5707 1 y7
Calculus without
Slope Limits
C. K. Raju
I If x lies between x1 and x2 , say.
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
1 Zeroism
Conclusions
0.8
Appendix: report
of an experiment
0.6 y2 - y1
a The experiment
x2 - x1
0.4
Results
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
C. K. Raju
I If x lies between x1 and x2 , say.
I Let y1 = sin(x1 ), and y2 = sin(x2 ) Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
1 Zeroism
Conclusions
0.8
Appendix: report
of an experiment
0.6 y2 - y1
a The experiment
x2 - x1
0.4
Results
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
C. K. Raju
I If x lies between x1 and x2 , say.
I Let y1 = sin(x1 ), and y2 = sin(x2 ) Outline
Trigonometry
I Let
The derivative
y = y2 y1 , x = x2 x1
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
1 Zeroism
Conclusions
0.8
Appendix: report
of an experiment
0.6 y2 - y1
a The experiment
x2 - x1
0.4
Results
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
C. K. Raju
I The quantity
y y2 y1 Outline
= = tan a Trigonometry
x x2 x1
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
1
Zeroism
Conclusions
0.8
Appendix: report
of an experiment
0.6 y2 - y1
a The experiment
x2 - x1
0.4 Results
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
C. K. Raju
I The quantity
y y2 y1 Outline
= = tan a Trigonometry
x x2 x1
The derivative
I is just the slope of the chord joining the point (x1 , y1 ) Fundamental
theorem of calculus
to (x2 , y2 ).
Functions
1
Zeroism
Conclusions
0.8
Appendix: report
of an experiment
0.6 y2 - y1
a The experiment
x2 - x1
0.4 Results
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
C. K. Raju
I From the figure it is clear that
Outline
y y1
= tan a = slope Trigonometry
x x1 The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
(x2, y2)
Appendix: report
of an experiment
(x, y)
y2 - y1
The experiment
y - y1
Results
a x - x1
(x1, y1)
x2 - x1
C. K. Raju
I From the figure it is clear that
Outline
y y1
= tan a = slope Trigonometry
x x1 The derivative
I or Fundamental
y y1 = (x x1 ) slope theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
(x2, y2)
Appendix: report
of an experiment
(x, y)
y2 - y1
The experiment
y - y1
Results
a x - x1
(x1, y1)
x2 - x1
C. K. Raju
I Since x lies between x1 and x2 .
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
(x2, y2)
Conclusions
Appendix: report
(x, y) of an experiment
y2 - y1 The experiment
y - y1
Results
a x - x1
(x1, y1)
x2 - x1
C. K. Raju
I Since x lies between x1 and x2 .
Outline
I we already know the slope = yx , so Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
(x2, y2)
Conclusions
Appendix: report
(x, y) of an experiment
y2 - y1 The experiment
y - y1
Results
a x - x1
(x1, y1)
x2 - x1
C. K. Raju
I Since x lies between x1 and x2 .
Outline
I we already know the slope = yx , so Trigonometry
I The derivative
y
y y1 = (x x1 ) Fundamental
x theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
(x2, y2)
Conclusions
Appendix: report
(x, y) of an experiment
y2 - y1 The experiment
y - y1
Results
a x - x1
(x1, y1)
x2 - x1
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I From theorem of calculus
y
y y1 = (x x1 ) Functions
x Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Using slope for linear interpolation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I From theorem of calculus
y
y y1 = (x x1 ) Functions
x Zeroism
I we can immediately calculate the desired y value: Conclusions
Appendix: report
y of an experiment
y = y1 + (x x1 )
x The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Method 3: Linear interpolation by rule of 3 Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I x lies between x1 and x2 . Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Method 3: Linear interpolation by rule of 3 Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I x lies between x1 and x2 . Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I Let y1 = sin(x1 ), and y2 = sin(x2 ) Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Method 3: Linear interpolation by rule of 3 Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I x lies between x1 and x2 . Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I Let y1 = sin(x1 ), and y2 = sin(x2 ) Functions
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Method 3: Linear interpolation by rule of 3 Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I x lies between x1 and x2 . Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I Let y1 = sin(x1 ), and y2 = sin(x2 ) Functions
Conclusions
I This change takes place over a distance x2 x1 = x.
