Accepted Manuscript

Analytical modeling for vibration analysis of partially cracked orthotropic rectangular

plates

P.V. Joshi , Dr. N.K. Jain , Dr. G.D. Ramtekkar

PII: S0997-7538(14)00168-5
DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2014.11.007
Reference: EJMSOL 3142

To appear in: European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids

Received Date: 4 June 2014

Revised Date: 16 October 2014
Accepted Date: 9 November 2014

Please cite this article as: Joshi, P.V., Jain, N.K., Ramtekkar, G.D., Analytical modeling for vibration
analysis of partially cracked orthotropic rectangular plates, European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids
(2014), doi: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2014.11.007.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Analytical modeling for vibration analysis of partially cracked orthotropic rectangular
plates
*
P. V. Joshi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Raipur, (C.G.) INDIA.
Email psad@rediffmail.com

Dr. N. K. Jain
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Raipur, (C.G.) INDIA. Email nkjmanit@rediffmail.com

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Dr. G. D. Ramtekkar
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Raipur, (C.G.) INDIA. Email gdramtekkar.ce@nitrr.ac.in

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Abstract

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An analytical model is presented for vibration analysis of a thin orthotropic plate containing a

partial crack located at the centre of the plate. The continuous line crack is parallel to one of

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the edges of the plate. The equation of motion of an orthotropic plate is derived using the
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equilibrium principle based on Classical Plate Theory. The crack terms are formulated using

the Line Spring Model. Using Bergers formulation for the in-plane forces and Galerkin's
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method for solution, the derived equation involving a cubic nonlinear term is converted into
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the Duffing equation. The effect of nonlinearity is established by deriving the frequency
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response equation for the cracked plate using the method of multiple scales. The influence of

crack length and boundary conditions on the fundamental frequency of square and
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rectangular plate is demonstrated for three boundary conditions. It is found that the vibration

characteristics are affected by the presence of crack. Further, it is deduced that the presence
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of a crack across the fibres affects the fundamental frequency more as compared to a crack
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along the fibres. The effect of varying elasticity ratio on fundamental frequency of cracked

plate is also established.

Keywords

Plate, crack, vibration, orthotropic

* Corresponding Author
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1. Introduction

Orthotropic plates find many applications in the areas of structural mechanics, shipbuilding,

civil and mechanical installations. As a simplification, composite plates are often modeled as

orthotropic. The orthotropic behavior can be by the use of materials having orthotropic stress

strain relationships. In case of isotropic plate, unequal stiffening in the two mutually

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perpendicular directions makes it orthotropic (Refs. [1], [2]). In order to cater the wide

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applications of such plates, dynamic analysis, especially, knowledge of vibration

characteristics becomes important. An exhaustive literature review on vibration of plates has

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been given by Leissa [3] in his monograph. Rayleigh-Ritz method, one of the well known

methods is widely used to provide approximate solutions to the natural frequencies of

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orthotropic plates and many researchers have effectively applied this method. The
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conventional Navier and Levy type solution methods (Refs. [2], [4]) can also be extended to
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orthotropic plates having either all edges simply supported or two opposite edges simply

supported. Kshirsagar and Bhaskar [5] applied superposition approach developed by Bhaskar
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and Sivaram [6], for free vibration of orthotropic plates involving mixed boundary
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conditions. Xing and Liu [2] obtained exact natural frequencies for thin orthotropic

rectangular plates by the method of separation of variables. Biancolini et al., [1] deduced an
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approximate way of finding fundamental modes of free vibration of thin orthotropic plates
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starting with a general approximate formula. Although the Classical Plate Theory over
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predicts the fundamental frequencies, literature shows that many researchers have employed

it for orthotropic thin plates (Refs. [1] [2]). The presence of a defect in the form of crack or

hole affects the vibration characteristics. Rice and Levy[7] represented a continuous line

crack by distributed line spring with stretching and bending compliances thus formulating the

Line Spring Model (LSM) using Classical Plate Theory. Gutierrez et al.,[8] considered

circular and rectangular holes in their work on transverse vibration of isotropic and
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orthotropic plates. They concluded that, for a clamped plate the fundamental frequency

increases with increase in hole diameter due to dynamic stiffening. Huang et al.,[9] presented

results for fundamental frequencies, applying the Ritz method for an isotropic rectangular

plate with a through crack. They proposed new admissible functions to consider the

singularities at the crack tips and concluded that increase of crack length decreases the

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fundamental frequency. Extending their work, Huang et al.,[10] considered through internal

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cracks for three dimensional vibration analysis of functionally graded rectangular plates.

Bachene et al.,[11] applied extended finite element method for the solution of cracked plates.

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Viola et al.,[12] applied differential quadrature finite element method to investigate

dynamics of thick composite plates containing a through crack. Natarajan et al.,[13] applied

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the extended finite element method proposed by Bachene et al.,[11] and considered 20
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degrees of freedom for a 4 node quadrilateral plate element in their application for cracked
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functionally graded plates. The authors provided extensive results on crack length,

orientation, crack location and for multiple cracks. Baiz et al.,[14] studied linear buckling of
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cracked isotropic plates by smoothed curvatures and extended finite element method.
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Recently Ismail and Cartmell[15] presented an analytical approach for partially cracked

isotropic plate, wherein the crack is inclined to the edges of the plate. Their approach is based
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on LSM and crack compliances are used to represent the surface crack. More recently, Bose
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and Mohanty[16] considered arbitrary position and orientation of a part through crack in a
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thin isotropic plate for vibration analysis and deduced that the orientation of crack affects the

vibration characteristics of the plate. Khadem and Rezaee[17] presented vibration analysis of

cracked rectangular plate considering bending compliance only and proposed new

comparison functions. They deduced that presence of crack at a specific location affects the

natural frequencies differently. Krawczuk et al.,[18] considered elastic-plastic through crack

in their formulation by finite element scheme. Israr et al.,[19] developed an approximate

