IET Renewable Power Generation

Research Article

Electrical power generation by an optimised ISSN 1752-1416

Received on 17th March 2016
Revised 30th July 2016
autonomous PV/wind/tidal/battery system Accepted on 15th August 2016
E-First on 22nd September 2016
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0194
www.ietdl.org

Alireza Askarzadeh1
1Department of Energy Management and Optimization, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate
University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
E-mail: askarzadeh_a@yahoo.com

Abstract: The main contributions of this study are to (i) incorporate tidal power into a hybrid PV/wind/battery renewable energy
system and (ii) introduce a new metaheuristic technique named crow search algorithm (CSA) for optimisation of the PV/wind/
tidal/battery system. For this aim, power equations of the different components are introduced and an objective function is
defined based on the economic analysis of the system. The proposed CSA is then used to optimally size the PV/wind/tidal/
battery system. On the case study, simulation results show that using tidal energy decreases the total cost of the system.
Moreover, the proposed CSA produces better results in comparison with two well-known metaheuristic methods, namely,
particle swarm optimisation and genetic algorithm in terms of accuracy and run time.

1Introduction
To achieve sustainable and clean development, renewable energies
are being integrated into electrical power generation systems.
Stochastic nature of renewable sources (like solar and wind) causes
that single renewable energy system cannot effectively supply the
load demand with a good reliability. Hybrid renewable energy
systems which utilise more than one renewable source can address
the limitations of single renewable energy system in terms of
power efficiency, stability, reliability and the total system cost.
Using hybrid renewable energy sources, mainly PV and wind
energies, has been investigated in many researches. In [1], it is
evaluated that how the future greenhouse gas emissions of
electrical power generation can be minimised by optimisation of
the daily dispatch of PV, wind, thermal and hydro power plants. It
this research, the risk of loss of load has been considered. In [2], in
order to study the possibility of achieving 100% electric energy
through renewable sources, the potential of biomass, PV and wind
sources in Awaji Island, Japan has been estimated. In [3], the
utilisation of a hybrid PV/wind/battery system has been
investigated for a building in Tehran, Iran. In order to size
optimisation of the system, the combination of flower pollination
algorithm and simulated annealing has been proposed. Moreover,
the effect of tilt angle of PV panels has been studied on the wind
speed values. In [4], size optimisation of a hybrid system including
PV, wind, battery and diesel generator has been performed by using
mixed-integer linear programming. In this research, the levelised
cost of energy (LCOE) has been selected as objective function. In
[5], technical and economic feasibility of using PV system in
Kenya has been investigated. In this research, a system-level
optimisation model has been employed to assess the potential of
using grid-connected PV system in comparison with existing
reservoir hydropower to displace diesel generation. In [6], the
potential and cost of autonomous PV systems for each province in
Indonesia have been studied. In this research, cumulative number
for the nominal power of the installed PV systems, relative LCOE
and financial benefits in comparison with the diesel generators has
been calculated. In [7], optimisation of PV/wind/battery system has
been done with respect to the loss of load probability. In this
research, tilt angle of PV modules and the size of inverter have
been also optimised. In [8], a PV/wind/diesel power system has
been designed for a village located in Saudi Arabia. It has been
mentioned that the proposed hybrid system is economically
feasible, have a positive impact on the economical growth of the
village and promotes the tourism in the remote area. In [9], a PV/
wind/diesel energy system has been optimised by use of genetic
algorithm (GA) by considering different types of batteries (lithium-
ion, lead-acid and redox-flow). It has been indicated that by use of
a battery management system, the operation costs are minimised.
In [10], the feasibility of using small-scale PV/wind/hydro system
for electricity generation has been studied. In this research,
HOMER is used to optimise and do sensitivity analysis of the
hybrid system. In [11], the potential of using hybrid PV/wind/
diesel system has been investigated for a city in Malaysia. For this
aim, the authors have used HOMER simulation software to
determine the technical feasibility of the system and to perform the
economical analysis of the system. A brief description of the
investigations can be found in Table 1.
In most hybrid systems, solar and wind energies are the main
components and battery, diesel or fuel cell (FC) systems are used
as auxiliary sources to provide energy in deficit conditions. As
another renewable energy source, tidal power can be effectively
used in hybrid systems. Tidal is related to falling and rising ocean
water levels. It is easy to predict the tidal behaviour and if there is
the possibility of harnessing the tidal energy, it can be used to
produce electrical power for specific periods of time. Study of the
literature shows that tidal power is rarely discussed in the
investigations. Dynamic modelling, simulation, control and energy
management of an isolated integration system including wind
turbine, tidal turbine, micro turbine and battery storage have been
investigated in [12]. In [13], particle swarm optimisation (PSO) has
been used for optimal sizing of a hybrid energy system including
PV, wind, battery and tidal turbine. The authors in [14] have
designed a hybrid system by HOMER to meet the energy demand
at the southern areas of Bangladesh. This hybrid system consists of
PV generation, micro-hydro (tidal) generation and a diesel
generator. In [15], an algorithm has been developed to design the
optimal combination of a renewable hybrid system. The algorithm
has been applied to a hybrid PV/wind/tidal generation system.
In this paper, the components size of a hybrid PV/wind/tidal/
battery energy system is optimised for an autonomous application.
The size optimisation problem is defined by the determination of
the size (number) of each component (PV module, wind turbine,
tidal turbine and battery) so that the net present cost (NPC) of the
system during its lifetime is minimised and the load demand
satisfied by a certain level of reliability. The reliability index,
which is used here is based on the equivalent loss factor (ELF)
concept.