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Method 3: Linear interpolation by rule of 3 Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I x lies between x1 and x2 . Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I Let y1 = sin(x1 ), and y2 = sin(x2 ) Functions
Conclusions
I This change takes place over a distance x2 x1 = x.
Appendix: report
I of an experiment
y2 y1 y The experiment
unit rate of change = =
x2 x1 x Results
Calculus without
Linear interpolation by rule of 3 Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
y2 y1 y Fundamental
I unit rate of change = x2 x1 = x theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Linear interpolation by rule of 3 Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
y2 y1 y Fundamental
I unit rate of change = x2 x1 = x theorem of calculus
Zeroism
y Conclusions
y y1 = (x x1 )
x Appendix: report
of an experiment
Results
Example: calculating sin 1
Calculus without
Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I 1 =
= 0.01745 radians. Trigonometry
180
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Example: calculating sin 1
Calculus without
Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I 1 =
= 0.01745 radians. Trigonometry
180
The derivative
I We can calculate sin 1 as follows
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
sin 15 sin 0
sin 0.01745 = sin 0+ (10.017450) Functions
15 0.01745 0 Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Example: calculating sin 1
Calculus without
Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I 1 =
= 0.01745 radians. Trigonometry
180
The derivative
I We can calculate sin 1 as follows
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
sin 15 sin 0
sin 0.01745 = sin 0+ (10.017450) Functions
15 0.01745 0 Zeroism
Conclusions
I From the table, we read off:
15 = 15 0.01745 = 0.2617 radians, and Appendix: report
of an experiment
sin 15 = 0.2588. The experiment
Results
Example: calculating sin 1
Calculus without
Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I 1 =
= 0.01745 radians. Trigonometry
180
The derivative
I We can calculate sin 1 as follows
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
sin 15 sin 0
sin 0.01745 = sin 0+ (10.017450) Functions
15 0.01745 0 Zeroism
Conclusions
I From the table, we read off:
15 = 15 0.01745 = 0.2617 radians, and Appendix: report
of an experiment
sin 15 = 0.2588. The experiment
I Hence, Results
C. K. Raju
Outline
I 1 =
= 0.01745 radians. Trigonometry
180
The derivative
I We can calculate sin 1 as follows
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
sin 15 sin 0
sin 0.01745 = sin 0+ (10.017450) Functions
15 0.01745 0 Zeroism
Conclusions
I From the table, we read off:
15 = 15 0.01745 = 0.2617 radians, and Appendix: report
of an experiment
sin 15 = 0.2588. The experiment
I Hence, Results
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I We have approximated a curved line by a straight line.
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
More accurate sine values Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I We have approximated a curved line by a straight line.
Fundamental
I Smaller parts of a curved line are better approximated theorem of calculus
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
More accurate sine values Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I We have approximated a curved line by a straight line.
Fundamental
I Smaller parts of a curved line are better approximated theorem of calculus
Zeroism
I So, to get more accurate sine values, we must have
Conclusions
more values in our table. Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
More accurate sine values Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I We have approximated a curved line by a straight line.
Fundamental
I Smaller parts of a curved line are better approximated theorem of calculus
Zeroism
I So, to get more accurate sine values, we must have
Conclusions
more values in our table. Appendix: report
of an experiment
I The earth is round, but because we see only a small
The experiment
part of it, it appears flat.
Results
Calculus without
More accurate sine values Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I We have approximated a curved line by a straight line.
Fundamental
I Smaller parts of a curved line are better approximated theorem of calculus
Zeroism
I So, to get more accurate sine values, we must have
Conclusions
more values in our table. Appendix: report
of an experiment
I The earth is round, but because we see only a small
The experiment
part of it, it appears flat.
Results
1
I 8th c. mathematician Lalla: Mathematicians say 100 th
part of the earth is flat.
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
y The derivative
I The quantity x = slope = unit rate of change is
Fundamental
usually called the difference quotient. theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
y The derivative
I The quantity x = slope = unit rate of change is
Fundamental
usually called the difference quotient. theorem of calculus
dy Functions
I and is distinguished from the derivative dx which
Zeroism
involves limits.
