Joints (Ch.

8)

joints (jts.) = articulations arthro = joint

I. Classification
structural: fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial (has a cavity with fluid)

functional: synarthroses no movement

amphiarthroses mostly ______
diarthroses mostly ______ more movement

II. Fibrous Jts.

III. Cartilaginous Jts. Table 8.1

Str. Class Characterstics Types Mobility Example

Fibrous ______ fibers Suture Immobile ____ sutures
between bones (short fibers) (synarthrosis)
Syndesmosis Slightly mobile? Distal tibio-
(longer fibers) (amphiarthrosis fibular joint
& synarthrosis)
Gomphosis Immobile ________ in
(Peg-in-socket) socket
Cartilaginous _______ Synchondrosis Immobile Epiphyseal
between bones (hyaline cartilage) plate; 1st rib &
manubrium
Symphysis Slightly mobile Intervertebral
(___________ joints,
between hyaline) pubic
symphysis

8-1, 8-2
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IV. Synovial Jts.

A. GENERAL STRUCTURE
- are all diarthroses
6 features:
1. articular cartilage
- covers opposing bone; __________ cartilage

2. joint (articular) cavity

- ____________ space
- contains small amt. of synovial fluid

3. articular capsule
- fibrous layer of articular capsule - tough outer layer
- synovial membr. - covers all __________ joint surfaces
that are not hyaline cartilage

8-3 4. synovial fluid

- _________ of blood - from synovial membrane

5. reinforcing ligaments
- bands of _________ ____________ connective tissue

6. Nerves and Blood Vessels

(7). bursae & tendon sheaths

- NOT part of joint but __________
8-4 - bags of lubricant
= "purse" - flattened ______ with synovial
membrane inside
- tendon sheaths are elongated bursae that
wrap around tendon
3 factors influence synovial joint stability:
- ___________ of articular surface
- # and position of _____________
- muscle tone ***
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B. MOVEMENTS
nonaxial - ____________ only
uniaxial - 1 plane
biaxial
multiaxial

1. gliding movements
- flat bone surfaces
- e.g., - at intercarpal & intertarsal joints
- at vertebral articular processes
2. angular movements
8-5 - or angle between bones:
fill in a. flexion
these - angle
e.g.s - e.g., -
using
this b. extension
figure - angle sagittal plane
- e.g., -
hyperextension extension
beyond upright position of
head or trunk

c. abduction
- away from midline
- e.g.,
d. adduction frontal plane
- towards midline
- e.g.,
e. circumduction
- moving a limb in a circle
- e.g.,
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3. rotation
8-5 - turning bone around its long axis (e.g., _________)
- medial rotation - ant. surface moves towards _______
plane
- lateral rotation ant surface moves toward lateral
plane

4. special movements
8-6 a. supination & pronation
- radius around ulna
supination - palm faces ant (sup.)
pronation - palm faces post (inf.)

b. dorsiflexion & plantar flexion (foot)

c. inversion & eversion

- movement of sole of foot
medial lateral

d. protraction & retraction

-movement in transverse plane
anterior posterior
- e.g., clavicle, mandible

e. elevation & depression

- e.g., mandible, scapula (shrugging shoulder)

f. opposition
- touching thumb to tips of other fingers of same
hand
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C. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Focus Figure 1-1
1. plane joints
- nonaxial, _________
- flat articular surface
- e.g., _________________, femoropatellar,
sternocostal ribs 2-7

2. hinge joints
- uniaxial
- e.g., elbow, __________

3. pivot joints
- uniaxial, rotation permitted
- round end of 1 bone + _______ of bone & ligament
- e.g., - atlas & dens of _______ (atlantoaxial joint)
- proximal radioulnar joint

4. condylar (ellipsoid) joints

- biaxial with angular movem't in 2 planes
- _____ projection of 1 bone oval depression in
another
- e.g., metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)

5. saddle joints
- biaxial, like condyloid but freer movement
- e.g., carpometacarpal joints of ___________

6. ball-and-socket joints
- multiaxial & rotational
- e.g., shoulder & _____
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D. KNEE: AN EXAMPLE
- ____________ joint
- _________ joint, bicondylar
- flexion, extension, some rotation
8-7 - 3 joints:
8-8 - femoropatellar joint _________ joint
- lateral tibiofemoral joint
- medial tibiofemoral joint
- medial & lateral menisci
- ____________ articular surfaces
- capsule only on sides & posterior
- ligaments:
extracapsular ligaments:
- prevent ____________
- prevent lat. & med. rotat'n when knee _________
- include:
(i)fibular collateral ligament
- lat. epicondyle of femur _______ of fibula
(ii) tibial collateral ligament
- med. epicondyle of femur med. condyle of
________ shaft
- fused to med. meniscus

intracapsular ligaments:
anterior cruciate ligament
- ant. intercondylar area of _____ post, lat & up
to lat condyle of
femur
- prevents ________ sliding of tibia & hyperextensn
posterior cruciate ligament
- post. intercondylar area of ____ ant, med & up
to med condyle
of femur
- prevents backward sliding of tibia