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LI M AU
ay la lan th t quyen sach nay c tai ban.
lan tai ban nay sach c viet lai, chnh ly va bo
sung ay u va ro rang hn.
Hai bai hoc tiep theo la hai qui tac quan trong trong
ng phap tieng Anh: Qui tac tng can (the Rule of
Proximity) va Qui tac song hanh (the Rule of Parallelism).
Qui tac tng can giup cac ban xep at cac yeu -
to - mo - ta vao ung v tr cua chung trong cau noi.
Qui tac song hanh giup cac ban can bang cac yeu - to
- mo - ta va cac yeu to co chc nang khac trong
cau noi.
PHNG PHAP
Khi dch mot cau t tieng Viet sang tieng Anh, sau
khi a chon mot th thch hp cho ong t, ta theo cac
trnh t sau ay:
Th du 1:
Phong trao chong chien tranh hat nhan ang lan rong
khap TG.
The against
is spreading
movement nuclear war
throughout
the world
Th du 2:
Ve tinh c a len khong gian hom qua la mot
ve tinh kh tng.
Basic sentence:
Pattern 4: Subject x Be x Noun
The satellite was weather one.
Modifier:
c a len khong gian hom qua
V-ed group: sent into space yesterday.
Rule of Proximity:
Th du 3:
Chuyen banh cho Gomez, Figo nhay lui lai.
1. Basic sentence:
Pattern 1: Subject x Verb x Adverb
Figo dances back
2. Modifier:
chuyen banh cho Gomez
V-ing group: passing the ball to Gomez
3. Proximity:
Th du 4:
Chnh phu a chap thuan e an xay dng mot phi
trng mi.
1. Basic sentence:
Pattern 5: Subject x Verb x Object
The Government has approved the project
2. Modifier:
Xay mot phi trng mi
To-group: to build a new airport
3. Proximity:
The Government has approved the project
to build a new
airport.
Th du 5:
Chc nang cua mot enzyme la ay manh cac tien
trnh hoa hoc.
Th du 6:
Chung ta can mot ngi lanh ao co u thong
minh e quyet nh chnh xac, u can am e quyet
nh tao bao va u nhay ben e quyet nh nhanh
chong.
Moi cau noi tieng Anh gom hai phan: Chu ng (the
subject) va v ng (the predicate). Chu ng c goi ten
mot ngi, mot o vat hoac mot s kien va v ng
noi mot ieu g o ve chu ng. Chu ng luon luon
la mot danh t, ai t, mot cum t c dung nh
danh t (a noun clause). V ng trong cau noi luon luon
bat au bang mot ong t. Phan con lai cua cau
noi - ngha la phan nam trong v ng theo sau ong t
c goi la bo tuc t (the complement).
drove to town
PATTERN 1:
Chu thch:
No. 6: Mot gi a troi qua mot cach thu v.
Le Th Thuy Loan Trang 7
Phng Phap Dch VIET ANH - NG PHAP
PATTERN 2:
PATTERN 3:
Chu thch:
No. 2: Cac tho dan co ve than thien.
No. 5: Cau chuyen cua anh ta nghe co ve khong
that.
No. 6: Tnh trang van khong thay oi.
No. 8: Ca phe co v ngon.
ong t dung trong cac cau thuoc Mau C Ban so
3 la nhng ong t ch trang thai (the state verb/the
state - of - being verb). Co ca ngan t ong t (the
intransitive verb), nhng ch co khoang hn chuc ong t
ch trang thai.
Ngoai ong t To Be ra, cac ong t trang thai
thng gap la: seem (hnh nh), appear (co ve), become
(tr nen), sound (co ve), remain (van c), stay (van c),
smell (co mui), taste (co v).
Complement trong cac cau Mau C Ban so 3 luon
luon la mot tnh t. Tnh t nay oi khi c bo ngha
bi cac trang t nh very, quite, rather va too.
Chu thch:
Le Th Thuy Loan Trang 9
Phng Phap Dch VIET ANH - NG PHAP
Th du:
1. a) The music sounded interesting. (state verb)
Nhac co ve hay.
b) The angry drivers sounded their horn. (action verb).
Cac tai xe phan no bop coi.
2. a) The children appear sleepy (state verb).
Cac chau be co ve buon ngu.
b) The moon appeared on the horizon. (action verb)
Mat trang xuat hien chan tri.
3. a) The weather remained hot for a long time.
(state verb)
Thi tiet van c nong.
b) She remained there for three weeks. (action verb)
Co ta lu lai o 3 tuan le.
4. a) Father stayed home; Mother went to the
meeting
Cha nha; Me th i hop. (state verb)
b) The man stayed silent. (action verb)
Ngi an ong van c yen lang.
5. a) The milk tasted sour. (state verb)
Sa co v chua.
b) Mary tasted her soup. (action verb)
Mary nem mon sup cua co ay.
PATTERN 4:
1 His
are teachers.
parents
2 a
Mr. Jones became
millionaire.
3 a
Linda remained
secretary.
4 used to a
His uncle
be footballer.
5 an
His car is
antique.
6 The have the best
books become sellers.
Chu thch:
No. 3: Linda van la th ky.
No. 4: Trc kia chu cau ta la mot cau thu.
No. 6: Sach a tr thanh nhng quyen ban chay
nhat.
PATTERN 5:
7 guarante my
The store
es radio.
8 Carelessn accident
causes
ess s.
9 this
should
The city street.
repave
(Object)
Chu thch:
No. 4: Bac s Fleming a at giai Nobel.
No. 5: Paris hap dan nhieu du khach.
No. 6: Khoa hoc oi hoi s chnh xac.
No. 7: Ca hang bao hanh chiec radio cua toi.
No. 8: S bat can gay ra tai nan.
No. 9: Thanh pho nen lat gach lai con ng nay.
PATTERN 6:
mother news.
2 Mr. taugh us Englis
Moore t h.
3 My me a
sent
uncle telegram.
4 The radioe the signals
polit d station .
5 The
gives us light.
sun
6 The the an
gave
Mayor press interview.
7 His that
got him
aunt bicycle.
8 The a
offere Frank
college scholarship.
d
(I.O) (D.O)
Chu thch:
No. 4: Vien phi cong ien cho tram cac tn hieu vo
tuyen.
No. 6: Ong th trng cho bao ch mot cuoc phong
van.