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
y The derivative
I The quantity x = slope = unit rate of change is
Fundamental
usually called the difference quotient. theorem of calculus
dy Functions
I and is distinguished from the derivative dx which
Zeroism
involves limits.
Conclusions
I If we take an infinite number of values in our table, Appendix: report
which are all only an infinitesimal distance apart the of an experiment
The experiment
difference quotient will agree with the derivative.
Results
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
y The derivative
I The quantity x = slope = unit rate of change is
Fundamental
usually called the difference quotient. theorem of calculus
dy Functions
I and is distinguished from the derivative dx which
Zeroism
involves limits.
Conclusions
I If we take an infinite number of values in our table, Appendix: report
which are all only an infinitesimal distance apart the of an experiment
The experiment
difference quotient will agree with the derivative.
Results
I However, there is no way to build a table with an
infinite number of entries.
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I Therefore, in calculus without limits we will treat the Trigonometry
difference quotient y
x as the same as the derivative dx
dy
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I Therefore, in calculus without limits we will treat the Trigonometry
difference quotient y
x as the same as the derivative dx
dy
The derivative
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I Therefore, in calculus without limits we will treat the Trigonometry
difference quotient y
x as the same as the derivative dx
dy
The derivative
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I Therefore, in calculus without limits we will treat the Trigonometry
difference quotient y
x as the same as the derivative dx
dy
The derivative
dy Appendix: report
I Likewise, for dxwe have a value to a certain accuracy of an experiment
as estimated by y
x .
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I Therefore, in calculus without limits we will treat the Trigonometry
difference quotient y
x as the same as the derivative dx
dy
The derivative
dy Appendix: report
I Likewise, for dxwe have a value to a certain accuracy of an experiment
as estimated by y
x .
The experiment
Results
I A more accurate value of dy
dx can usually be obtained by
taking the points x1 and x2 closer to each other.
Calculus without
Difference quotient vs derivative Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I Therefore, in calculus without limits we will treat the Trigonometry
difference quotient y
x as the same as the derivative dx
dy
The derivative
dy Appendix: report
I Likewise, for dxwe have a value to a certain accuracy of an experiment
as estimated by y
x .
The experiment
Results
I A more accurate value of dy
dx can usually be obtained by
taking the points x1 and x2 closer to each other.
I (However, a more accurate interpolation is usually
obtained by taking higher derivatives.)
Calculus without
Summing successive differences Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I If successive differences are summed, theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Summing successive differences Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I If successive differences are summed, theorem of calculus
Functions
I the result is the difference between the first and last Zeroism
value. . Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Summing successive differences Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I If successive differences are summed, theorem of calculus
Functions
I the result is the difference between the first and last Zeroism
value. . Conclusions
I (y3 y2 ) + (y2 y1 ) = y3 y1 , or Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Summing successive differences Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I If successive differences are summed, theorem of calculus
Functions
I the result is the difference between the first and last Zeroism
value. . Conclusions
I (y3 y2 ) + (y2 y1 ) = y3 y1 , or Appendix: report
of an experiment
I Similarly, (y4 y3 ) + (y3 y2 ) + (y2 y1 ) = y4 y1 , The experiment
and so on Results
Calculus without
The fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
The fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
Fundamental
I (yn yn1 ) + (yn1 yn2 ) + . . . + (y2 y1 ) = yn y1 . theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
The fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
Fundamental
I (yn yn1 ) + (yn1 yn2 ) + . . . + (y2 y1 ) = yn y1 . theorem of calculus
Functions
I This is written as
Zeroism
n
X Conclusions
yi = yn y1 Appendix: report
i=1 of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
The fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
Fundamental
I (yn yn1 ) + (yn1 yn2 ) + . . . + (y2 y1 ) = yn y1 . theorem of calculus
Functions
I This is written as
Zeroism
n
X Conclusions
yi = yn y1 Appendix: report
i=1 of an experiment
The experiment
I Here is a Greek letter used for the S of Sum Results
(just as the Greek letter was used for the D of
Difference).