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analytical model for vibrations of a cracked isotropic plate using LSM to represent bending

and tensile forces by net ligament at crack location. In their work, a surface crack located at

the centre is parallel to one of the edges of the plate. The authors introduced bending and

stretching force effects due to the crack. Their study is based on Classical Plate Theory and

concluded that the fundamental frequency decreases as crack length increases. Recently,

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Huang and Chan [20], in their application of Ritz method used moving least squares

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interpolation functions for vibration of cracked plate. Jha et al.,[21] applied higher order

shear and normal deformation theory for free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates.

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Senthil and Batra [22] presented an exact solution for three-dimensional thermo-elastic

deformations of a simply supported functionally graded thick rectangular plates using the

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power series method. They reduced the partial differential equations governing the
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thermoelastic deformations to a set of ordinary differential equations by suitable
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displacement and temperature functions. The authors compared their results with classical,

first order and third order shear deformation theories for functionally graded plates.
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Extending their work (Ref. [23]) to free and forced vibrations of functionally graded plates
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(FGP), the authors presented exact natural frequencies for FGP. They also considered the

effect of varying microstructure in the thickness direction. Batra and Jinb [24] combined the
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finite element method with the first order shear deformation theory to analyse free vibrations
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of functionally graded anisotropic plates. Ferreira et al.,[25] presented results for natural
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frequencies of FGP by a meshless method based on first and third order theories. They used

the global collocation method with radial basis functions in their approach. Ferreira et al. [26]

extended the radial basis function approach to analyse natural frequencies of orthotropic,

monoclinic and hexagonal material thick plates. The authors demonstrated the efficacy of the

pseudospectral method for eigenvalue problems. Akbari et al. [27] applied the Meshless

Local Petrov-Galerkin method to simulate the propagation of a thermoelastic wave through

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FGP and presented results for dynamic displacement and stress fields under transient thermal

field. The work of Rahimabadi et al., [28] shows the effect of cutouts and cracks on

vibrations of FGP. The authors used an enriched shear flexible 4-noded quadrilateral element

with a Heaviside function to affect the displacement across the discontinuity and asymptotic

branch functions to accommodate the singularity around the crack tip. They presented results

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for natural frequencies of FPG affected by cutout size and crack lengths in the presence of

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thermal environment. The work of Natarajan et al., [29-32] shows the application of finite

element method to study static bending, free vibration, mechanical and thermal buckling of

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intact and cracked FGP. The authors used 8-noded shear flexible element (Ref.[29]), enriched

4-noded quadrilateral element(Ref.[30]), 3-noded triangular element (Ref.[31]) and NURBS

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basis functions based iso-geometric finite element method(Ref.[32]), based on the work of
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Valizadeh et al.,(Refs. [33],[34]). Shear correction factors are evaluated using the energy
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equivalence principle. The plate kinematics are based on first order shear deformation theory

and they concluded that the natural frequencies of FGP decrease as a result of increase in
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gradient index, through crack length and temperature gradients. The supersonic flutter
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behaviour of simply supported thin, cracked FGP submerged in supersonic flow is also

studied by Natarajan et al.,[30] wherein, the crack is modeled independent of the underlying
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mesh. They concluded that the critical frequency and critical pressure are at a minimum when
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the crack is aligned to flow angle. A shear locking free, simple and efficient plate element
AC

formulation for FGP is presented by Shuohui et al.,[35] to study bending, buckling and free

vibration. Erdogan and Wu (Refs.[36],[37]) presented mode I stress intensity factors for

cracked FGP. They also considered the effect of thermal environment (Ref.[36]). Reddy[38]

presented deflection and stress analysis of FGP based on third order shear deformation theory

with linear and nonlinear finite element models. Ganapathi et al.,[39] studied the critical

buckling of simply supported functionally graded skew plates subjected to mechanical loads.
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Their finite element formulation is based on first order shear deformation theory and they

presented results for critical buckling load as affected by gradient index, aspect ratio and

skew angle. The literature (Refs. [9], [15], [17]-[19], [29]-[32], [40], [41]) shows that the

natural frequencies of isotropic plate depend on several factors such as crack length, plate

geometry, crack orientation and crack location. Thus, it is important to analyse the effect of

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partial crack on the fundamental frequencies of thin orthotropic plates. The present work

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addresses this by proposing an analytical model.

The present work references the methods and analytical model deduced by Israr et al.,[19] for

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an isotropic plate containing a surface crack, extends and applies it to a thin orthotropic plate.

The line spring model is modified to accommodate the orthotropic nature of the plate. Results

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for fundamental frequencies are presented considering the influence of boundary conditions
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and crack length. The presence of a hole in a plate reduces both mass and stiffness, in the
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present work the crack is in the form of continuous line and is parallel to one of the edges of

the plate. Such a line crack affects only the stiffness of the plate and not its mass. The
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configuration of the cracked plate for analysis is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1(a) shows a partial
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crack parallel to the x axis and Fig. 1(b) shows a crack parallel to the y axis. L1 and L2 are the

plate dimensions along x and y axes respectively. The plate of thickness h has a partial crack
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of length 2a along the fibres and is parallel to x axis, whereas its length is 2b when it is across
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the fibres and is parallel to the y axis. Let s be the ratio of depth of the crack to the plate
AC

thickness. A cubic nonlinear system is obtained by expressing the in-plane forces by Bergers

formulation. Crack terms are devised using the crack compliance coefficients in the LSM.