No. 8: Trng ai hoc a cap cho Frank mot hoc
bong.
PATTERN 7A:
Chu thch:
No. 1: Ban cung lp a bau Maria lam lp trng.
No. 2: Ho a at ten con tau la Mekong.
No. 3: Ngi ta a ch nh ong ay la Giam oc.
No. 4: Ma cau ta coi cau ta nh mot thien tai.
No. 5: Th trng a tuyen bo chien dch la 1
thanh cong.
No. 6: S kien tr a bien thanh nha vo ch.
No. 7: V muc s a at ten thanh cho cau be la
Jennifer.
No. 8: Qua xoai a lam cau ay chay nc
mieng.
PATTERN 7B:
Nou
Noun Verb Adjective
n
1 conside him quite
His mother
rs handsome.
2 our
The meat made very happy.
dog
3 Perseveran him
made successful.
ce
4 The news made her disappointed.
5 declare the unconstitutio
The court
d law nal.
6 the
They found useless.
machnie
Chu thch:
No. 2: Mieng tht lam con cho chung toi rat vui.
No. 3: S kien tr a lam anh ay thanh cong.
No. 5: Toa an tuyen bo ao luat vi hien.
No. 6: Ngi ta thay rang co may vo dung.
Le Th Thuy Loan Trang 16
Phng Phap Dch VIET ANH - NG PHAP
LUYEN DCH:
Cac nha a ly a at ten bien ngoai khi VN la
bien ong.
Geographers named the sea on the Vietnamese coast the
East Sea.
Co thi ngi La Ma a ton Caesar lam vua.
The Romans had once crowned Caesar King.
Ngi ta a bnh chon Ronaldo la cau thu hay nhat
cua mua bong nay.
Theyve chosen Ronaldo the best player of this football
season.
Cha Me cua cau be a at ten cho cau be ay la
Hung, nhng thng goi cau ay la Tam.
The boys presents named him Hung but often called him
Tam
Trc ay ngi ta thng goi thuoc aspirin la than
dc.
People used to consider aspirin a miraculous cure.
Ong ay a lam cho cong ty c nh ngay hom
nay.
He had made the company what it is today.
Chung toi coi Quang Trung nh v anh hung dan toc.
We consider Quang Trung a national hero.
Cac nha khoa hoc a tuyen bo chuyen bay th
nghiem hoan toan that bai.
The scientists declared the test flight a complete failure.
Nam 1961 ngi My a bau Kenedy lam Tong
thong Hoa Ky.
In 1961 the American people elected Mr. Kennedy President
of the United States.
Nhng no lc to ln trong cuoc i a khien ong
ta noi tieng.
His great effort in life made him famous.
Tran hoa hoan va qua a khien 5 ngi t vong
va hang tram ngi khac ri vao canh khong nha.
(Pattern 7).
The recent fire left five people dead and hundreds of others
homeless.
Th du 2:
Dch cau Anh ta s.
Pattern Subject x Be x Adjective
3: He is frightened.
Subject x Verb x Noun (Object)
Pattern
He has a fright.
5:
(He gets a fright)
Th du 3:
Dch cau Chan toi au. (Toi b au chan)
Ta biet t pain va la danh t va la ong t va
la mot transitive verb.
Subject x Verb x Object
Pattern
My foot is paining me.
5:
Pattern I have a pain in my foot.
5:
nh ngha:
Adverbial objective la mot danh t c dung nh
trang t. Cac Adverbial objective thng ch khoang
cach, thi gian, trong lng hoac gia tr.
Adverbial
Noun Verb
objective
1 (for) five
We walked
miles.
2 has thousands of
He
traveled miles.
3 had
They a long way.
come
4 He fell ten metres.
5 The rain lasted all day.
6 (for) two
We waited
hours.
7 The (for) two
lasted
meeting hours.
8 Wont stay the night?
Le Th Thuy Loan Trang 21
Phng Phap Dch VIET ANH - NG PHAP
you
9 The book cost three dollars.
1
The baby weighs five kilos.
0
1 The several
fell
1 temperature degrees.
1 The measur 4 metres by 6
2 room es metres.
Modifier
(Adjective Noun
)
1 (a) young man.
2 (the) happy women.
3 (som companies
big
e) .
4 expensive cars.
5 complicat
situation.
ed
Chu thch:
No. 5: Nhng tnh huong phc tap...
Modifier
Noun
(Adjective)
1 (a) tea cup.
2 (a) history book.
3 (a) return ticket.
4 (som college students.
e)
5 (a) highway engineer.
6 newspaper
(an) evening
.
7 garden flowers.
8 (a) flower garden.
Chu thch:
No. 1: Mot tach uong tra.
No. 3: Mot ve kh hoi.
No. 5: Mot ky s cau ng
No. 6: Mot t bao chieu.
No. 7: Hoa trong trong vn.
No. 8: Vn trong hoa.
Khi dch mot cum danh t (a noun phrase) gom mot
danh t va mot hoac nhieu yeu - to - mo - ta cung i
vi no, ta dch danh t trc va yeu - to - mo - ta
c dch sau.
Vay: Cane sugar c dch la ng ma (ng lay
t cay ma).
Khac vi: Sugar cane co ngha la cay ma.
Cac th du khac:
Mot nhan vien van phong an office
worker
Mot mau cau a sentence pattern
Mot quyen t ien dung ni hoc ng a school
dictionary
Cn gio ngc head winds
Sc gio the wind power
Giao vien trung hoc a high-school
teacher
Mot hoc s va he a sidewalk
artist
Mot en e ban a desk clamp
Mot bc tng a a stone wall
Mot b vua uyen bac a philosopher king
Mot mau quang cao trong tap ch a magazin
ad.
Le Th Thuy Loan Trang 24
Phng Phap Dch VIET ANH - NG PHAP
Modifier
Noun
(Adjective)
1 th
coming months.
e
2 running water.
3 th
following sentences.
e
4 growing children.
5 a swimming pool.
6 a dying soldier.
7 a dancing Master.
Chu thch:
No. 1: Nhng thang ti ay...
No. 2: Dong nc chay...
No. 4: Nhng tre con ang a phat trien
No. 6: Mot chien s ang hap hoi
No.7: Mot vu s
Modifier
Noun
(Participle)
1 an invited guest.
2 spoken languages.
3 th
bombed city.
e
4 a stolen cat.
5 baked potatoes.