Calculus without
The fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Historically, instead ofR, some people used an The derivative
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
The fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Historically, instead ofR, some people used an The derivative
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
The fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Historically, instead ofR, some people used an The derivative
above Z xn Conclusions
Appendix: report
dy (x) = y (xn ) y (x1 ) of an experiment
x1
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
The fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Historically, instead ofR, some people used an The derivative
above Z xn Conclusions
Appendix: report
dy (x) = y (xn ) y (x1 ) of an experiment
x1
The experiment
I a statement often called the fundamental theorem of Results
calculus,
Calculus without
The fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Historically, instead ofR, some people used an The derivative
above Z xn Conclusions
Appendix: report
dy (x) = y (xn ) y (x1 ) of an experiment
x1
The experiment
I a statement often called the fundamental theorem of Results
calculus,
R
I that summation ( ) is the inverse of the difference (d).
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This leads naturally to the problem of numerical
Fundamental
solution of ODE. theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This leads naturally to the problem of numerical
Fundamental
solution of ODE. theorem of calculus
I Given the initial value y (0), and the value of the Functions
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This leads naturally to the problem of numerical
Fundamental
solution of ODE. theorem of calculus
I Given the initial value y (0), and the value of the Functions
Conclusions
I How to determine the value of the function? Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This leads naturally to the problem of numerical
Fundamental
solution of ODE. theorem of calculus
I Given the initial value y (0), and the value of the Functions
Conclusions
I How to determine the value of the function? Appendix: report
of an experiment
I If we are dealing with finite differences, it is very easy to
The experiment
calculate the answer by summing successive differences.
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This leads naturally to the problem of numerical
Fundamental
solution of ODE. theorem of calculus
I Given the initial value y (0), and the value of the Functions
Conclusions
I How to determine the value of the function? Appendix: report
of an experiment
I If we are dealing with finite differences, it is very easy to
The experiment
calculate the answer by summing successive differences.
Results
I In the implicit case, y 0 (x) = f (x, y ) we use the
elementary technique today called an Euler solver.
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I To look at matters in way.
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I To look at matters in way.
The derivative
I if we want to teach calculus for purposes of calculations Fundamental
in physics and engineering theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I To look at matters in way.
The derivative
I if we want to teach calculus for purposes of calculations Fundamental
in physics and engineering theorem of calculus
Functions
I students should learn how to apply Newtons laws of
Zeroism
motion. Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I To look at matters in way.
The derivative
I if we want to teach calculus for purposes of calculations Fundamental
in physics and engineering theorem of calculus
Functions
I students should learn how to apply Newtons laws of
Zeroism
motion. Conclusions
I This requires the ability to calculate the solution of Appendix: report
of an experiment
ordinary differential equations.
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I To look at matters in way.
The derivative
I if we want to teach calculus for purposes of calculations Fundamental
in physics and engineering theorem of calculus
Functions
I students should learn how to apply Newtons laws of
Zeroism
motion. Conclusions
I This requires the ability to calculate the solution of Appendix: report
of an experiment
ordinary differential equations.
The experiment
I Note: the operative term is calculate not prove. Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theorem of calculus Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I To look at matters in way.
The derivative
I if we want to teach calculus for purposes of calculations Fundamental
in physics and engineering theorem of calculus
Functions
I students should learn how to apply Newtons laws of
Zeroism
motion. Conclusions
I This requires the ability to calculate the solution of Appendix: report
of an experiment
ordinary differential equations.
The experiment
I Note: the operative term is calculate not prove. Results
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theory of calculus Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fundamental theory of calculus Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Once ODEs are introduced, it is easy to define a very The derivative
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Revised Definition of function Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Once ODEs are introduced, it is easy to define a very The derivative
f (0) = 1 Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Revised Definition of function Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Once ODEs are introduced, it is easy to define a very The derivative
f (0) = 1 Conclusions
Appendix: report
I This approach gives a rigorous account of not only of an experiment
sin(x) and cos(x) The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Revised Definition of function Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Once ODEs are introduced, it is easy to define a very The derivative
f (0) = 1 Conclusions
Appendix: report
I This approach gives a rigorous account of not only of an experiment
sin(x) and cos(x) The experiment
C. K. Raju
Outline
I However, the mathematician is trained to believe that
Trigonometry
limits and the derivative are the correct way to do The derivative
things. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I However, the mathematician is trained to believe that
Trigonometry
limits and the derivative are the correct way to do The derivative
things. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I And that numerical computation is something incorrect
Functions
and forever erroneous.