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Table 1A brief description of the hybrid systems used to promising results for optimal planning of hybrid systems [9, 13, 16,
electrify stand-alone and grid-connected applications 19]. For example, the authors in [19] have shown that PSO and
Author(s) Component(s) Country Application chaotic PSO result in finding better results with faster convergence
Schmidt et al., 2016 PV + wind + hydro Brazil autonomous speed in comparison with HOMER. Due to the efficiency of
metaheuristic algorithms, this paper proposes a novel optimiser for
Sakaguchi and PV + wind + Japan autonomous
optimal planning of hybrid energy systems.
Tabata, 2015 biomass
Inspired by the intelligent behaviour of crows, crow search
Tahani et al., 2015 PV + wind + battery Iran autonomous algorithm (CSA) is a novel metaheuristic optimisation technique
Malheiro et al., PV + wind + diesel Portugal autonomous [20]. In CSA, a population of members called crows, flies through
2015 + battery the search space to discover high-quality solutions. One of the
Li et al., 2013 PV + wind + battery China autonomous main advantages of CSA is using an easy way to provide a good
Caballero et al., PV + battery Island grid- balance between diversification and intensification. Hence, in CSA
2013 connected there is an efficient way to escape local optima. In this paper, the
Rose et al., 2016 PV Kenya grid- performance of CSA is investigated on size optimisation of the
connected hybrid PV/wind/tidal/battery system and the obtained results are
Veldhuis and PV Indonesia autonomous compared with the results of GA and PSO.
Reinders, 2015 The rest of this paper is organised as follows: In Section 2,
modelling of the hybrid system is explained in detail; Section 3
Khatib et al., 2012 PV + wind + battery Malaysia autonomous
explains the concepts of the proposed CSA; simulation results are
Hosseinalizadeh et PV + wind + FC Iran autonomous discussed in Section 4 and finally, conclusion is stated in Section 5.
al., 2016
Rehman et al., PV + wind + diesel Saudi Arabia autonomous
2012
2Mathematical formulation of size optimisation
Ngan and Tan, PV + wind + battery Malaysia autonomous
for PV/wind/tidal/battery system
2012 + diesel 2.1 Modelling of system components
Nandi and Ghosh, PV + wind + battery Bangladesh autonomous
2.1.1 PV module: At time t, the power generated by a PV module
2010
is directly proportional to the solar radiation as follows:
Dihrab and Sopian, PV + wind Iraq autonomous
2010 PV()
Bekele and PV + wind + hydro Ethiopia autonomous PV() = PV PV (1)