Three boundary conditions, (i) All edges simply supported (SSSS) (ii) Two adjacent edges

clamped and two free (CCFF) and (iii) Two adjacent edges clamped and two simply

supported (CCSS) are considered to study the effect of the length of the crack on the

vibration characteristics. The nonlinear effect of bending hardening or softening in the

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frequency response is established using the method of multiple scales. The influence of

elasticity ratio Ex/Ey on vibration characteristics is also illustrated.

2. Governing Equation of Cracked Plate

The governing differential equation of motion of the orthotropic rectangular plate is derived

considering two mutually perpendicular principle directions of orthotropy to coincide with x

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and y axes. The standard form of such an equation for an orthotropic intact plate using the

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equilibrium principle is treated by Szilard [4]. The equation for cracked plate is derived by

the equilibrium principle, wherein a line surface crack of length 2a is parallel to x axis as

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shown in Fig. 1.

z crack depth 2a z crack depth 2b

U
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h x h y
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y x
L1 L2
D
TE

2a 2b
L2 L1

x y
C EP

L1 L2
x y
AC

2a 2b
L2 L1

h h
y z x z

(a) (b)

Figure 1. Orthotropic plate with a part through crack. (a) crack parallel to x axis, (b) crack
parallel to y axis.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

The assumptions involved are 1) The plate is thin and orthotropic requiring four elastic

constants
 ,
 ,  ,  , for stress-strain relations. 2) The thickness h of the plate is small as

compared to the other two dimensions of the plate. 3) The effect of rotary inertia, shear

deformation and normal stress component in transverse direction are neglected. 4) Crack

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terms are formulated based on LSM. Applying these simplifying assumptions, the equation of

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motion of an orthotropic intact plate considering simultaneous stretching and bending is

      
   + 2   +   =  +  +  + 2  + 
  
(1)

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are the flexural rigidities,  is the transverse
 
Where,  = ( 

and  = ( 
 )  )

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load,
 and
 are Poisson's ratios, the effective torsional rigidity is  =  (
  +
  +
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4  ) . For uniform thickness of the orthotropic plate, torsional rigidity is given by  =


 &1 (

 )(  .  is density and * is transverse deflection of the plate.
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 ,  and  are membrane or in-plane forces per unit length.

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Employing a treatment of equilibrium similar to that employed in deriving Eq. (1), for the
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cracked orthotropic plate element one obtains the equation of motion of cracked plate as
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     +  
   + 2   +   =  
+ 
+  
+  
+  (2)

Due to discontinuity across y axis, the stretching or in-plane forces in y direction  and 
C
AC

are neglected(Ref. [19]) in Eq. (2). The analytical model proposed by Ismail and Cartmell[15]

for an inclined surface crack shows that the in-plane shear force  =  appears only

when the crack is inclined to the edge of the plate and hence this is neglected in Eq.(2). Two

new terms , and  are introduced in the equilibrium principle in deriving Eq. (2), which

compensates for the moment and membrane force due to the crack of length 2a. Also the

bending moments , , , and , = , are expressed in terms of lateral deflection as
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
 
, =  ( +

 
)

 
, =  ( +

 
)


, = 2 ( ) (3)

3. Crack Terms -. /01 2.

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The LSM approximates the crack problem by reducing the net ligament stresses to the neutral

plane of the plate as an unknown membrane and bending load and assumes that the

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constraining effect caused by the net ligament stresses may be accounted by applying

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bending and membrane stress resultants on the crack surfaces. The stress intensity factor

along the crack front may be approximated by the corresponding stress intensity factor for an

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edge crack strip under plane strain is another assumption of the LSM. Thus the crack terms
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can be represented by crack compliance coefficients. Israr et al.,[19] converted the relation

between stresses at the far side of the plate and stresses at the crack surface into force effects
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for an isotropic plate. To derive such relations for an orthotropic plate shown in Fig. 2, it is

necessary to obtain new relationships between  &  and , & , compensating the
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orthotropic nature of the plate. For the cracked plate model shown in Fig. 2, the boundary

conditions (assuming the origin at the centre of the plate) are

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at y 4 = 0, and 4 = 467

, = 0, and , = 867
C

at y
AC

Thus the plate element shown in Fig. 2 is subjected to normal tensile stress and bending

moment. The bending and tensile stresses at the far edges of the plate are (Refs. [7], [15],

[19])
9:;  B/
467 = =  </ =67 (>, ?, @)A@

(4)

D D B/
867 =  ,67 =  </ @=67 (>, ?, @)A@ (5)
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where =67 (>, ?, @) is stress state, 67 and ,67 are force and bending moment per unit length

in the direction perpendicular to crack length at the far edges of the plate respectively, p and q

are intermediate variables. Applying the LSM proposed by Rice and Levy [7], Israr et al.[19]

presented expressions involving tensile and bending stresses at the crack location and at the

far sides of the plate for an isotropic plate. Zeng and Dai [42] proposed such expressions to

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investigate the stress intensity factors for an isotropic plate element with variably oriented

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crack under biaxial loading. The LSM represents the crack section as a continuous line spring

with its compliance matched to that of the edge cracked strip under plane strain using two

