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Musean hypernumber

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Octonion Octonions Arithmetic

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Musean hypernumbers are an algebraic concept envisioned by Charles A. Muss (19192000) to form a
complete, integrated, connected, and natural number system.[1][2][3][4][5] Muss sketched certain fundamental
types of hypernumbers and arranged them in ten "levels", each with its own associated arithmetic and geometry.

Mostly criticized for lack of mathematical rigor and unclear defining relations, Musean hypernumbers are often
perceived as an unfounded mathematical speculation. This impression was not helped by Muss' outspoken
confidence in applicability to fields far beyond what one might expect from a number system, including
consciousness, religion, and metaphysics.

The term "M-algebra" was used by Muss for investigation into a subset of his hypernumber concept (the 16
dimensional conic sedenions and certain subalgebras thereof), which is at times confused with the Musean
hypernumber level concept itself. The current article separates this well-understood "M-algebra" from the
remaining controversial hypernumbers, and lists certain applications envisioned by the inventor.

"M-algebra" and "hypernumber levels"

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Muss was convinced that the basic laws of arithmetic on the reals are in direct correspondence with a concept
where numbers could be arranged in "levels", where fewer arithmetical laws would be applicable with increasing
level number.[3] However, this concept was not developed much further beyond the initial idea, and defining
relations for most of these levels have not been constructed.

Higher-dimensional numbers built on the first three levels were called "M-algebra"[6][7] by Muss if they yielded a
distributive multiplication, unit element, and multiplicative norm. It contains kinds of octonions and historical
quaternions (except A. MacFarlane's hyperbolic quaternions) as subalgebras. A proof of completeness of M-
algebra has not been provided.

Conic sedenions / "16 dimensional M-algebra"

The term "M-algebra" (after C. Muss[6]) refers to number systems that are vector spaces over the reals, whose
bases consist in roots of 1 or +1, and which possess a multiplicative modulus. While the idea of such numbers
was far from new and contains many known isomorphic number systems (like e.g. split-complex numbers or
tessarines), certain results from 16 dimensional (conic) sedenions were a novelty. Muss demonstrated the
existence of a logarithm and real powers in number systems built to non-real roots of +1.

Multiplication table

The conic sedenions[8][9] form an algebra with a non-commutative, non-associative, but alternative multiplication
and a multiplicative modulus. It consists of one real axis (to basis ), eight imaginary axes (to bases with
), and seven counterimaginary[10] axes (to bases with ).

The multiplication table is:

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Similar to unity (1), the imaginary basis is always commutative and associative under multiplication. Muss at
times used the symbol to highlight this similarity.[6] In fact, conic sedenions are isomorphic to complex
octonions, i.e. octonions with complex number coefficients. By examining as bases to real number coefficients,
however, Muss was able to show certain algebraic relations, including power and logarithm of .

Select findings

Muss showed that a countercomplex basis ( ) not only has an exponential function[11]

( real) but also possesses real powers:[8][12]

This is referred to as "power orbit" of by Muss. Also, a logarithm

is possible in this arithmetic.[8] Their multiplicative modulus is[9]

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List of number types and their isomorphisms

Circular quaternions and octonions

Circular quaternions and octonions from the Musean hypernumbers are identical to quaternions and octonions from
CayleyDickson construction. They are built on imaginary bases only.

Hyperbolic quaternions

Hyperbolic quaternions after Muss, to bases { } are isomorphic to coquaternions (split-quaternions).

They are different from Alexander Macfarlane's hyperbolic quaternions (first mention in 1891), which are not
associative.

Conic quaternions

Conic quaternions are built on bases { } and form a commutative, associative, and distributive arithmetic.
They contain non-trivial idempotents and zero divisors, but no nilpotents. Conic quaternions are isomorphic to
tessarines, and also to bicomplex numbers (from the multicomplex numbers).

In contrast, circular and hyperbolic quaternions are not commutative, hyperbolic quaternions also contain
nilpotents.

Hyperbolic octonions

Hyperbolic octonions are isomorphic to split-octonion algebra. They consist of one real, three imaginary ( ),
and four counterimaginary ( ) bases, e.g. { }.

Conic octonions

Conic octonions to bases form an associative, non-commutative octonionic number

system. They are isomorphic to biquaternions.

External links

Mention in zero-divisor analysis by R. de Marrais on arXiv.org

Zero-divisor algebras on Tony Smith's personal home page (as of 12 Jan 2007)

The hypernumber "level" concept

In[3] Muss paired certain fundamental laws of arithmetic with suggested number levels, where fewer of these laws
would be applicable with increasing level number. Muss envisioned "... sensitivity to operational distinctions on
the part of hypernumbers". In the absence of rigorous mathematical treatment, however, Muss' hypernumber level
concept has only been adapted for metaphysical or religious ideas.[13][14][15]

Providing defining relations for hypernumbers remains a fringe interest today,[16] though it could benefit
description of physical law that is based on the lower, well-understood levels.[17][18]

The following lists an overview of the levels as envisioned by Muss.