Tadesse, 2010
Panayiotou et al., PV + wind France autonomous
where PPV(t) is the PV module power at time t, fPV is the PV
2012
module derating factor which considers the negative effects of dust,
Merei et al., 2013 PV + wind + diesel Germany autonomous
wire losses, temperature and anything else on the PV module
+ battery
performance, PV is the nominal power of the PV module, IPV is
the solar radiation on the PV module surface and IS is 1000W/
Optimal sizing of hybrid systems is a complex optimisation m2.Table 2 shows the specifications of the used PV module which
problem which includes integer decision variables. For this aim, has the nominal capacity of 210W. The data has been adopted
several solutions such as HOMER [10], mixed-integer linear from [21]. Fig. 1 indicates the solar radiation on the surface of PV
programming [4], GA [9], PSO [13] and harmony search [16] has module.
been proposed to solve this problem. As one of the most common
tools for performance evaluation of hybrid systems, HOMER is a 2.1.2 Wind turbine: The output power of a wind turbine in a
time-step simulator, which makes use of hourly load and particular location is a function of the wind velocity at hub height
environmental data. A review of HOMER applications for optimal and turbine characteristics. For determining the wind speed at hub
planning of hybrid energy systems can be found in [17]. This height, the following power-law equation is usually used [22]:
simulation tool works based on NPC of the system and depending
on the number of considered variables, simulations can take a long
run time. The HOMER's limitation is that it does not enable the = (2)
0
designer to intuitively choose the appropriate components for the 0

system since algorithms and calculations are not visible and

accessible [18]. In comparison with the other optimisers, where vh is the wind velocity at hub height (h), is the wind
0
metaheuristic algorithms have the chance of escaping local optima velocity at the height of h0 and is the roughness factor. The value
and could be effective tools for size optimisation of hybrid of roughness factor fluctuates from less than 0.1 (very flat lands,
systems. In recent years, metaheuristic algorithms have obtained water or ice) to more than 0.25 (heavily forested landscapes) [22].
When wind blows with the velocity of v at hub height, the wind
turbine produces the following power:
Table 2Details of the used PV module
Manufacture Suntech
Model STP210-18/Ud, polycrystalline
wind() =
Maximum power (Pmax) 210W
Voltage at maximum power 26.4V DC (3)
Current at maximum power 7.95A ( 3() ) ci ()
Dimensions 148299235mm () co
Number of cells (156156mm) 54 (69) 0 otherwise
Capital cost 2000$/kW
Operation and maintenance cost per 0$/year where Pwind(t) is the power generated by the wind turbine at
unit time t, Pr is the rated power of the wind turbine, vci is the cut-in
Derating factor 0.8 speed of the wind turbine, vr is the rated speed of the turbine and
Lifetime 25 years

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Fig. 1 Solar radiation
(a) During the year and, (b) Portion of the graph

vco is the cut-out speed of the wind turbine. The constants Table 3 shows the details of the used wind turbine which has
parameters of a and b are determined as follows: the hub height of 15m. This information has been adopted from
[21]. Here, the roughness factor is considered 0.2. Fig. 2 shows the
1 wind speed at the hub height of the turbine.
= (4)
3 3ci
2.1.3 Tidal turbine: A tide is the regular rise and fall of the
3ci surface of the ocean due to the gravitational force of the sun and
= (5) moon on the earth and the centrifugal force produced by the
3 3ci rotation of the earth and moon about each other [23]. Tidal power
which is more predictable than wind and solar powers can be
Table 3Details of the used wind turbine extracted by use of tidal turbines. In order to capture the tidal
Manufacture Proven/Kingspan Renewables energy and generate electricity, there are two ways: (i) tidal stream
Ltd. (current) system which uses kinetic energy of the free flowing
water and (ii) tidal barrage system which makes use of potential
Model Proven 11 (KW6)
energy in height. Generating electricity from tidal barrage system
Rated power 5.2KW uses the same principles as hydroelectric generation, except that
Rated speed 11m/s tidal streams flow in both directions. A typical tidal barrage system
Cut-in speed 3.5m/s includes turbines, sluice gates, embankments and ship locks. Most
Cut-out speed N.A. (continuous operation) often, owing to the environmental conditions, tidal barrage system
Hub/tower height 15m is not used.
Capital cost per unit 27,658$
Working a tidal stream system is similar to a wind energy
system, but there are several differences. Water is more dense than
Operation and maintenance cost 500$/year
air and water flow is much smaller than air flow [24]. Moreover,
per unit
tidal turbines, which work in water should experience greater
Lifetime 25 years