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dimensional plane stress and plate bending, thus giving the relationship

between 467 , 467 and 867 , 867 .Where 467 and 467 are tensile stresses at far sides of the plate

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and at crack location respectively. Similarly 867 and 867 are the bending stresses. These
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relations for an orthotropic plate element can be proposed as

467 = 467
E
M

FDGHI B GHH J&  )BE

(6)

E
867 = 867
D

(7)
M
KL HI B GII O(KB  )(   )BE
N
TE

The literature (Refs. [7], [15], [19]) shows that these tensile and bending stresses can be

converted into tensile and bending force effects. Thus, for an orthotropic plate the new
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relations between tensile and bending force at crack location and at the far sides of the plate
C

can be written as
E
 = 
AC

FDGHI B GHH J&  )BE

(8)

E
, = , (9)
MHI
KL B GII O(KB  )(   )BE
N

PQQ , PQ = PQ and P are bending, stretching-bending and tensile compliance coefficients at

the centre of the crack. Eq.(8) and (9) are for a crack parallel to x axis, for a crack parallel to

y axis these relations become

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Q
 = 
FDGHI B GHH J&  )BQ
(10)

Q
, = , (11)
MHI
KL B GII O&KB  )(   )BQ
N

467
x

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y
867

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direction

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of fibers

Crack of length 2a

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AN
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Figure 2. An orthotropic plate with a crack of length 2a with tensile and bending stresses.

The crack compliance coefficients in the crack terms are functions of crack depth, thickness
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of the plate and can be found by suitable curve fitting the shape functions defining the stress
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intensity factor as deduced in the LSM. Such treatment for compliance coefficients is

presented in the work of Aksel and Erdogan [43]. They found the stress intensity factors in
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case of internal and multiple cracks and established polynomials R and SR for crack
C

compliance coefficients. The crack compliance coefficients can be found as


1
AC

PRT = U VR VT A>

W

i,j = b,t can be used to find tensile, bending and tensile-bending coefficients for depth of

crack >. V (X)andVQ (X)are shape functions for tension and bending respectively
]

V (X) = s \ R X (R)
R^
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VQ (X) = s ]R^ SR X (R) (12)

where, s is the ratio of depth of crack to plate thickness.

In this work these coefficients, originally deduced for finding stress intensity factors are used

to evaluate the constraining effect of the net ligament, which reduce the stiffness of the plate.

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The damage in the form of crack causes a reduction in the stiffness of the plate, therefore Eq.

(8) and (9) are used in Eq. (2) with a negative sign, a phenomenon found in literature (Refs.

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[15], [17], [19]). Using Eq. (8), (9) and (2), the equation of motion of cracked plate becomes

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   + 2   +   =
a b a b
 E ` ( B  )  E 
  + +   + 
a  a a
 FDGIH B GHH J& )BE 
(13)
MIH

U
Kc B GII d( KB  )( )BE
N
AN
4. Solution of Equation of Motion

The general solution for transverse deflection by Galerkin's method is

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*(>, ?, e) =
]^
g^ fg] hg i] g] (e) (14)

Where hg and i] are the characteristic modal functions treated by different researchers
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satisfying the boundary conditions. fg] is arbitrary amplitude and g] (e) is time dependent
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modal coordinate. By neglecting the strain energy due to second invariant of mid-surface
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strains, Berger[44] showed that the form of in-plane forces obtained works well for

combinations of simply supported and clamped boundary conditions. Many researchers

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(Refs. [15], [19]) have applied Berger's formulation for nonlinear vibrations of rectangular
AC

plate. This can be extended to orthotropic plate. Thus expressing the membrane forces in

terms of mid-surface strains, one obtains


 = ( k +
 k )
( 1

 ) 


 = ( k +
 k )
( 1

 ) 
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Applying the definition of w(x, y, t), integrating over plate area and multiplying both sides by

hg i]

n n  op ()
 m
]^ m
g^ fg] <W <W hg i] A> A?
 

+
n n
m
]^ m
g^ fg] g] (e) <W <W q (hg
Rr
i] ) + 2 (hg i] ) +  (i]Rr hg )
RR RR

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tt u tt B u tv s )
E` & so
M
p p o
y hg i] A> A? +
Kw IH B GII x(KB )( )BE
N

n n
m
]^ m
g^ fg] g] (e) <W
K K
<W z g] hg i]  hg
RR
+

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E` { op uptt up so

| A> A? = 
FDGIH B GHH J& )BE
(15)

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D n} n so   u
where, B1mn =  n m
]^ m
g^ <W <W ~(

) i] +
 ( p ) hg   A> A?
} n 

B2mn =  n
D
} n
m
]^ m
g^
n
<W }
U n u so  
<W ~( p ) hg  +
 (
) i]  A> A?
AN
In Eq. (15), the middle surface strains k and k are expressed in terms of lateral deflection

and in-plane forces are integrated over plate area. The modal peak amplitude fg] is
M

normalized to unity. The lateral load  is neglected here for free vibrations. Eq. (15) may be
D

expressed in the form of Duffing equation as

TE

 op ()
,g] + g] g] (e) + g] g] (e)K = 0

(16)
EP

where,
n n
,g] =  m
]^ m
g^ fg] <W <W hg  i]  A> A? (17)

m m n n
C

g] = \ \ fg] g] (e) U U {  (hg

Rr
i] ) + 2 (hg i] ) +  (i]Rr hg )
RR RR

]^ g^ W W
AC

tt u tt B u tv s )
E` & so
M
p p o
} hg i] A> A? (18)
Kw IH B GII x(KB )( )BE
N

n n
= m m
g^ fg] g] (e) <W <W { g] hg i] hg +
K K  RR
g] ]^

E` { op uptt up so

}A>A?
FDGIH B GHH J& )BE
(19)

From Eq. (16), the natural frequency can be evaluated as g]


= g] /,g] .
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5. Frequency Response

The method of multiple scales (Ref. [45]) applied to study the frequency response of an

isotropic plate with a surface crack in Ref. [19] is extended here in the case of the cracked

orthotropic plate. Eq. (16) is rearranged by considering the appropriate delta function for the

external load as given in the work of Fan[46].