6 th
injured tiger.
e
7 th
surrounded platoon.
e
Chu thch:
No. 1: Mot khach mi
No. 3: Thanh pho b doi bom
No. 5: Khoai tay nng
No. 6: Con ho b thng
No. 7: Trung oi b bao vay
Chu thch:
No. 1: Cau be tren gac
No. 2: Bau tri ben tren
No. 4: Nhng canh ong ben di
No. 5: Nhng dan lang ay
Noun Modifier
(Adverb)
1 (the) down train
2 (the) up train
3 (the) above statement
4 (the) then government
5 (the) through train
Chu thch:
No. 1: Chuyen tau xuoi.
No. 2: Chuyen tau ngc.
No. 3: Li phat bieu tren.
No. 4: Chnh phu cam quyen luc bay gi.
No. 5: Chuyen tau suot.
Cac trang t ghep co gach noi cung co the la
yeu - to - mo - ta cua mot danh t. Chung c at
trc danh t.
Chu thch:
No. 1: Chuyen tau 10 gi 30
No. 2: Cuoc that bai hoan toan
No. 5: Ban bao cao a c cap nhat hoa
10. Infinities:
ong t nguyen mau (the infinities) co the la yeu -
to - mo - ta cua danh t. No luon luon c at sau
danh t ma no mo ta.
Chu thch:
No. 1: Mot bao cao phai hoan tat
No. 2: Cac bai tap phai lam
No. 3: Quyen bau phieu
No. 4: Nhng van e phai giai quyet
No. 5: Nhng thang sap ti
No. 6: Nhng muc tieu phai chiem lnh
Th du 1:
Mot ong ho vang: a gold watch
Mot ong ho xa bang vang: a old gold watch
b) Mot ong ho xa bang vang rat hiem cua
Ong Green.
Mr. Greens very rare, old gold watch.
Th du 2:
Mot ky ngh he: a summer holiday
Mot ky ngha he dai rat thu v
a very nice long summer holiday .
Th du 3:
Mot ao s-mi bang vai co-tong: a cotton shirt
Mot ao s mi vai co-tong mau o rat at tien.
A very expensive red cotton shirt.
Th du 1:
James Walt a phat minh chiec ong c hi nc noi
tieng au tien cua the gii.
James Walt invented the worlds first famous steam engine.
V TR CAC MODIFIERS
MODIFIERS
(1) ( (3) ( ( (
Ar 2) Qu 4) 5) 6)
ticles N ality, S C N
De ume etc ize, olou oun,
NO
monstr tal L r G
UN
ative ength erund
Po , P
ssecssi S artici
ves hape, ple
etc
va
a g w
1 luable,
very old atch
old
s
th w w
2 eco
e orld ar
nd
b l
l b
3 a row eathe
ong elt
n r
s
he p f
4 mall,
r ink ace
round
y d
m t ex s
5 ello resse
arys wo pensive ilk
w s
t
to t att g s
6 riang
ms hree ractive reen tamps
ular
1
se st b c
7 5thCe
veral udy ig astles
ntury
us o t b
8 a
eful blong in ox
9 th t fa p p
Le Th Thuy Loan Trang 33
Phng Phap Dch VIET ANH - NG PHAP
rofess
ese wo mous hysics
ors
int p
1 o
an erestin aintin
0 il
g, old g
Chu thch:
No. 1: Mot ong ho vang xa rat co gia tr.
No. 2: Chien tranh the gii lan th hai.
No. 3: Mot that lng da mau nau dai.
No. 4: Khuon mat nho, tron, mau hong cua co ay.
No. 5: Hai chiec ao am luc mau vang, at tien
cua Mary.
No. 6: Ba con tem tam giac mau xanh rat hap dan
cua Tom.
No. 7: Vai toa lau ai to, kien co cua the ky 15.
No. 8: Mot hop thiet hnh khoi ch nhat rat hu
dung.
No. 9: Hai v giao s vat ly noi tieng nay.
No. 10: Mot bc tranh sn dau xa ep.
LUYEN DCH:
The Phrase:
Phrase la mot cum t khong cha mot chu ng
va mot ong t, c dung nh mot t loai.
Th du:
Lincoln Highway, Empire State Building, The Five, Star
Saigon Floating Hotel.
Th du:
The energy of an atom is tremendous.
Nang lng cua hat nhan th khung khiep
Cum t of an atom la mot Pgroup, bo ngha cho danh
t energy, do o no c coi nh co chc nang cua
adjective.
Cac th du khac:
We began a struggle against the enemy
Chung toi bat au cuoc tranh au chong quan
thu.
Chu thch:
Khi P-group co chc nang cua tnh t, cum t nay
c at sau danh t ma no bo ngha. Trong nhieu
trng hp, cum t nay co the c thay bang mot
tnh t hoac danh t c nam trc no.
Th du:
Men of honour = honorable men.
A walk in the evening = an evening walk
A swim in the moonlight = a moonlght swim.
Towns by the sea = seaside towns.
ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?
Nhng trong cau: Tom didnt read the magazine before his
eyes, (before his eyes c dung nh adj, bo ngha cho
magazin).
Cum t before his eye tra li cho cau hoi Which
magazine...?. Do o no la adjective.
PLACE TIME
1 He went to the before
station lunch
2 Meet me outside at five
the office oclock
3 Please to the before
return the books library Friday
4 He drove in the for
rain hours
Le Th Thuy Loan Trang 43
Phng Phap Dch VIET ANH - NG PHAP
Chu thch:
No. 5: Luat co hieu lc t ngay 15 thang 5 nam
1995
The pictures of the dark (far) side of the moon were taken
by means of the most modern electronic equipment.
5a. Sau cung/ cho nen d0oc lap cua nc nha
In the end/ for the independence of the nation.
b. Sau cung cuoc au tranh cho nen oc lap
cua nc nha a thanh cong.
In the end, the struggle for the independence of the nation
was successful.
6a. Lam nguon nhien lieu (dung as)/ cho cac
nha may ien
b. Chung ta co the dung anh sang mat tri
lam nguon nhien lieu cho cac nha may ien.
7a. trng/ ban be/ xa hoi
b. Nhng g chung ta hoc trng, ban be,
xa hoi eu hu ch ca.
8a. Lam benh vien noi (dung gii t as)
b. Trong thi chien ngi ta a dung chiec tau
nay lam benh vien noi.