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Fig. 2 Wind speed at hub height
(a) During the year and (b) Portion of the graph

forces and moments. The energy extracted from the tidal stream 1 3
tidal
= water tt tidal
(7)
system can be obtained by 2

where water is the fluid density and Att is the cross-sectional

area of the tidal turbine. Table 4 lists the parameters used for the
tidal() = tidal turbine [13]. Fig. 3 shows the water speed during the year and
a portion of the figure which has been zoomed.

2.1.4 Battery storage: In the hybrid system, at each hour, the

3
tidal() tidal
ci
total power generated by the hybrid system (PH) is obtained by
tidal
tidal
ci tidal() tidal

tidal
tidal
ci
H() = PV() + wind() + tidal() (8)
tidal
tidal
tidal()
With respect to the load demand (Pl) and inverter efficiency, the
0 tidal() tidal
ci
value of PH may be sufficient or not. As a result, state of charge
(6)
(SOC) for the battery storage can be obtained by one of the two
methods explained below:
where vtidal is the stream speed, tidal
ci is the cut-in speed of the
tidal turbine, tidal
is the rated speed of the tidal turbine and tidal
is i. H() (l()/inv): In this case, the battery is in the
the rated power of the tidal turbine which is obtained by charging mode and the value of SOC is obtained by

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Fig. 3 Water speed
(a) During the year and, (b) Portion of the graph

l() ii. H() < (l()/inv): In this case, the battery is in the
SOC() = SOC( 1) (1 ) + H()
inv discharging mode and the value of SOC is obtained by
(9)
bc l()
SOC() = SOC( 1) (1 ) H()
inv
(10)
where , inv and bc are the hourly self-discharge rate, the
/bd
inverter efficiency and the battery charging efficiency,
respectively.
where bd is the discharging efficiency of battery storage.
Table 4Details of the used tidal turbine and inverter
Water density 999.97kg/m3 Table 5 shows the specifications of the used battery. For the
Rated speed 2.4m/s battery storage system, the constraint defined by (11) should be
satisfied. In this constraint, the maximum SOC (SOCmax) is equal
Cut-in speed 0.7m/s
to the value of the nominal capacity of the battery bank (Cb) and
Area 3.006m2
the minimum SOC (SOCmin) which is considered to stretch the
Power coefficient 0.47
battery's lifespan is defined by the maximum depth of discharge
Capital cost per unit 25,000$ (dod), namely, SOCmin = (1 dod) b
Operation and maintenance cost per unit 100$/year
Lifetime 25 years SOCmin SOC() SOCmax (11)
Inverter efficiency 0.9