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g] (e) + g]

g] (e) + g] g] (e)K = g] W (e) (20)

Where g] = +op is the nonlinear term and the load  = g] W (e) . The term g] =

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op

can be obtained for the location of  e(>W , ?W ).

so ( )up ( )
+op

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With the idealization of the nonlinear damping to weak classical linear viscous damping and

the external load to be harmonic, W (e) = W PX g] (e) the equation for cracked plate

U
AN
becomes

+  (e) + (e)K = PX (e)

g] (e) + 2g] (e) g] g] g] g] g] W g] (21)
M

Literature (Refs. [15], [19], [45]) shows the use of detuning parameter, g] which describes

the closeness of excitation frequency g] , e g] and can be written as g] = g] +

D

g] , where is perturbation parameter. Restricting the solution to first order perturbation

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as higher order perturbations does not contribute much to the solution. Perturbing the

damping, cubic nonlinearity, external excitation and expanding g] (e)and its derivatives as
EP

g] (e, ) = Wg] (W ,  ) + g] (W ,  ) (22)

C

A
= +
Ae W 
AC

  

=  + 2  
(23)
}

where W = e is fast time and  = e is slow time. Eq.(22) & Eq.(23) can be applied to

Eq.(21) and separating the like terms of W and  , one obtains,

 op
+ g]

Wg] = 0

(24)
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
 g] Wg] Wg]
+ g]

g] = 2 w x 2 g] KWg] +
W  W  W

g] W PX ( g] W + 8 1 ) (25)

Eq.(24) and Eq.(25) can be solved by assuming a general solution involving unknown

complex amplitude and its complex conjugate. Expressing the amplitude in polar form,

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frequency response equation in case of steady state motion is obtained which can be stated as

K op  op
g] = +(( W   )
op op
(26)

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Eq.(26) is a frequency response relation for geometrically nonlinear cracked orthotropic plate

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and flexural rigidity is not present in the second term on the right hand side of this equation

which makes this relation different from its isotropic counterpart obtained by Israr et al.,[19].

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J is modal amplitude of response as a function of detuning parameter g] and initial
AN
excitation amplitude W . It can also be shown that the peak amplitude ( ) is independent of
M

the cubic nonlinearity and is given as

6 = op W
D

(27)
op
TE

Where, W is the amplitude of excitation and is the damping factor. In Eq. (27) flexural
EP

rigidity is not present, which makes it different from its isotropic counterpart derived in Ref.

[19].
C

6. Results and Discussion

AC

This section presents new results for fundamental frequencies of a cracked orthotropic thin

plate. The effect of crack length on the significant first mode natural frequency is examined.

The Ist mode natural frequency is expressed as non dimensional frequency parameter,


=  ` . Three boundary conditions and two plate aspect ratios (L1/L2 = 1, 2) are


considered for analysis. Although the crack compliance coefficients are available in the
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literature on stress intensity factors (Ref.[47]) for crack depth of 0h to 0.95h, Literature (Refs.

[7], [15], [19], [48]) shows that the application of the crack terms based on LSM when the

plate is thin and hence in this work, the plate thickness and crack depth are taken as 10 mm

and 6 mm respectively. Thus, the ratio of crack depth to plate thickness (s) is 0.6. The

crack lengths parallel to x and y axes are 2a and 2b respectively. Results for various half

PT
crack lengths (a and b) are presented in Tables 3 to 8. A point load of 10N is considered

RI
to be acting at a point (0.375,0.75) for frequency response. The material for the orthotropic

plate is taken as Boron Epoxy with properties, Ex = 208 x 109 Pa, Ey = 18.9 x 109 Pa, x =

SC
0.23, y = 0.0208, Gxy = 5.7 x 109 Pa, = 2000 kg/m3, = 0.08. Table 1 shows the non-

dimensional frequency parameter for an intact and cracked orthotropic plate of aspect ratio

U
L1/L2 = 1 and validates the present results for intact plate with known results. The results
AN
obtained from the present model for cracked plate are compared with the numerical results
M

obtained using ANSYS for a plate of aspect ratio 1 and Boron Epoxy material.

Table 1. Fundamental frequency parameter for an intact and cracked orthotropic plate.
D

Frequency parameter, F
.Boundary
Conditions
TE

Intact plate Cracked plate (a/ L1 = 0.01)

CCSS Ref. [49] 17.18 -- --
Present 17.18 -- --
SSSS Ref. [4] 10.99 ANSYS 10.91
EP

Present 10.99 present 10.92

A plate of thickness 10 mm is modeled as a 3D quarter plate, with given geometric and

C

mechanical properties. Partial line crack of depth 6 mm is introduced in the plate model using
AC

suitable symmetric boundary conditions. Partial crack is difficult to model using 2D elements

and hence the plate is modeled as a 3D problem. 8 node Brick element and Block Lanczos

solver are employed for modal analysis. Number of checks and convergence tests are carried

out to select the proper element type and the element edge length after the convergence test is

taken as 0.002m. The FEM results show good agreement.