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I However, the mathematician is trained to believe that
Trigonometry
limits and the derivative are the correct way to do The derivative
things. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I And that numerical computation is something incorrect
Functions
and forever erroneous.
Zeroism
I This is where a quick recap of the previous lectures is in Conclusions
order. Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I However, the mathematician is trained to believe that
Trigonometry
limits and the derivative are the correct way to do The derivative
things. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I And that numerical computation is something incorrect
Functions
and forever erroneous.
Zeroism
I This is where a quick recap of the previous lectures is in Conclusions
order. Appendix: report
of an experiment
I The only value offered by proofs is a wrong claim of The experiment
rigor. Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
I However, the mathematician is trained to believe that
Trigonometry
limits and the derivative are the correct way to do The derivative
things. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I And that numerical computation is something incorrect
Functions
and forever erroneous.
Zeroism
I This is where a quick recap of the previous lectures is in Conclusions
order. Appendix: report
of an experiment
I The only value offered by proofs is a wrong claim of The experiment
rigor. Results
C. K. Raju
Outline
I However, the mathematician is trained to believe that
Trigonometry
limits and the derivative are the correct way to do The derivative
things. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I And that numerical computation is something incorrect
Functions
and forever erroneous.
Zeroism
I This is where a quick recap of the previous lectures is in Conclusions
order. Appendix: report
of an experiment
I The only value offered by proofs is a wrong claim of The experiment
rigor. Results
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I The alternative approach to limits is called zeroism. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I The alternative approach to limits is called zeroism. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I Just as formally infinitesimals can be discarded (e.g. in Functions
a non-Archimedean field) Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I The alternative approach to limits is called zeroism. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I Just as formally infinitesimals can be discarded (e.g. in Functions
a non-Archimedean field) Zeroism
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I The alternative approach to limits is called zeroism. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I Just as formally infinitesimals can be discarded (e.g. in Functions
a non-Archimedean field) Zeroism
on a computer. Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I The alternative approach to limits is called zeroism. Fundamental
theorem of calculus
I Just as formally infinitesimals can be discarded (e.g. in Functions
a non-Archimedean field) Zeroism
on a computer. Results
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This involves deep philosophical questions
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This involves deep philosophical questions
Fundamental
I When I say When I was a boy what does it mean? theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This involves deep philosophical questions
Fundamental
I When I say When I was a boy what does it mean? theorem of calculus
Functions
I I have changed since then, so to whom does the I
Zeroism
refer to? Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This involves deep philosophical questions
Fundamental
I When I say When I was a boy what does it mean? theorem of calculus
Functions
I I have changed since then, so to whom does the I
Zeroism
refer to? Conclusions
I The everyday attitude is to neglect the differences and Appendix: report
of an experiment
treat them as inconsequential.
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This involves deep philosophical questions
Fundamental
I When I say When I was a boy what does it mean? theorem of calculus
Functions
I I have changed since then, so to whom does the I
Zeroism
refer to? Conclusions
I The everyday attitude is to neglect the differences and Appendix: report
of an experiment
treat them as inconsequential.
The experiment
I Western answer is not universal. Different answers are Results
possible. We use a different answer in everyday life.
Calculus without
Zeroism Limits
contd C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I This involves deep philosophical questions
Fundamental
I When I say When I was a boy what does it mean? theorem of calculus
Functions
I I have changed since then, so to whom does the I
Zeroism
refer to? Conclusions
I The everyday attitude is to neglect the differences and Appendix: report
of an experiment
treat them as inconsequential.
The experiment
I Western answer is not universal. Different answers are Results
possible. We use a different answer in everyday life.
I Buddhists, for example, reject the Western answer as
erroneous.
Calculus without
Fallibility Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I What happens if we our technique gives a (physically) Fundamental
theorem of calculus
wrong answer?
