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physical properties and acentric factiors adequately characterize the system. For more
complex mixtures such as petroleum fractions, it is impractical and not always possible to
analyze the entire mixture to define the concentration of all the components.
These undefined mixtures are usually characterized by parameters that are derived from the
normal inspection tests, an ASTM D86 or D1160 distillation, and the specific gravity of the
mixture. Many characterizing parameters have been proposed, but very few are generally
useful.
Among the useful parameters are five different boiling points and the Watson (19)
characterization factor, K. Each boiling point reduces to the normal boiling point for pure
hydrocarbons and is significant for a different group of correlations. These five quantities
are defined by the following equations (16):
= ()
=
Donde:
Either fahrenheit or rankine units may be used for volumetric average boiling point, molar
average boiling point, and weight average boiling point.
Rankine units must be used for cubic average boiling point, however. The MABP and
CABP must be in the same units to calculate mean average boiling point (both defined
below).
= ()
=
= ()
=
Donde:
+
= ()
Inasmuch as volume, mole, and weight fractions are not known for undefined mixtures, the
boiling points are conveniently correlated in an empirical plot based on the astm D
86.distallation curve. Analytical correlations developed by zhou (23) are also included for
use on a digital computer. For high molecular-weight fractions which are vacuum distilled
by ASTM Method D1160, the results must be converted to an ASTM D86 basis before
obtaining a boiling point (sse chapter 3).
()/
= ()
,
Where MeABP must be in degrees Rankine. The boiling point for the Watson
characterization factor was originally taken as the molal average (19) and was later changed
to the cubic average (16). Later usage (9, 21) involves the mean average, or the arithmetic
average of the two earlier boiling points, as used in equation (2-0.8).
= ()
=
Where Ki is the Watson K for the component i. For petroleum fractions, equation (2-08) is
given in nomographic form in Figure 2B6.1 where aniline pint, molecular weight, and
carbon-to-hydrogen ratio are also correlated.
The MeaABP and specific gravity may also be used to estimate the Watson K. For high-
molecular-weigh petroleum fractions, thermal cracking interferes with distillations at
atmospheric pressure, so it is difficult to obtain a reliable MeaABP for use in the defining
equation for the Watson K.
However, if the viscosity of the fraction is known at 100 F and 210 F, Figure 2B2.4 can be
used to determine the molecular weight, which with gravity, defines the Watson K from
Figure 2B2.2.
For heavy petroleum fractions some analytical correlations in terms of specific gravity,
flash point and refractive index are proposed by Woodle (22).
The Watson characterization factor is a satisfactory approach for correlating the physical
and thermal properties of paraffinic or naphthenic straight-run petroleum fractions.
Howerever, the Watson K does not accurately characterize fractions containing appreciable
amounts of olefinic, diolefinic, or aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples of such fractions are
catalytic cracker recycle oils, catalytic reformer streams, and hydrocarbon streams from
other synthesis processes.
En espaol
Para mezclas de hidrocarburos para los que se conoce la composicin, las propiedades
fsicas de componentes puros y factores acntricos caracterizar adecuadamente el sistema.
Para las mezclas ms complejas, tales como fracciones de petrleo, no es prctico y no
siempre posible analizar toda la mezcla para definir la concentracin de todos los
componentes.
Estas mezclas no definidas se caracterizan generalmente por los parmetros que se derivan
de las pruebas normales de inspeccin, una destilacin ASTM D86 o D1160, y la gravedad
especfica de la mezcla. Se han propuesto muchos parmetros que caracterizan, pero muy
pocos son generalmente tiles.
Entre los parmetros tiles son cinco puntos de ebullicin diferentes y el Watson (19) factor
de caracterizacin, K. Cada punto de ebullicin reduce el punto de ebullicin normal
para hidrocarburos puros y es significativo para un grupo diferente de correlaciones.
Estos cinco cantidades se definen por las siguientes ecuaciones (16):
Promedio volumtrico punto de ebullicin:
Donde:
Unidades de Rankine deben ser utilizados para cbico punto de ebullicin medio, sin
embargo. El PAM y CABP deben estar en las mismas unidades para el clculo de punto de
ebullicin medio media (tanto define a continuacin).
Donde:
Dnde MeABP debe estar en grados Rankine. El punto de ebullicin para el factor de
caracterizacin Watson fue tomada originalmente como la media molal (19) y se cambi
ms tarde a la media cbico (16). Uso posterior (9, 21) consiste en la media aritmtica, o la
media aritmtica de los dos puntos de ebullicin anteriores, tal como se utiliza en la
ecuacin (2-0,8).
K = _ (i = 1) ^ nX_wiK_bi (1)
La gravedad especfica MeaABP y tambin se puede usar para estimar el Watson K. Para
alto peso molecular fracciones de petrleo, craqueo trmico interfiere con destilaciones a
presin atmosfrica, por lo que es difcil obtener una MeaABP fiable para su uso en la
ecuacin de definicin para el Watson K.