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
To the best of the authors knowledge, the literature lacks in results for partially cracked

orthotropic/functionally graded thin plates. Results for functionally graded plates with a

through crack are available in Refs. [13],[29],[31],[32]. The present model for partial crack is

based on LSM involving the crack compliance coefficients which represent the net ligament

(intact portion) stresses. The compliance coefficients can be obtained from literature on stress

PT
intensity factors (Refs.[7], [15], [19], [43], [47]) for the ratio of crack depth to plate thickness

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varying from 0 to 0.95 (crack depth of 0h to 0.95h). Hence, for the purpose of validation, the

present model is applied to general functionally graded plate (FGP) with crack depth to plate

SC
thickness ratio of 0.95 (crack depth of 0.95h) and the results are compared with the results for

through crack (Refs.[13], [29], [31], [32]). The FGP material considered is silicon nitride and

U
stainless steel (Si3N4/SUS304), the properties of which are given in Refs.[13], [29], [31],
AN
[32].
M

The present model can also be extended to incorporate environment effects such as rise in

temperature of FGP. Neglecting the in plane forces due to lateral deflection considered in
D

recent literature (Refs.[19], [48]) and considering the in plane forces due to uniform rise in
TE

temperature of the plate, one can write the equation of motion as

D ( w) = h + P + N N N

(28)
EP

Where D is the effective flexural rigidity, M is the resultant moment due to temperature

gradient, N and N are in plane forces due to uniform rise in temperature when the in-
C
AC

plane deflections of the plate are restrained, which can be expressed as (Refs.[50], [51])

N = N =

. Where E, and are the effective properties of FGP. The crack terms

based on LSM (Eq. (8) and Eq. (9)) can be applied to in plane force N . Hence, the stiffness

of a cracked FGP subjected to uniform thermal environment becomes (thermal moment M is

neglected for uniform rise in temperature of the plate)

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
}

K = DA U U &X
Y + 2X Y + Y X )X Y dxdy +

W
W
}
EhT
2aY X

Y
A U U {X Y X + Y X
 
Y + } dxdy
1 W (6c + c )(1  )h + 2a
W

DA <W } <W &Y X + X Y )X Y dxdy

KF B J(KB )( )B
(29)
N

PT
Table 2 shows the first mode non dimensional frequency parameter () for SSSS FGP, for an

RI
aspect ratio of L1/L2 = 1, L1/h = 10 and gradient index n = 1. Results are given for two cases,

1) Presence of thermal environment (Ceramic and metal temperature, TC = TM = 300K) (2)

SC
Absence of the thermal environment. The present results are slightly higher than published

U
results because of two reasons, (1) the present results are for a partial crack with crack depth
AN
equal to 0.95h whereas results from Refs.[13], [29], [31], [32] are for a through crack. (2) The

present model is based on classical plate theory, whereas Refs.[13], [29], [31], [32] are based
M

on finite element formulations. Considering these two facts, the present results are in good

agreement with the available results.

D

Table 2 First mode frequency parameter for cracked FGP, crack depth = 0.95h.
TE

n } M
Frequency parameter ( = 

)
M
EP

Absence of thermal environment TC = TM = 300K

Half crack Ref.[13] Present Ref. [29] Present

(partial crack (partial crack
C

length (a) (through crack) with s = 0.95) (through crack) with s = 0.95)
0 3.3376 (3.3875*) 3.4597 3.3279 (3.3279**) 3.3968
AC

0.01 -- 3.3255 3.2296 3.3135

0.02 3.0452 3.1325 3.0442 3.1285

0.03 2.8657 2.9512 2.8644 2.9383

*Ref.[32], **Ref.[31]
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
The present analytical approach has obvious advantages of being simple, very fast, ease of

parametric study, improving physical understanding of the problem and efficient computation

time when compared to finite element models. The variation of first mode natural frequency

parameter for the three boundary conditions, two plate aspect ratios (L1/L2 = 1, 2) and various

half crack lengths a is shown in Table 3. Whereas, Table 4 shows the same for various half

PT
crack lengths b. It is seen that the presence of a crack decreases the natural frequencies. For

RI
all plate aspect ratios the natural frequencies go on decreasing as the crack length increases.

Comparing the decrease in frequencies in Table 3 & 4, it can be deduced that the presence of

SC
crack perpendicular to the fibers in an orthotropic plate affects the vibration characteristics

more than the crack along the fibers which satisfies ones intuition. As the natural frequencies

U
are influenced by the geometry of the plate; this is equally true for the cracked plate also.
AN
Thus, it is concluded that the natural frequencies are affected by crack length. Although the
M

reduction in natural frequencies is different for CCFF and CCSS, it is seen that the findings

for SSSS plate are principally true for CCFF and CCSS boundary condition.
D
TE

Table 3. Frequency parameter F for the three boundary conditions with various half crack
length a. (s = 0.6)
boundary condition
EP