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fallibility Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I What happens if we our technique gives a (physically) Fundamental
theorem of calculus
wrong answer?
Functions
I Simple: correct it, and find a better answer. Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fallibility Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I What happens if we our technique gives a (physically) Fundamental
theorem of calculus
wrong answer?
Functions
I Simple: correct it, and find a better answer. Zeroism
I The definition of derivative was not good enough, it Conclusions
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Fallibility Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I What happens if we our technique gives a (physically) Fundamental
theorem of calculus
wrong answer?
Functions
I Simple: correct it, and find a better answer. Zeroism
I The definition of derivative was not good enough, it Conclusions
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I No need of R for calculus.
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Number Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I No need of R for calculus.
Fundamental
I Only approximate real numbers adequate, as in theorem of calculus
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Number Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I No need of R for calculus.
Fundamental
I Only approximate real numbers adequate, as in theorem of calculus
Conclusions
I One can use whatever level of approximation is required Appendix: report
for the practical task at hand. of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Number Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I No need of R for calculus.
Fundamental
I Only approximate real numbers adequate, as in theorem of calculus
Conclusions
I One can use whatever level of approximation is required Appendix: report
for the practical task at hand. of an experiment
The experiment
I Main difference is in method of rounding/truncation.
Results
Calculus without
Number Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I No need of R for calculus.
Fundamental
I Only approximate real numbers adequate, as in theorem of calculus
Conclusions
I One can use whatever level of approximation is required Appendix: report
for the practical task at hand. of an experiment
The experiment
I Main difference is in method of rounding/truncation.
Results
I Mechanical or general rule for it to be avoided, as in
philosophy of zeroism.
Calculus without
Symbolic computation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Symbolic computation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Symbolic computation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Conclusions
I and evaluate integrals by hand?
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Symbolic computation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Conclusions
I and evaluate integrals by hand?
Appendix: report
I No, since this task can be easily done by open-source of an experiment
Results
Calculus without
Symbolic computation Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Conclusions
I and evaluate integrals by hand?
Appendix: report
I No, since this task can be easily done by open-source of an experiment
Results
I A student takes two days to learn how to use it.
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Working with finite differences and zeroism makes the
Fundamental
calculus very easy. theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Working with finite differences and zeroism makes the
Fundamental
calculus very easy. theorem of calculus
Conclusions
to do.
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Working with finite differences and zeroism makes the
Fundamental
calculus very easy. theorem of calculus
Conclusions
to do.
Appendix: report
I It enables clarity of concepts of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Working with finite differences and zeroism makes the
Fundamental
calculus very easy. theorem of calculus
Conclusions
to do.
Appendix: report
I It enables clarity of concepts of an experiment
I Difference quotient arises naturally by rule of 3. The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Working with finite differences and zeroism makes the
Fundamental
calculus very easy. theorem of calculus
Conclusions
to do.
Appendix: report
I It enables clarity of concepts of an experiment
I Difference quotient arises naturally by rule of 3. The experiment
I Fundamental theorem of calculus is obvious. Results
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Working with finite differences and zeroism makes the
Fundamental
calculus very easy. theorem of calculus
Conclusions
to do.
Appendix: report
I It enables clarity of concepts of an experiment
I Difference quotient arises naturally by rule of 3. The experiment
I Fundamental theorem of calculus is obvious. Results
I All elementary, and many non-elementary functions are
easily defined.
Calculus without
The experiment Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Course initially tried on teacher trainees at Inmantec The derivative
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
The experiment Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Course initially tried on teacher trainees at Inmantec The derivative
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
The experiment Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Course initially tried on teacher trainees at Inmantec The derivative
Appendix: report
department. of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
The experiment Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Course initially tried on teacher trainees at Inmantec The derivative
Appendix: report
department. of an experiment
I Background: Students admitted after 8th std. Some The experiment
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
I Course initially tried on teacher trainees at Inmantec The derivative
Appendix: report
department. of an experiment
I Background: Students admitted after 8th std. Some The experiment
Notes:
1. This is NOT a competitition. The aim of this test is only to provide
feedback regarding your current knowledge of mathematics.