9a. Nh khoa hoc (dung thanks to)
b. Nh khoa hoc nhieu qui luat cua thien nhien
a c kham pha.
10a. Vt ai Tay Dng/ vao cuoi the ky 15
b. Columbus bat au cuoc hanh trnh vt ai
Tay Dng vao cuoi the ky 15.
11a. Khap the gii chong lai benh SIDA.
b. Cac khoa hoc khap the gii ang th
nghiem mot vac sin mi chong lai benh SIDA.
12a. Nh vao cac dc pham va cac thiet b y
khoa hien ai.
b. Nh vao cac dc pham va cac thiet b y
khoa hien ai ma con ngi co the song lau hn ngay
trc.
13a. (Mot thanh pho) co cong nghiep ong tau
noi tieng (dung gii t with)
b. Hiroshima mot thi a tng la mot thanh
pho ln co nen cong nghiep ong tau noi tieng.
Benh tim la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan chnh
gay t vong.
Cac th du khac:
Ngi sinh vien eo knh la nha vo ch bong ban.
The student with glasses ia a ping-pong champion.
Ngi cong nhan vac thang la th ho.
The workman with a ladder is a bricklayer.
Co gai be em ten Hoa.
The girl with a baby in her arms is Hoa.
Ngi an ong mac ao s mi xanh ng goc
pho la th may.
The man in the blue shirt on the corner is a mechanic.
Columbus a thanh lap oan thuy thu gom 52
ngi.
Columbus made up a crew of fifty-two men.
Ten cp mang tui bac b bat trc tien.
The thief with the bag of money was arrested first.
5. VERBALS
nh ngha:
Verbal la hnh thai cua mot ong t c dung nh
mot t loai khac (another part of speech).
Co 3 loai verbal trong tieng Anh: (1) the gerund, (2) the
infinitive, (3) the participle.
THE PARTICIPLE
Participle, ma ta thng dch la phan t co hai
dang:
(1): Present Participle (hien tai phan t) luon luon
tan cung bang ing (working, asking, going)
(2): Past Participle (qua kh phan t) thng tan
cung bang cac tiep - v - ng sau: -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n
(worked, asked, eaten, found, left, born, etc...)
Participle la hnh thai cua ong t c dung nh
tnh t. Trong cac th du sau ay, participle la mot yeu -
to - mo - ta.
Ex: The seats are broken. He also paid for the broken
glass.
Dr. Stones assurance is encouraging.
nh ngha:
V-ing group la mot cum t bat au bang mot dang
ing cua ong t (going, talking, working). Sau ay la cac
th du ve V-ing group.
his coming late for the party (his: tnh t, bo ngha cho
gerund)
studying when you watch television. (menh e bo
ngha cho gerund).
loud talking in the bus (loud va in the bus cung bo
ngha cho gerund)
(Subject of drives).
Studying a week, Mary felt she was ready for the test.
Reading about the new construction work, Tom applied for a
job
1a. Ch ao oi bong a.
Leading a football team.
b. Ch ao oi bong a la cong viec rat
phc tap.
Leading a football team is complicated work.
c. Platini a ngng ch ao oi bong a Phap.
Platini has stopped leading the French team.
2a. Khao sat tai nguyen thien nhien tren mat
a cau.
b. Chc nang cua ve tinh la khao sat tai
nguyen thien nhien tren mat a cau. (tai nguyen
thien nhien: natural resources, khao sat: to study).
3a. Hoc ang luc xem ti vi.
b. Hoc ang luc xem ti vi thng khong hieu
qua.
4a. Giai nhng bai toan kho.
b. Ban toi thch giai nhng bai toan kho.
5a. Hoc y khoa.
b. Hoc y khoa la niem ao c cua co ay.
c. Ban toi khong thch hoc y khoa.
6a. An chiec nut o nay. (an: to push)
b. Ban co the cho may chay bang cach an
chiec nut o nay.
7a. Bi trc ba an sang.
The two nurses, having finished their work, left the ward.
The audience grew restless waiting for the show to begin.
Pushing hard, he managed to move the trunk an inch.
1. a. ay la nhng bc anh
ay la nhng bc anh trnh bay toan bo Vnh Ha
Long.
2. a. Ngh (rang) mnh se chet
b. Ngh mnh se chet, Roy William muon hoi
hng.
3. a. Hy vong tm c viec lam thanh
pho
b. Hy vong tm c viec lam thanh pho,
chang thanh nien ri bo lang que.
4. a. Hoan tat xong quy ao th sau
b. Hoan tat xong quy ao th sau, Gagarin bat
au gi cac tn hieu vo tuyen ve tram kiem soat tren
mat at (tn hieu vo tuyen: radio signals).
5. a. Tha bom xong (having dropped bombs)
b. Tha bom xong, chiec phan lc c F5 quay i
lap tc va xa het toc lc.
6. a. Lay nhiet o cua cau be
b. Lay nhiet o cua cau be, ngi y ta bat
au san soc cau ta.
7. a. Tap hp binh ma (rallying his foot soldiers
and horses).
b. Tap hp binh ma, Le li chien au va ca
thang quan thu Chi Lang. (ca thang: to sweep to
victory over, to defeat completely).
nh ngha:
V-ed group la cum t bat au bang mot qua kh
phan t va c dung nh mot tnh t. Cum t nay
con c goi la participle phrase.
CHC NANG:
V-ed group luon luon c dung nh tnh t e bo
ngha cho mot danh t hoac ai t. Vi chc nang cua
tnh t, cum t nay c goi la adjective phrase.
Seen from the moon, the earth looks like a giant ball.
Nhn t mat trang, trai at trong giong nh qua
bong khong lo.
8. THE TO-GROUP
(THE INFINITIVE PHRASE)
Mr. Greens order, to put the piano in the corner, was not
obeyed.
Lenh cua ong Green, at cay an goc, a ko
c tuan theo.
Tims job, to test chemical substances, is very
dangerous.
Cong viec cua Tim, th hoa chat, rat nguy hiem.
He has repeated his promise many times, to lend me his
car.
(To lend me his car la ong v cach cho promise.)
LUYEN DCH:
Hien ai cung biet ong ta la mot iep vien.
Everybody knows the man to be a spy.
Hien ai cung biet ong ta trc ay la iep vien.
Everybody knows the man to have been a spy.
Toi rat tiec a khong d c buoi tiec.