SSSS CCFF CCSS

a/ L1
L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2
1 2 1 2 1 2
C

0 10.995 17.253 3.687 5.547 17.179 26.533

0.01 10.916 16.541 3.662 5.279 17.058 25.371
AC

0.05 10.751 14.982 3.610 4.685 16.807 22.812

0.1 10.665 14.118 3.584 4.350 16.678 21.387
0.2 10.596 13.378 3.562 4.059 16.572 20.157
0.3 10.566 13.045 3.553 3.926 16.526 19.602
0.4 10.549 12.855 3.547 3.850 16.500 19.285
0.5 10.538 12.733 3.544 3.801 16.484 19.080
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Table 4. Frequency parameter F for the three boundary conditions with various half crack
length b. (s = 0.6)
boundary condition
SSSS CCFF CCSS
b/L2
L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 10.995 17.253 3.687 5.547 17.179 26.533
0.01 10.350 17.023 3.446 5.462 16.127 26.162
0.05 8.751 16.352 2.842 5.216 13.508 25.075

PT
0.1 7.720 15.831 2.441 5.023 11.802 24.231
0.2 6.713 15.251 2.037 4.807 10.116 23.288
0.3 6.209 14.936 1.828 4.688 9.263 22.773

RI
0.4 5.905 14.737 1.698 4.614 8.742 22.449
0.5 5.700 14.600 1.608 4.563 8.389 22.227

SC
The effect of varying elasticity ratio Ex/Ey on the natural frequencies is studied for various

crack lengths a and b. The values Ex = 208 x 109 Pa, x = 0.23 are kept constant and Ey

U
and y are varied so that the elasticity ratio varies from 1 to 100. The natural frequencies in
AN
Table 5 to Table 7 are expressed in terms of non-dimensional frequency parameter F. Table

5 shows the effect of elasticity ratio on the natural frequencies for an intact plate of aspect
M

ratio L1/L2 = 1. The results for the three boundary conditions are in agreement with known
D

results. Table 6 shows the variation of fundamental frequency parameter with elasticity ratio
TE

for various half crack lengths a for a plate of aspect ratio L1/L2 = 1. Whereas, this variation

for half crack length b is shown in Table 7. For all half crack lengths, there is a decrease in
EP

fundamental frequency with increase in the elasticity ratio for the three boundary conditions.

This decrease is naturally more for crack lengths b as compared to a.

C

Table 5. Variation of Frequency Parameter, F for intact plate.

AC

Edge Ex/Ey
Conditions 1 5 10 50 100
SSSS 19.7392 14.2834 12.9907 11.2648 10.8566
(19.7391) (14.2830) (12.9906) (11.2642) (10.8564)
{19.9527} {14.4623} {12.9349} {11.2108} {10.8004}
CCFF 5.1184 3.9362 3.7503 3.5802 3.5543
{5.2888} {3.9634} {3.7780} [3.6003] {3.5865}
CCSS 28.3483 20.8726 19.2570 17.2520 16.8092
{28.5645} {20.9877} {19.3589} {17.3764} {16.9813}
( ) Ref. [4], { } ANSYS
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Table 6. Variation of frequency parameter F with Ex/Ey for various a. (s = 0.6)
F
a/L1 Ex/Ey
SSSS CCFF CCSS
0.01 1 19.24 4.91 27.53
5 14.14 3.88 20.65
10 12.91 3.72 19.13
50 11.24 3.57 17.22
100 10.84 3.55 16.79
0.05 1 18.19 4.47 25.77

PT
5 13.86 3.77 20.19
10 12.76 3.66 18.89
50 11.21 3.56 17.17

RI
100 10.82 3.55 16.76
0.1 1 17.63 4.24 24.83
5 13.72 3.72 19.96

SC
10 12.68 3.64 18.77
50 11.19 3.55 17.14
100 10.82 3.54 16.75

U
Table 7. Variation of frequency parameter with Ex/Ey for various b. (s = 0.6)
AN

b/L2 Ex/Ey
SSSS CCFF CCSS
0.01 1 19.24 4.91 27.53
M

5 13.77 3.70 19.98

10 12.44 3.51 18.32
50 10.65 3.33 16.22
D

100 10.22 3.30 15.75

0.05 1 18.19 4.47 25.77
TE

5 12.57 3.14 17.89

10 11.14 2.92 16.05
50 9.13 2.70 13.66
EP

100 8.63 2.67 13.10

0.1 1 17.63 4.24 24.83
5 11.86 2.79 16.62
10 10.36 2.53 14.65
C

50 8.17 2.28 11.99

100 7.61 2.24 11.36
AC

This decrease in fundamental frequencies is due to decrease in Ey and constant Ex in varying

elasticity ratio. Thus, the effect of elasticity ratio is different for crack along the two mutually

perpendicular directions. It can also be deduced that the effect of elasticity ratio increase is

more on the CCSS plate as compared to the other two boundary conditions. The CCFF plate

being less affected. Thus, it is concluded that the effect of increase in elasticity ratio is more
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
for cracks along the direction of low modulus of elasticity. Employing the method of multiple

scales, the peak amplitude of the cracked vibrating plate is examined. Table 8 and 9 shows

the peak amplitude for a plate of aspect ratio L1/L2 = 1 and for various crack lengths a or

b. For all the three boundary conditions, insertion of crack increases the peak amplitude and

this increase is substantial as the crack length increases.

PT
RI
Table 8. Peak amplitude (mm) for various half crack lengths. (s = 0.6)
Crack a/ L1 a/ L1 = a/ L1 = b/ L2 b/ L2 = b/ L2 =
length =0 0.01 0.05 =0 0.01 0.05

SC
SSSS 25.16 25.34 25.73 25.16 26.73 31.61
CCFF 15.47 15.58 15.80 15.47 16.55 20.08
CCSS 33.06 33.30 33.79 33.06 35.22 42.05

U
The crack terms in the present model are based on LSM which assumes the crack to be a
AN
continuous line crack. Thus, it is difficult to apply this model to a plate with
M

cutouts/holes/kinks. It can be extended to a realistic case of multiple cracks (two or more

concurrent line cracks at the centre) by following the superposition of crack terms as deduced
D

in the recent work of Joshi et al.,[48].