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Table 5Details of the used battery ELF ELFmax (17)
Manufacture Hoppecke
Nominal capacity 3000A h where ELFmax is the maximum allowable value for ELF (here
Nominal voltage 2V 0.1).
Battery charging efficiency 93%
Battery discharging efficiency 93% 3Crow search algorithm
Maximum depth of discharge 70% One of the intelligent behaviours of the crows is that they hide their
Capital cost per unit 1644$ excess food in specific hiding places and recall the food place
Operation and maintenance cost per unit 10$/year when it is needed. Moreover, crows have a greedy habit by which
Lifetime 3 years they follow the other birds to find where they hide their foods. By
this way, the crows find the hiding place of the other birds and steal
the hidden food. CSA tries to effectively mimic this intelligent
2.2 Economic analysis behaviour for providing an efficient methodology to solve
optimisation problems [20].
In order to construct the objective function, the NPC of the system In CSA, there are N crows and the position of crow i at iteration
during its lifespan is considered. As a result, the optimisation iter is given by a vector , iter( = 1, 2, , ; iter = 1, 2, , itermax)
problem is defined by the minimisation of the NPC value
where , iter = 1, iter, 2, iter, , , iter , itermax is the maximum
Min . NPC = NPCPV + NPCwind + NPCtidal + NPCbattery (12) number of iterations and d is the number of the decision variables
(problem dimension). Each crow has a memory in which the best
experience of the crow has been memorised. At iteration iter, the
For each component (PV, wind, tidal and battery storage
systems), NPC value is obtained as follows: memorised position is indicated by mi,iter. Crows attempt to search
and follow the other crows to discover better food sources than the
existing one.
NPC = CC + RCnpv npv
+ OM (13) At each iteration of CSA, to update the position of crow i, a
random crow is selected among the crows (e.g. j). Crow i tries to
where q is the type of component, Nq is the number of follow crow j to approach its hiding place, mj,iter. In this case,
components q, CC q is the capital cost of component q, RCnpv
is the according to a parameter named awareness probability (AP), two
net present value of replacement cost of component q and OMnpv states may happen as follows:
is
the net present value of operation and maintenance cost for
State 1: If crow j is not aware of being followed by crow i, crow i
component q.
updates its position as follows:
For component q, if the annual operation and maintenance cost
is OM, the value of OMnpv
is obtained by , iter + 1 = , iter + fl, iter , iter , iter (18)

1
OMnpv
= OM 1+ (14) where ri is a random number from [0 1] which is generated by a
=1 uniform distribution and fli.iter is the flight length of crow i at
iteration iter. Flight length determines the movement step size
where r is the interest rate. towards the selected hiding place. Small values provide local
In this paper, since the lifespan of PV, wind and tidal systems is search and large ones lead to global search.
equal to the lifespan of the project, the value of the replacement State 2: If crow j is aware of being followed by crow i, it will fool
cost is considered zero for these components. For the battery crow i by randomly going to a position of the search space.
storage, the life span is considered 3 years. As a result, the batteries
should be replaced at the end of years 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24. According to states 1 and 2, the position of the crows is updated as
npv
For the battery storage, the value of RCbattery is obtained by: follows:

1
RCnpv
battery = RCbattery 1+ (15) , iter + 1 =
= 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24

, iter + fl, iter , iter , iter AP , iter

where RCbattery is the replacement cost of each battery.
2.3 Reliability index
In order to design a reliable energy system, a reliability index
should be considered. This paper makes use of the ELF to consider
reliability constraint. ELF is defined by the ratio between the loss
of load and the demanded load by
1 ()
ELF =
= 1 l()
where Q(t) is the loss of power at hour t and T=8760 in the
total number of the hours in a year.
The value of ELF is a function of the generated power by the
renewable sources (PV, wind and tidal systems) and the value of
the generated power is a function of the number of the components.
As a result, the value of ELF is indirectly controlled by the number
of the components. In order to consider the reliability index, during
the optimisation process the constraint defined by the following
equation must be satisfied:
a random position otherwise
(19)
where rj is uniformly distributed random number from [0 1] and
APj,iter denotes the AP of crow j at iteration iter. Small values of
AP increase intensification and large values increase
diversification.
In order to use CSA for solving the optimisation problem, the
following procedure is conducted:
(16)
Step 1: The optimisation problem components (objective function,
decision variables and constraints) are characterised. To implement
CSA, the value of the control parameters (N, itermax, AP and fl) is
adjusted.
Step 2: The initial position of the crows is randomly valued. At the
first iteration, the memory of the crows is valued by the initial
positions.
Step 3: The value of the objective function is computed for each
crow.

