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QUEZON UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
RESEARCHERS:
ANGELO, RHENZEL M.
MENDOZA, ZENETH R.
TANATO, GARY R.
INSTRUCTOR:
MR. JARON E. AGUSTIN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 2
The Problem and Its Setting..................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Objectives........................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Statement of the problem ............................................................................................... 4
1.4 Significance of the study................................................................................................ 5
1.5 Scope and Delimitations ................................................................................................ 9
1.6 Definition of terms.......................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................. 12
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................................... 12
2.1 Eggshell ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Coconut shell .................................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................................ 23
Summary and Recommendations ........................................................................................ 23
3.1 Summary........................................................................................................................... 23
3.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 24
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CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
The current human population worldwide is approximately 7 400 000 000.
Due to this rapid population growth, there is also a rapid increase in the
developed countries. It created a high demand for the production and consumption
of construction materials across the globe. The worlds most used construction
building material twice as much as all other building materials combined. Also,
second most consumed substance in the world-behind water. About 7.23 billion
tons of concrete is produced every year. Annual production represents one ton for
every person on the planet. Hence, it has been labeled as the backbone to the
This huge demand and production raises a serious question about the
factor of great concern affecting construction industry around the world. The
reason for the increase in cost is the high demand of concrete, scarcity of raw
material and high price of energy which is now a global concern. Currently, the
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and environment friendly alternative constituents of natural resources for
materials for the production of concrete. In view of this challenge, there were many
fully replacing it with new materials, whether natural materials, recycled materials
or synthetic materials in the concrete mix. The additional material can replace the
use the waste materials in concrete according to their properties. At the same time
Solution is either to minimize the waste at production level or to utilize it. One
calcium rich egg shell, a poultry waste with chemical composition nearly same as
that of limestone. Determining the use of these wastes: Coconut Shell and eggshell
of the applications of concrete which is concrete hollow block is the aim of this
study.
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1.2 Objectives
1. Determine the best design of the combination of coconut shells and eggshells
2. Analyze the performance and the effectiveness of the Coconut shells and
3. Analyze the performance and the effectiveness of the Coconut shells and
1.3.2. What is the difference between the experimental CHB and conventional
a. Color
b. Texture
c. Size
1.3.3. What is the difference between the experimental CHB and conventional
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1.4 Significance of the study
1.4.1. Environmental significance
The amounts of resources on the earths surface are finite; and the
more we extract these resources, the less we leave for ourselves, and for
come a time that they will all be used up and we will be left with nothing.
Making new products out of recycled materials reduces the need for the raw
B. Preservation of Energy.
from raw materials. This is because when products are made from raw
also required in the extraction of the virgin materials from the earth and the
Whereas for production using recycled materials, the raw materials are
already available and the recyclables merely are needed to be broken down
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C. Reduction of Pollution
garbage. When people burn garbage, this can harm the ozone layer and
produce harmful gases which can lead to respiratory diseases like cough
and asthma, among others. When garbage is thrown in the ocean, it could
kill and affect marine resources and coral reefs. Thats why every time we
reduce waste, reuse, and recycle our garbage, we get to save the earth and
Existing landfill sites are filling up fast and there is a very limited
space for new ones. Landfill sites are taxed and there are penalties for
exceeding limits of disposal at one time in many regions. Such costs are
way, we can slowly decrease the size of our landfills. As the population
grows, it will become difficult for the landfills to hold so much and trash.
with less waste. There would also be less need for landfills and incinerators.
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Subsequently, acres and acres of landfill space can be saved, and be
are burned, they often emit gases that deplete the ozone layer in the
living atmosphere, giving rise to global warming and rising sea levels. Also
these wastes are slow to decompose and remain in landfill sites for
Wastes in landfills emit gases as it rots. This can pollute the environment.
A. Employment Generation
waste materials, people are given the chance to work and earn money.
useable products, people are given the opportunity to help save the
environment and at the same time earn money for a living. The manpower
jobs and aid in welfare of the people. Unlike jobs in waste disposal, jobs in
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the recycling industry add value to the materials; as such contribute to a
Many of these jobs pay more than the average national wage and many are
in urban areas where jobs are desperately needed. Certainly, one of the
major benefits of recycling is that it creates more jobs in the community and
provides stability to the entire process. Also, statistics show that for every 1
B. Economic Stability
providing jobs, there is definitely a market for recyclable materials and the
(http://www.all-recycling-facts.com/recycling-benefits.html) Increased
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1.4.3. Educational significance
concrete.