TE

Using Eq.(26), geometrically linear (g] = 0) and geometrically nonlinear (g] < 0, soft

spring and g] > 0, hard spring) response curves are plotted for a square plate of side 1m
EP

and half crack length of a = 0.01m for a given damping and excitation. These linear and
C

nonlinear response curves for the three edge conditions are shown in Fig. 3. The response
AC

curves for the same square plate with half crack length b = 0.01m are shown in Fig. 4. The

linear curves are symmetric around the resonant frequency. The effect of the cubic nonlinear

term g] , is to bend the curve towards the right or left depending on whether it is hard or soft

spring This bending hardening nonlinearity for a = 0.01m, bends the frequency response

curve towards the right for CCSS and SSSS boundary conditions and towards left for CCFF

condition. Similar to isotropic plate (Ref. [15], [19]), Fig. 3(b) shows that for orthotropic
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
plate also the hardening is more for SSSS plate than CCSS. For a crack across the fibres (b =

0.01m), it is interesting to note that the SSSS and CCSS plate behaves like a soft spring,

which satisfies ones physical understanding, whereas the CCFF plate behaves like a hard

spring. The transformation of SSSS plate from bending hardening (for a = 0.01m, Fig. 3(b))

to bending softening (for b = 0.01m, Fig. 4(b)) shows that there might be some inclination of

PT
the partial crack for which the softening and hardening characteristics balance each other.

RI
Comparing the linear response curves from Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 which are approximately same,

the significance of the nonlinear term g] is established.

U SC
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC

Fig. 3. Linear and non linear response curves for the three boundary conditions, a = 0.01m.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC

Fig. 4. Linear and non linear response curves for the three boundary conditions, b = 0.01m.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
7. Extension of the Model to Incorporate Couple Stress Theory

The behaviour of micro-plates have been proven to be size dependent and hence

implementation of strain gradient theories (containing internal material length scale

parameters) is essential due to inadequacy of the classical continuum theory. The higher order

theories in their simple form contain two additional constants (Lame constants, Ref.[52]).

PT
Many researchers (Refs. [53], [54]) have used a simplified strain gradient theory containing

RI
only one strain coefficient of length squared dimension. Yang et al.,[55] proposed a modified

couple stress theory in which only one material length parameter captures the size effect.

SC
Papargyri-Beskou and Beskos[54] presented sixth order partial differential equation of

motion for Kirchhoff plates, including the strain gradient coefficient and constant in plane

forces.
U
AN
Tsiatas [56] developed a new Kirchhoff plate model based on a simplified couple stress
M

theory proposed by Yang et al., [55]. They presented a static analysis of micro plates of

complex geometries and boundary conditions using only one internal material length scale
D

parameter to capture the size effect. Yin et al.,[57] implemented the non-classical Kirchhoff
TE

plate model developed by Tsiatas[56], for dynamic analysis of micro-plates using modified

couple stress theory. They presented results for first two natural frequencies of intact
EP

isotropic plates and concluded that the internal material length scale parameter increases
C

bending rigidity thereby giving higher values of frequency as compared to classical results.
AC

They also showed that when the material length scale parameter is twice the plate thickness,

then the frequency increases by a factor of 4 when compared to classical results thus

capturing the strong dependence of size effect and Poissons ratio on very thin plates. The

present model of cracked plate can also be extended to incorporate the single internal material

length scale parameter proposed by Yin et a.,[57], thus making it the present model based on
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
modified couple stress theory. The equation of motion of a cracked FGP capturing the effect

of a material length parameter can be written as

     +  
( +  ){ + + } =  + +  +  + 
         
(30)

 
Where  = , is the material length scale parameter.  is the contribution of the
(B)

PT
rotation gradients to bending rigidity.

RI
Eq. (30) can be further solved by substituting the crack terns using LSM and it can be shown

that the frequency values, thus obtained are slightly higher than the classical values. It would

SC
thus be easy to carry out a parametric study to capture the effect of material length size

parameter on the fundamental frequencies of cracked FGP.

U
AN
8. Conclusion

An analytical model is proposed for a partially cracked thin orthotropic plate. The effect of
M

length of crack on the first mode frequencies for three boundary conditions is deduced. The
D

effect of geometric nonlinearity in the frequency response is also established using the
TE

method of multiple scales. The bending hardening phenomenon is more pronounced for a

simply supported plate as compared to other two boundary conditions for a given plate aspect
EP

ratio. It is observed that the presence of crack decreases the frequencies and increases peak

amplitude. Also the presence of crack across the fibres decreases the frequency more as
C

compared to a crack along the fibres. It is verified that the geometry of the plate affects the
AC

natural frequencies of cracked orthotropic plate similar to isotropic plate. The effect of an

increase in the elasticity ratio on the fundamental frequencies is also established. It would be

interesting to formulate the response of this model using some shear deformation theory and

including the internal material length size parameter.

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful for the constructive comments from the
reviewers. This research work is not funded by any organization.

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Highlights
Vibration analysis of cracked orthotropic rectangular plates is presented
In the analytical model, crack terms for line crack are based on line spring model
The nonlinear bending hardening or softening phenomenon is demonstrated
The effect of increase in crack length on fundamental frequency is deduced
The effect of elasticity ratio on fundamental frequency is established

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