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x0 = 1 ( xy ) n = x n y n
x −1 =
1
x
(x )n m
= x m⋅ n
1
x−n = n x m ⋅ x n = x m+ n
x
n
⎛x⎞ xn xm
⎜ ⎟ = = x m−n
⎝ y⎠ yn xn
n
x = x1/ n n x⋅ y = n x ⋅ n y
xm = xm / n ( x ⋅ y) = n xm ⋅ n y m
n n m
n
1 x x
n
= x −1/ n n =
x y n y
m
1 −m / n ⎛x⎞ n
xm
=x n
⎜ ⎟ =
n
xm ⎝ y⎠ n
ym
ln x
log a x =
ln a
log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y
⎛x⎞
log a ⎜ ⎟ = log a x − log a y
⎝ y⎠
log a x n = n log a x
⎛1⎞
log a ⎜ ⎟ = − log a x
⎝ x⎠
Elaboraron:
I. Q. Susana Alicia Flores Almazán
M. en C. Gerardo Omar Hernández Segura
REGLAS BÁSICAS DE ÁLGEBRA
⎛ a ⎞ c⋅a 1 ⎛c⎞
c⎜ ⎟ = = (c ⋅ a) = ⎜ ⎟ a
⎝b⎠ b b ⎝b⎠
c(a ⋅ b) = (c ⋅ a)b = (c ⋅ b)a
c ( a + b) = c ⋅ a + c ⋅ b
(a + b)(c + d ) = a ⋅ c + a ⋅ d + b ⋅ c + b ⋅ d
(a 2 − b 2 ) = (a + b)(a − b)
(a 3 − b3 ) = (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 )
(a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
(a − b) 2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
(a + b)3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b3
(a − b)3 = a 3 − 3a 2b + 3ab 2 − 3b3
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
Elaboraron:
I. Q. Susana Alicia Flores Almazán
M. en C. Gerardo Omar Hernández Segura
FÓRMULAS BÁSICAS DE DIFENCIACIÓN DE FUNCIONES DE UNA VARIBLE
INDEPENDIENTE
d (c ) = 0
d (u ) = du
d (c ⋅ u ) = c ⋅ du
d (−u ) = −du
d (u + v − w) = du + dv − dw
d (uv) = vdu + udv
⎛ u ⎞ vdu − udv
d⎜ ⎟=
⎝v⎠ v2
⎛ ∂f ⎞ ⎛ ∂f ⎞
df = ⎜ ⎟ dx + ⎜ ⎟ dy la cual representa una ecuación diferencial.
⎝ ∂x ⎠ y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ x
⎛ ∂f ⎞ ⎛ ∂f ⎞ ⎛ ∂f ⎞ ⎛ ∂f ⎞
df = ⎜ ⎟ dx + ⎜ ⎟ dy hacemos: M = ⎜ ⎟ y N = ⎜ ⎟ entonces
⎝ ∂x ⎠ y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ x
df = Mdx + Ndy
⎛ ∂M ⎞ ⎛ ∂N ⎞
La ecuación diferencial será exacta cuando se cumple que: ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂y ⎠ x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ y
⎛ ∂ ⎛ ∂f ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ∂ ⎛ ∂f ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ∂2 f ⎞ ⎛ ∂2 f ⎞
o bien ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ que es equivalente a ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎜ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎟ ⎜ ∂x ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎟
⎝ y ⎠x ⎝ x ⎠y ⎝ ∂y∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x∂y ⎠
Elaboraron:
I. Q. Susana Alicia Flores Almazán
M. en C. Gerardo Omar Hernández Segura
FÓRMULAS DE DERIVACIÓN BÁSICAS
d
c=0
dx
d
x =1
dx
d d
[c ⋅ x ] = c x = c
dx dx
d d
[c ⋅ u ] = c u
dx dx
d d
[ −u ] = − u
dx dx
d n
x = n ⋅ x n −1
dx
d n d
u = n ⋅ u n −1 ⋅ u
dx dx
d d d d
[ u + v − w] = u + v − w
dx dx dx dx
d d d
[u ⋅ v ] = u v + v u
dx dx dx
d d
v u −u v
d ⎡u ⎤
⎢ ⎥ = dx 2 dx
dx ⎣ v ⎦ v
Regla de la cadena:
Si u = f (v) , y v = f ( x) , entonces:
d d d
u = u⋅ v
dx dv dx
dx dx
d 2 d d
v = 2v y v = (2 x − 1) = 2 ; y al final
du dx dx
d
u = 2(2 x − 1)(2) = 4(2 x − 1) = 8 x − 4
dx
Elaboraron:
I. Q. Susana Alicia Flores Almazán
M. en C. Gerardo Omar Hernández Segura
FÓRMULAS DE INTEGRACIÓN BÁSICAS
∫ dx = x + c
∫ k ⋅ dx =k ∫ dx = kx + c
x n +1
∫ x dx = + c ; cuando n ≠ −1
n
n +1
dx
∫ x = ∫ x dx = ln x + c ; cuando x > 0
−1
∫ [ − f ( x)]dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
∫ k ⋅ f ( x)dx = k ∫ f ( x)dx
∫ [u ( x) + v( x) − w( x)]dx = ∫ u( x)dx + ∫ v( x)dx − ∫ w( x)dx
Integrales definidas:
∫a
f ( x)dx = F ( x) = F (b) − F (a )
a
b a
∫a
f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
b
b c c
∫a
f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx
b a
Elaboraron:
I. Q. Susana Alicia Flores Almazán
M. en C. Gerardo Omar Hernández Segura