C. To Future Researchers
concrete composition. This study is also open for further research and
development.
produce concrete hollow block which is through the utilization of waste materials
limited to coconut shell and eggshells and water. The experimental procedures
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1.6 Definition of terms
1. CONCRETE- A composite material which consists essentially of a binding
cement and water; the filler may be any of a wide variety of natural or
Divided into two sizes - fine & coarse, when added to cement and water
and clay until it almost fuses and then grinding it to a fine powder.
(encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com)
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6. LIMESTONE- a hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium
cement. (www.memidex.com)
(www.aboutcivil.org)
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CHAPTER II
same as that of limestone. Use of eggshell waste instead of natural lime to replace
cement in concrete can have benefits; eggshell waste can be used as fertilizer,
animal feed ingredients and other such uses. However, majority of the eggshell
attached membrane and causes problems associated with human health and
Amu et al., (2005) carried out the practical experiment and reported that
Egg Shell Powder (ESP) can be used as a supplement for industrial lime
on an expansive clay soil and also reported that the combination can be
used where high subgrade performance is not necessary. Freire and Holanda
(2006) also conducted a study on egg shell waste and found out its use in a
ceramic wall tile paste. Based on the presence of CaCO in egg shell it can
They also found that egg shell can be used as an excellent alternative for
Lau yih bling (2010) researched on egg albumen and reported that
foamed concrete were prepared by egg albumen which has reduce the cost
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and time of project. 1 percent and 5 percent egg albumen were used. From the
with increased density when compared with control foamed concrete which
was 64 percent and 35 percent. In this study it is proved that Egg Albumen
Foamed Concrete (EAFC) can produce light weight concrete which is more
Mtallib and Rabiu (2009) also made a research study on properties of eggshell
It was observed that higher the contents of it in the cement, the faster the setting
eggshell as an accelerator.
Okonkwo et al., (2012) have concluded in his research that eggshell ash can
on lateritic soil. Ultimately they found that soil-cement egg shell mixture can be
eggshell powder on plasticity index in clay and expansive soils and reported that
plasticity index of the soil can be improved by adding egg shell wastes with the
clay soil and can be used in construction projects including earth canals and earth
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dams. Apart from these studies, no other investigations were found in literature to
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effects of fly ash
on strength development of mortar and the optimum use of fly ash in mortar. The
optimum fly ash content was observed to be 40% of cement. 40% fly ash
replacement mortar showed 14% higher compressive strength than OPC mortar
after 90 days curing. The corresponding increase in tensile strength was reported
of concrete by substituting rice husk ash, fly ash and eggshell powder to cement
in concrete. M20, M25 and M30 mix design was used with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%
variation of eggshell powder, rice husk ash and fly ash to cement and also in the
combination of ESP +fly ash, ESP + RHA, fly ash + RHA, fly ash + RHA + ESP. It
was observed that M20 and M25 cubes was taking equal load compared to
conventional concrete but M30 grade concrete's load carrying capacity was slightly
decreased. Therefore they concluded that RHA, ESP and flyash mixed cubes
when added with grades above M25 may results in the decreased strength level.
ordinary Portland cement of varying grades by fly ash was carried out by Marthong
and Agrawal (2012). It was also observed that at the age of 90 days the rate of
strength gain for 33, 43 and 53 grades concrete was increased and had been
maximize up to 20% fly ash replacement. They concluded that influence of fly ash
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on shrinkage was negligible. Increase in normal consistency with increase in fly
ash content was observed. Setting time and soundness were decreased with the
M25 concrete by replacing fine aggregate partially by rice husk ash and eggshell
powder. The maximum strength was observed at 20% for compressive, split tensile
clothing, shelter and financial security. Hardly an inch of the coconut palm goes to
waste in countries such as the Philippines where families rely on the coconut palm
for survival and refer to it as the "tree of life." Coconuts show a wide diversity in
size, weight, shape and color, depending on genetic variety and maturity of the nut
concluded that the coconut shell were suitable as low strength-giving lightweight
production.
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Yerramala (2012) in his experimental study shows that coarse aggregate
coconut shell replacement by fly ash were 5%, 25%. He concluded in his
Compressive and split tensile strengths of CS concretes were lower than control
concrete.
aggregates in developing concrete hollow block. The study was carried out
coarse aggregate by coconut shell were 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%. Compressive
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shell concrete can be used in reinforced concrete construction. Author
Limited studies have been utilized by different researchers. From the research
works reviewed above, we can understand that coconut shells can be successively
We focused our study on finding out the optimum range of replacement of these
Tukiman and Mohd (2009) replaced the coarse aggregate by coconut shell
and grained palm kernel in their study. Percentage of replacement by coconut shell
were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively. Conclusion is that the
aggregate in concrete and also has reduce the material cost in construction.