I : Arithmetic
1. Find 124 + 568.
2. Find 532 319.
10. The Rajdhani express travels from Delhi to Mumbai in 18 hours and 30
minutes with stops of 10 minutes each at Kota, Ratlam and Baroda. If
its average speed is 81 km, what is the distance from Delhi to Mumbai?
11. If 3 kg of flour sells for Rs 32 how much does 5 kg of flour sell for?
1
II : Alegbera
12. If x = 5 what is the value of x2 ?
III : Geometry
16. If one angle of a right-angled triangle is 30 write the other two angles in
degrees.
17. A rectangle has length 1 and width 2. What is the length of it diagonal?
18. Give an approximate figure for the circumference of a circle whose radius
is 1.
19. Plot a straight line through the points (2, 3) and (2, 3).
IV : Elementary Calculus
d
20. What is dx sin(x) ?
x2 dx ?
R
21. What is
x2 +1
R
24. Evaluate the integral x4 +1 dx.
x2 tan1 x dx.
R
25. Evaluate the integral
2
Calculus without
Objective of experiment Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I Challenge: to teach them calculus within 5 lectures, theorem of calculus
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Objective of experiment Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I Challenge: to teach them calculus within 5 lectures, theorem of calculus
Zeroism
I Test of learning: they should be able to solve questions Conclusions
drawn at random from a calculus question bank. Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Objective of experiment Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I Challenge: to teach them calculus within 5 lectures, theorem of calculus
Zeroism
I Test of learning: they should be able to solve questions Conclusions
drawn at random from a calculus question bank. Appendix: report
of an experiment
I (seed supplied by Vice Chancellor).
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Objective of experiment Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
I Challenge: to teach them calculus within 5 lectures, theorem of calculus
Zeroism
I Test of learning: they should be able to solve questions Conclusions
drawn at random from a calculus question bank. Appendix: report
of an experiment
I (seed supplied by Vice Chancellor).
The experiment
I And also solve ordinary differential equations. Results
Post-test
Calculus without Limits
I : Elementary computations
1. Convert 30 deg to radians.
2. Convert 2 radians into degrees.
II : Elementary Calculus
d
3. What is dx sec(x) ?
R
4. Evaluate cos(3x + 1)dx
5. Find the second derivative of x sin x.
6. Find Z 1
xex dx
0
7. Numerically integrate
Z 0.5
1
dx
0 1 x2 1 x
.
1
(continued from page 1: differentiate the following with respect to x)
11. r
1 + x cos x
log
1 x cos x
12.
e2x + 1
tan 1
e2x 1
17. Z
cot5 x dx
2
Calculus without
Results Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
I Above 60% 4 Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Results Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
I Above 60% 4 Zeroism
I Between 35-60% 8 Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Results Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
Fundamental
theorem of calculus
Functions
I Above 60% 4 Zeroism
I Between 35-60% 8 Conclusions
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Test was moderately successful. In the pre-test only 1
Fundamental
student attempted any of the question-bank questions. theorem of calculus
Functions
Zeroism
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Test was moderately successful. In the pre-test only 1
Fundamental
student attempted any of the question-bank questions. theorem of calculus
Functions
I In the post-test this student got nearly 100%. About
Zeroism
half the class managed to clear the test.
Conclusions
Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Test was moderately successful. In the pre-test only 1
Fundamental
student attempted any of the question-bank questions. theorem of calculus
Functions
I In the post-test this student got nearly 100%. About
Zeroism
half the class managed to clear the test.
Conclusions
I The bottom half of the class performed poorly. Appendix: report
of an experiment
The experiment
Results
Calculus without
Conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju
Outline
Trigonometry
The derivative
I Test was moderately successful. In the pre-test only 1
Fundamental
student attempted any of the question-bank questions. theorem of calculus
Functions
I In the post-test this student got nearly 100%. About
Zeroism
half the class managed to clear the test.
Conclusions
I The bottom half of the class performed poorly. Appendix: report
of an experiment
I As clear from the pre-test some of the students (and
The experiment
faculty) did not fulfil the starting criterion of knowing
Results
school math at 8th std. level. They are being given
remedial coaching in school math.