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Step 4: The procedure summarised by (19) is used to generate a observed that the optimal system in which the reliability constraint
new position for each crow. has been satisfied includes 430 PV panels, 20 wind turbines, 21
Step 5: If the generated positions are in the search space, the crows batteries and 9 tidal turbines. In the optimal system, PV, wind and
update their position. tidal energies have the nominal capacity around 90, 104 and 88
Step 6: The value of the objective function is computed for each kW, respectively.
new position. Table 9 shows the value of NPC for each component of the
Step 7: If a crow finds a position better than the memory position, optimised system. In the optimised system by CSA, the values of
the memory of the crow is updated as follows: NPC for the PV, wind, tidal and battery storage systems
are180,600, 680993.56, 236505.02 and 173308.69$, respectively.
It is observed that the maximum cost value belongs to the wind
, iter + 1 = system and the tidal system is in the next rank. It was predictable
since the nominal capacity of the wind system is more than that of
(20)
, iter + 1 , iter + 1 is better than , iter the tidal and battery storage systems. Also, the nominal capacity of
the tidal system is more than that of the battery storage system.
, iter otherwise The annual energy generated by each component has been
indicated in Table 10. From the results, it is seen that in the
where f(.) denotes the value of the objective function (here optimised system by CSA, the annual energy generated by PV,
NPC). wind and tidal systems is 174357.16, 481233.72 and 209315.76
Step 8: The crows generate new positions until itermax is met. As a kWh, respectively. In such system, the total energy generated
result, the best memorised solution is considered as the optimal during a year in around 864906.64kWh.
solution of the optimisation problem. Otherwise, steps 47 are Fig. 8 shows the energy delivered to the battery storage system
repeated. Fig. 4 indicates the flowchart of the proposed CSA in in the system optimised by CSA. This is the surplus energy which
detail. is generated by the PV, wind and tidal sources. This energy is
caught from the battery storage in the deficit conditions. Fig. 9
indicates the value of the caught energy from the battery system at
4Results and discussions each hour of the year. This energy helps the renewable sources to
meet the load demand.
Fig. 5 indicates the schematic of the hybrid system used for
electricity generation. In this system, an inverter is used to convert
the DC waveform to AC one since most electrical loads are AC.
5Conclusion
Moreover, there is a dump load which is used to waste the excess This paper studies the impact of the tidal energy on the optimum
power when the generated power is more than the demanded power sizing of a hybrid PV/wind/battery system. For this aim, a
plus battery storage capacity. Fig. 6 shows the load profile during framework is developed to minimise the NPC of the hybrid system
the year. In order to have a cost-effective and reliable energy in which the reliability constraint is defined based on the ELF. In
system, the optimal number of each component is obtained by the order to effectively and efficiently solve the optimisation problem,
proposed CSA. In order to implement CSA for optimal sizing, the a novel metaheuristic solution inspired by the intelligent habit of
position of each crow is shown by x=[NPV Nwind Nbattery Ntidal], crows named crow search algorithm is invented. The proposed
where NPV, Nwind, Nbattery and Ntidal are the number of PVs, wind CSA is applied to find the optimum size of the hybrid system. On a
turbines, batteries and tidal turbines, respectively. Since the number case study, it can be concluded that (i) the combination of PV, wind
of each component is an integer value, the search process is and tidal energy sources leads to have the most cost-effective
conducted in a continuous space and before putting the decision energy system in comparison with any other combination of these
variables into the objective function, they are rounded. CSA is energy sources, (ii) having a battery storage in the hybrid system
executed in MATLAB software and the results are obtained. In helps to decrease the cost and increase the system reliability, (iii)
order to evaluate the results obtained by CSA, the results found by the proposed CSA finds more accurate results than PSO and GA,
two popular metaheuristic techniques, namely, PSO and GA, are (iv) CSA finds the optimal solution in less run time and (v) CSA
also given. Table 6 lists the adjustable parameters of CSA, PSO has better convergence rate in comparison with PSO and GA.
and GA. In this project, the life time has been chosen 20 years and
the interest rate is 6%. 6Acknowledgement
Table 7 shows the value of NPC for the optimised hybrid PV/
The financial support of Graduate University of Advanced
wind/tidal/battery energy system. Since the metaheuristic
Technology under grant number 95/1237 is acknowledged.
techniques have stochastic nature, the results of two different runs
may be different. For this aim, the statistical results over ten
different runs have been reported for CSA. In this table, four
indices have been indicated: best (the best performance of the
algorithm over ten runs), mean (average of NPC values over ten
runs), median (median of NPC values over ten runs) and avg. time
(the average run times over ten runs). Comparison of the results
represents that CSA produces better and more accurate results than
PSO and GA considering all the indices. The minimum cost
obtained for the hybrid system is 1271407.27$ which is obtained
by CSA. The minimum costs obtained by PSO and GA for the
hybrid system are 1300061.09 and 1473506.54$, respectively.
Despite GA is outperformed by PSO in terms of the best index, it
outperforms PSO in terms of mean, median and avg. time indices.
In terms of the runs time, it is seen that CSA consumes less time
than PSO and GA on same number of fitness evaluations. Fig. 7
illustrates the convergence rate of the algorithms for finding the
optimal size of the hybrid system. In this graph, the average best
solution at each iteration (over ten runs) has been shown. It is clear
that CSA not only finds more accurate results than PSO and GA,
but also has better convergence speed.
Table 8 shows the final result of the optimisation algorithms
which specify the optimal number of each component. It is