On the other hand, Olutoge (2010) studied the saw dust and palm kernel
shells (PKS). Fine aggregates are replaced by saw dust and coarse aggregates
aggregates were replaced by saw dust and PKS in same ratios of 0%, 25%,
50%,75% and 100%. Compressive and flexural strengths were noted at different
time intervals. It was seen that at 25% sawdust and PKS can produce lightweight
reinforced concrete slabs that can be used where low stress is required at reduced
cost. 7.43% reduction can be achieved in terms of cost for every cubic meter of
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In an observation by Ries (2011) lightweight aggregate plays important role
material being used, conserving energy, reducing labour demand and increasing
properties of coconut shell and crushed granite rock also a total of 72 concrete
cubes of size 150x150x150mm with different mix ratios of 1:2:4, 1:1.5 :3 and 1:3:6
were casted and tested for evaluating different properties. Aggregate crushing
value (ACV) for coarse aggregate was 21.84 and 4.71 for coconut shell. Elongation
and flakiness index were 58.54 and 15.69 respectively for gravels, while for
concrete cubes in N/mm2 of coconut shell at 7,14,21 and 28 days with mix ratios
of 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3, and 1:3:6 are (8.6, 8.9 ,6.4,), (9.6, 11.2, 8.7), (13.6, 13.1, 10.7)
and (15.1, 16.5, 11) respectively, likewise (19.1, 18.5, 9.6), (22.5, 23.0, 10.4),
(26.7, 24.9, 12.9) and (28.1, 30.0, 15) respectively for gravel. Since the concrete
strength of coconut shell with mix ratio 1:1.5:3, attained 16.5 N/mm2 compressive
strength at 28 days it can be used in plain concrete works, cost reduction of 48%
will be achieved.
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Ramachandrudu C (2012) in his experimental study, coarse aggregate was
coconut shell were 10%, 15%, 20% and percentages of coconut shell replacement
by fly ash were 5%, 25%. He concluded in his study that workability decreased
A review paper published by Kaur & Kaur (2012) concluded that use of
coconut shells in cement concrete can help in waste reduction and pollution
that the coconut shells are more suitable as low strength-giving lightweight
production.
0%, 10%, 20%, 30% replacement of coarse aggregate by coconut shell. There is
no need to treat the coconut shell before use as an aggregate except for water
absorption. No bond failure was observed, confirming that there was adequate
bonding between the coconut shell aggregate concrete and the steel bars.
coconut shell. Percentages of replacement by coconut shell were 0%, 20%, 30%,
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40%, 50%, 100%. He concluded that coconut shell can be used to produce
lightweight concrete and 18.5% replacement of crushed granite with coconut shells
Ganiron Jr (2013) used coconut shells and fibre as substitute for aggregates
in developing concrete hollow block. The study was carried out for various
Kambli & Mathapati (2014) prepared three different Mix Designs for M20,
0%, 10%, 20%, 30%,40% respectively. It is concluded in this study that for M20
grade concrete cubes with 30% replacement of CS aggregates had given strength
had given strength of 42 MPa at 28 days for M35. For M50 grade concrete cubes
Ahlawat & Kalurkar (2014) explored the possibility of producing M20 grade
aggregate by coconut shell were 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%. Compressive strength
were 19.71, 19.53, 19.08, 18.91 N/mm2 respectively at 28 days. Workability and
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compressive strength had been evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days. The compressive
results it can be concluded that coconut shell concrete can be used in reinforced
concrete construction. Author concluded that its utilization is cost effective and
eco-friendly.
Behera and Behera presented the comparative cost analysis and strength
for conventional coarse aggregate. The main objective was to encourage the use
coconut shell and concluded that with 50% replacement of coarse aggregates by
know the effects on concrete by addition of natural coconut fibre and replacement
of cement (by weight) with different percentages of fly ash on flexural strength,
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flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength for the chosen mix proportion.
Addition of coconut fibres resulting in fly ash mixed concrete composite (FMCC)
did enhance the mechanical properties of fly ash mixed concrete composite and
at the same time increased the energy levels reflected by increased failure strain,
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CHAPTER III
3.1 Summary
The worlds most used construction material, Concrete, is a manmade
and production raises a serious question about the preservation for sustainable
Determining the use of these wastes, coconut shell and eggshell powder as
produce concrete hollow block which is through the utilization of waste materials
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limited to coconut shell and eggshells and water. The experimental procedures
involved are limited to locally available instruments and machines only. The
hollow block.
non- load bearing normal weight concrete hollow block for wall partitions. Water
cement ratio is 0.5. Mixed Designs were limited to certain ranges according to
3.2 Recommendations
1. Aside from aggregates and cement, the effect of different types of water
work.
further studied.
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