Real, complex, and epsilon numbers

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The first two levels in hypernumber arithmetic correspond to real and imaginary number arithmetic. The basis
after Muss is identical to j from the split-complex numbers, and is a non-real root of . Epsilon numbers are
assigned the 3rd level in the hypernumbers program.

w arithmetic

Beginning with w arithmetic,[1][4][12] Muss envisioned hypernumber types that are increasingly unfamiliar and
speculative. While providing certain rules on how to use these numbers, many open questions remain to date. w
numbers are assigned the 4th level in the hypernumbers program.

In the two-dimensional (real, w) plane, the power orbit (with real) is periodic with and the
following integral powers:

They offer a multiplicative modulus:

If a and b are real number coefficients, the arithmetic <(1,w), +, *> is a field (in fact the complex numbers with
basis 1 and a primitive sixth root of unity rather than the usual fourth). However, the dual base number to (w) is (-
w), which is different from the conjugate of (w), which is 1-(w). This is in contrast to e.g. the imaginary base
, for which both dual and conjugate are the same (-i). The resulting (-w) arithmetic is therefore distinct
from -(w) arithmetic, while coexisting on the same number plane.

p and q numbers

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So-called p and q numbers[4] are assigned the 5th level in the hypernumbers program, and form a nearly dual
system. Each being nilpotent ( ), the arithmetic is envisioned to offer a multiplicative modulus, an
argument, and a polar form.

The integral powers are:

In the {p, q} plane, both and (with real) lie on a two-leaved rose, described through with

Note on (p), p 1, 1/p

From:[4]

"...Note that p is generated via w, thus: . It must be remembered

that because p is nilpotent ( ), its zeroth power cannot be 1; in fact . Hence also ,
and since , we see that is panpotent, i.e. a root of infinity. Compare ,
which are a pair of divisors of infinity."

m numbers

The 6th level in the Musean hypernumbers is governed by cassinoids or Cassinian ovals,[4] which geometrically
describe their multiplication.

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In the {real, m} plane, they offer the following relations:

It is speculated that a number system like this would use coefficients such as in the expression , that are
not actually real numbers. Instead, one would need to look at +1, -1, +m, and -m as units, and the coefficients as
absolute numbers which are distinct from real numbers and are never negative.

The Cassinian ovals are described by:

The remaining levels

In the 7th level, Muss pictured a number where for any finite n, , but would be a
number of the form (with a, b real).[4]

The 8th level, is envisioned as unifying concept to allow to transition between all the lower hypernumber types.
[5]

The 9th level, is envisioned as the creator of axes, and has somewhat the characteristic of an operator (rather than
a number). The product is proposed to be the unit step function.[5]

The 10th level consists of 0 and antinumbers. Antinumbers are envisioned to be numbers beyond positive and
negative infinity. With use of one would be able to span entire spaces consisting of axes of zeros, and connect
numbers beyond positive and negative infinity.[5]

Visions of applicability
The range of applications envisioned by Muss of his hypernumber concept can be considered grandiose: A full
and complete understanding of all laws of physics (in particular quantum mechanics[6][19]), a description of
consciousness in terms of physical formulations,[1][4][5] spiritual growth, religious enlightenment, the solution of
well-known mathematical problems (including the Riemann hypothesis), and the exploration of para-psychological