I am sorry to have missed the party.
Vao thi iem o toi rat hai long a tham quan
thu o.
At that time I was glad to have visited the capital.
Toi hoan toan ngac nhien khi thay hnh cua ban
tren bao.
I was quite surprised to see your picture in the newspaper.
Nha khoa hoc tuyen bo a kham pha ra thuoc
cha benh ung th.
The scientists claims to have discovered a cure for cancer.
Ngi ta noi con cho cua anh ta can nam ngi
roi.
His dog is said to have five people.
Chu thch:
Khong bao gi chung ta dung Past Perfect va Perfect
Infinitive trong cung cau noi.
Sai: We had intended to have met you at the
game
ung: We had intended to meet you at the game.
Sai: Jeff planned to have given you the key.
Cau tren sai v hanh ong trao cha khoa xay ra
trc d nh.
ung: Jeff had planned to give you the key.
Hoac: Jeff planned to give you the key.
Before the first hard frost of the winter the sea eagles fly to
the south to make their winter homes in warmer limate.
9. THE CONSTRUCTION
FOR x (PRO)NOUN x TO-INFINITIVE
It Subje Subject
x to be ct
Comp
lement
1 It hard for him to live on his
was small pension.
2 It difficu for anyone to be
s lt angry with her
3 It impos for him to lead an
is sible unhappy life
4 It a for the rich to help the
is common poor.
thing
5 It a rule for drivers to keep left
s in
Hong Kong.
6 Is easy for him to find a rich
it wife?
(Mixed Construction)
Chu thch:
That kho cho ong ta song vi mon tien tr cap t
oi o.
Kho ai gian c co ay.
e cau ta keo le kiep song bat hanh la ieu
khong the c.
There will be two days for the tourists to visit the capital.
Se co hai ngay e cac du khach tham thu o.
Ta at cau hoi: Which two days?
Cau tra li se la: the two days for tourists to visit the
capital. Cum t for the tourists to visit the capital co chc
nang cua tnh t, bo ngha cho danh t days.
I asked permission for them to go out.
Toi xin phep cho chung ra ngoai.
nh ngha:
S-Group la mot menh e phu bat au bang mot
Subordinator.
Sau ay la cac v du cho thay cac Subordinator va
cac S-Group tng ng:
Th du:
The morning paper... ; garden flowers
The coming years ; the years to come...
A used car... (xe a qua s dung) ; cars made in
Japan.
A man of talent ; the man in the blue shirt
A large family to support : the boy siting on the bench
The engineer whom you saw
He didnt come because he was busy.
Verb modifier:
Slowly the bus came down the hill
The bus slowly came down the hill
The came slowly down the hill
The bus came down the hill slowly
Sentence modifier:
Consequently, he left the conference
Bi the ong ta ri bo hoi ngh.
He, consequently, left the conference.
He left the conference consequently.
Nhan xet:
Cum t sitting in the train la mot participial phrase
c dung nh tnh t. Cum t nay phai la yeu - to -
mo - ta cua chu ng Tom trong cau noi. Ap dung Qui
tac tng can, ta at yeu - to - mo - ta ke ben t ma
no mo ta.
Chu thch:
Trong trng hp mot danh t c bo ngha bi
mot cum t (a phrase) va mot menh e (a clause), ta
thng at cum t trc menh e.
We talk to the man at the store whom we met yesterday.
(ca hai yeu - to - mo - ta la tnh t, bo ngha cho
man)
3. Misplaced caluses:
Misplaced:
Peter gave the statue to a friend that was made of plaster.
Cau tren co ngha mot ngi ban lam bang
thach cao!
Correct:
Peter gave a friend the statue that was made of plaster.
Misplaced:
Beer must not be sold to a student containing more than
4% alcohol.
Correct:
Beer containing more than 4% alcohol must not be sold to
a student.
Bia cha hn 4% o con khong c ban cho sinh
vien.
Faulty:
She likes to go to the movie, hearing chamber music, and
plays. / (co ta thch xem phim, nghe nhac thnh phong va
xem kch)
Correct: Dung 3 To-group song hanh
She likes to go to the movie
to hear chamber music, and
to see plays.
Hoac: Dung 3 V-ing group song hanh
She likes going to the movie,
hearing chamber music, and
seeing palys.
Faulty:
To have a definite time-table and following it are essential in
school. (co mot thi khoa bieu xac nh va ap dung
no rat can thiet trong nha trng)
Cau tren sai v lien t AND noi hai chu ng khong
giong nhau ve hnh thc cau tao. Ta sa lai bang mot
trong hai cach sau ay.
Cho hai T-group i song hanh:
To have a definite time-table
and
to follow it are essential in school.
Cho hai v-ing group i song hanh
Having a definite tim-table
and
following it are essential in school.
Chu thch:
Khi at not only au cau, ta phai ao ng
Not only does he sings songs but he also composes music.
Cau sau ay sai v cac yeu to co cung chc nang
ng phap nhng khong c trnh bay bang hai cau truc
giong nhau.
Sai: The new book is not only longer, but also it is more
difficult.
ung:The new book is not only longer (adj)
but also more difficut.
(adj)
Hoac: Not only is the new book longer (adj)
but it is also more difficult.
(clause)
Chu thch:
Khi neither at au cau ta phai ao ng neu
no dan au mot menh e va bo ngha cho ong t.
Neither did she do her homework not did she help at home.
They are sending neither money nor clothing.
Ho chang gi en tien hay quan ao.
Luyen dch:
1. Bac Ho la ngi yeu thng va a hy sinh
ca cuoc i cho s nghiep giai phong dan toc.
Tom tat:
1. Phrase la mot cum t c dung trong cau noi
nh mot t loai. Mot phrase co the c dung nh danh
t, ong t, tnh t hoac trang t. Phrase khong cha
mot chu ng va ong t.
You dont have to take the job if you dont like this kind of
work.
I left because I had a headache.
I could see that the boys had made great progress.
The project looked as if it would fail.
Aladdin could remember what secret word opned gate.
I cannot trust a man who soes not acknowledge mistake.
When food is oxydize in muscle cells, physical ener is
released.
It was now clear that the bus could not be repaired.
How migrating animals find their way on their long journey
is a great mystery.
That electrocity is a source of heat may be seen in the
electric iron and the electric stove.
When Benjamin in Europe.
A planet whose atmosphere containers water vapor may
support some form of life.