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Fig. 4 Flowchart of the proposed CSA for optimisation

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Fig. 5 Hybrid system including tidal, PV and wind energy systems for electricity generation

Fig. 6 Demanded load

(a) During the year and, (b) Portion of the graph

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Table 6Adjustable parameters of CSA, PSO and GA
CSA
Number of crows 20
AP 0.1
Flight length 2
Maximum number of iterations 500
PSO
Number of particles 20
Learning factors 1.5
Inertia weight Linearly from 0.9 to 0.4
Maximum number of iterations 500
GA
Number of chromosomes 20
Selection method Tournament selection
Crossover probability 0.9
Mutation probability 0.005
Maximum number of generations 500

Table 7Comparison on the statistical indices obtained for

the hybrid energy system
Algorithm Best, $ Mean, $ Median, $ Avg. time, s
PSO 1300061.09 2446730.19 2247131.06 209.82
GA 1473506.54 1895686.17 1774098.65 205.33
CSA 1271407.27 1335457.70 1354861.21 176.51

Fig. 7 Comparison of the convergence rate between CSA, PSO and GA. The result has been averaged over ten runs

Table 8Optimal number of the components for the hybrid system obtained by PSO, GA and CSA
Algorithm NPV Nwind Nbattery Ntidal NPC ELF
PSO 350 17 25 14 1300061.09 0.1
GA 49 32 9 11 1473506.54 0.1
CSA 430 20 21 9 1271407.27 0.1

Table 10Energy generated by each component of the

Table 9The value of NPC for each component of the optimised system during the year
optimised system Algorithm EPV, kWh Ewind, kWh Etidal, kWh Total generated
Algorithm NPCPV, $ NPCwind, $ NPCtidal, $ NPCbattery, $ energy, kWh
PSO 147,000 578844.53 367896.70 206319.87 PSO 141918.62 409048.66 325602.29 876569.57
GA 20,580 1089589.70 289061.69 74275.15 GA 19868.61 769973.95 255830.37 1052447.43
CSA 180,600 680993.56 236505.02 173308.69 CSA 174357.16 481233.72 209315.76 864906.64

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Fig. 8 Energy delivered to the battery storage
(a) During the year and, (b) Portion of the graph. The results have been obtained by CSA

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Fig. 9 Energy supplied from the battery storage
(a) During the year and, (b) Portion of the graph. The results have been obtained by CSA
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