Introduc)on

 
  Our  bodies  get  the  energy  they  need  from  food  
through  metabolism,  the  chemical  reactions  in  the  
body's  cells  that  convert  the  fuel  from  food  into  the  
energy  needed  to  do  everything  from  moving  to  
thinking  to  growing.    
  Metabolism  is  a  constant  process  that  begins  when  
we're  conceived  and  ends  when  we  die.  It  is  a  vital  
process  for  all  life  forms  —  not  just  humans.  If  
metabolism  stops,  a  living  thing  dies.  
 Defini)on  
  Is  the  total  of  all  the  chemical  reactions  that  occur  
in  the  body.  

Catabolism-­‐the  energy   Anabolism-­‐the  energy  

releasing  process  by   requiring  process  by  which  
which  large  molecules   small  molecules  are  joined  
are  broken  down  into   to  form  larger  ones  
smaller  one  
 Metabolism  
Can  be  divided  into  two:  
   
     Chemical  reactions  during  digestion  
     Chemical  reactions  after  digestion  

Cellular  Metabolism-­‐chemical  reactions  occur    within  

the  cells  
Ex.  Synthesis  of  proteins  and  ATP  
   
ATP  Coupling  of  Catabolic  and  Anabolic  Reac)ons  
ATP  production  
-­‐the  energy  released  during  
catabolism  can  be  used  to  
synthesize  ATP  

Catabolism   Anabolism  
-­‐is  the  energy   -­‐is  the  energy  
releasing  reactions   requiring  reactions  
resulting  from  the   that  join  smaller  
breakdown  of  larger   molecules  to  form  
molecules  to   larger  ones.  
smaller  ones.   Anabolic  reactions  
Ingested  food  is  the   result  in  the  
source  of  molecules   synthesis  of  the  
used  in  catabolic   molecules  
reactions.     necessary  for  life  
ATP  breakdown  
-­‐the  energy  released  from  the  breakdown  of  
ATP  can  be  used  during  anabolim  to  
synthesize  other  molecules  and  to  provide  
energy  for  cellular  processed  such  as  active  
transport  and    muscle  contraction.  
 Carbohydrate  Metabolism  
  Chief  aim=break  all  carbohydrates  into  
monosaccharides  (  most  importantly  glucose)  

  Glucose  is  transported  in  the  circulation  to  all  the  

tissues  of  the  body,  where  it  is  used  as  a  source  of  
energy.  

  Excess  in  blood=Glycogen    

 Glycolysis  
•  Describes  the  oxidation  of  glucose  to  
pyruvate  with  the  generation  of  ATP  and  
NADH  
•  Embden-­‐Meyerhof  Pathway  
•  Glycolysis  is  a  universal  pathway;  present  in  
all  organisms:  from  yeast  to  mammals.  
•  In  eukaryotes,  glycolysis  takes  place  in  the  
cytosol  
•  Glycolysis  is  anaerobic;  it  does  not  require  
oxygen  
 In  the  presence  of  O2,  pyruvate  is  further  
oxidized  to  CO2.  
 In  the  absence  of  O2,  pyruvate  can  be  
fermented  to  lactate  or  ethanol.  
•   Reaction:  Glucose+  2ATP+  2NAD  +4ADP  +  
2Pi  =  2  pyruvate+  4  ATp  +  2ADP  +  2NADH  +  
2H2O  
 •  Net  Reaction:    
 Glucose  +  2NAD+    2  Pi  +  2  ADP  =  
 2  pyruvate  +  2  ATP  +  2  NADH  +  2  H2O  
 STEP  1.  PHOSPHORYLATION    
Hexokinase  
Glucose  +  ATP              Mg2+  
                           Glucose-­‐6-­‐phosphate  +  ADP  
 STEP  2  ISOMERIZATION  
Glucosephosphate  
  Glucose-­‐6-­‐phosphate           Fructose-­‐6-­‐phosphate  
isomerase  
STEP  3  PHOSPHORYLATION    
STEP  4  CLEAVAGE  
STEP  5  ISOMERIZATION    
STEP  6  OXIDATION  
 STEP  7    
TRANSFER  OF  PHOSPHATE  GROUP  
STEP  8  ISOMERIZATION  
STEP  9  DEHYDRATION  
 STEP  10    
TRANSFER  OF  PHOSPHATE  GROUP  
 ANAEROBIC  METABOLISM  OF  
PYRUVATE  
  Breakdown  of  glucose  in  the  absence  of  Oxygen  to  
produce  2  molecules  of  lactic  acid  and  2  molecules  of  
ATP.  Thus  ATP  is  produce  as  a  source  of  energy  when  
insufficient  oxygen  is  delivered  in  the  tissues.  
 2  phases  
1. Glycolysis  
2. Lactic  Acid  Formation  
        PYRUVATE+NADH=LACTIC  ACID  
ANAEROBIC  METABOLISM  of  Pyruvate  
AEROBIC  METABOLISM  of  Pyruvate  
  Is  the  breakdown  of  glucose  in  the  presence  of  Oxygen  
to  produce  Carbon  Dioxide,  Water  and  38  molecules  of  
ATP.  
4  Phases  
1. Glycolysis  
2. Acetyl-­‐coenzyme  A  formation-­‐  
3. Citric  Acid  Cycle/Tricarboxylic  Acid  Cycle/Krebs  Cycle  
4. Electron  Transport  Chain  
 Acetyl-­‐CoA  forma)on  
Pyruvate  +CoA-­‐SH+NAD+                          Acetyl-­‐CoA+CO2+H+  
+NADH