What he had done saddened his parents.
That they were in need of food was easy to see.
It rained heavily when we left the house.
Wait until you receive the signal.
Check the telephone number before you direct dial to
Spore.
My guess is that he will refuse.
What really made the party a success was the outlandish
customes.
2. Compound verb:
They came and stayed
The boys ran, jumped, and shouted.
The audience cheered and applauded the play.
7. Compound Predicate:
Mary turned off the radio and began her homework.
Heavy rains flooded the streets and damaged many
homes.
The boys and the girls washed the dishes and dried them.
Chnh v an ma ho en ay.
It was to eat that they cam here.
Chnh la chi bong lam cau ta khoe.
It is playing football that makes him strong.
Chnh ong Green a goi ien.
It was Mr. Green who telephoned.
Chnh ngoi lang nho be o ma nha th v ai
a chao i.
It was in that small village that the great poet was born.
Chnh James Watt a phat minh ra ong c hi nc
au tien.
It was James Watt who invented the first steam engine.
Chnh la nh co may ien toan giup ma cac
nha khoa hoc co the tnh quy ao cac phi thuyen va
ve tinh.
It was with the help of aomputers that scientists can
calculate the orbits of spaceships anf satellites.
He likes her for her intelligence but not for her beauty.
Subject Verb
door is open
The to right
the
at the
I wanted noon I told
The girls washed the dishes, and the boy drived them.
girls washed dishes
the the
and
boys drived them
Either Tom must enter the contest or we shall lose the prize.
Tom must enter contest
Either
or
the
my
MASTERY TEST
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
Test 1: Draw a line under the verb and two lines under the
subject.
- -
Exercise 1A:
*3) Pattern three. *4) Three. *5) One. *6) One.
*7) One. *8) Three. *9) Five. *10) One.
*11) Seven. *12) Six. *13) Four. *14) Three.
*15) Five. *16) One *17) One *18) One.
*19) Three *20) Four *21) Four *22) One.
*23) Seven *24) Seven *25) Five *26) Two.
Exercise 1C:
*1) at the station *2) to a concert *3) late
*4) in a hurry *5) soundly *6) off
*7) in the distance *8) at work *9) in a car
*10) with their friends *11) in the air *12) there
*13) across the river *14) very hard *15) in a
restaurance
*16) on the chair
Exercise 3A:
some sour green eating apples
her small, round pink face
those two very famous university professoers
Lindas three pretty yellow cotton shirts.
a very large rectangular swimming pool.
these two large glass front doors.
an old, large cigar box
an enormous red and yellow umbrella
the first three questions
Exercise 3B:
6. They have auctioned off Mr. Greens ten very rare,
ancient gold coins.
7.
Gold is a precious, malleable yellow metal.
The villagers saw an unusual triangular gray flying object.
The moon is the giant, airless, waterless, and uninhabited
sphere.
He has chosen the inexpensive brown deerskin shoes.
Exercise 4A:
*1) into a tree/ adverb. *2) for the meeting/ adjective;
within a week/ adverb. *3) of glue/ adjective. *4) on the corner/
adjective; since July/ adverb. *5) of the engine/ adjective; in this
plant/ adverb. *6) for Mr. Horst/ adjective; in his desk/ adverb.
*7) beside the river/ adverb; in the canyon/ adjective. *8) until
the day/ adverb; of the family reunion/ adjective. *9) during the
crisis/ adverb. *10) into the sea/ adverb. *11) of accident/
adjective; on the front page/ adverb. *12) at the airport/ adverb;
on time/ adverb. *13) on the horizon/ adverb. *14) of modern
times/ adjective. *15) with difficulty/ adverb. *16) of the general
strike/ adjective; throughout the country/ adverb. *17) of the
lung/ adjective. *18) of the astronauts/ adjective; before noon/
adverb. *19) for the Primer Minister/ adjective; in the city hall/
adverb. *20) near the gate/ adjective. *21) of fish/ adjective. *22)
of water/ adjective. *23) in the air/ adverb. *24) on the site/
adverb; of the old curch/ adjective. *25) into the lunar surface/
adverb. *26) since 1988/ adverb; of building material/ adjective.
Exercise 4B:
6. We can use the sunlight as a soure of fuel for
electric plants.
7. What we learn at school, from friends, in society are
helpful.
Exercise 4C:
Tam went with his mother to the city for the first time.
The bomb exploded in the air at the height of twenty metres
over the brigde.
With the help of electronic calculating machines, we can
control machines, calculate the orbits of satellites and
spaceships and even translate languages.
The flight into space for the study of the earths atmosphere
has been postpond.
The men outside the factory are the sacked workers.
He didnt come for the meeting on account of a bad cold.
The movement for peace and against nuclear war spead
throughout Europe.
The government in power at that time was young and weak.
We need a market for our agricultural products.
The film was successful beyond everyones expectations.
The pagoda on the top of the mountain was built in the 15th
Century.
Columbus was a navigator of ralent and much ambition.
The Mekong II left the harbour yesterday for Singapore.
The fight against corruption and smuggling hasnt been
successful.
The man with the microphone is marketing a new product.
The bank had films showing the robbery in progress.
Exercise 5A:
*1) complaining/ onject of preposition. *2) whispering/
subject/ *3) skiing/ subject. *4) talking, sleeping/ object of
preposition. *5) quitting/ subject. *6) arguing/ subject. *7)
understanding/ object of preposition. *8) ringing/ subject. *9)
dieting/ subject complement. *10) riding, golfing, swimming/
object of preposition. *11) swimming/ subject. *12) hunting/
object of preposition.
Exercise 5B:
*1) curving/ lines. *2) burning/ skin. *3) tinkling/ sound. *4)
depressing/ defeat. *5) promising/ sources. *6) injured/
passengers; passing/ automobile. *7) delayed/ arrival. *8)
hurried/ inspection; stolen/ motocycle. *9) roaring/ frames. *10)
uneducated/ children. *11) advanced/ student. *12) vanquished/
warriors; ravaged/ villages. *13) pierced/ ears. *14) crying/ baby.
*15) stolen/ money.
Exercise 5C:
1. to leave/ noun 2. to compromise/
noun
3. to delay/ noun 4. to survive/
noun
5. to forget/ adj 6. to escape/ adv
7. to spend/ adj 8. to talk/ adv
9. to emphasize/ adj 10. to rest/ noun
11. to impose/ adj 12. to win/ adv
13. to applaud/ adv 14. to deliver/ adj
15. to come/ adj; to leave/ adj.
