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Unit 1 Functions and Relations
Concepts & Objectives
z Function Properties (Obj. #3)
z Identify whether a relation is a function
z Identify the domain and range of a given function
z Identify 1‐1 and onto
z Linear Functions (Obj. #4)
z Calculate the slope between two points
z Write a linear function using either standard form,
point‐slope form, or slope‐intercept form
z Identify parallel and perpendicular lines
z Graph a linear function
Functions
z A relation is an ordered pair.
z A function is a relation for which there is exactly one
value of the dependent variable for each value of the
independent variable.
z More formally:
z Historical note: The notation f (x) for a function of a
variable quantity x was introduced in 1748 by Leonhard
Euler in his text Algebra, which was the forerunner of
today’s algebra texts. Many other mathematical symbols
in use today (such as e and π) were introduced by Euler
in his writings.
Functions
z For the most part, we use f (x) and y interchangeably to
denote a function of x, but there are some subtle
differences.
z y is the output variable, while f (x) is the rule that
produces the output variable.
z An equation with two variables, x and y, may not be a
function at all.
x 2 y2
+ =1
Example: is an ellipse, but not a function
4 9
Functions
z A function f : A → B is a onetoone function (or 1‐1
function) if and only if every element y in B is the image
of at most one element x in A.
z Example: f (x) = x2, x ∈\ is not 1‐1 because for a
given output, such as 4, there are two possible inputs
(such as 2 or –2).
z Example: f (x) = x2, x ∈ \+ restricts the domain to the
positive reals, and so would be a 1‐1 function.
Functions
z A function f : A → B is onto if every element in the
codomain B is in the range of f.
z Example: f : `→` | f (x) = 2x is not onto because
there are values in the codomain (1, 3, 5, …) that are
not in the range (2, 4, 6, …)
z Example: f : `→2` | f (x) = 2x is now onto because
the codomain only includes even numbers.
Linear Functions
z A linear function is a function of x in which the rate of
change, that is, f (x + 1) – f (x), is constant.
z The rate of change is also called the slope (or “rise over
run”).
y2 − y1
m=
z The formula for slope is for two points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2). x 2 − x1
Linear Functions
z A linear function can be written in one of the following
forms:
z Standard form: Ax + By = C, where A, B, C ∈ ], A ≥0,
and A, B, and C are relatively prime
z Point‐slope form: y – y1 = m(x – x1), where m ∈ \ and
(x1, y1) is a point on the graph
z Slope‐intercept form: y = mx + b, where m, b ∈ \
z You should recall that in slope‐intercept form, m is the
slope and b is the y‐intercept (where the graph crosses
the y‐axis).
z If A = 0, then the graph is a horizontal line at y = b.
Linear Functions
z Let’s take another look at the standard form:
Ax + By = C
By = − Ax + C
A C
y=− x+
B B
z Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular iff the product
of their slopes is –1 (negative reciprocals). Vertical and
horizontal lines are perpendicular.
z Example: What is the slope of the line perpendicular
to y = –3x + 7?
−1 1 −3 1
= or just flip –3 and change the sign: →
−3 3 1 3
Graphing a Linear Function
To graph a line:
z If you are only given two points, plot them and draw a
line between them.
z If you are given a point and a slope:
z Plot the point.
z From the point count the rise and the run of the slope
and mark your second point.
z Connect the two points.
z If the slope is negative, pick either the rise or the run
to go in a negative direction, but not both.
Graphing a Linear Function
z Example: Graph the line y = –2x + 1.
Graphing a Linear Function
z Example: Graph the line y = –2x + 1.
z Plot the y‐intercept at (0, 1).
z Count down 2 and over 1.
z Plot the second point at (1, –1).
z Connect the points.
Writing the Equation of a Line
z From a graph:
z Calculate the slope
z Find a point on the graph. If the y‐intercept is
available, use that by preference.
z Write the equation in either point‐slope form or
slope‐intercept form.
Writing the Equation of a Line
z Ex.: Write the equation of the graph:
Writing the Equation of a Line
z Ex.: Write the equation of the graph:
2
z The slope is up 2, over 3 or .
3
z The y‐intercept is –1.
2
z y = x −1
3
Writing the Equation of a Line
z From a point and a slope:
z Plug into the point‐slope form and solve for y if
requested.
z From two points:
z Calculate the slope, and pick one point to plug into
the point‐slope form.
z Alternatively, you can plug the slope and the point’s x
and y values into the slope‐intercept form, solve for b,
and re‐write the equation.
Writing the Equation of a Line
z Example: Write the equation in slope‐intercept form for
the line that contains the point (2, –7) and has slope –3.
Writing the Equation of a Line
z Example: Write the equation in slope‐intercept form for
the line that contains the point (2, –7) and has slope –3.
z Method #1: y – (–7) = –3(x – 2)
y + 7 = –3x + 6
y = –3x – 1
z Method #2: –7 = –3(2) + b
–7 = –6 + b
–1 = b ⇒ y = –3x – 1