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phenomena (e.g.[20]). Many of Muss' own writings combine mathematical content with one or more of these
speculative projects,.[21] The secondary literature on Muss devotes itself more to his speculative thought than to
his mathematics.
See also
Absolute infinite
Biquaternion
Hyperbolic quaternion (per A. MacFarlane)
Hypercomplex number
Nilpotents
Octonion
Quaternion
Sedenion
Split-complex number
Split-octonions
Split-quaternion / Coquaternion
Tessarines
Zero divisor
References
1. ^ a b c Muss,Charles A. (1972). "Hypernumbers
and their Spaces: a Summary of New Findings".
J. Study. Consciousness. 5: 251256.
2. ^ Muss, Charles A. (1977). "Explorations in
mathematics". Impact of science on society. 27:
6785.
3. ^ a b c Muss, Charles A. (1978). "Hypernumbers
II. further concepts and computational
applications". Appl. Math. Comput. 4: 4566.
doi:10.1016/0096-3003(78)90026-7.
4. ^ a b c d e f g Muss, Charles A. (1979).
"Computing in the bio-sciences with
hypernumbers: a survey". Intl. J. Bio-Med.
Comput. 10 (6): 519525. doi:10.1016/0020-
7101(79)90032-1.
5. ^ a b c d e Muss, Charles A. (1983).
"Hypernumbers and time operators". Appl. Math.
Comput. 12 (23): 139167. doi:10.1016/0096-
3003(83)90004-8.
6. ^ a b c d Muss, Charles A. (1980).
"Hypernumbers and quantum field theory with a
summary of physically applicable hypernumber
arithmetics and their geometries". Applied
Mathematics and Computation. 6: 6394.
doi:10.1016/0096-3003(80)90016-8.
7. ^ Muss, Charles A. (1980). "Erratum to
"Hypernumbers and quantum field theory" ".
Applied Mathematics and Computation. 6: 3694.
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Musean hypernumber - Wikiwand
8. ^ a b c d Carmody, Kevin (1988). "Circular and
hyperbolic quaternions, octonions, and
sedenions". Appl. Math. Comput. 28: 4772.
doi:10.1016/0096-3003(88)90133-6.
9. ^ a b Carmody, Kevin (1997). "Circular and
hyperbolic quaternions, octonions, and sedenions
further results". Appl. Math. Comput. 84: 27
48. doi:10.1016/S0096-3003(96)00051-3.
10. ^ The terms "counterimaginary" and
"countercomplex" used by Muss are
synonymous to the more common term split-
complex
11. ^ Muss, Charles A. (1977). "Applied
hypernumbers: computational concepts". Appl.
Math. Comput. 3 (3): 211226.
doi:10.1016/0096-3003(77)90002-9.
12. ^ a b Muss, Charles A. (1994). "Hypernumbers
applied, or how they interface with the physical
world". Appl. Math. Comput. 60: 2536.
doi:10.1016/0096-3003(94)90203-8.
13. ^ Musaios (a pseudonym of Muss'), "The Lion
Path", House of Horus (1990)
14. ^ House of Horus web site
15. ^ Private Lion Path web site
16. ^ "Hypercomplex" number discussion group on
Yahoo (R)
17. ^ Kplinger, Jens (2006). "Hypernumbers and
relativity". Appl. Math. Comput. 188: 954.
doi:10.1016/j.amc.2006.10.051.
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18. ^ Kplinger, Jens (2006). "Gravity and
electromagnetism on conic sedenions". Appl.
Math. Comput. 188: 954.
doi:10.1016/j.amc.2006.10.050.
19. ^ Muss, Charles A. (1984). "Some current
dilemmas in applied physical mathematics with
some solutions". Appl. Math. Comput. 14 (2):
207211. doi:10.1016/0096-3003(84)90038-9.
20. ^ Charles Muss - "Time and destiny", Thinking
Allowed Productions (#S460) online)
21. ^ "The nature of hypernumbers can reveal the
projection process ... (and) on the source of the
hologram world or ordinary bodily experience ...
to be able to go between the image world and the
source world at will (time travel)." (from C.
Muss, A. M. Young: "Consciousness and reality:
the human pivot point", Outerbridge & Lazard,
New York, 1972)

External links
Kevin Carmody's website on hypernumbers at the Wayback Machine

Number systems
[hide]
Number systems
Natural numbers ()
Integers ()
Rational numbers ()
Constructible numbers
Countable Algebraic numbers ()
sets Periods
Computable numbers
Definable real numbers
Arithmetical numbers
Gaussian integers

Real numbers ()

Division Complex numbers ()

algebras Quaternions ()
Octonions ()

over :
Split-complex numbers
Split-quaternions
Split Split-octonions
Composition over :
algebras Bicomplex numbers
Biquaternions
Bioctonions

Dual numbers
Dual quaternions
Other Hyperbolic quaternions
hypercomplex Sedenions ()
Split-biquaternions

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Other types Cardinal numbers

Irrational numbers
Hyperreal numbers
Levi-Civita field
Surreal numbers
Transcendental numbers
Ordinal numbers
p-adic numbers
Supernatural numbers
Superreal numbers

Classification
List

Categories
Categories:

Hypercomplex numbers
Non-associative algebra

Related topics

Real number In mathematics, a real number is a value that represents a quantity along a continuous line. The
adjective real in this context was introduced in the 17th century by Descartes, who distinguished between real and
imaginary roots of polynomials. Associative property In mathematics, the associative property is a property of
some binary operations. In propositional logic, associativity is a valid rule of replacement for expressions in logical
proofs. Commutative property In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the
operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many
mathematical proofs depend on it.
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Musean hypernumber

Introduction
"M-algebra" and "hypernumber levels"
Conic sedenions / "16 dimensional M-algebra"

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1. Multiplication table
2. Select findings
3. List of number types and their isomorphisms
4. External links
The hypernumber "level" concept
1. Real, complex, and epsilon numbers
2. w arithmetic
3. p and q numbers
4. m numbers
5. The remaining levels
Visions of applicability
See also
References
External links

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