Exercise 6A:
swimming too soon after a heavy meal/ subject.
the shooting of white bears/ object
reading good books/ subject
barking at the mailman/ object
telling a joke effectively/ subject
discussing the matter at the next meeting/ object
pursing this button/ object of preposition
jogging in the morning/ object
swimming in the afternoon/ object
asking my permission/ object of preposition.
Exercise 6B:
driving the tractors: participial phrase
testing jet engines: gerund phrase
orbiting the earth: paticipila phrase
dismissing the trouble makers: gerund phrase
raising banabas: gerund phrase
showing the far side of the moon: participial phrase
hoping to get tickets: participial phrase
forcasting the weather: gerund phrase
selling gas for the filling: gerund phrase
Exercise 6C:
Havong studied for a week, Mary felt she was ready for the
test.
Having read about the new construction work
Having explored the cave,
Having bought a ticket,
Having missed the first act
Having reached the wall
Having won the match
Having signed the treaty
Being clumsy
Having been famous
Exercise 6D:
2. The function of the satellite is studying natural
resources on the earth's surface.
3. Studying while you are watching television isnt
effective.
4b. My friend likes solving difficult mathematical
problems.
4c. Solving difficult mathematical problems takes a lot
of time.
5b. Studying medicine is her wish
5c. My friend doesnt like studying medicine.
6. You can start the machine by pushing this red
button.
7. Swimming before breakfirst is very good for your
heslth.
Exercise 6F:
These are the pictures showing the entire Ha Long Bay
Thinking that he will die, Roy Williams wants to come back
home.
Hoping to find a job in the city, the young man left his
native village.
Having finished the sixth orbit, Gagarin began to radio
signals to the control station on the earth.
Having dropped bombs, the F-5 jet fighter turned
immediately and flew off at full speed.
Taking the boys temperature, the nurse began to take care
of him.
Rallying his footsoldiers anf horses, Le Loi fought and swept
to victory over the enemy at Chi Lang.
Mr. Lee, driving vegetables and fruit for a company, earns
high wages.
Having decided to become a diplomat, Erik began to study
foreign languages intensively.
The hills appearing in the distance reminded Tom of his
peaceful country village.
Exercise 7A:
written hurriedly/ letter
crowded with cars/ street
Build over 80 years ago/ house
struck by lightning/ cottage
stopped at the border/ travelers
once used as a library/ building
written yesterday/ news
guided by radar/ pilot
shown here last week/ film
having been badly defeated in the last election/ senator
seen through the water/ strick
covered with snow/ mountains
placed in a good position/ television set
stung by his critics/ mayor
exhausted from the climb/ hikers
neatly dredded/ children
Exercise 7B:
4. Flowers grown in a greenhouse wilt sooner than
those grown in a garden.
Cars made in Japan are often cheaper than those
manufacture in Europe.
Guided by rada, the pilot landed safety in bad weather.
The Oil Man and the Sea. Written by Hemingway, is very
exciting.
The products produced by this factory are of good quality.
These are three students chosen among the best ones.
Penicillin, discovered by Dr. Fleming, has saved millions of
people.
Glass is made from melted sand mixed with soda and lime.
Columbus had to employ criminals released from prisons to
make up crews.
Cellulose is a subtance easily found in the nature, in trees
and plants, in vegetables and fruit.
Rom, Paris and London are big cities in Europe visited every
year by millions of tourists.
Begun in 1939 and ended in 1945, the Second World War
caused the death of millions of people all over the world.
The motion picture is an art form loved by many people.
The plane plane shot down by the guerrillas was a jet-
fighter F5.
Shepard was the first American astronaut ever launched
into space.
The super-highway suggested by foreign engineers has
been rejected.
The bridge destroyed by the last flood hasnt been rebuilt.
With two atomic bombs dropped over Hiroshima and
Nagasaki, Japan was brought to her knees.
Repulsed in New York, Washington led his dwindling forces
across New Jersey.
Execise 8A:
*1) to work hard/ subject. *2) Henry play outside/ object. *3)
to cohere/ subject; to stick together/ subject complement. *4) to
reject the scholarship or not/ subject. *5) to lie him/ subject. *6)
to postpone the game/ subject complement. *7) to test
chemicals/ appositive. *8) to whistle three times/ subject
complement. *10) to travel in Europe/ subject complement. *11)
the strange man come in/ object. *12) to become a pilot/
appositive. *13) to make money/ subject; to keep it/ subject. *14)
to choose medicine/ object. *15) to decorate this room/ subject.
*16) to be a good conversationist/ subject; to be a good listener/
subject complement. *17) to climb the mountain before us/
subject.
Exercise 8B:
to see the old home town/ noun
to visit the old home town/ noun
to visit the old home/ adjective
to see better/ adverb
to spend on books/ adjective
to applause the winning team/ adverb
not to accept his advice/ noun
to radio for assistance/ adverb
to go with us/ adjective
to get the summer job/ adjective
to win the game/ adverb
to see/ adverb
not to see her son again/ adverb
to make soap anf comestic/ adverb.
to study the clouds/ noun
to lunch another spaceship/ adjective
to do today/ adjective
to keep the southern borders of China safe/ adverb
to lose for my country/ adjective
to give only moral support/ noun
Exercise 8C:
3. To send men and scientific equipment to the
bottoms of the sea is possible.
4. To talk to him is like him.
Her hope is to pass the next examination.
To attend this training course will take at least six months.
Exercise 8D:
The nurse is ready to call the doctor.
Exercise 9A:
for you to think I dont value your advice/ adverb
for your brother to come with you/ adverb
for yoy to read/ adjective
for men and women to sit apart/ adjective
for their country to be liberated/ adverb
for their only daughter to many a poor school teacher/
adverb.
for the bus to start/ adverb
for a rich window to find a handsome husband/ noun
for us to choose/ adjective
for you to accept his proposal/ adverb
for the manager to sign/ adjective
Exercise 9B:
These are the exercises for the pupils to do at home.
Tam paased the newspaper for everyone to read.
I have bought two tickets for my parents to go to Nha Trang.
There will be a few minutes for the astronaut to walk in
space.
In Europe there are many famous universities for students
to choose.
The plan for the factory to produce 30,000 cars per year has
been approved.
