IntermolecularForces

TypesofSolids* IntermolecularForce(s)BetweenParticles
1.MetallicCrystals(Metals) Metallicbonding:Valenceelectronsformmobileseaof
Examples:Na,Cu,Fe,Mn electronswhichcomprisethemetallicbond.
2.IonicCrystals(IonicSolids) IonicBonding:Attractionofchargedionsforoneanother.
Examples:NaCl,MgCl2,MgO Latticeenergyisameasureofionicbondstrength.
3.CovalentCrystals(Network Networkcovalentbonding.Networksolidsareextremely
Solids) hardcompoundswithveryhighmeltingandboilingpoints
Examples(smallclass!):C(diamond), duetotheirendless3dimensionalnetworkofcovalent
SiC(s),SiO2(quartz) bonds.
4.MolecularCrystals
Examples: Oneormoreofthefollowing:

(a)NeedHbondedtoO,NorF:H2O, (a)Hydrogenbonding:Hydrogenbondsareweakerthan
HF,NH3. covalentbonds,butstrongerthan(b)or(c)below.

(b)C6H6(benzene),polyethylene,I2,F2,
andallthecompoundsfrom(a)above.
(c)CHF3,CH3COCH3(acetone)and
H2O,HF,NH3.
(b)Dispersionforces(induceddipoleinduceddipoleor
Londondispersionforces):universalforceofattraction
betweeninstantaneousdipoles.Theseforcesareweakfor
small,lowmolecularweightmolecules,butlargefor
heavy,long,and/orhighlypolarizablemolecules.They
usuallydominateover(c)below.
(c)Dipoledipoleforces:theseforcesactbetweenpolar
molecules.Theyaremuchweakerthanhydrogenbonding.

Note:VanderWaalsForcesisacategorywhichincludesbothcategories(b)and(c)above.
5.AtomicCrystals Dispersionforces:SeeSection4(b)above.
Examples:He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe

*Note:Manyofthecompoundsgivenasexamplesarenotsolidsatroomtemperature.Butifyou
coolthemdowntoalowenoughtemperature,eventuallytheywillbecomesolids.

Physicalpropertiesdependontheseforces.Thestrongertheforcesbetweentheparticles,
(a)thehigherthemeltingpoint.
(b)thehighertheboilingpoint.
(c)thelowerthevaporpressure(partialpressureofvaporinequilibriumwithliquidorsolidina
closedcontaineratafixedtemperature).
(d)thehighertheviscosity(resistancetoflow).
(e)thegreaterthesurfacetension(resistancetoanincreaseinsurfacearea).

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1.Whattypeofcrystalwilleachofthefollowingsubstancesforminitssolidstate?Choicesto
consideraremetallic,ionic,covalent,ormolecularcrystals.
(a)C2H6__________ (b)Na2O____________ (c)SiO2______________
(d)CO2______________ (e)N2O5__________ (f)NaNO3______________
(g)Al________________ (h)C(diamond)______ (I)SO2________________

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2.Circleallthecompoundsinthefollowinglistwhichwouldbeexpectedtoformintermolecular
hydrogenbondsintheliquidstate:
(a)CH3OCH3 (b)CH4 (c)HF (d)CH3CO2H (e)Br2 (f)CH3OH
(dimethylether) (aceticacid) (methanol)

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3.Specifythepredominantintermolecularforceinvolvedforeachsubstanceinthespace
immediatelyfollowingthesubstance.Theninthelastcolumn,indicatewhichmemberofthepair
youwouldexpecttohavethehigherboilingpoint.
Predominant Predominant SubstancewithHigher
Substance#1 IntermolecularForce Substance#2 IntermolecularForce BoilingPoint
(a)HCl(g) I2
(b)CH3F CH3OH
(c)H2O H2S
(d)SiO2 SO2
(e)Fe Kr
(f)CH3OH CuO
(g)NH3 CH4
(h)HCl(g) NaCl
(i)SiC Cu
Answers:
1.(a)molecular;(b)ionic;(c)covalent(networksolid);(d)molecular;(e)molecular;(f)ionic;
(g)metallic;(h)covalent(networksolid);(i)molecular.
2.Hint:MoleculemustcontainHbondedtoO,N,orF,sinceonlyHbondedtoO,N,orFcanformahydrogenbond
withanO,N,orFonanothermolecule.Thus(c),(d),and(f)shouldbecircled.
3.Hint:Choicesforthepredominantintermolecularforcearemetallicbonding
,
ionicbonding
,
networkcovalent
bonding,
hydrogenbonding
,and
dispersionforces(induceddipoleinduceddipoleforces).Dipoledipoleforcesare
generallydominatedbydispersionforcesandarerarelypredominant.
(a)dispersionforces;dispersionforces;I2.
(b)dispersionforces;hydrogenbonding;CH3OH.
(c)hydrogenbonding;dispersionforces;H2O.
(d)networkcovalentbonding;dispersionforces;SiO2.
(e)metallicbonding;dispersionforces;Fe.
(f)hydrogenbonding;ionicbonding;CuO.
(g)hydrogenbondingdispersionforces;NH3.
(h)dispersionforces;ionicbonding;NaCl.
(i)networkcovalentbonding;metallicbonding;SiC.

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