That is the best time for children to go to school.
I will give you the book for you to read during the trip.
The test for a manmade satellite to destroy another one in
space was a success.
Exercise 10A:
*1) as if: subordinating conjunction. *2) neither nor:
correlative conjunction. *3) till: subordinating conjunction. *4)
where: relative adverb. *5) or: subordinating conjunction. *6)
provide: subordinating conjunction. *7) nevertheless: conjunctive
adverb. *8) whatever: relative pronoun. *9) either or:
correlative conjunction. *10) before: subordinating conjubction.
*11) since: subordinating conjunction. *12) therefore:
counjunctive adverb. *13) so that: subordinating conjunction.
*14) consequently: conjunctive adverb. *15) where: relative
adverb.
Exercise 11A:
because we were tired/ adverb.
what the law requires/ noun
as we drove up/ adverb
who discovered America/ noun
when the bell rings/ adverb.
whoever is qualified for the job/ noun
wher president Ho had lived anf worked/ adjective
unless it rains/ adverb
what you want/ noun; what I want/ noun
which was bombed heavily in 1945/ adjective
that he would win the game/ noun.
that her husband had been dismissed/ noun
that science will lead ti a better life for man/ noun
where and when an earthquake is coming/ noun
when he comes/ adverb
wherever you can find a place/ adverb
Exercise 11B:
2. The theory that there is no life on the planet Mars
has been proved.
3. Nobody can predict who will be chosen as the best
player of this football season.
4. Scientists are very optimistic about the theory that
electricity can be transmitted without the use of wires.
5. The scientist refused to discose what he had
discovered.
6. I cant understand why he acted like that.
7. I asked her what branch of study she would choose
and how long it would take.
8.
which country he wuld go to, who he would negotiate with,
and what problems he would discuss.
9b. Do you know who invented the microscope?
9c. Who invented the microscope is unknown to the
whole class.
10. The problem is whether or not you want to join the
trip.
11. Superstitions people believe that lightning is a
weapon of gods.
12. Is it true that he can speak three languages?
13. That electricity is a source of heat may be seen in
the electric iron and the electric stove.
Exercise 11C:
The aerial photographs showed the craters ehich no one
had ever seen.
The energy which we are using came from the sun.
Do you have enough money (which) you need for the trip to
Hanoi?
I cant understand the reason why he said so.
The Great Wall of china, one of the seven wonders in the
world, is the only thing on earth which can be seen from the
moon.
The goal for which we strive is world peace.
Srely the story he has told us is not true at all.
The art gallery exhibited the famous paintings which they
had collected all over the world.
That is a small village where the poet was born.
A chemical element is a substance which cannot be
separated into any simpler substances.
Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia which has
never been ruled by a European power.
The facts which came to light startled everybody.
Thw people who are benefiting most are the great
industrialists.
Many of the men we saw in the parade were war veterans.
Exercise 11D:
We wont go camping unless the weather is fine.
An industry cant thrive if there isnt a market for the goods
that is produces.
These boys are educated well akthough they are poor.
Exercise 12:
The fire was extinguished by the brave firemen before much
damage had been done.
Every child awaits with excitement the time he can go to
school.
The operation was performed by the doctor before much
harm was done.
I sold a guitar with steel strings to a beautiful girl.
My firend agreed to help me on the next day.
Exercise 13A:
Betty prefers to go to parties, to see plays, and to play the
piano.
He plays football skillfully.
The outside of the school was made of wood, brick, and
stone.
John is an engineer who works for a car company.
He told us to go by train and (to) come back soon.
The apinting was neither attractice nor enjoyable.
Exercise 13B:
Neither the moon nor the planet Mars has an atmosphere.
Both the moon and the planet Mars dont have an
atmosphere.
He refused not only to see us but also (to) write to us.
I believed neither interesting, nor amusing, nor instructive.
David excelled Tom both in mathematics and in physics.
The driver accepted neither the mistakes nor the repair of
the damage.
Exercise 14A:
*1) clause. *2) phrase. *3) clause. *4) phrase. *5) clause.
*6) phrase. *7) phrase. *8) phrase. *9) clause. *10) phrase. *11)
phrase. *12) phrase. *13) clause. *14) phrase. *15) clause. *16)
phrase. *17) phrase. *18) phrase. *19) clause. *20) phrase. *21)
clause. *22) phrase. *23) phrase. *24) phrase. *25) clause.
Exercise 14B:
if you dont like this kind of work
because I had a headache
that the boys had made great progress.
as if it would fail
what secret word opened the gate
who doesnt acknowledge his mistakes
when food is oxidized in muscle cells
that the bus could not be repaired
how migrating animals fond their way on their long
journeys.
that electricity is a source of heat
when Benjamin Franklin lived in Paris
whose atmosphere contains water vapor
where she goes
what he had done
that they were in need of food
when we left the house
until you receive the dignal
before you direct dial to Singapore
that he will refuse
what really made the party a success.
Exercise 15A:
*1) compound subject. *2) compound object. *3) compound
predicate. *4) compound verb. *5) compound predicate.
*6) compound verb. *6) compound verb. *7) compoun object.
*8) compound subject. *9) compound predicate. *10) compound
predicate. *11) compound subject. *12) compoud predicate.
*13) compound predicate. *14) compound predicate.
*15) compound predicate. *16) compound subject. *17)
compound predicate. *18) compound *19) .. *20)
compound subject and compound predicate. *21) compound
subject. *22) compound predicate. *23) compound predicate.
*24) compound predicate. * 25) compound predicate.
Exercise 15B:
Exercise 15C:
*1) Simple. *2) Compound. *3) Simple. *4) simple. *5)
Complex. *6) Simple. *7) Compound-complex. *8) Simple. *9)
Complex. *10) Complex. *11) Compoun-complex.
*12)Compound. *13) Compound. *14) Simple. *15) Complex.
*16) Complex. *17) Compound-complex. *17) Compound-
complex. *18) Simple. *19) Complex. *20) Complex. *21) Simple.
*22) Complex. *23) Simple. *24) Simple. *25) Compound. *26)
Simple. *27) Complex. *28) Compound. *29) Simple. *30)
Complex.
MUC LUC
Li m au
Phng phap
The Seven Basic Sentence Patterns
(07 Mau Cau C Ban)
The single Word Modifier of Nouns
(Yeu - to - mo - ta)